User talk:Yaw tuba

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="gpe">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>gpewiki</dbname>
    <base>https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.5</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Media</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Special</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">User</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">User talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Wikipedia talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">File</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">File talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">MediaWiki talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Template</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Template talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Help</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Help talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Category</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Category talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Module talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Yaw tuba</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>2443</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100743</id>
      <parentid>97462</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:25:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>110</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Congratulations to the Local Winners of Feminism and Folklore 2026 */ new section</comment>
      <origin>100743</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6183" sha1="ptr7m5mpe2ty47w83kljpatyc0bnx6g" xml:space="preserve">== A barnstar to mark a milestone in your Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia contributions ==

{| style=&quot;background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;&quot; | [[File:Original Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;&quot; | '''Barnstar for you'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;&quot; | Thank you waa. In recognition of your contributions on the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia. I would like to award you a barnstar. Thank you for your tireless work and keep up the good work! [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 16:59, 16 August 2023 (GMT)

:thanks waaa for de Barnstar.... Adey appreciate am [[User:Yaw tuba|Yaw tuba]] ([[User talk:Yaw tuba|talk]]) 22:09, 16 August 2023 (GMT)

== Thank you for being a medical translator! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;background-color: #fdffe7; color: #000; border: 1px solid #fceb92;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;&quot; | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|100px]]
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;&quot; |'''The 2025 Cure Translators Award''' 
|-
| style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;&quot; |In 2025 you [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php?camp=all&amp;user_group=all&amp;year=2025&amp;month=All joined us as a medical translator]. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public.

Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider formally joining the organization for 2026]]''', there are no associated costs.
|}

Look forwards to collaborating further in the year ahead. Thanks again :-)  -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000f1&quot;&gt;'''Doc James'''&lt;/span&gt;]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 07:53, 14 February 2026 (GMT)
&lt;/div&gt;

:Thank you Sir @[[User:Doc James|Doc James]]... Very much appreciated [[User:Yaw tuba|Yaw tuba]] ([[User talk:Yaw tuba|talk]]) 10:28, 15 February 2026 (GMT)

(This message was sent to [[:User:Yaw tuba]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Translators_2025&amp;oldid=30070105 --&gt;|}

== Welcome to Wiki Project Med!  ==

{| cellspacing=&quot;8&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#EAF2FF; border:1px solid #4a0000;&quot;
|[[File:Medical_translation.svg|250x250px]]
|Hi '''{{PAGENAME}}'''!

Thank you for your recent contributions to [[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:Wiki_Project_Med_Foundation|Wiki Project Med]].

We are glad to have you as part of our translation task force, helping make reliable medical information accessible to more people worldwide, both online and offline.

Please check this onboarding course [https://sites.google.com/wikiprojectmed.org/mdwiki-onboarding-course/] to learn more about our translation process.

'''After every translation, please ensure the following steps are done:'''

* Confirm that you have chosen the best title or properly translated the title.

* Add suitable categories.

* Check that the infobox is correctly translated and complete.

* Make sure you have followed your language-specific Wikipedia guidelines.

* After publishing your translation, if you receive any comments from the reviewers please reply and coordinate with them.

Following this checklist helps us collaborate positively and effectively with local Wikipedia reviewers. If you have any questions or need support, please feel free to get in touch.

Thank you for contributing your time and skills to this important work.

-- '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' Team
|} [[User:CeylonChingu|CeylonChingu]] ([[User talk:CeylonChingu|talk]]) 09:43, 1 May 2026 (GMT)

== Congratulations to the Local Winners of Feminism and Folklore 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|right|350px]]

Dear {{PAGENAME}},

The Feminism and Folklore International Organizing Team is pleased to congratulate the Local Winners of '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]'''.

Local Winners are participants who achieved top rankings within their respective language communities through their valuable contributions to documenting folklore, women's history, culture, traditions, and related knowledge on Wikimedia projects in their local languages.

Your efforts have helped enrich Wikimedia content, preserve cultural heritage, and improve the representation of diverse communities and knowledge systems across the movement. We sincerely appreciate your dedication and contribution to the success of the campaign.

=== Appreciation Form ===

As a token of appreciation to receive prizes, all Local Winners are requested to complete the following form by '''22 June 2026'''.

'''Form link''' - 
[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdGU7vkzANkB8P1k2X-NPwOwqBoTZafzgUZ-23wnVCeW2cj3g/viewform here]

; Deadline
: 22 June 2026

Please ensure that all information provided in the form is accurate and complete. This information will be used for the appreciation process.

=== Thank you ===

We extend our heartfelt thanks to all Local Winners for their outstanding contributions and continued support of free knowledge. Your work has strengthened local-language content and helped make knowledge about folklore and women more accessible to communities around the world.

Congratulations once again on your achievement.

—''Feminism and Folklore International Organizing Team''
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:25, 7 June 2026 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf2026&amp;oldid=30649454 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ptr7m5mpe2ty47w83kljpatyc0bnx6g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:KISUMAR123</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>11477</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100742</id>
      <parentid>58001</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:25:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>110</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Congratulations to the Local Winners of Feminism and Folklore 2026 */ new section</comment>
      <origin>100742</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4089" sha1="h027x9kcaef29nt27g7iq713imblh4f" xml:space="preserve">== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style=&quot;background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;&quot; |[[File:Original_Barnstar_Hires.png|100x100px]]
| style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;&quot; |'''The Original Barnstar'''
|-
| style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;&quot; |Hello @[[User:KISUMAR123|KISUMAR123]],
Kindly keep up plus de good work den contributions. Thank you say you dey contribute for de Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia top. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 22:10, 21 December 2024 (GMT)
|}

:Thank you very much for de encouragement. I dey appreciate you. [[User:KISUMAR123|KISUMAR123]] ([[User talk:KISUMAR123|talk]]) 08:57, 22 December 2024 (GMT)

== Share Your Feedback – Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 ==

Dear KISUMAR123

Thank you for being a part of '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]]''' — whether as a contributor, jury member, or local organizer. Your efforts helped make this campaign a meaningful celebration of culture, heritage, and community on Wikimedia platforms.

To help us improve and grow this initiative in future years, we kindly ask you to complete a short '''feedback form'''. Your responses are valuable in shaping how we support contributors like you.

* '''Feedback Form:''' [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdXEtaqszxcwmTJa8pGT60E7GDtpbssNadR9vZFVFbLicGFBg/viewform Submit your feedback here]
* '''Deadline to submit:''' 31 May 2025

It will only take a few minutes to complete, and your input will directly impact how we plan, communicate, and collaborate in the future.

Thank you again for your support. We look forward to having you with us in future campaigns!


Warm regards,&lt;br/&gt;
''Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team'' 08:51, 19 May 2025 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/Participants&amp;oldid=28751574 --&gt;

== Congratulations to the Local Winners of Feminism and Folklore 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|right|350px]]

Dear {{PAGENAME}},

The Feminism and Folklore International Organizing Team is pleased to congratulate the Local Winners of '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]'''.

Local Winners are participants who achieved top rankings within their respective language communities through their valuable contributions to documenting folklore, women's history, culture, traditions, and related knowledge on Wikimedia projects in their local languages.

Your efforts have helped enrich Wikimedia content, preserve cultural heritage, and improve the representation of diverse communities and knowledge systems across the movement. We sincerely appreciate your dedication and contribution to the success of the campaign.

=== Appreciation Form ===

As a token of appreciation to receive prizes, all Local Winners are requested to complete the following form by '''22 June 2026'''.

'''Form link''' - 
[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdGU7vkzANkB8P1k2X-NPwOwqBoTZafzgUZ-23wnVCeW2cj3g/viewform here]

; Deadline
: 22 June 2026

Please ensure that all information provided in the form is accurate and complete. This information will be used for the appreciation process.

=== Thank you ===

We extend our heartfelt thanks to all Local Winners for their outstanding contributions and continued support of free knowledge. Your work has strengthened local-language content and helped make knowledge about folklore and women more accessible to communities around the world.

Congratulations once again on your achievement.

—''Feminism and Folklore International Organizing Team''
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:25, 7 June 2026 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf2026&amp;oldid=30649454 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>h027x9kcaef29nt27g7iq713imblh4f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cholera</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22294</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100901</id>
      <parentid>81554</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T08:26:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
        <id>64</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added more content</comment>
      <origin>100901</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="50747" sha1="l8ad3pkz19sca42pxqe7vkxnmy62dic" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Cholera''' be an infection of de small intestine by sam strains of de bacterium ''Vibrio cholerae''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fink2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Richard A. |title=Medical Microbiology |date=1996 |publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston |isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2 |editor1-last=Baron |editor1-first=Samuel |edition=4th |chapter=Cholera, ''Vibrio cholerae'' O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios |pmid=21413330 |id=NCBIBook2 NBK8407}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=6 January 2015 |title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health &amp; Medical Professionals |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320052724/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html |archive-date=20 March 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms fi range from none, to mild, to severe.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro5&quot; /&gt; De classic symptom be large amounts of watery diarrhea wey dey last a few days.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |date=March 2010 |title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf |journal=Weekly Epidemiological Record |volume=85 |issue=13 |pages=117–28 |pmid=20349546 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413020218/http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vomiting den muscle cramps sanso fi occur.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro5&quot; /&gt; Diarrhea fi be so severe wey e dey lead within hours to severe dehydration den electrolyte imbalance.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Dis fi in turn result in sunken eyes, cold anaa cyanotic&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bailey |first1=Diane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&amp;pg=PA7 |title=Cholera |date=2011 |publisher=Rosen Pub. |isbn=978-1-4358-9437-2 |edition=1st |location=New York |page=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190215/https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&amp;pg=PA7 |archive-date=3 December 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; skin, decreased skin elasticity, wrinkling of de hands den feet, den, in severe cases, death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Harris JB, LaRocque RC, Qadri F, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB |date=June 2012 |title=Cholera |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=379 |issue=9835 |pages=2466–2476 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x |pmc=3761070 |pmid=22748592}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms dey start two hours to five days after exposure.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro5&quot; /&gt;

Cholera be caused by a number of types of ''Vibrio cholerae'', plus sam types wey dey produce more severe disease dan odas.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; E be spread mostly by unsafe water den unsafe chow wey be contaminated plus human feces wey dey contain de bacteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Undercooked shellfish be a common source.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 November 2014 |title=Sources of Infection &amp; Risk Factors |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312223337/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html |archive-date=12 March 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Humans be de only known host give fe bacteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Risk factors for de disease dey include poor sanitation, insufficient clean drinking water, den poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Cholera fi be diagnosed by a stool test,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; anaa a rapid dipstick test, although de dipstick test be less accurate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 February 2015 |title=Diagnosis and Detection |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315041832/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prevention methods against cholera dey include improved sanitation den access to clean water.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt; Cholera vaccines wey dem dey give by mouth dey provide reasonable protection for about six months, den confer de added benefit of protecting against anoda type of diarrhea wey ''E.&amp;nbsp;coli'' cause.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Clemens |first1=John D. |last2=Sack |first2=David A. |last3=Harris |first3=Jeffrey R. |last4=Chakraborty |first4=J. |last5=Neogy |first5=P. K. |last6=Stanton |first6=B. |last7=Huda |first7=N. |last8=Khan |first8=M. U. |last9=Kay |first9=Bradford A. |last10=Khan |first10=M. R. |last11=Ansaruzzaman |first11=M. |last12=Yunus |first12=M. |last13=Raghava Rao |first13=M. |last14=Svennerholm |first14=Ann-Mari |last15=Holmgren |first15=Jan |date=1 August 1988 |title=Cross-Protection by B Subunit-Whole Cell Cholera Vaccine Against Diarrhea Associated with Heat-Labile Toxin-Producing Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: Results of a Large-Scale Field Trial |url=https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-abstract/158/2/372/810193 |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=372–377 |doi=10.1093/infdis/158.2.372 |issn=0022-1899 |pmid=3042876 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Xian |first1=Tew Hui |last2=Parasuraman |first2=Subramani |last3=Ravichandran |first3=Manickam |last4=Prabhakaran |first4=Guruswamy |date=16 December 2022 |title=Dual-Use Vaccine for Diarrhoeal Diseases: Cross-Protective Immunogenicity of a Cold-Chain-Free, Live-Attenuated, Oral Cholera Vaccine against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Challenge in BALB/c Mice |journal=Vaccines |language=en |volume=10 |issue=12 |page=2161 |doi=10.3390/vaccines10122161 |pmc=9787504 |pmid=36560571 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2017, na de US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approve a single-dose, live, oral cholera vaccine dem call Vaxchora give adults aged 18–64 wey dey travel to an area of active cholera transmission.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Cholera Fact Sheet |url=https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/cholera/fact_sheet.htm |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.health.ny.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey offer limited protection to young kiddies. People wey survive an episode of cholera get long-lasting immunity for at least three years (de period dem test).&lt;ref name=&quot;immunity&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Harris |first=Jason B |date=15 November 2018 |title=Cholera: Immunity and Prospects in Vaccine Development |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=218 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=S141–S146 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jiy414 |pmc=6188552 |pmid=30184117}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De primary treatment give affected individuals be oral rehydration salts (ORS), de replacement of fluids den electrolytes by using slightly sweet den salty solutions.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Rice-based solutions be preferred.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Insyd kiddies, na dem sanso find zinc supplementation to improve outcomes.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014Zinc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=7 November 2014 |title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Treatment |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311042338/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html |archive-date=11 March 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd severe cases, intravenous fluids, such as Ringer's lactate, fi be required, den antibiotics fi be beneficial.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; De choice of antibiotic be aided by antibiotic sensitivity testing.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro5&quot; /&gt;

Cholera dey continue to affect an estimated 3–5&amp;nbsp;million people worldwide den dey cause 28,800–130,000&amp;nbsp;deaths a year.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Haidong |last2=Naghavi |first2=Mohsen |last3=Allen |first3=Christine |last4=Barber |first4=Ryan M. |last5=Bhutta |first5=Zulfiqar A. |last6=Carter |first6=Austin |last7=Casey |first7=Daniel C. |last8=Charlson |first8=Fiona J. |last9=Chen |first9=Alan Zian |last10=Coates |first10=Matthew M. |last11=Coggeshall |first11=Megan |last12=Dandona |first12=Lalit |last13=Dicker |first13=Daniel J. |last14=Erskine |first14=Holly E. |last15=Ferrari |first15=Alize J. |date=October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1459–1544 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |pmc=5388903 |pmid=27733281 |last16=Fitzmaurice |first16=Christina |last17=Foreman |first17=Kyle |last18=Forouzanfar |first18=Mohammad H. |last19=Fraser |first19=Maya S. |last20=Fullman |first20=Nancy |last21=Gething |first21=Peter W. |last22=Goldberg |first22=Ellen M. |last23=Graetz |first23=Nicholas |last24=Haagsma |first24=Juanita A. |last25=Hay |first25=Simon I. |last26=Huynh |first26=Chantal |last27=Johnson |first27=Catherine O. |last28=Kassebaum |first28=Nicholas J. |last29=Kinfu |first29=Yohannes |last30=Kulikoff |first30=Xie Rachel}}&lt;/ref&gt; To date, seven cholera pandemics occur, plus de most recent dey begin insyd 1961, den dey continue today.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cholera's seven pandemics|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504|access-date=15 July 2018|work=CBC|date=9 May 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; De illness be rare insyd high-income countries, wey e dey affect kiddies most severely.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 October 2014 |title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031930/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html |archive-date=17 March 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cholera dey occur as both outbreaks den chronically insyd certain areas. Areas plus an ongoing risk of disease dey include [[Africa]] den Southeast Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; De risk of death among those wey be affected usually be less dan 5%, dem give improved treatment, buh fi be as high as 50% widout such access to treatment.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Na dem find descriptions of cholera as early as de 5th century BCE insyd Sanskrit literature.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt; Insyd Europe, na dem initially use cholera as a term to describe any kind of gastroenteritis, wey na dem no use am give dis disease til de early 19th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;rosenberg&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Charles E. Rosenberg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2pL9c00rl4C&amp;pg=PA74 |title=The Cholera Years the United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866. |date=2009 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-72676-2 |location=Chicago |page=74 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109080652/https://books.google.com/books?id=k2pL9c00rl4C&amp;pg=PA74 |archive-date=9 November 2015 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de study of cholera insyd England by John Snow between 1849 den 1854 lead to significant advances insyd de field of epidemiology secof ein insights about transmission via contaminated water, wey na a map of de same be de first recorded incidence of epidemiological tracking.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Timmreck |first1=Thomas C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&amp;pg=PA77 |title=An introduction to epidemiology |date=2002 |publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-0-7637-0060-7 |edition=3. |location=Sudbury, MA |page=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190442/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&amp;pg=PA77 |archive-date=3 December 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Di main symptoms of cholera na serious [[diarrhea]] and [[vomiting]] of clear water-like fluid.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2004&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK | title = Cholera | journal = Lancet | volume = 363 | issue = 9404 | pages = 223–33 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14738797 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15328-7 | s2cid = 208793200 }}&lt;/ref&gt; These symptoms dey usually start suddenly, like half day go reach five days after person chop (ingest) the bacteria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Azman AS, Rudolph KE, Cummings DA, Lessler J | title = The incubation period of cholera: a systematic review | journal = The Journal of Infection | volume = 66 | issue = 5 | pages = 432–8 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23201968 | pmc = 3677557 | doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.11.013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The diarrhea dey often describe am as “rice water” type, and e fit even get fishy smell.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt; Person wey no receive treatment for cholera fit dey pass about {{convert|10|to|20|litre|USgal|sigfig=1}} of diarrhea every day.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;

Serious cholera, if no treatment, fit kill about half of di people wey e affect.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt; If di heavy diarrhea no get treatment, e fit cause life-threatening [[dehydration]] and imbalance of [[electrolyte]] for body.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;

Estimates of people wey get infection but no show symptoms (asymptomatic) compare to those wey dey sick (symptomatic) don range from 3 to 100.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = King AA, Ionides EL, Pascual M, Bouma MJ | title = Inapparent infections and cholera dynamics | journal = Nature | volume = 454 | issue = 7206 | pages = 877–80 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18704085 | doi = 10.1038/nature07084 | s2cid = 4408759 | bibcode = 2008Natur.454..877K | hdl = 2027.42/62519 | hdl-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cholera dem dey also call am “blue death”&lt;ref name=&quot;Greenough&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Greenough|first1=William B. |title=The blue death Disease, disaster, and the water we drink|pmc=2171164|journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation|volume=118|issue=1|page=4|doi=10.1172/JCI34394|date=2 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; because person skin fit turn [[Cyanosis|bluish-gray]] as body dey lose plenty fluid too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;McE2009&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite book|author1=McElroy, Ann |author2=Townsend, Patricia K. |title=Medical Anthropology in Ecological Perspective|url=&lt;/nowiki&gt;[https://archive.org/details/medicalanthropol00mcel_718](https://archive.org/details/medicalanthropol00mcel_718) |url-access=limited |location=Boulder, CO|publisher= Westview|year= 2009|page= [[https://archive.org/details/medicalanthropol00mcel_718/page/n395](https://archive.org/details/medicalanthropol00mcel_718/page/n395&lt;nowiki&gt;) 375]|isbn=978-0-8133-4384-6}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
Fever no dey common, and if e show, e fit mean say secondary infection don join. Patients fit become very weak or sleepy (lethargic), and dem fit get sunken eyes, dry mouth, cold and sweaty skin, or wrinkled hands and legs.

[[Kussmaul breathing]], wey be deep and heavy breathing style, fit happen because of [[acidosis]] from loss of [[Human feces|stool]] [[bicarbonate]] and [[lactic acidosis]] wey come from poor blood flow ([[perfusion]]).

[[Blood pressure]] dey drop because of dehydration, while pulse for body dey fast but weak (thready). Urine wey person dey pass go reduce as time dey go on.

Muscle cramps and weakness, confusion or changed awareness, [[seizures]], and even [[coma]] fit happen because of [[electrolyte imbalance]]—this one dey happen plenty especially for children.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;
## Cause

{{Main|Vibrio cholerae}}
[[File:Cholera bacteria SEM.jpg|thumb|[[Scanning electron microscope]] image of ''Vibrio cholerae'']]
[[File:Vibrio cholerae.jpg|thumb|''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'', di bacteria wey dey cause cholera]]

### Transmission

[[Transmission (medicine)|Transmission]] of cholera dey happen usually through [[fecal-oral route]], meaning say contaminated food or water wey come from poor [[sanitation]] dey carry am pass enter person body.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2010&quot; /&gt;

For [[Developed country|developed countries]], most cholera cases dey come from contaminated food, while for [[Developing country|developing countries]] e dey mostly come from water.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2004&quot; /&gt;

Cholera bacteria fit dey inside [[shellfish]] and [[plankton]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2004&quot; /&gt; Food transmission fit happen when people harvest seafood like [[oyster]]s from water wey sewage don contaminate, because ''Vibrio cholerae'' dey gather inside small water organisms like [[planktonic]] [[copepod|crustaceans]], and oysters dey chop those organisms.&lt;ref name=&quot;bakerinstitute.org&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media|url=[http://bakerinstitute.org/videos/civic-scientist-lecture-series-rita-colwell-oceans-climate-and-health-cholera-model-infectious-diseases-changing-environment/|title=Oceans](http://bakerinstitute.org/videos/civic-scientist-lecture-series-rita-colwell-oceans-climate-and-health-cholera-model-infectious-diseases-changing-environment/|title=Oceans), Climate, and Health: Cholera as a Model of Infectious Diseases in a Changing Environment|publisher=James A Baker III Institute for Public Policy|people=[[Rita Colwell]]|access-date=23 October 2013|location=Rice University|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20131026030733/http://bakerinstitute.org/videos/civic-scientist-lecture-series-rita-colwell-oceans-climate-and-health-cholera-model-infectious-diseases-changing-environment/|archive-date=26](https://web.archive.org/web/20131026030733/http://bakerinstitute.org/videos/civic-scientist-lecture-series-rita-colwell-oceans-climate-and-health-cholera-model-infectious-diseases-changing-environment/|archive-date=26) October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cholera outbreaks dey increase in frequency, spread, and intensity because of [[Climate change and infectious diseases#Cholera and other vibrio infections|climate change]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:162&quot;&gt;Cissé, G., R. McLeman, H. Adams, P. Aldunce, K. Bowen, D. Campbell-Lendrum, S. Clayton, K.L. Ebi, J. Hess, C. Huang, Q. Liu, G. McGregor, J. Semenza, and M.C. Tirado, 2022: [[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter07.pdf](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter07.pdf) Chapter 7: Health, Wellbeing, and the Changing Structure of Communities]. In: [[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/) Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1041–1170, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;(Walker, 2018)22&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Walker JT |date=September 2018 |title=The influence of climate change on waterborne disease and Legionella: a review |journal=Perspectives in Public Health |volume=138 |issue=5 |pages=282–286 |doi=10.1177/1757913918791198 |pmid=30156484 |s2cid=52115812}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Bekele |first1=Bezawit Kassahun |last2=Uwishema |first2=Olivier |last3=Bisetegn |first3=Lydia Daniel |last4=Moubarak |first4=Antonia |last5=Charline |first5=Mugeniwayesu |last6=Sibomana |first6=Pacifique |last7=Onyeaka |first7=Chinyere Vivian Patrick |date=2025-04-30 |title=Cholera in Africa: A Climate Change Crisis |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s44197-025-00386-x |issn=2210-6014 |pmc=12043531 |pmid=40304931 |article-number=68}}&lt;/ref&gt;

People wey get cholera dey pass watery diarrhea, and this stool (wey people dey call “rice-water”) fit contaminate water wey other people dey use.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherris&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0|edition=4th|pages=376–7|editor1=Ryan KJ |editor2=Ray CG}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One single diarrhea event fit increase the number of ''V. cholerae'' for environment by one million times.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/cholera-biology-and-genetics|title=Cholera](https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/cholera-biology-and-genetics|title=Cholera) Biology and Genetics {{!}} NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|website=[www.niaid.nih.gov|date=7](http://www.niaid.nih.gov|date=7) February 2011 |language=en|access-date=5 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The contamination source usually be people wey get cholera, especially when dem no treat their diarrhea and e enter water bodies, [[groundwater]], or [[drinking water]] systems. Drinking contaminated water or eating food wey dem wash with that water, or eating shellfish from infected water, fit cause infection.

Cholera rarely dey spread directly from person to person.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC 2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=General Information – Cholera | website=CDC | date=5 August 2020 | url=[https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/index.html#three](https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/index.html#three) | access-date=11 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''V. cholerae'' also fit survive outside human body for natural water sources, either alone or together with [[phytoplankton]], [[zooplankton]], or dead organic and inorganic matter.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJOct2009review&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Nelson EJ, Harris JB, Morris JG, Calderwood SB, Camilli A | title = Cholera transmission: the host, pathogen and bacteriophage dynamic | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 7 | issue = 10 | pages = 693–702 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19756008 | pmc = 3842031 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro2204 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Drinking such water fit still cause infection even without human fecal contamination. However, environmental conditions fit reduce how strong the bacteria be.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJOct2009review&quot; /&gt;

Both toxic and non-toxic strains dey exist. Non-toxic strains fit later become toxic through [[bacteriophage]] infection.&lt;ref name=&quot;Archivist_1997&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Cholera phage discovery |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |date=1 March 1997 |volume=76 |issue=3 |page=274 |doi=10.1136/adc.76.3.274 |pmc=1717096 |last1=Archivist }}&lt;/ref&gt;

### Susceptibility

Normally, about 100 million bacteria must enter body before cholera fit start for healthy adult.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt; But this amount reduce for people wey get low [[gastric acid]], like those wey dey use [[proton pump inhibitors]].&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;

Children dey more vulnerable, especially ages two to four.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt; Blood group also dey affect risk—people with [[type O blood]] dey more likely to get infection.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;

People with weak immune system, like those with [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] or malnourished children, fit suffer severe cholera if dem get infected.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOpreventionandcontrolofoutbreaks&quot;&gt;[[http://www.emro.who.int/csr/Media/PDF/cholera_whopolicy.pdf](http://www.emro.who.int/csr/Media/PDF/cholera_whopolicy.pdf) Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations]&lt;/ref&gt;

Even healthy adults still fit get severe case, so each case must be monitored based on fluid loss with help from health professionals.

The genetic mutation linked to [[cystic fibrosis]] (delta-F508) fit actually give some protection. People wey carry one copy of the gene (heterozygous carriers) dey more resistant to ''V. cholerae'' infection.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bertranpetit_1996&quot;&gt;{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9780470514887.ch6 |chapter=Genetic and Geographical Variability in Cystic Fibrosis: Evolutionary Considerations |title=Ciba Foundation Symposium 197 – Variation in the Human Genome |series=Novartis Foundation Symposia |year=2007 |last1=Bertranpetit |first1=Jaume |last2=Calafell |first2=Francesc |volume=197 |pages=97–118 |pmid=8827370 |isbn=978-0-470-51488-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For this model, the defect for ion channel protein (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) dey interfere with how bacteria dey attach to intestine lining, so e reduce infection effect.
== Mechanism ==
[[File:Cholera role of biofilm in intestinal colonization.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|The role of biofilm in the intestinal colonization of Vibrio cholerae]]

When person drink or swallow cholera bacteria, most of the bacteria no survive the strong acidic condition inside human stomach.&lt;ref name=&quot;BliskaAlmagro-Moreno2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Almagro-Moreno S, Pruss K, Taylor RK |title=Intestinal Colonization Dynamics of Vibrio cholerae |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=11 |issue=5 |article-number=e1004787 |date=May 2015 |pmid=25996593 |pmc=4440752 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1004787 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The few wey survive go conserve energy and stored nutrients by shutting down protein production as dem dey pass through the stomach. When dem reach the small intestine, dem must pass through thick mucus layer before dem fit reach the intestinal wall where dem go attach and grow.&lt;ref name=&quot;BliskaAlmagro-Moreno2015&quot; /&gt;

Once Vibrio cholerae reach the intestinal wall, dem no need flagella again for movement. So dem stop producing flagellin protein in order to conserve energy and nutrients by adjusting the proteins dem dey express based on new environment.

On reaching the intestinal wall, Vibrio cholerae start produce toxic proteins wey cause watery diarrhea in infected person. This watery stool carry new generations of bacteria go outside body into drinking water if sanitation no dey proper.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolfe |first1=Marlene |last2=Kaur |first2=Mehar |last3=Yates |first3=Travis |last4=Woodin |first4=Mark |last5=Lantagne |first5=Daniele |title=A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association between Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Exposures and Cholera in Case–Control Studies |journal=American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=2 August 2018 |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=534–545 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0897 |pmid=29968551 |pmc=6090371}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The cholera toxin (CTX or CT) na protein complex made of six subunits: one A subunit and five B subunits connected by disulfide bond. The B subunits form ring shape wey fit bind GM1 ganglioside receptors on intestinal epithelial cells. The A1 part of A subunit na enzyme wey dey ADP-ribosylate G proteins, while A2 chain fit into B-ring structure.

After binding, the toxin enter cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Inside cell, disulfide bond break, and A1 subunit release to interact with ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6).&lt;ref name=&quot;O&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Neal CJ, Jobling MG, Holmes RK, Hol WG |title=Structural basis for the activation of cholera toxin by human ARF6-GTP |journal=Science |volume=309 |issue=5737 |pages=1093–1096 |date=August 2005 |doi=10.1126/science.1113398}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This activation make permanent modification of Gs alpha subunit of heterotrimeric G protein, leading to continuous production of cyclic AMP (cAMP). This cause secretion of water, sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate into intestinal lumen, resulting in severe dehydration.

The gene for cholera toxin enter Vibrio cholerae through horizontal gene transfer, usually carried by CTXφ bacteriophage.

Scientists study how gene expression change as bacteria pass through stomach, mucus layer, and intestinal wall.&lt;ref name=&quot;DiRita&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=DiRita VJ, Parsot C, Jander G, Mekalanos JJ |title=Regulatory cascade controls virulence in Vibrio cholerae |journal=PNAS |volume=88 |issue=12 |pages=5403–5407 |date=June 1991 |pmid=2052618 |pmc=51881 |doi=10.1073/pnas.88.12.5403}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inside intestine, regulatory proteins TcpP/TcpH and ToxR/ToxS activate ToxT, which turn on virulence genes responsible for toxin production and colonization.&lt;ref name=&quot;DiRita&quot; /&gt;

== Genetic structure ==
Vibrio cholerae strains from pandemics show genetic variation. Two main clusters exist: Cluster I and Cluster II. Cluster I include older strains from 1960s and 1970s, while Cluster II contain strains from 1980s and 1990s, especially from Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lan R, Reeves PR |title=Pandemic spread of cholera: genetic diversity and relationships within the seventh pandemic clone of Vibrio cholerae determined by amplified fragment length polymorphism |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=172–181 |date=January 2002 |pmid=11773113 |pmc=120103 |doi=10.1128/JCM.40.1.172-181.2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Antibiotic resistance ==
In many parts of the world, cholera bacteria don develop resistance to antibiotics. For example, in Bangladesh, many cases resist tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and erythromycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2006&quot; /&gt;

Scientists have developed diagnostic methods to detect multi-drug resistant strains quickly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mackay&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Real-Time PCR in microbiology: From diagnosis to characterization|publisher=Caister Academic Press|year=2007|isbn=978-1-904455-18-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

New antibiotics have also shown effectiveness against Vibrio cholerae in laboratory studies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramamurthy&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Vibrio cholerae: Genomics and molecular biology |publisher=Caister Academic Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-904455-33-2 |chapter=Antibiotic resistance in Vibrio cholerae |last=Ramamurthy |first=T. |page=195}}&lt;/ref&gt;
```wiki
== Diagnosis ==

[[File:Rapid diagnostic test strip.jpg|thumb|A rapid dipstick test fit show whether Vibrio cholerae dey present]]

There be rapid dipstick test wey doctors fit use check if Vibrio cholerae bacteria dey inside sample.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2006&quot; /&gt; If the test come back positive, doctors go do further testing to check whether the bacteria don develop resistance to antibiotics.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2006&quot; /&gt;

For epidemic situation, doctor fit diagnose cholera just by asking patient history and doing quick physical examination. Treatment like rehydration therapy and oral hydration solutions fit start even before laboratory confirmation, especially for places where cholera dey common.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cholera - Diagnosis and treatment |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholera/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355293 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Stool samples and swab samples wey collect early during sickness (before antibiotics start) na the best samples for laboratory diagnosis. If cholera outbreak dey suspected, the most common bacteria wey cause am na Vibrio cholerae O1.

If Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 no show, laboratory go check for Vibrio cholerae O139. But if neither O1 nor O139 show, then stool sample must go reference laboratory for further investigation.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Any infection with Vibrio cholerae O139 must be reported and treated same way like O1 cholera cases. Any diarrheal disease from this bacteria dey classified as cholera and must be reported, especially for places like United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC_Diag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/pdf/Laboratory-Methods-for-the-Diagnosis-of-Epidemic-Dysentery-and-Cholera.pdf|title=Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Epidemic Dysentery and Cholera|year=1999|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623024004/https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/pdf/laboratory-methods-for-the-diagnosis-of-epidemic-dysentery-and-cholera.pdf|archive-date=23 June 2017}}
== Prevention ==

[[File:It doesn't hurt, but it tickles. A U.S. Navy hospital corpsman, member of a USAID military health team, inoculates a flo - NARA - 541855.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Preventive inoculation against cholera in 1966]]

World Health Organization (WHO) dey advise say make people focus on prevention, preparedness, and response to control how cholera dey spread.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot; /&gt; Dem still emphasize say strong surveillance system dey very important.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot; /&gt; Governments get role for all these areas.

=== Water, sanitation and hygiene ===

Although cholera fit kill person, preventing am dey usually easy if proper sanitation practices dey followed well. For developed countries, because dem get better water treatment and sanitation systems, cholera no dey common. For example, the last big cholera outbreak for United States happen for 1910–1911.&lt;ref name=&quot;moltke1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=CHOLERA KILLS BOY; EIGHTH DEATH HERE; All Other Suspected Cases Now in Quarantine and Show No Alarming Symptoms. |url=[https://www.nytimes.com/1911/07/18/archives/cholera-kills-boy-eighth-death-here-all-other-suspected-cases-now.html](https://www.nytimes.com/1911/07/18/archives/cholera-kills-boy-eighth-death-here-all-other-suspected-cases-now.html) |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 July 1911}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moltke2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=More Cholera in Port |url=[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412:250061412&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=OCT+10%2C+1910&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&amp;pqatl=google](https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412:250061412&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=OCT+10%2C+1910&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&amp;pqatl=google) |quote=A case of cholera developed today in the steerage of the Hamburg-American liner [[SMS Moltke (1877)|Moltke]], which has been detained at quarantine as a possible cholera carrier since Monday last. Dr. A.H. Doty, health officer of the port, reported the case tonight with the additional information that another cholera patient from the Moltke is under treatment at [[Swinburne Island]]. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=10 October 1910 |access-date=11 December 2008 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081216072507/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412%3A250061412&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS%3AFT&amp;date=OCT+10%2C+1910&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&amp;pqatl=google](https://web.archive.org/web/20081216072507/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412%3A250061412&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS%3AFT&amp;date=OCT+10%2C+1910&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&amp;pqatl=google) |archive-date=16 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cholera mainly be risk for developing countries, especially areas where access to WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) infrastructure no dey good enough.

If sanitation practices dey properly introduced and followed quick, e fit stop outbreak. There be different points for cholera transmission chain where dem fit block the spread:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cholera|url=[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera|access-date=20](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera|access-date=20) August 2020|website=[www.who.int|language=en](http://www.who.int|language=en)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Sterilization: Proper disposal and treatment of all things wey fit contact stool of cholera patient (like cloth, bedsheet, etc.) dey very important. Dem suppose wash am for hot water and if possible use chlorine bleach. Anybody hand wey touch patient or their things must wash am well and disinfect am with chlorinated water or other strong antimicrobial agents.

* Sewage and fecal sludge management: For areas wey cholera dey, sewage and fecal waste need proper treatment so e no spread disease through human waste. Good sanitation and hygiene dey very important.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot; /&gt; Open defecation, release of untreated sewage, or dumping of fecal sludge from pit latrine or septic tank into environment must stop.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AGQVBeNM_80C&amp;pg=PA5](https://books.google.com/books?id=AGQVBeNM_80C&amp;pg=PA5) |title=Urban Water Security: Managing Risks: UNESCO-IHP |last1=Cisneros |first1=Blanca Jimenez |last2=Rose |first2=Joan B. |date=24 March 2009 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-0-203-88162-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For many cholera areas, sewage treatment no dey enough.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rd3zCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PA24](https://books.google.com/books?id=rd3zCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PA24) |title=Cholera and the Ecology of Vibrio cholerae |vauthors=Drasar BS, Forrest DB |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-94-009-1515-2 |page=24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dAT9CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA219](https://books.google.com/books?id=dAT9CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA219) |title=A Companion to the Anthropology of Environmental Health |last=Singer |first=Merrill |date=31 May 2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley &amp; Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-78699-4 |page=219}}&lt;/ref&gt; So dry toilet wey no need water and no dey cause water pollution fit be better option than flush toilet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gili |first1=Enrique |date=9 June 2015 |title=Starting a poop to compost movement |url=[https://www.dw.com/en/global-ideas-haiti-poop-compost-toilets/a-18504469](https://www.dw.com/en/global-ideas-haiti-poop-compost-toilets/a-18504469) |work=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Sources: Make people put warning for water sources wey fit be contaminated, plus instruction on how to clean water (like boiling or adding chlorine) before dem use am.

* Water purification: Any water wey people go drink, cook or wash with suppose be treated well. Dem fit boil am, use chlorine, ozone treatment, ultraviolet light, or filter am well. Boiling and chlorination be cheap and effective way to stop spread. Cloth filter or sari filter too fit reduce cholera well for poor communities like for Bangladesh. Better modern filters dey even more effective. Health education and proper hygiene practice dey very important.

WHO Africa still recommend say people suppose wash hand with soap or ash after toilet and before dem chop food or handle food to prevent cholera.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cholera and food safety |url=[http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf](http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf) |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |access-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170821044840/http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf](https://web.archive.org/web/20170821044840/http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf) |archive-date=21 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=&quot;225px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
File:Unsafe disposal of faecal sludge or sewage in Haiti (6458176073).jpg|Dumping of sewage or fecal sludge from UN camp into lake near Port-au-Prince dey believed say e help spread cholera after Haiti earthquake for 2010, wey kill many people.
File:A SOIL EkoLakay toilet customer. (15921409131).jpg|Example of urine-diverting dry toilet for cholera-affected area for Haiti. This type of toilet stop disease spread through fecal-oral route because e no dey pollute water.
File:Cholera hospital in Dhaka.jpg|Cholera hospital for Dhaka, showing normal cholera treatment beds.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Surveillance ===

[[File:Using Precipitation Data to Assess Risk of Cholera Outbreaks.webm|thumb|upright=1.3|A modelling approach using satellite data can help improve how we fit predict cholera risk areas for different parts of the world.]]

Surveillance and quick reporting dey very important to control cholera outbreaks fast. Cholera dey behave like seasonal disease for many countries wey get am, especially during rainy season. Surveillance system fit give early warning about outbreak, so authorities fit respond quick and prepare well. Good surveillance also help to know where risk dey high so prevention fit target the right places.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html](https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html) |title=Cholera: prevention and control |publisher=[[WHO]] |work=Health topics |year=2008 |access-date=8 December 2008 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081214042133/http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20081214042133/http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html) |archive-date=14 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; For prevention to work well, cases must dey reported to national health authorities.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;

=== Vaccination ===

[[File:Euvichol-plus.jpg|thumb|Euvichol-plus oral vaccine for cholera]]

Spanish doctor Jaume Ferran i Clua develop the first successful cholera vaccine for 1885, the first wey immunize people against bacterial disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211100824/http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others|url-status=deviated|title=Others](http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211100824/http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others|url-status=deviated|title=Others) — Timelines — History of Vaccines|archive-date=11 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; E vaccine work but e cause controversy and some people no accept am at that time. But later e prove say e dey effective: from 30,000 people wey e vaccinate, only 54 die.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bornside |first1=George H. |title=Waldemar Haffkine's Cholera Vaccines and the Ferran-Haffkine Priority Dispute |journal=[[Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences]] |date=1982 |volume=XXXVII |issue=4 |pages=399–422 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/xxxvii.4.399 |pmid=6759570}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bornside |first1=George H. |title=Jaime Ferran and Preventive Inoculation Against Cholera |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |date=1981 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=516–532 |jstor=44441415 |pmid=7039738 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hawgood |first1=Barbara J |title=Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India |journal=[[Journal of Medical Biography]] |date=February 2007 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=9–19 |doi=10.1258/j.jmb.2007.05-59 |pmid=17356724 |s2cid=42075270}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Lopez |first1=Anna Lena |last2=Gonzales |first2=Maria Liza Antoinette |last3=Aldaba |first3=Josephine G. |last4=Nair |first4=G. Balakrish |date=September 2014 |title=Killed oral cholera vaccines: history, development and implementation challenges |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=123–136 |doi=10.1177/2051013614537819 |issn=2051-0136 |pmc=4144262 |pmid=25177492}}&lt;/ref&gt; Russian-French scientist Waldemar Haffkine too develop cholera vaccine for 1892.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/waldemar.htm](http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/waldemar.htm) haffkineinstitute.org] {{webarchive|url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024552/http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/waldemar.htm|date=24) September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; E run big vaccination program for British India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 December 2020 |title=Waldemar Haffkine: The vaccine pioneer the world forgot |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55050012](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55050012) |access-date=20 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

People wey survive cholera fit get immunity for at least 3 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;immunity&quot;/&gt; Some safe oral vaccines dey available for cholera prevention.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21412922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Sinclair D, Abba K, Zaman K, Qadri F, Graves PM |title=Oral vaccines for preventing cholera |journal=[[The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] |issue=3 |article-number=CD008603 |date=March 2011 |volume=2011 |pmid=21412922 |pmc=6532691 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008603.pub2 |editor=Sinclair D}}&lt;/ref&gt; WHO get three approved oral cholera vaccines: Dukoral, Sanchol, and Euvichol. Dukoral be inactivated oral vaccine wey get about 52% protection for first year and 62% for second year, with few side effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21412922&quot; /&gt; E dey available for more than 60 countries. But CDC no still recommend am for most travelers from United States go endemic countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC_Vacc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Is a vaccine available to prevent cholera? |work=[[Centers for Disease Control]] |url=[https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine](https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine) |date=22 October 2010 |access-date=24 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101026085158/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine](https://web.archive.org/web/20101026085158/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine) |archive-date=26 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; US FDA vaccine called Vaxchora be oral live vaccine wey fit protect adults 18–64 years after single dose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=[http://www.immunize.org/fda/](http://www.immunize.org/fda/) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170415125256/http://www.immunize.org/fda/](https://web.archive.org/web/20170415125256/http://www.immunize.org/fda/) |title=FDA Product Approval: View All |archive-date=15 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Injectable vaccine dey too, e fit protect person for 2–3 years, but e work less for children under five years old.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Graves PM, Deeks JJ, Demicheli V, Jefferson T |title=Vaccines for preventing cholera: killed whole cell or other subunit vaccines (injected) |journal=[[The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] |issue=8 |article-number=CD000974 |date=August 2010 |volume=2019 |pmid=20687062 |pmc=6532721 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000974.pub2 |editor=Graves PM}}&lt;/ref&gt; But as of 2010, availability still limited.&lt;ref name=WHO2010 /&gt; Work still dey go on to study mass vaccination role.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html](https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html) |title=Cholera vaccines |publisher=[[WHO]] |work=Health topics |year=2008 |access-date=1 February 2010 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100216224558/http://who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20100216224558/http://who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html) |archive-date=16 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; WHO recommend say high-risk people like children and HIV patients for endemic countries suppose receive vaccine.&lt;ref name=WHO2010 /&gt; If vaccination cover many people, herd immunity fit reduce cholera spread for environment.&lt;ref name=NEJM2006 /&gt;

WHO still talk say oral cholera vaccine fit be used for endemic areas, outbreak response, or humanitarian crisis where risk high.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=News from the World Health Organization: Epidemiological Methods for Environmental Health Initiatives in WHO |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |date=1993 |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=961–962 |doi=10.1093/ije/22.5.961 }}&lt;/ref&gt; OCV dey useful for different situations but no full agreement still dey on how to use am everywhere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Deen J, von Seidlein L, Luquero FJ, Troeger C, Reyburn R, Lopez AL, Debes A, Sack DA |date=January 2016 |title=The scenario approach for countries considering the addition of oral cholera vaccination in cholera preparedness and control plans |journal=[[The Lancet. Infectious Diseases]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=125–129 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00298-4 |pmid=26494426 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sari filtration ===

{{Main|Cloth filter}}

[[Image:Washing Utensils And Vegetables.png|thumb|240px|Women for village pond for Matlab, Bangladesh, dey wash utensils and vegetables. Woman for right dey put sari filter for water container to filter water for drinking.]]

For Bangladesh, people develop simple method called sari filter to reduce contamination of drinking water. Dem dey use old sari cloth (best one) or other cloth. Used cloth dey work better than new one because washing am many times reduce space between fibers. Water wey dem filter like this get fewer germs, so e safer pass before.&lt;ref name=Ram2010&gt;{{cite book |author=Ramamurthy T |title=Epidemiological and Molecular Aspects on Cholera |year=2010 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-60327-265-0 |page=330 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&amp;pg=PA330](https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&amp;pg=PA330) |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20151107134836/https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&amp;pg=PA330](https://web.archive.org/web/20151107134836/https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&amp;pg=PA330) |archive-date=7 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Bangladesh, this method reduce cholera cases by almost half.&lt;ref name=Merr2010&gt;{{cite book |author=Merrill RM |title=Introduction to epidemiology. |year=2010 |publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers |location=Sudbury, MA |isbn=978-0-7637-6622-1 |page=43 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&amp;pg=PA43](https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&amp;pg=PA43) |edition=5th |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20151106194307/https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&amp;pg=PA43](https://web.archive.org/web/20151106194307/https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&amp;pg=PA43) |archive-date=6 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey fold sari 4 to 8 times.&lt;ref name=Ram2010 /&gt; After use, dem suppose rinse am and dry am under sun to kill bacteria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Starr C |title=Biology: Today and Tomorrow with Physiology |year=2007 |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |isbn=978-0-7637-6622-1 |page=563 |edition=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20151107022134/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bsFAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA563](https://web.archive.org/web/20151107022134/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bsFAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA563) |archive-date=7 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nylon cloth fit also work but e cost more and no easy to get.&lt;ref name=Merr2010 /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q12090|c=Category:Cholera|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Category:Cholera|wikt=Cholera|species=no}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130622144054/http://www.who.int/cholera/technical/prevention/control/en/ Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060324155246/http://www.who.int/cholera/ Cholera]{{snd}}World Health Organization
* [https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html Cholera – ''Vibrio cholerae'' infection]{{snd}}Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cholera| ]]
[[Category:Diarrhea]]
[[Category:Foodborne illnesses]]
[[Category:Gastrointestinal tract disorders]]
[[Category:Intestinal infectious diseases]]
[[Category:Tropical diseases]]
[[Category:Epidemics]]
[[Category:Pandemics]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]
[[Category:Waterborne diseases]]
[[Category:Vaccine-preventable diseases]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]
[[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]]</text>
      <sha1>l8ad3pkz19sca42pxqe7vkxnmy62dic</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100902</id>
      <parentid>100901</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T08:36:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
        <id>64</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added more content</comment>
      <origin>100902</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="69355" sha1="3tmdkc062xfzl39l6pdmmrnajfvtfn8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Cholera''' be an infection of de small intestine by sam strains of de bacterium ''Vibrio cholerae''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fink2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Richard A. |title=Medical Microbiology |date=1996 |publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston |isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2 |editor1-last=Baron |editor1-first=Samuel |edition=4th |chapter=Cholera, ''Vibrio cholerae'' O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios |pmid=21413330 |id=NCBIBook2 NBK8407}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=6 January 2015 |title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health &amp; Medical Professionals |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320052724/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html |archive-date=20 March 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms fi range from none, to mild, to severe.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro5&quot; /&gt; De classic symptom be large amounts of watery diarrhea wey dey last a few days.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |date=March 2010 |title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf |journal=Weekly Epidemiological Record |volume=85 |issue=13 |pages=117–28 |pmid=20349546 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413020218/http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vomiting den muscle cramps sanso fi occur.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro5&quot; /&gt; Diarrhea fi be so severe wey e dey lead within hours to severe dehydration den electrolyte imbalance.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Dis fi in turn result in sunken eyes, cold anaa cyanotic&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bailey |first1=Diane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&amp;pg=PA7 |title=Cholera |date=2011 |publisher=Rosen Pub. |isbn=978-1-4358-9437-2 |edition=1st |location=New York |page=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190215/https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&amp;pg=PA7 |archive-date=3 December 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; skin, decreased skin elasticity, wrinkling of de hands den feet, den, in severe cases, death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Harris JB, LaRocque RC, Qadri F, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB |date=June 2012 |title=Cholera |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=379 |issue=9835 |pages=2466–2476 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x |pmc=3761070 |pmid=22748592}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms dey start two hours to five days after exposure.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro5&quot; /&gt;

Cholera be caused by a number of types of ''Vibrio cholerae'', plus sam types wey dey produce more severe disease dan odas.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; E be spread mostly by unsafe water den unsafe chow wey be contaminated plus human feces wey dey contain de bacteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Undercooked shellfish be a common source.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 November 2014 |title=Sources of Infection &amp; Risk Factors |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312223337/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html |archive-date=12 March 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Humans be de only known host give fe bacteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Risk factors for de disease dey include poor sanitation, insufficient clean drinking water, den poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Cholera fi be diagnosed by a stool test,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; anaa a rapid dipstick test, although de dipstick test be less accurate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 February 2015 |title=Diagnosis and Detection |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315041832/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prevention methods against cholera dey include improved sanitation den access to clean water.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt; Cholera vaccines wey dem dey give by mouth dey provide reasonable protection for about six months, den confer de added benefit of protecting against anoda type of diarrhea wey ''E.&amp;nbsp;coli'' cause.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Clemens |first1=John D. |last2=Sack |first2=David A. |last3=Harris |first3=Jeffrey R. |last4=Chakraborty |first4=J. |last5=Neogy |first5=P. K. |last6=Stanton |first6=B. |last7=Huda |first7=N. |last8=Khan |first8=M. U. |last9=Kay |first9=Bradford A. |last10=Khan |first10=M. R. |last11=Ansaruzzaman |first11=M. |last12=Yunus |first12=M. |last13=Raghava Rao |first13=M. |last14=Svennerholm |first14=Ann-Mari |last15=Holmgren |first15=Jan |date=1 August 1988 |title=Cross-Protection by B Subunit-Whole Cell Cholera Vaccine Against Diarrhea Associated with Heat-Labile Toxin-Producing Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: Results of a Large-Scale Field Trial |url=https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-abstract/158/2/372/810193 |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=372–377 |doi=10.1093/infdis/158.2.372 |issn=0022-1899 |pmid=3042876 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Xian |first1=Tew Hui |last2=Parasuraman |first2=Subramani |last3=Ravichandran |first3=Manickam |last4=Prabhakaran |first4=Guruswamy |date=16 December 2022 |title=Dual-Use Vaccine for Diarrhoeal Diseases: Cross-Protective Immunogenicity of a Cold-Chain-Free, Live-Attenuated, Oral Cholera Vaccine against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Challenge in BALB/c Mice |journal=Vaccines |language=en |volume=10 |issue=12 |page=2161 |doi=10.3390/vaccines10122161 |pmc=9787504 |pmid=36560571 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2017, na de US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approve a single-dose, live, oral cholera vaccine dem call Vaxchora give adults aged 18–64 wey dey travel to an area of active cholera transmission.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Cholera Fact Sheet |url=https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/cholera/fact_sheet.htm |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.health.ny.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey offer limited protection to young kiddies. People wey survive an episode of cholera get long-lasting immunity for at least three years (de period dem test).&lt;ref name=&quot;immunity&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Harris |first=Jason B |date=15 November 2018 |title=Cholera: Immunity and Prospects in Vaccine Development |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=218 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=S141–S146 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jiy414 |pmc=6188552 |pmid=30184117}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De primary treatment give affected individuals be oral rehydration salts (ORS), de replacement of fluids den electrolytes by using slightly sweet den salty solutions.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Rice-based solutions be preferred.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Insyd kiddies, na dem sanso find zinc supplementation to improve outcomes.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014Zinc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=7 November 2014 |title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Treatment |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311042338/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html |archive-date=11 March 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd severe cases, intravenous fluids, such as Ringer's lactate, fi be required, den antibiotics fi be beneficial.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; De choice of antibiotic be aided by antibiotic sensitivity testing.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro5&quot; /&gt;

Cholera dey continue to affect an estimated 3–5&amp;nbsp;million people worldwide den dey cause 28,800–130,000&amp;nbsp;deaths a year.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Haidong |last2=Naghavi |first2=Mohsen |last3=Allen |first3=Christine |last4=Barber |first4=Ryan M. |last5=Bhutta |first5=Zulfiqar A. |last6=Carter |first6=Austin |last7=Casey |first7=Daniel C. |last8=Charlson |first8=Fiona J. |last9=Chen |first9=Alan Zian |last10=Coates |first10=Matthew M. |last11=Coggeshall |first11=Megan |last12=Dandona |first12=Lalit |last13=Dicker |first13=Daniel J. |last14=Erskine |first14=Holly E. |last15=Ferrari |first15=Alize J. |date=October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1459–1544 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |pmc=5388903 |pmid=27733281 |last16=Fitzmaurice |first16=Christina |last17=Foreman |first17=Kyle |last18=Forouzanfar |first18=Mohammad H. |last19=Fraser |first19=Maya S. |last20=Fullman |first20=Nancy |last21=Gething |first21=Peter W. |last22=Goldberg |first22=Ellen M. |last23=Graetz |first23=Nicholas |last24=Haagsma |first24=Juanita A. |last25=Hay |first25=Simon I. |last26=Huynh |first26=Chantal |last27=Johnson |first27=Catherine O. |last28=Kassebaum |first28=Nicholas J. |last29=Kinfu |first29=Yohannes |last30=Kulikoff |first30=Xie Rachel}}&lt;/ref&gt; To date, seven cholera pandemics occur, plus de most recent dey begin insyd 1961, den dey continue today.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cholera's seven pandemics|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504|access-date=15 July 2018|work=CBC|date=9 May 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; De illness be rare insyd high-income countries, wey e dey affect kiddies most severely.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 October 2014 |title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031930/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html |archive-date=17 March 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cholera dey occur as both outbreaks den chronically insyd certain areas. Areas plus an ongoing risk of disease dey include [[Africa]] den Southeast Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; De risk of death among those wey be affected usually be less dan 5%, dem give improved treatment, buh fi be as high as 50% widout such access to treatment.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Na dem find descriptions of cholera as early as de 5th century BCE insyd Sanskrit literature.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt; Insyd Europe, na dem initially use cholera as a term to describe any kind of gastroenteritis, wey na dem no use am give dis disease til de early 19th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;rosenberg&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Charles E. Rosenberg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2pL9c00rl4C&amp;pg=PA74 |title=The Cholera Years the United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866. |date=2009 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-72676-2 |location=Chicago |page=74 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109080652/https://books.google.com/books?id=k2pL9c00rl4C&amp;pg=PA74 |archive-date=9 November 2015 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de study of cholera insyd England by John Snow between 1849 den 1854 lead to significant advances insyd de field of epidemiology secof ein insights about transmission via contaminated water, wey na a map of de same be de first recorded incidence of epidemiological tracking.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Timmreck |first1=Thomas C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&amp;pg=PA77 |title=An introduction to epidemiology |date=2002 |publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-0-7637-0060-7 |edition=3. |location=Sudbury, MA |page=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190442/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&amp;pg=PA77 |archive-date=3 December 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Di main symptoms of cholera na serious [[diarrhea]] and [[vomiting]] of clear water-like fluid.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2004&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK | title = Cholera | journal = Lancet | volume = 363 | issue = 9404 | pages = 223–33 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14738797 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15328-7 | s2cid = 208793200 }}&lt;/ref&gt; These symptoms dey usually start suddenly, like half day go reach five days after person chop (ingest) the bacteria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Azman AS, Rudolph KE, Cummings DA, Lessler J | title = The incubation period of cholera: a systematic review | journal = The Journal of Infection | volume = 66 | issue = 5 | pages = 432–8 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23201968 | pmc = 3677557 | doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.11.013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The diarrhea dey often describe am as “rice water” type, and e fit even get fishy smell.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt; Person wey no receive treatment for cholera fit dey pass about {{convert|10|to|20|litre|USgal|sigfig=1}} of diarrhea every day.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;

Serious cholera, if no treatment, fit kill about half of di people wey e affect.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt; If di heavy diarrhea no get treatment, e fit cause life-threatening [[dehydration]] and imbalance of [[electrolyte]] for body.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;

Estimates of people wey get infection but no show symptoms (asymptomatic) compare to those wey dey sick (symptomatic) don range from 3 to 100.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = King AA, Ionides EL, Pascual M, Bouma MJ | title = Inapparent infections and cholera dynamics | journal = Nature | volume = 454 | issue = 7206 | pages = 877–80 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18704085 | doi = 10.1038/nature07084 | s2cid = 4408759 | bibcode = 2008Natur.454..877K | hdl = 2027.42/62519 | hdl-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cholera dem dey also call am “blue death”&lt;ref name=&quot;Greenough&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Greenough|first1=William B. |title=The blue death Disease, disaster, and the water we drink|pmc=2171164|journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation|volume=118|issue=1|page=4|doi=10.1172/JCI34394|date=2 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; because person skin fit turn [[Cyanosis|bluish-gray]] as body dey lose plenty fluid too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;McE2009&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite book|author1=McElroy, Ann |author2=Townsend, Patricia K. |title=Medical Anthropology in Ecological Perspective|url=&lt;/nowiki&gt;[https://archive.org/details/medicalanthropol00mcel_718](https://archive.org/details/medicalanthropol00mcel_718) |url-access=limited |location=Boulder, CO|publisher= Westview|year= 2009|page= [[https://archive.org/details/medicalanthropol00mcel_718/page/n395](https://archive.org/details/medicalanthropol00mcel_718/page/n395&lt;nowiki&gt;) 375]|isbn=978-0-8133-4384-6}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
Fever no dey common, and if e show, e fit mean say secondary infection don join. Patients fit become very weak or sleepy (lethargic), and dem fit get sunken eyes, dry mouth, cold and sweaty skin, or wrinkled hands and legs.

[[Kussmaul breathing]], wey be deep and heavy breathing style, fit happen because of [[acidosis]] from loss of [[Human feces|stool]] [[bicarbonate]] and [[lactic acidosis]] wey come from poor blood flow ([[perfusion]]).

[[Blood pressure]] dey drop because of dehydration, while pulse for body dey fast but weak (thready). Urine wey person dey pass go reduce as time dey go on.

Muscle cramps and weakness, confusion or changed awareness, [[seizures]], and even [[coma]] fit happen because of [[electrolyte imbalance]]—this one dey happen plenty especially for children.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;
## Cause

{{Main|Vibrio cholerae}}
[[File:Cholera bacteria SEM.jpg|thumb|[[Scanning electron microscope]] image of ''Vibrio cholerae'']]
[[File:Vibrio cholerae.jpg|thumb|''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'', di bacteria wey dey cause cholera]]

### Transmission

[[Transmission (medicine)|Transmission]] of cholera dey happen usually through [[fecal-oral route]], meaning say contaminated food or water wey come from poor [[sanitation]] dey carry am pass enter person body.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2010&quot; /&gt;

For [[Developed country|developed countries]], most cholera cases dey come from contaminated food, while for [[Developing country|developing countries]] e dey mostly come from water.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2004&quot; /&gt;

Cholera bacteria fit dey inside [[shellfish]] and [[plankton]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2004&quot; /&gt; Food transmission fit happen when people harvest seafood like [[oyster]]s from water wey sewage don contaminate, because ''Vibrio cholerae'' dey gather inside small water organisms like [[planktonic]] [[copepod|crustaceans]], and oysters dey chop those organisms.&lt;ref name=&quot;bakerinstitute.org&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media|url=[http://bakerinstitute.org/videos/civic-scientist-lecture-series-rita-colwell-oceans-climate-and-health-cholera-model-infectious-diseases-changing-environment/|title=Oceans](http://bakerinstitute.org/videos/civic-scientist-lecture-series-rita-colwell-oceans-climate-and-health-cholera-model-infectious-diseases-changing-environment/|title=Oceans), Climate, and Health: Cholera as a Model of Infectious Diseases in a Changing Environment|publisher=James A Baker III Institute for Public Policy|people=[[Rita Colwell]]|access-date=23 October 2013|location=Rice University|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20131026030733/http://bakerinstitute.org/videos/civic-scientist-lecture-series-rita-colwell-oceans-climate-and-health-cholera-model-infectious-diseases-changing-environment/|archive-date=26](https://web.archive.org/web/20131026030733/http://bakerinstitute.org/videos/civic-scientist-lecture-series-rita-colwell-oceans-climate-and-health-cholera-model-infectious-diseases-changing-environment/|archive-date=26) October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cholera outbreaks dey increase in frequency, spread, and intensity because of [[Climate change and infectious diseases#Cholera and other vibrio infections|climate change]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:162&quot;&gt;Cissé, G., R. McLeman, H. Adams, P. Aldunce, K. Bowen, D. Campbell-Lendrum, S. Clayton, K.L. Ebi, J. Hess, C. Huang, Q. Liu, G. McGregor, J. Semenza, and M.C. Tirado, 2022: [[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter07.pdf](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter07.pdf) Chapter 7: Health, Wellbeing, and the Changing Structure of Communities]. In: [[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/) Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1041–1170, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;(Walker, 2018)22&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Walker JT |date=September 2018 |title=The influence of climate change on waterborne disease and Legionella: a review |journal=Perspectives in Public Health |volume=138 |issue=5 |pages=282–286 |doi=10.1177/1757913918791198 |pmid=30156484 |s2cid=52115812}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Bekele |first1=Bezawit Kassahun |last2=Uwishema |first2=Olivier |last3=Bisetegn |first3=Lydia Daniel |last4=Moubarak |first4=Antonia |last5=Charline |first5=Mugeniwayesu |last6=Sibomana |first6=Pacifique |last7=Onyeaka |first7=Chinyere Vivian Patrick |date=2025-04-30 |title=Cholera in Africa: A Climate Change Crisis |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s44197-025-00386-x |issn=2210-6014 |pmc=12043531 |pmid=40304931 |article-number=68}}&lt;/ref&gt;

People wey get cholera dey pass watery diarrhea, and this stool (wey people dey call “rice-water”) fit contaminate water wey other people dey use.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherris&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0|edition=4th|pages=376–7|editor1=Ryan KJ |editor2=Ray CG}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One single diarrhea event fit increase the number of ''V. cholerae'' for environment by one million times.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/cholera-biology-and-genetics|title=Cholera](https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/cholera-biology-and-genetics|title=Cholera) Biology and Genetics {{!}} NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|website=[www.niaid.nih.gov|date=7](http://www.niaid.nih.gov|date=7) February 2011 |language=en|access-date=5 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The contamination source usually be people wey get cholera, especially when dem no treat their diarrhea and e enter water bodies, [[groundwater]], or [[drinking water]] systems. Drinking contaminated water or eating food wey dem wash with that water, or eating shellfish from infected water, fit cause infection.

Cholera rarely dey spread directly from person to person.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC 2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=General Information – Cholera | website=CDC | date=5 August 2020 | url=[https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/index.html#three](https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/index.html#three) | access-date=11 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''V. cholerae'' also fit survive outside human body for natural water sources, either alone or together with [[phytoplankton]], [[zooplankton]], or dead organic and inorganic matter.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJOct2009review&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Nelson EJ, Harris JB, Morris JG, Calderwood SB, Camilli A | title = Cholera transmission: the host, pathogen and bacteriophage dynamic | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 7 | issue = 10 | pages = 693–702 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19756008 | pmc = 3842031 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro2204 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Drinking such water fit still cause infection even without human fecal contamination. However, environmental conditions fit reduce how strong the bacteria be.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJOct2009review&quot; /&gt;

Both toxic and non-toxic strains dey exist. Non-toxic strains fit later become toxic through [[bacteriophage]] infection.&lt;ref name=&quot;Archivist_1997&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Cholera phage discovery |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |date=1 March 1997 |volume=76 |issue=3 |page=274 |doi=10.1136/adc.76.3.274 |pmc=1717096 |last1=Archivist }}&lt;/ref&gt;

### Susceptibility

Normally, about 100 million bacteria must enter body before cholera fit start for healthy adult.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt; But this amount reduce for people wey get low [[gastric acid]], like those wey dey use [[proton pump inhibitors]].&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;

Children dey more vulnerable, especially ages two to four.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt; Blood group also dey affect risk—people with [[type O blood]] dey more likely to get infection.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;

People with weak immune system, like those with [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] or malnourished children, fit suffer severe cholera if dem get infected.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOpreventionandcontrolofoutbreaks&quot;&gt;[[http://www.emro.who.int/csr/Media/PDF/cholera_whopolicy.pdf](http://www.emro.who.int/csr/Media/PDF/cholera_whopolicy.pdf) Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations]&lt;/ref&gt;

Even healthy adults still fit get severe case, so each case must be monitored based on fluid loss with help from health professionals.

The genetic mutation linked to [[cystic fibrosis]] (delta-F508) fit actually give some protection. People wey carry one copy of the gene (heterozygous carriers) dey more resistant to ''V. cholerae'' infection.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bertranpetit_1996&quot;&gt;{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9780470514887.ch6 |chapter=Genetic and Geographical Variability in Cystic Fibrosis: Evolutionary Considerations |title=Ciba Foundation Symposium 197 – Variation in the Human Genome |series=Novartis Foundation Symposia |year=2007 |last1=Bertranpetit |first1=Jaume |last2=Calafell |first2=Francesc |volume=197 |pages=97–118 |pmid=8827370 |isbn=978-0-470-51488-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For this model, the defect for ion channel protein (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) dey interfere with how bacteria dey attach to intestine lining, so e reduce infection effect.
== Mechanism ==
[[File:Cholera role of biofilm in intestinal colonization.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|The role of biofilm in the intestinal colonization of Vibrio cholerae]]

When person drink or swallow cholera bacteria, most of the bacteria no survive the strong acidic condition inside human stomach.&lt;ref name=&quot;BliskaAlmagro-Moreno2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Almagro-Moreno S, Pruss K, Taylor RK |title=Intestinal Colonization Dynamics of Vibrio cholerae |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=11 |issue=5 |article-number=e1004787 |date=May 2015 |pmid=25996593 |pmc=4440752 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1004787 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The few wey survive go conserve energy and stored nutrients by shutting down protein production as dem dey pass through the stomach. When dem reach the small intestine, dem must pass through thick mucus layer before dem fit reach the intestinal wall where dem go attach and grow.&lt;ref name=&quot;BliskaAlmagro-Moreno2015&quot; /&gt;

Once Vibrio cholerae reach the intestinal wall, dem no need flagella again for movement. So dem stop producing flagellin protein in order to conserve energy and nutrients by adjusting the proteins dem dey express based on new environment.

On reaching the intestinal wall, Vibrio cholerae start produce toxic proteins wey cause watery diarrhea in infected person. This watery stool carry new generations of bacteria go outside body into drinking water if sanitation no dey proper.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolfe |first1=Marlene |last2=Kaur |first2=Mehar |last3=Yates |first3=Travis |last4=Woodin |first4=Mark |last5=Lantagne |first5=Daniele |title=A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association between Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Exposures and Cholera in Case–Control Studies |journal=American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=2 August 2018 |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=534–545 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0897 |pmid=29968551 |pmc=6090371}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The cholera toxin (CTX or CT) na protein complex made of six subunits: one A subunit and five B subunits connected by disulfide bond. The B subunits form ring shape wey fit bind GM1 ganglioside receptors on intestinal epithelial cells. The A1 part of A subunit na enzyme wey dey ADP-ribosylate G proteins, while A2 chain fit into B-ring structure.

After binding, the toxin enter cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Inside cell, disulfide bond break, and A1 subunit release to interact with ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6).&lt;ref name=&quot;O&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Neal CJ, Jobling MG, Holmes RK, Hol WG |title=Structural basis for the activation of cholera toxin by human ARF6-GTP |journal=Science |volume=309 |issue=5737 |pages=1093–1096 |date=August 2005 |doi=10.1126/science.1113398}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This activation make permanent modification of Gs alpha subunit of heterotrimeric G protein, leading to continuous production of cyclic AMP (cAMP). This cause secretion of water, sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate into intestinal lumen, resulting in severe dehydration.

The gene for cholera toxin enter Vibrio cholerae through horizontal gene transfer, usually carried by CTXφ bacteriophage.

Scientists study how gene expression change as bacteria pass through stomach, mucus layer, and intestinal wall.&lt;ref name=&quot;DiRita&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=DiRita VJ, Parsot C, Jander G, Mekalanos JJ |title=Regulatory cascade controls virulence in Vibrio cholerae |journal=PNAS |volume=88 |issue=12 |pages=5403–5407 |date=June 1991 |pmid=2052618 |pmc=51881 |doi=10.1073/pnas.88.12.5403}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inside intestine, regulatory proteins TcpP/TcpH and ToxR/ToxS activate ToxT, which turn on virulence genes responsible for toxin production and colonization.&lt;ref name=&quot;DiRita&quot; /&gt;

== Genetic structure ==
Vibrio cholerae strains from pandemics show genetic variation. Two main clusters exist: Cluster I and Cluster II. Cluster I include older strains from 1960s and 1970s, while Cluster II contain strains from 1980s and 1990s, especially from Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lan R, Reeves PR |title=Pandemic spread of cholera: genetic diversity and relationships within the seventh pandemic clone of Vibrio cholerae determined by amplified fragment length polymorphism |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=172–181 |date=January 2002 |pmid=11773113 |pmc=120103 |doi=10.1128/JCM.40.1.172-181.2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Antibiotic resistance ==
In many parts of the world, cholera bacteria don develop resistance to antibiotics. For example, in Bangladesh, many cases resist tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and erythromycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2006&quot; /&gt;

Scientists have developed diagnostic methods to detect multi-drug resistant strains quickly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mackay&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Real-Time PCR in microbiology: From diagnosis to characterization|publisher=Caister Academic Press|year=2007|isbn=978-1-904455-18-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

New antibiotics have also shown effectiveness against Vibrio cholerae in laboratory studies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramamurthy&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Vibrio cholerae: Genomics and molecular biology |publisher=Caister Academic Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-904455-33-2 |chapter=Antibiotic resistance in Vibrio cholerae |last=Ramamurthy |first=T. |page=195}}&lt;/ref&gt;
```wiki
== Diagnosis ==

[[File:Rapid diagnostic test strip.jpg|thumb|A rapid dipstick test fit show whether Vibrio cholerae dey present]]

There be rapid dipstick test wey doctors fit use check if Vibrio cholerae bacteria dey inside sample.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2006&quot; /&gt; If the test come back positive, doctors go do further testing to check whether the bacteria don develop resistance to antibiotics.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2006&quot; /&gt;

For epidemic situation, doctor fit diagnose cholera just by asking patient history and doing quick physical examination. Treatment like rehydration therapy and oral hydration solutions fit start even before laboratory confirmation, especially for places where cholera dey common.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cholera - Diagnosis and treatment |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholera/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355293 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Stool samples and swab samples wey collect early during sickness (before antibiotics start) na the best samples for laboratory diagnosis. If cholera outbreak dey suspected, the most common bacteria wey cause am na Vibrio cholerae O1.

If Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 no show, laboratory go check for Vibrio cholerae O139. But if neither O1 nor O139 show, then stool sample must go reference laboratory for further investigation.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Any infection with Vibrio cholerae O139 must be reported and treated same way like O1 cholera cases. Any diarrheal disease from this bacteria dey classified as cholera and must be reported, especially for places like United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC_Diag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/pdf/Laboratory-Methods-for-the-Diagnosis-of-Epidemic-Dysentery-and-Cholera.pdf|title=Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Epidemic Dysentery and Cholera|year=1999|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623024004/https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/pdf/laboratory-methods-for-the-diagnosis-of-epidemic-dysentery-and-cholera.pdf|archive-date=23 June 2017}}
== Prevention ==

[[File:It doesn't hurt, but it tickles. A U.S. Navy hospital corpsman, member of a USAID military health team, inoculates a flo - NARA - 541855.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Preventive inoculation against cholera in 1966]]

World Health Organization (WHO) dey advise say make people focus on prevention, preparedness, and response to control how cholera dey spread.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot; /&gt; Dem still emphasize say strong surveillance system dey very important.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot; /&gt; Governments get role for all these areas.

=== Water, sanitation and hygiene ===

Although cholera fit kill person, preventing am dey usually easy if proper sanitation practices dey followed well. For developed countries, because dem get better water treatment and sanitation systems, cholera no dey common. For example, the last big cholera outbreak for United States happen for 1910–1911.&lt;ref name=&quot;moltke1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=CHOLERA KILLS BOY; EIGHTH DEATH HERE; All Other Suspected Cases Now in Quarantine and Show No Alarming Symptoms. |url=[https://www.nytimes.com/1911/07/18/archives/cholera-kills-boy-eighth-death-here-all-other-suspected-cases-now.html](https://www.nytimes.com/1911/07/18/archives/cholera-kills-boy-eighth-death-here-all-other-suspected-cases-now.html) |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 July 1911}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moltke2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=More Cholera in Port |url=[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412:250061412&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=OCT+10%2C+1910&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&amp;pqatl=google](https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412:250061412&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=OCT+10%2C+1910&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&amp;pqatl=google) |quote=A case of cholera developed today in the steerage of the Hamburg-American liner [[SMS Moltke (1877)|Moltke]], which has been detained at quarantine as a possible cholera carrier since Monday last. Dr. A.H. Doty, health officer of the port, reported the case tonight with the additional information that another cholera patient from the Moltke is under treatment at [[Swinburne Island]]. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=10 October 1910 |access-date=11 December 2008 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081216072507/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412%3A250061412&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS%3AFT&amp;date=OCT+10%2C+1910&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&amp;pqatl=google](https://web.archive.org/web/20081216072507/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412%3A250061412&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS%3AFT&amp;date=OCT+10%2C+1910&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&amp;pqatl=google) |archive-date=16 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cholera mainly be risk for developing countries, especially areas where access to WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) infrastructure no dey good enough.

If sanitation practices dey properly introduced and followed quick, e fit stop outbreak. There be different points for cholera transmission chain where dem fit block the spread:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cholera|url=[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera|access-date=20](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera|access-date=20) August 2020|website=[www.who.int|language=en](http://www.who.int|language=en)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Sterilization: Proper disposal and treatment of all things wey fit contact stool of cholera patient (like cloth, bedsheet, etc.) dey very important. Dem suppose wash am for hot water and if possible use chlorine bleach. Anybody hand wey touch patient or their things must wash am well and disinfect am with chlorinated water or other strong antimicrobial agents.

* Sewage and fecal sludge management: For areas wey cholera dey, sewage and fecal waste need proper treatment so e no spread disease through human waste. Good sanitation and hygiene dey very important.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot; /&gt; Open defecation, release of untreated sewage, or dumping of fecal sludge from pit latrine or septic tank into environment must stop.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AGQVBeNM_80C&amp;pg=PA5](https://books.google.com/books?id=AGQVBeNM_80C&amp;pg=PA5) |title=Urban Water Security: Managing Risks: UNESCO-IHP |last1=Cisneros |first1=Blanca Jimenez |last2=Rose |first2=Joan B. |date=24 March 2009 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-0-203-88162-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For many cholera areas, sewage treatment no dey enough.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rd3zCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PA24](https://books.google.com/books?id=rd3zCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PA24) |title=Cholera and the Ecology of Vibrio cholerae |vauthors=Drasar BS, Forrest DB |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-94-009-1515-2 |page=24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dAT9CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA219](https://books.google.com/books?id=dAT9CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA219) |title=A Companion to the Anthropology of Environmental Health |last=Singer |first=Merrill |date=31 May 2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley &amp; Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-78699-4 |page=219}}&lt;/ref&gt; So dry toilet wey no need water and no dey cause water pollution fit be better option than flush toilet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gili |first1=Enrique |date=9 June 2015 |title=Starting a poop to compost movement |url=[https://www.dw.com/en/global-ideas-haiti-poop-compost-toilets/a-18504469](https://www.dw.com/en/global-ideas-haiti-poop-compost-toilets/a-18504469) |work=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Sources: Make people put warning for water sources wey fit be contaminated, plus instruction on how to clean water (like boiling or adding chlorine) before dem use am.

* Water purification: Any water wey people go drink, cook or wash with suppose be treated well. Dem fit boil am, use chlorine, ozone treatment, ultraviolet light, or filter am well. Boiling and chlorination be cheap and effective way to stop spread. Cloth filter or sari filter too fit reduce cholera well for poor communities like for Bangladesh. Better modern filters dey even more effective. Health education and proper hygiene practice dey very important.

WHO Africa still recommend say people suppose wash hand with soap or ash after toilet and before dem chop food or handle food to prevent cholera.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cholera and food safety |url=[http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf](http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf) |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |access-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170821044840/http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf](https://web.archive.org/web/20170821044840/http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf) |archive-date=21 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=&quot;225px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
File:Unsafe disposal of faecal sludge or sewage in Haiti (6458176073).jpg|Dumping of sewage or fecal sludge from UN camp into lake near Port-au-Prince dey believed say e help spread cholera after Haiti earthquake for 2010, wey kill many people.
File:A SOIL EkoLakay toilet customer. (15921409131).jpg|Example of urine-diverting dry toilet for cholera-affected area for Haiti. This type of toilet stop disease spread through fecal-oral route because e no dey pollute water.
File:Cholera hospital in Dhaka.jpg|Cholera hospital for Dhaka, showing normal cholera treatment beds.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Surveillance ===

[[File:Using Precipitation Data to Assess Risk of Cholera Outbreaks.webm|thumb|upright=1.3|A modelling approach using satellite data can help improve how we fit predict cholera risk areas for different parts of the world.]]

Surveillance and quick reporting dey very important to control cholera outbreaks fast. Cholera dey behave like seasonal disease for many countries wey get am, especially during rainy season. Surveillance system fit give early warning about outbreak, so authorities fit respond quick and prepare well. Good surveillance also help to know where risk dey high so prevention fit target the right places.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html](https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html) |title=Cholera: prevention and control |publisher=[[WHO]] |work=Health topics |year=2008 |access-date=8 December 2008 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081214042133/http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20081214042133/http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html) |archive-date=14 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; For prevention to work well, cases must dey reported to national health authorities.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;

=== Vaccination ===

[[File:Euvichol-plus.jpg|thumb|Euvichol-plus oral vaccine for cholera]]

Spanish doctor Jaume Ferran i Clua develop the first successful cholera vaccine for 1885, the first wey immunize people against bacterial disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211100824/http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others|url-status=deviated|title=Others](http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211100824/http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others|url-status=deviated|title=Others) — Timelines — History of Vaccines|archive-date=11 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; E vaccine work but e cause controversy and some people no accept am at that time. But later e prove say e dey effective: from 30,000 people wey e vaccinate, only 54 die.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bornside |first1=George H. |title=Waldemar Haffkine's Cholera Vaccines and the Ferran-Haffkine Priority Dispute |journal=[[Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences]] |date=1982 |volume=XXXVII |issue=4 |pages=399–422 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/xxxvii.4.399 |pmid=6759570}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bornside |first1=George H. |title=Jaime Ferran and Preventive Inoculation Against Cholera |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |date=1981 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=516–532 |jstor=44441415 |pmid=7039738 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hawgood |first1=Barbara J |title=Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India |journal=[[Journal of Medical Biography]] |date=February 2007 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=9–19 |doi=10.1258/j.jmb.2007.05-59 |pmid=17356724 |s2cid=42075270}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Lopez |first1=Anna Lena |last2=Gonzales |first2=Maria Liza Antoinette |last3=Aldaba |first3=Josephine G. |last4=Nair |first4=G. Balakrish |date=September 2014 |title=Killed oral cholera vaccines: history, development and implementation challenges |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=123–136 |doi=10.1177/2051013614537819 |issn=2051-0136 |pmc=4144262 |pmid=25177492}}&lt;/ref&gt; Russian-French scientist Waldemar Haffkine too develop cholera vaccine for 1892.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/waldemar.htm](http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/waldemar.htm) haffkineinstitute.org] {{webarchive|url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024552/http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/waldemar.htm|date=24) September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; E run big vaccination program for British India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 December 2020 |title=Waldemar Haffkine: The vaccine pioneer the world forgot |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55050012](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55050012) |access-date=20 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

People wey survive cholera fit get immunity for at least 3 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;immunity&quot;/&gt; Some safe oral vaccines dey available for cholera prevention.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21412922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Sinclair D, Abba K, Zaman K, Qadri F, Graves PM |title=Oral vaccines for preventing cholera |journal=[[The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] |issue=3 |article-number=CD008603 |date=March 2011 |volume=2011 |pmid=21412922 |pmc=6532691 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008603.pub2 |editor=Sinclair D}}&lt;/ref&gt; WHO get three approved oral cholera vaccines: Dukoral, Sanchol, and Euvichol. Dukoral be inactivated oral vaccine wey get about 52% protection for first year and 62% for second year, with few side effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21412922&quot; /&gt; E dey available for more than 60 countries. But CDC no still recommend am for most travelers from United States go endemic countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC_Vacc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Is a vaccine available to prevent cholera? |work=[[Centers for Disease Control]] |url=[https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine](https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine) |date=22 October 2010 |access-date=24 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101026085158/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine](https://web.archive.org/web/20101026085158/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine) |archive-date=26 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; US FDA vaccine called Vaxchora be oral live vaccine wey fit protect adults 18–64 years after single dose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=[http://www.immunize.org/fda/](http://www.immunize.org/fda/) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170415125256/http://www.immunize.org/fda/](https://web.archive.org/web/20170415125256/http://www.immunize.org/fda/) |title=FDA Product Approval: View All |archive-date=15 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Injectable vaccine dey too, e fit protect person for 2–3 years, but e work less for children under five years old.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Graves PM, Deeks JJ, Demicheli V, Jefferson T |title=Vaccines for preventing cholera: killed whole cell or other subunit vaccines (injected) |journal=[[The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] |issue=8 |article-number=CD000974 |date=August 2010 |volume=2019 |pmid=20687062 |pmc=6532721 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000974.pub2 |editor=Graves PM}}&lt;/ref&gt; But as of 2010, availability still limited.&lt;ref name=WHO2010 /&gt; Work still dey go on to study mass vaccination role.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html](https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html) |title=Cholera vaccines |publisher=[[WHO]] |work=Health topics |year=2008 |access-date=1 February 2010 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100216224558/http://who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20100216224558/http://who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html) |archive-date=16 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; WHO recommend say high-risk people like children and HIV patients for endemic countries suppose receive vaccine.&lt;ref name=WHO2010 /&gt; If vaccination cover many people, herd immunity fit reduce cholera spread for environment.&lt;ref name=NEJM2006 /&gt;

WHO still talk say oral cholera vaccine fit be used for endemic areas, outbreak response, or humanitarian crisis where risk high.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=News from the World Health Organization: Epidemiological Methods for Environmental Health Initiatives in WHO |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |date=1993 |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=961–962 |doi=10.1093/ije/22.5.961 }}&lt;/ref&gt; OCV dey useful for different situations but no full agreement still dey on how to use am everywhere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Deen J, von Seidlein L, Luquero FJ, Troeger C, Reyburn R, Lopez AL, Debes A, Sack DA |date=January 2016 |title=The scenario approach for countries considering the addition of oral cholera vaccination in cholera preparedness and control plans |journal=[[The Lancet. Infectious Diseases]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=125–129 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00298-4 |pmid=26494426 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sari filtration ===

{{Main|Cloth filter}}

[[Image:Washing Utensils And Vegetables.png|thumb|240px|Women for village pond for Matlab, Bangladesh, dey wash utensils and vegetables. Woman for right dey put sari filter for water container to filter water for drinking.]]

For Bangladesh, people develop simple method called sari filter to reduce contamination of drinking water. Dem dey use old sari cloth (best one) or other cloth. Used cloth dey work better than new one because washing am many times reduce space between fibers. Water wey dem filter like this get fewer germs, so e safer pass before.&lt;ref name=Ram2010&gt;{{cite book |author=Ramamurthy T |title=Epidemiological and Molecular Aspects on Cholera |year=2010 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-60327-265-0 |page=330 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&amp;pg=PA330](https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&amp;pg=PA330) |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20151107134836/https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&amp;pg=PA330](https://web.archive.org/web/20151107134836/https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&amp;pg=PA330) |archive-date=7 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Bangladesh, this method reduce cholera cases by almost half.&lt;ref name=Merr2010&gt;{{cite book |author=Merrill RM |title=Introduction to epidemiology. |year=2010 |publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers |location=Sudbury, MA |isbn=978-0-7637-6622-1 |page=43 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&amp;pg=PA43](https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&amp;pg=PA43) |edition=5th |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20151106194307/https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&amp;pg=PA43](https://web.archive.org/web/20151106194307/https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&amp;pg=PA43) |archive-date=6 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey fold sari 4 to 8 times.&lt;ref name=Ram2010 /&gt; After use, dem suppose rinse am and dry am under sun to kill bacteria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Starr C |title=Biology: Today and Tomorrow with Physiology |year=2007 |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |isbn=978-0-7637-6622-1 |page=563 |edition=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20151107022134/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bsFAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA563](https://web.archive.org/web/20151107022134/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bsFAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA563) |archive-date=7 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nylon cloth fit also work but e cost more and no easy to get.&lt;ref name=Merr2010 /&gt;
== Prevention ==

[[File:It doesn't hurt, but it tickles. A U.S. Navy hospital corpsman, member of a USAID military health team, inoculates a flo - NARA - 541855.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Preventive inoculation against cholera in 1966]]

World Health Organization (WHO) dey advise say make people focus on prevention, preparedness, and response to control how cholera dey spread.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot; /&gt; Dem still emphasize say strong surveillance system dey very important.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot; /&gt; Governments get role for all these areas.

=== Water, sanitation and hygiene ===

Although cholera fit kill person, preventing am dey usually easy if proper sanitation practices dey followed well. For developed countries, because dem get better water treatment and sanitation systems, cholera no dey common. For example, the last big cholera outbreak for United States happen for 1910–1911.&lt;ref name=&quot;moltke1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=CHOLERA KILLS BOY; EIGHTH DEATH HERE; All Other Suspected Cases Now in Quarantine and Show No Alarming Symptoms. |url=[https://www.nytimes.com/1911/07/18/archives/cholera-kills-boy-eighth-death-here-all-other-suspected-cases-now.html](https://www.nytimes.com/1911/07/18/archives/cholera-kills-boy-eighth-death-here-all-other-suspected-cases-now.html) |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 July 1911}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moltke2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=More Cholera in Port |url=[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412:250061412&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=OCT+10%2C+1910&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&amp;pqatl=google](https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412:250061412&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=OCT+10%2C+1910&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&amp;pqatl=google) |quote=A case of cholera developed today in the steerage of the Hamburg-American liner [[SMS Moltke (1877)|Moltke]], which has been detained at quarantine as a possible cholera carrier since Monday last. Dr. A.H. Doty, health officer of the port, reported the case tonight with the additional information that another cholera patient from the Moltke is under treatment at [[Swinburne Island]]. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=10 October 1910 |access-date=11 December 2008 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081216072507/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412%3A250061412&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS%3AFT&amp;date=OCT+10%2C+1910&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&amp;pqatl=google](https://web.archive.org/web/20081216072507/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412%3A250061412&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS%3AFT&amp;date=OCT+10%2C+1910&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&amp;pqatl=google) |archive-date=16 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cholera mainly be risk for developing countries, especially areas where access to WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) infrastructure no dey good enough.

If sanitation practices dey properly introduced and followed quick, e fit stop outbreak. There be different points for cholera transmission chain where dem fit block the spread:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cholera|url=[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera|access-date=20](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera|access-date=20) August 2020|website=[www.who.int|language=en](http://www.who.int|language=en)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Sterilization: Proper disposal and treatment of all things wey fit contact stool of cholera patient (like cloth, bedsheet, etc.) dey very important. Dem suppose wash am for hot water and if possible use chlorine bleach. Anybody hand wey touch patient or their things must wash am well and disinfect am with chlorinated water or other strong antimicrobial agents.

* Sewage and fecal sludge management: For areas wey cholera dey, sewage and fecal waste need proper treatment so e no spread disease through human waste. Good sanitation and hygiene dey very important.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot; /&gt; Open defecation, release of untreated sewage, or dumping of fecal sludge from pit latrine or septic tank into environment must stop.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AGQVBeNM_80C&amp;pg=PA5](https://books.google.com/books?id=AGQVBeNM_80C&amp;pg=PA5) |title=Urban Water Security: Managing Risks: UNESCO-IHP |last1=Cisneros |first1=Blanca Jimenez |last2=Rose |first2=Joan B. |date=24 March 2009 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-0-203-88162-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For many cholera areas, sewage treatment no dey enough.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rd3zCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PA24](https://books.google.com/books?id=rd3zCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PA24) |title=Cholera and the Ecology of Vibrio cholerae |vauthors=Drasar BS, Forrest DB |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-94-009-1515-2 |page=24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dAT9CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA219](https://books.google.com/books?id=dAT9CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA219) |title=A Companion to the Anthropology of Environmental Health |last=Singer |first=Merrill |date=31 May 2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley &amp; Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-78699-4 |page=219}}&lt;/ref&gt; So dry toilet wey no need water and no dey cause water pollution fit be better option than flush toilet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gili |first1=Enrique |date=9 June 2015 |title=Starting a poop to compost movement |url=[https://www.dw.com/en/global-ideas-haiti-poop-compost-toilets/a-18504469](https://www.dw.com/en/global-ideas-haiti-poop-compost-toilets/a-18504469) |work=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Sources: Make people put warning for water sources wey fit be contaminated, plus instruction on how to clean water (like boiling or adding chlorine) before dem use am.

* Water purification: Any water wey people go drink, cook or wash with suppose be treated well. Dem fit boil am, use chlorine, ozone treatment, ultraviolet light, or filter am well. Boiling and chlorination be cheap and effective way to stop spread. Cloth filter or sari filter too fit reduce cholera well for poor communities like for Bangladesh. Better modern filters dey even more effective. Health education and proper hygiene practice dey very important.

WHO Africa still recommend say people suppose wash hand with soap or ash after toilet and before dem chop food or handle food to prevent cholera.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cholera and food safety |url=[http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf](http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf) |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |access-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170821044840/http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf](https://web.archive.org/web/20170821044840/http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf) |archive-date=21 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=&quot;225px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
File:Unsafe disposal of faecal sludge or sewage in Haiti (6458176073).jpg|Dumping of sewage or fecal sludge from UN camp into lake near Port-au-Prince dey believed say e help spread cholera after Haiti earthquake for 2010, wey kill many people.
File:A SOIL EkoLakay toilet customer. (15921409131).jpg|Example of urine-diverting dry toilet for cholera-affected area for Haiti. This type of toilet stop disease spread through fecal-oral route because e no dey pollute water.
File:Cholera hospital in Dhaka.jpg|Cholera hospital for Dhaka, showing normal cholera treatment beds.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Surveillance ===

[[File:Using Precipitation Data to Assess Risk of Cholera Outbreaks.webm|thumb|upright=1.3|A modelling approach using satellite data can help improve how we fit predict cholera risk areas for different parts of the world.]]

Surveillance and quick reporting dey very important to control cholera outbreaks fast. Cholera dey behave like seasonal disease for many countries wey get am, especially during rainy season. Surveillance system fit give early warning about outbreak, so authorities fit respond quick and prepare well. Good surveillance also help to know where risk dey high so prevention fit target the right places.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html](https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html) |title=Cholera: prevention and control |publisher=[[WHO]] |work=Health topics |year=2008 |access-date=8 December 2008 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081214042133/http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20081214042133/http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html) |archive-date=14 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; For prevention to work well, cases must dey reported to national health authorities.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;

=== Vaccination ===

[[File:Euvichol-plus.jpg|thumb|Euvichol-plus oral vaccine for cholera]]

Spanish doctor Jaume Ferran i Clua develop the first successful cholera vaccine for 1885, the first wey immunize people against bacterial disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211100824/http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others|url-status=deviated|title=Others](http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211100824/http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others|url-status=deviated|title=Others) — Timelines — History of Vaccines|archive-date=11 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; E vaccine work but e cause controversy and some people no accept am at that time. But later e prove say e dey effective: from 30,000 people wey e vaccinate, only 54 die.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bornside |first1=George H. |title=Waldemar Haffkine's Cholera Vaccines and the Ferran-Haffkine Priority Dispute |journal=[[Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences]] |date=1982 |volume=XXXVII |issue=4 |pages=399–422 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/xxxvii.4.399 |pmid=6759570}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bornside |first1=George H. |title=Jaime Ferran and Preventive Inoculation Against Cholera |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |date=1981 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=516–532 |jstor=44441415 |pmid=7039738 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hawgood |first1=Barbara J |title=Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India |journal=[[Journal of Medical Biography]] |date=February 2007 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=9–19 |doi=10.1258/j.jmb.2007.05-59 |pmid=17356724 |s2cid=42075270}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Lopez |first1=Anna Lena |last2=Gonzales |first2=Maria Liza Antoinette |last3=Aldaba |first3=Josephine G. |last4=Nair |first4=G. Balakrish |date=September 2014 |title=Killed oral cholera vaccines: history, development and implementation challenges |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=123–136 |doi=10.1177/2051013614537819 |issn=2051-0136 |pmc=4144262 |pmid=25177492}}&lt;/ref&gt; Russian-French scientist Waldemar Haffkine too develop cholera vaccine for 1892.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/waldemar.htm](http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/waldemar.htm) haffkineinstitute.org] {{webarchive|url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024552/http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/waldemar.htm|date=24](https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024552/http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/waldemar.htm|date=24) September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; E run big vaccination program for British India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 December 2020 |title=Waldemar Haffkine: The vaccine pioneer the world forgot |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55050012](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55050012) |access-date=20 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

People wey survive cholera fit get immunity for at least 3 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;immunity&quot;/&gt; Some safe oral vaccines dey available for cholera prevention.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21412922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Sinclair D, Abba K, Zaman K, Qadri F, Graves PM |title=Oral vaccines for preventing cholera |journal=[[The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] |issue=3 |article-number=CD008603 |date=March 2011 |volume=2011 |pmid=21412922 |pmc=6532691 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008603.pub2 |editor=Sinclair D}}&lt;/ref&gt; WHO get three approved oral cholera vaccines: Dukoral, Sanchol, and Euvichol. Dukoral be inactivated oral vaccine wey get about 52% protection for first year and 62% for second year, with few side effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21412922&quot; /&gt; E dey available for more than 60 countries. But CDC no still recommend am for most travelers from United States go endemic countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC_Vacc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Is a vaccine available to prevent cholera? |work=[[Centers for Disease Control]] |url=[https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine](https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine) |date=22 October 2010 |access-date=24 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101026085158/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine](https://web.archive.org/web/20101026085158/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine) |archive-date=26 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; US FDA vaccine called Vaxchora be oral live vaccine wey fit protect adults 18–64 years after single dose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=[http://www.immunize.org/fda/](http://www.immunize.org/fda/) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170415125256/http://www.immunize.org/fda/](https://web.archive.org/web/20170415125256/http://www.immunize.org/fda/) |title=FDA Product Approval: View All |archive-date=15 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Injectable vaccine dey too, e fit protect person for 2–3 years, but e work less for children under five years old.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Graves PM, Deeks JJ, Demicheli V, Jefferson T |title=Vaccines for preventing cholera: killed whole cell or other subunit vaccines (injected) |journal=[[The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] |issue=8 |article-number=CD000974 |date=August 2010 |volume=2019 |pmid=20687062 |pmc=6532721 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000974.pub2 |editor=Graves PM}}&lt;/ref&gt; But as of 2010, availability still limited.&lt;ref name=WHO2010 /&gt; Work still dey go on to study mass vaccination role.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html](https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html) |title=Cholera vaccines |publisher=[[WHO]] |work=Health topics |year=2008 |access-date=1 February 2010 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100216224558/http://who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20100216224558/http://who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html) |archive-date=16 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; WHO recommend say high-risk people like children and HIV patients for endemic countries suppose receive vaccine.&lt;ref name=WHO2010 /&gt; If vaccination cover many people, herd immunity fit reduce cholera spread for environment.&lt;ref name=NEJM2006 /&gt;

WHO still talk say oral cholera vaccine fit be used for endemic areas, outbreak response, or humanitarian crisis where risk high.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=News from the World Health Organization: Epidemiological Methods for Environmental Health Initiatives in WHO |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |date=1993 |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=961–962 |doi=10.1093/ije/22.5.961 }}&lt;/ref&gt; OCV dey useful for different situations but no full agreement still dey on how to use am everywhere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Deen J, von Seidlein L, Luquero FJ, Troeger C, Reyburn R, Lopez AL, Debes A, Sack DA |date=January 2016 |title=The scenario approach for countries considering the addition of oral cholera vaccination in cholera preparedness and control plans |journal=[[The Lancet. Infectious Diseases]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=125–129 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00298-4 |pmid=26494426 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sari filtration ===

{{Main|Cloth filter}}

[[Image:Washing Utensils And Vegetables.png|thumb|240px|Women for village pond for Matlab, Bangladesh, dey wash utensils and vegetables. Woman for right dey put sari filter for water container to filter water for drinking.]]

For Bangladesh, people develop simple method called sari filter to reduce contamination of drinking water. Dem dey use old sari cloth (best one) or other cloth. Used cloth dey work better than new one because washing am many times reduce space between fibers. Water wey dem filter like this get fewer germs, so e safer pass before.&lt;ref name=Ram2010&gt;{{cite book |author=Ramamurthy T |title=Epidemiological and Molecular Aspects on Cholera |year=2010 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-60327-265-0 |page=330 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&amp;pg=PA330](https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&amp;pg=PA330) |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20151107134836/https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&amp;pg=PA330](https://web.archive.org/web/20151107134836/https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&amp;pg=PA330) |archive-date=7 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Bangladesh, this method reduce cholera cases by almost half.&lt;ref name=Merr2010&gt;{{cite book |author=Merrill RM |title=Introduction to epidemiology. |year=2010 |publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers |location=Sudbury, MA |isbn=978-0-7637-6622-1 |page=43 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&amp;pg=PA43](https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&amp;pg=PA43) |edition=5th |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20151106194307/https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&amp;pg=PA43](https://web.archive.org/web/20151106194307/https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&amp;pg=PA43) |archive-date=6 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey fold sari 4 to 8 times.&lt;ref name=Ram2010 /&gt; After use, dem suppose rinse am and dry am under sun to kill bacteria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Starr C |title=Biology: Today and Tomorrow with Physiology |year=2007 |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |isbn=978-0-7637-6622-1 |page=563 |edition=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20151107022134/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bsFAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA563](https://web.archive.org/web/20151107022134/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bsFAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA563) |archive-date=7 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nylon cloth fit also work but e cost more and no easy to get.&lt;ref name=Merr2010 /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q12090|c=Category:Cholera|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Category:Cholera|wikt=Cholera|species=no}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130622144054/http://www.who.int/cholera/technical/prevention/control/en/ Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060324155246/http://www.who.int/cholera/ Cholera]{{snd}}World Health Organization
* [https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html Cholera – ''Vibrio cholerae'' infection]{{snd}}Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cholera| ]]
[[Category:Diarrhea]]
[[Category:Foodborne illnesses]]
[[Category:Gastrointestinal tract disorders]]
[[Category:Intestinal infectious diseases]]
[[Category:Tropical diseases]]
[[Category:Epidemics]]
[[Category:Pandemics]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]
[[Category:Waterborne diseases]]
[[Category:Vaccine-preventable diseases]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]
[[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]]</text>
      <sha1>3tmdkc062xfzl39l6pdmmrnajfvtfn8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100903</id>
      <parentid>100902</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T08:43:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
        <id>64</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sari filtration */</comment>
      <origin>100903</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="95172" sha1="bvc9skw6pzob7j8g55s0920wiwixn7o" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Cholera''' be an infection of de small intestine by sam strains of de bacterium ''Vibrio cholerae''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fink2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Richard A. |title=Medical Microbiology |date=1996 |publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston |isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2 |editor1-last=Baron |editor1-first=Samuel |edition=4th |chapter=Cholera, ''Vibrio cholerae'' O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios |pmid=21413330 |id=NCBIBook2 NBK8407}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=6 January 2015 |title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health &amp; Medical Professionals |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320052724/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html |archive-date=20 March 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms fi range from none, to mild, to severe.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro5&quot; /&gt; De classic symptom be large amounts of watery diarrhea wey dey last a few days.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |date=March 2010 |title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf |journal=Weekly Epidemiological Record |volume=85 |issue=13 |pages=117–28 |pmid=20349546 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413020218/http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vomiting den muscle cramps sanso fi occur.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro5&quot; /&gt; Diarrhea fi be so severe wey e dey lead within hours to severe dehydration den electrolyte imbalance.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Dis fi in turn result in sunken eyes, cold anaa cyanotic&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bailey |first1=Diane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&amp;pg=PA7 |title=Cholera |date=2011 |publisher=Rosen Pub. |isbn=978-1-4358-9437-2 |edition=1st |location=New York |page=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190215/https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&amp;pg=PA7 |archive-date=3 December 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; skin, decreased skin elasticity, wrinkling of de hands den feet, den, in severe cases, death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Harris JB, LaRocque RC, Qadri F, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB |date=June 2012 |title=Cholera |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=379 |issue=9835 |pages=2466–2476 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x |pmc=3761070 |pmid=22748592}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms dey start two hours to five days after exposure.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro5&quot; /&gt;

Cholera be caused by a number of types of ''Vibrio cholerae'', plus sam types wey dey produce more severe disease dan odas.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; E be spread mostly by unsafe water den unsafe chow wey be contaminated plus human feces wey dey contain de bacteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Undercooked shellfish be a common source.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 November 2014 |title=Sources of Infection &amp; Risk Factors |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312223337/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html |archive-date=12 March 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Humans be de only known host give fe bacteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Risk factors for de disease dey include poor sanitation, insufficient clean drinking water, den poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Cholera fi be diagnosed by a stool test,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; anaa a rapid dipstick test, although de dipstick test be less accurate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 February 2015 |title=Diagnosis and Detection |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315041832/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prevention methods against cholera dey include improved sanitation den access to clean water.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt; Cholera vaccines wey dem dey give by mouth dey provide reasonable protection for about six months, den confer de added benefit of protecting against anoda type of diarrhea wey ''E.&amp;nbsp;coli'' cause.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Clemens |first1=John D. |last2=Sack |first2=David A. |last3=Harris |first3=Jeffrey R. |last4=Chakraborty |first4=J. |last5=Neogy |first5=P. K. |last6=Stanton |first6=B. |last7=Huda |first7=N. |last8=Khan |first8=M. U. |last9=Kay |first9=Bradford A. |last10=Khan |first10=M. R. |last11=Ansaruzzaman |first11=M. |last12=Yunus |first12=M. |last13=Raghava Rao |first13=M. |last14=Svennerholm |first14=Ann-Mari |last15=Holmgren |first15=Jan |date=1 August 1988 |title=Cross-Protection by B Subunit-Whole Cell Cholera Vaccine Against Diarrhea Associated with Heat-Labile Toxin-Producing Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: Results of a Large-Scale Field Trial |url=https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-abstract/158/2/372/810193 |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=372–377 |doi=10.1093/infdis/158.2.372 |issn=0022-1899 |pmid=3042876 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Xian |first1=Tew Hui |last2=Parasuraman |first2=Subramani |last3=Ravichandran |first3=Manickam |last4=Prabhakaran |first4=Guruswamy |date=16 December 2022 |title=Dual-Use Vaccine for Diarrhoeal Diseases: Cross-Protective Immunogenicity of a Cold-Chain-Free, Live-Attenuated, Oral Cholera Vaccine against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Challenge in BALB/c Mice |journal=Vaccines |language=en |volume=10 |issue=12 |page=2161 |doi=10.3390/vaccines10122161 |pmc=9787504 |pmid=36560571 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2017, na de US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approve a single-dose, live, oral cholera vaccine dem call Vaxchora give adults aged 18–64 wey dey travel to an area of active cholera transmission.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Cholera Fact Sheet |url=https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/cholera/fact_sheet.htm |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.health.ny.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey offer limited protection to young kiddies. People wey survive an episode of cholera get long-lasting immunity for at least three years (de period dem test).&lt;ref name=&quot;immunity&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Harris |first=Jason B |date=15 November 2018 |title=Cholera: Immunity and Prospects in Vaccine Development |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=218 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=S141–S146 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jiy414 |pmc=6188552 |pmid=30184117}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De primary treatment give affected individuals be oral rehydration salts (ORS), de replacement of fluids den electrolytes by using slightly sweet den salty solutions.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Rice-based solutions be preferred.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Insyd kiddies, na dem sanso find zinc supplementation to improve outcomes.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014Zinc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=7 November 2014 |title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Treatment |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311042338/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html |archive-date=11 March 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd severe cases, intravenous fluids, such as Ringer's lactate, fi be required, den antibiotics fi be beneficial.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; De choice of antibiotic be aided by antibiotic sensitivity testing.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro5&quot; /&gt;

Cholera dey continue to affect an estimated 3–5&amp;nbsp;million people worldwide den dey cause 28,800–130,000&amp;nbsp;deaths a year.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Haidong |last2=Naghavi |first2=Mohsen |last3=Allen |first3=Christine |last4=Barber |first4=Ryan M. |last5=Bhutta |first5=Zulfiqar A. |last6=Carter |first6=Austin |last7=Casey |first7=Daniel C. |last8=Charlson |first8=Fiona J. |last9=Chen |first9=Alan Zian |last10=Coates |first10=Matthew M. |last11=Coggeshall |first11=Megan |last12=Dandona |first12=Lalit |last13=Dicker |first13=Daniel J. |last14=Erskine |first14=Holly E. |last15=Ferrari |first15=Alize J. |date=October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1459–1544 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |pmc=5388903 |pmid=27733281 |last16=Fitzmaurice |first16=Christina |last17=Foreman |first17=Kyle |last18=Forouzanfar |first18=Mohammad H. |last19=Fraser |first19=Maya S. |last20=Fullman |first20=Nancy |last21=Gething |first21=Peter W. |last22=Goldberg |first22=Ellen M. |last23=Graetz |first23=Nicholas |last24=Haagsma |first24=Juanita A. |last25=Hay |first25=Simon I. |last26=Huynh |first26=Chantal |last27=Johnson |first27=Catherine O. |last28=Kassebaum |first28=Nicholas J. |last29=Kinfu |first29=Yohannes |last30=Kulikoff |first30=Xie Rachel}}&lt;/ref&gt; To date, seven cholera pandemics occur, plus de most recent dey begin insyd 1961, den dey continue today.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cholera's seven pandemics|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504|access-date=15 July 2018|work=CBC|date=9 May 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; De illness be rare insyd high-income countries, wey e dey affect kiddies most severely.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 October 2014 |title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031930/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html |archive-date=17 March 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cholera dey occur as both outbreaks den chronically insyd certain areas. Areas plus an ongoing risk of disease dey include [[Africa]] den Southeast Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; De risk of death among those wey be affected usually be less dan 5%, dem give improved treatment, buh fi be as high as 50% widout such access to treatment.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Na dem find descriptions of cholera as early as de 5th century BCE insyd Sanskrit literature.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt; Insyd Europe, na dem initially use cholera as a term to describe any kind of gastroenteritis, wey na dem no use am give dis disease til de early 19th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;rosenberg&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Charles E. Rosenberg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2pL9c00rl4C&amp;pg=PA74 |title=The Cholera Years the United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866. |date=2009 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-72676-2 |location=Chicago |page=74 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109080652/https://books.google.com/books?id=k2pL9c00rl4C&amp;pg=PA74 |archive-date=9 November 2015 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de study of cholera insyd England by John Snow between 1849 den 1854 lead to significant advances insyd de field of epidemiology secof ein insights about transmission via contaminated water, wey na a map of de same be de first recorded incidence of epidemiological tracking.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Timmreck |first1=Thomas C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&amp;pg=PA77 |title=An introduction to epidemiology |date=2002 |publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-0-7637-0060-7 |edition=3. |location=Sudbury, MA |page=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190442/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&amp;pg=PA77 |archive-date=3 December 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Di main symptoms of cholera na serious [[diarrhea]] and [[vomiting]] of clear water-like fluid.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2004&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK | title = Cholera | journal = Lancet | volume = 363 | issue = 9404 | pages = 223–33 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14738797 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15328-7 | s2cid = 208793200 }}&lt;/ref&gt; These symptoms dey usually start suddenly, like half day go reach five days after person chop (ingest) the bacteria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Azman AS, Rudolph KE, Cummings DA, Lessler J | title = The incubation period of cholera: a systematic review | journal = The Journal of Infection | volume = 66 | issue = 5 | pages = 432–8 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23201968 | pmc = 3677557 | doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.11.013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The diarrhea dey often describe am as “rice water” type, and e fit even get fishy smell.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt; Person wey no receive treatment for cholera fit dey pass about {{convert|10|to|20|litre|USgal|sigfig=1}} of diarrhea every day.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;

Serious cholera, if no treatment, fit kill about half of di people wey e affect.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt; If di heavy diarrhea no get treatment, e fit cause life-threatening [[dehydration]] and imbalance of [[electrolyte]] for body.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;

Estimates of people wey get infection but no show symptoms (asymptomatic) compare to those wey dey sick (symptomatic) don range from 3 to 100.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = King AA, Ionides EL, Pascual M, Bouma MJ | title = Inapparent infections and cholera dynamics | journal = Nature | volume = 454 | issue = 7206 | pages = 877–80 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18704085 | doi = 10.1038/nature07084 | s2cid = 4408759 | bibcode = 2008Natur.454..877K | hdl = 2027.42/62519 | hdl-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cholera dem dey also call am “blue death”&lt;ref name=&quot;Greenough&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Greenough|first1=William B. |title=The blue death Disease, disaster, and the water we drink|pmc=2171164|journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation|volume=118|issue=1|page=4|doi=10.1172/JCI34394|date=2 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; because person skin fit turn [[Cyanosis|bluish-gray]] as body dey lose plenty fluid too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;McE2009&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite book|author1=McElroy, Ann |author2=Townsend, Patricia K. |title=Medical Anthropology in Ecological Perspective|url=&lt;/nowiki&gt;[https://archive.org/details/medicalanthropol00mcel_718](https://archive.org/details/medicalanthropol00mcel_718) |url-access=limited |location=Boulder, CO|publisher= Westview|year= 2009|page= [[https://archive.org/details/medicalanthropol00mcel_718/page/n395](https://archive.org/details/medicalanthropol00mcel_718/page/n395&lt;nowiki&gt;) 375]|isbn=978-0-8133-4384-6}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
Fever no dey common, and if e show, e fit mean say secondary infection don join. Patients fit become very weak or sleepy (lethargic), and dem fit get sunken eyes, dry mouth, cold and sweaty skin, or wrinkled hands and legs.

[[Kussmaul breathing]], wey be deep and heavy breathing style, fit happen because of [[acidosis]] from loss of [[Human feces|stool]] [[bicarbonate]] and [[lactic acidosis]] wey come from poor blood flow ([[perfusion]]).

[[Blood pressure]] dey drop because of dehydration, while pulse for body dey fast but weak (thready). Urine wey person dey pass go reduce as time dey go on.

Muscle cramps and weakness, confusion or changed awareness, [[seizures]], and even [[coma]] fit happen because of [[electrolyte imbalance]]—this one dey happen plenty especially for children.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;
## Cause

{{Main|Vibrio cholerae}}
[[File:Cholera bacteria SEM.jpg|thumb|[[Scanning electron microscope]] image of ''Vibrio cholerae'']]
[[File:Vibrio cholerae.jpg|thumb|''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'', di bacteria wey dey cause cholera]]

### Transmission

[[Transmission (medicine)|Transmission]] of cholera dey happen usually through [[fecal-oral route]], meaning say contaminated food or water wey come from poor [[sanitation]] dey carry am pass enter person body.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2010&quot; /&gt;

For [[Developed country|developed countries]], most cholera cases dey come from contaminated food, while for [[Developing country|developing countries]] e dey mostly come from water.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2004&quot; /&gt;

Cholera bacteria fit dey inside [[shellfish]] and [[plankton]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2004&quot; /&gt; Food transmission fit happen when people harvest seafood like [[oyster]]s from water wey sewage don contaminate, because ''Vibrio cholerae'' dey gather inside small water organisms like [[planktonic]] [[copepod|crustaceans]], and oysters dey chop those organisms.&lt;ref name=&quot;bakerinstitute.org&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media|url=[http://bakerinstitute.org/videos/civic-scientist-lecture-series-rita-colwell-oceans-climate-and-health-cholera-model-infectious-diseases-changing-environment/|title=Oceans](http://bakerinstitute.org/videos/civic-scientist-lecture-series-rita-colwell-oceans-climate-and-health-cholera-model-infectious-diseases-changing-environment/|title=Oceans), Climate, and Health: Cholera as a Model of Infectious Diseases in a Changing Environment|publisher=James A Baker III Institute for Public Policy|people=[[Rita Colwell]]|access-date=23 October 2013|location=Rice University|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20131026030733/http://bakerinstitute.org/videos/civic-scientist-lecture-series-rita-colwell-oceans-climate-and-health-cholera-model-infectious-diseases-changing-environment/|archive-date=26](https://web.archive.org/web/20131026030733/http://bakerinstitute.org/videos/civic-scientist-lecture-series-rita-colwell-oceans-climate-and-health-cholera-model-infectious-diseases-changing-environment/|archive-date=26) October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cholera outbreaks dey increase in frequency, spread, and intensity because of [[Climate change and infectious diseases#Cholera and other vibrio infections|climate change]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:162&quot;&gt;Cissé, G., R. McLeman, H. Adams, P. Aldunce, K. Bowen, D. Campbell-Lendrum, S. Clayton, K.L. Ebi, J. Hess, C. Huang, Q. Liu, G. McGregor, J. Semenza, and M.C. Tirado, 2022: [[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter07.pdf](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter07.pdf) Chapter 7: Health, Wellbeing, and the Changing Structure of Communities]. In: [[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/) Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1041–1170, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;(Walker, 2018)22&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Walker JT |date=September 2018 |title=The influence of climate change on waterborne disease and Legionella: a review |journal=Perspectives in Public Health |volume=138 |issue=5 |pages=282–286 |doi=10.1177/1757913918791198 |pmid=30156484 |s2cid=52115812}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Bekele |first1=Bezawit Kassahun |last2=Uwishema |first2=Olivier |last3=Bisetegn |first3=Lydia Daniel |last4=Moubarak |first4=Antonia |last5=Charline |first5=Mugeniwayesu |last6=Sibomana |first6=Pacifique |last7=Onyeaka |first7=Chinyere Vivian Patrick |date=2025-04-30 |title=Cholera in Africa: A Climate Change Crisis |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s44197-025-00386-x |issn=2210-6014 |pmc=12043531 |pmid=40304931 |article-number=68}}&lt;/ref&gt;

People wey get cholera dey pass watery diarrhea, and this stool (wey people dey call “rice-water”) fit contaminate water wey other people dey use.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherris&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0|edition=4th|pages=376–7|editor1=Ryan KJ |editor2=Ray CG}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One single diarrhea event fit increase the number of ''V. cholerae'' for environment by one million times.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/cholera-biology-and-genetics|title=Cholera](https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/cholera-biology-and-genetics|title=Cholera) Biology and Genetics {{!}} NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|website=[www.niaid.nih.gov|date=7](http://www.niaid.nih.gov|date=7) February 2011 |language=en|access-date=5 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The contamination source usually be people wey get cholera, especially when dem no treat their diarrhea and e enter water bodies, [[groundwater]], or [[drinking water]] systems. Drinking contaminated water or eating food wey dem wash with that water, or eating shellfish from infected water, fit cause infection.

Cholera rarely dey spread directly from person to person.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC 2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=General Information – Cholera | website=CDC | date=5 August 2020 | url=[https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/index.html#three](https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/index.html#three) | access-date=11 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''V. cholerae'' also fit survive outside human body for natural water sources, either alone or together with [[phytoplankton]], [[zooplankton]], or dead organic and inorganic matter.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJOct2009review&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Nelson EJ, Harris JB, Morris JG, Calderwood SB, Camilli A | title = Cholera transmission: the host, pathogen and bacteriophage dynamic | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 7 | issue = 10 | pages = 693–702 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19756008 | pmc = 3842031 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro2204 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Drinking such water fit still cause infection even without human fecal contamination. However, environmental conditions fit reduce how strong the bacteria be.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJOct2009review&quot; /&gt;

Both toxic and non-toxic strains dey exist. Non-toxic strains fit later become toxic through [[bacteriophage]] infection.&lt;ref name=&quot;Archivist_1997&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Cholera phage discovery |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |date=1 March 1997 |volume=76 |issue=3 |page=274 |doi=10.1136/adc.76.3.274 |pmc=1717096 |last1=Archivist }}&lt;/ref&gt;

### Susceptibility

Normally, about 100 million bacteria must enter body before cholera fit start for healthy adult.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt; But this amount reduce for people wey get low [[gastric acid]], like those wey dey use [[proton pump inhibitors]].&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;

Children dey more vulnerable, especially ages two to four.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt; Blood group also dey affect risk—people with [[type O blood]] dey more likely to get infection.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;

People with weak immune system, like those with [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] or malnourished children, fit suffer severe cholera if dem get infected.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOpreventionandcontrolofoutbreaks&quot;&gt;[[http://www.emro.who.int/csr/Media/PDF/cholera_whopolicy.pdf](http://www.emro.who.int/csr/Media/PDF/cholera_whopolicy.pdf) Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations]&lt;/ref&gt;

Even healthy adults still fit get severe case, so each case must be monitored based on fluid loss with help from health professionals.

The genetic mutation linked to [[cystic fibrosis]] (delta-F508) fit actually give some protection. People wey carry one copy of the gene (heterozygous carriers) dey more resistant to ''V. cholerae'' infection.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bertranpetit_1996&quot;&gt;{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9780470514887.ch6 |chapter=Genetic and Geographical Variability in Cystic Fibrosis: Evolutionary Considerations |title=Ciba Foundation Symposium 197 – Variation in the Human Genome |series=Novartis Foundation Symposia |year=2007 |last1=Bertranpetit |first1=Jaume |last2=Calafell |first2=Francesc |volume=197 |pages=97–118 |pmid=8827370 |isbn=978-0-470-51488-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For this model, the defect for ion channel protein (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) dey interfere with how bacteria dey attach to intestine lining, so e reduce infection effect.
== Mechanism ==
[[File:Cholera role of biofilm in intestinal colonization.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|The role of biofilm in the intestinal colonization of Vibrio cholerae]]

When person drink or swallow cholera bacteria, most of the bacteria no survive the strong acidic condition inside human stomach.&lt;ref name=&quot;BliskaAlmagro-Moreno2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Almagro-Moreno S, Pruss K, Taylor RK |title=Intestinal Colonization Dynamics of Vibrio cholerae |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=11 |issue=5 |article-number=e1004787 |date=May 2015 |pmid=25996593 |pmc=4440752 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1004787 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The few wey survive go conserve energy and stored nutrients by shutting down protein production as dem dey pass through the stomach. When dem reach the small intestine, dem must pass through thick mucus layer before dem fit reach the intestinal wall where dem go attach and grow.&lt;ref name=&quot;BliskaAlmagro-Moreno2015&quot; /&gt;

Once Vibrio cholerae reach the intestinal wall, dem no need flagella again for movement. So dem stop producing flagellin protein in order to conserve energy and nutrients by adjusting the proteins dem dey express based on new environment.

On reaching the intestinal wall, Vibrio cholerae start produce toxic proteins wey cause watery diarrhea in infected person. This watery stool carry new generations of bacteria go outside body into drinking water if sanitation no dey proper.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolfe |first1=Marlene |last2=Kaur |first2=Mehar |last3=Yates |first3=Travis |last4=Woodin |first4=Mark |last5=Lantagne |first5=Daniele |title=A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association between Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Exposures and Cholera in Case–Control Studies |journal=American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=2 August 2018 |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=534–545 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0897 |pmid=29968551 |pmc=6090371}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The cholera toxin (CTX or CT) na protein complex made of six subunits: one A subunit and five B subunits connected by disulfide bond. The B subunits form ring shape wey fit bind GM1 ganglioside receptors on intestinal epithelial cells. The A1 part of A subunit na enzyme wey dey ADP-ribosylate G proteins, while A2 chain fit into B-ring structure.

After binding, the toxin enter cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Inside cell, disulfide bond break, and A1 subunit release to interact with ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6).&lt;ref name=&quot;O&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Neal CJ, Jobling MG, Holmes RK, Hol WG |title=Structural basis for the activation of cholera toxin by human ARF6-GTP |journal=Science |volume=309 |issue=5737 |pages=1093–1096 |date=August 2005 |doi=10.1126/science.1113398}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This activation make permanent modification of Gs alpha subunit of heterotrimeric G protein, leading to continuous production of cyclic AMP (cAMP). This cause secretion of water, sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate into intestinal lumen, resulting in severe dehydration.

The gene for cholera toxin enter Vibrio cholerae through horizontal gene transfer, usually carried by CTXφ bacteriophage.

Scientists study how gene expression change as bacteria pass through stomach, mucus layer, and intestinal wall.&lt;ref name=&quot;DiRita&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=DiRita VJ, Parsot C, Jander G, Mekalanos JJ |title=Regulatory cascade controls virulence in Vibrio cholerae |journal=PNAS |volume=88 |issue=12 |pages=5403–5407 |date=June 1991 |pmid=2052618 |pmc=51881 |doi=10.1073/pnas.88.12.5403}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inside intestine, regulatory proteins TcpP/TcpH and ToxR/ToxS activate ToxT, which turn on virulence genes responsible for toxin production and colonization.&lt;ref name=&quot;DiRita&quot; /&gt;

== Genetic structure ==
Vibrio cholerae strains from pandemics show genetic variation. Two main clusters exist: Cluster I and Cluster II. Cluster I include older strains from 1960s and 1970s, while Cluster II contain strains from 1980s and 1990s, especially from Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lan R, Reeves PR |title=Pandemic spread of cholera: genetic diversity and relationships within the seventh pandemic clone of Vibrio cholerae determined by amplified fragment length polymorphism |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=172–181 |date=January 2002 |pmid=11773113 |pmc=120103 |doi=10.1128/JCM.40.1.172-181.2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Antibiotic resistance ==
In many parts of the world, cholera bacteria don develop resistance to antibiotics. For example, in Bangladesh, many cases resist tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and erythromycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2006&quot; /&gt;

Scientists have developed diagnostic methods to detect multi-drug resistant strains quickly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mackay&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Real-Time PCR in microbiology: From diagnosis to characterization|publisher=Caister Academic Press|year=2007|isbn=978-1-904455-18-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

New antibiotics have also shown effectiveness against Vibrio cholerae in laboratory studies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramamurthy&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Vibrio cholerae: Genomics and molecular biology |publisher=Caister Academic Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-904455-33-2 |chapter=Antibiotic resistance in Vibrio cholerae |last=Ramamurthy |first=T. |page=195}}&lt;/ref&gt;
```wiki
== Diagnosis ==

[[File:Rapid diagnostic test strip.jpg|thumb|A rapid dipstick test fit show whether Vibrio cholerae dey present]]

There be rapid dipstick test wey doctors fit use check if Vibrio cholerae bacteria dey inside sample.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2006&quot; /&gt; If the test come back positive, doctors go do further testing to check whether the bacteria don develop resistance to antibiotics.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2006&quot; /&gt;

For epidemic situation, doctor fit diagnose cholera just by asking patient history and doing quick physical examination. Treatment like rehydration therapy and oral hydration solutions fit start even before laboratory confirmation, especially for places where cholera dey common.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cholera - Diagnosis and treatment |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholera/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355293 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Stool samples and swab samples wey collect early during sickness (before antibiotics start) na the best samples for laboratory diagnosis. If cholera outbreak dey suspected, the most common bacteria wey cause am na Vibrio cholerae O1.

If Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 no show, laboratory go check for Vibrio cholerae O139. But if neither O1 nor O139 show, then stool sample must go reference laboratory for further investigation.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Any infection with Vibrio cholerae O139 must be reported and treated same way like O1 cholera cases. Any diarrheal disease from this bacteria dey classified as cholera and must be reported, especially for places like United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC_Diag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/pdf/Laboratory-Methods-for-the-Diagnosis-of-Epidemic-Dysentery-and-Cholera.pdf|title=Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Epidemic Dysentery and Cholera|year=1999|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623024004/https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/pdf/laboratory-methods-for-the-diagnosis-of-epidemic-dysentery-and-cholera.pdf|archive-date=23 June 2017}}
== Prevention ==

[[File:It doesn't hurt, but it tickles. A U.S. Navy hospital corpsman, member of a USAID military health team, inoculates a flo - NARA - 541855.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Preventive inoculation against cholera in 1966]]

World Health Organization (WHO) dey advise say make people focus on prevention, preparedness, and response to control how cholera dey spread.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot; /&gt; Dem still emphasize say strong surveillance system dey very important.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot; /&gt; Governments get role for all these areas.

=== Water, sanitation and hygiene ===

Although cholera fit kill person, preventing am dey usually easy if proper sanitation practices dey followed well. For developed countries, because dem get better water treatment and sanitation systems, cholera no dey common. For example, the last big cholera outbreak for United States happen for 1910–1911.&lt;ref name=&quot;moltke1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=CHOLERA KILLS BOY; EIGHTH DEATH HERE; All Other Suspected Cases Now in Quarantine and Show No Alarming Symptoms. |url=[https://www.nytimes.com/1911/07/18/archives/cholera-kills-boy-eighth-death-here-all-other-suspected-cases-now.html](https://www.nytimes.com/1911/07/18/archives/cholera-kills-boy-eighth-death-here-all-other-suspected-cases-now.html) |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 July 1911}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moltke2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=More Cholera in Port |url=[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412:250061412&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=OCT+10%2C+1910&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&amp;pqatl=google](https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412:250061412&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=OCT+10%2C+1910&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&amp;pqatl=google) |quote=A case of cholera developed today in the steerage of the Hamburg-American liner [[SMS Moltke (1877)|Moltke]], which has been detained at quarantine as a possible cholera carrier since Monday last. Dr. A.H. Doty, health officer of the port, reported the case tonight with the additional information that another cholera patient from the Moltke is under treatment at [[Swinburne Island]]. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=10 October 1910 |access-date=11 December 2008 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081216072507/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412%3A250061412&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS%3AFT&amp;date=OCT+10%2C+1910&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&amp;pqatl=google](https://web.archive.org/web/20081216072507/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412%3A250061412&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS%3AFT&amp;date=OCT+10%2C+1910&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&amp;pqatl=google) |archive-date=16 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cholera mainly be risk for developing countries, especially areas where access to WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) infrastructure no dey good enough.

If sanitation practices dey properly introduced and followed quick, e fit stop outbreak. There be different points for cholera transmission chain where dem fit block the spread:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cholera|url=[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera|access-date=20](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera|access-date=20) August 2020|website=[www.who.int|language=en](http://www.who.int|language=en)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Sterilization: Proper disposal and treatment of all things wey fit contact stool of cholera patient (like cloth, bedsheet, etc.) dey very important. Dem suppose wash am for hot water and if possible use chlorine bleach. Anybody hand wey touch patient or their things must wash am well and disinfect am with chlorinated water or other strong antimicrobial agents.

* Sewage and fecal sludge management: For areas wey cholera dey, sewage and fecal waste need proper treatment so e no spread disease through human waste. Good sanitation and hygiene dey very important.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot; /&gt; Open defecation, release of untreated sewage, or dumping of fecal sludge from pit latrine or septic tank into environment must stop.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AGQVBeNM_80C&amp;pg=PA5](https://books.google.com/books?id=AGQVBeNM_80C&amp;pg=PA5) |title=Urban Water Security: Managing Risks: UNESCO-IHP |last1=Cisneros |first1=Blanca Jimenez |last2=Rose |first2=Joan B. |date=24 March 2009 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-0-203-88162-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For many cholera areas, sewage treatment no dey enough.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rd3zCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PA24](https://books.google.com/books?id=rd3zCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PA24) |title=Cholera and the Ecology of Vibrio cholerae |vauthors=Drasar BS, Forrest DB |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-94-009-1515-2 |page=24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dAT9CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA219](https://books.google.com/books?id=dAT9CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA219) |title=A Companion to the Anthropology of Environmental Health |last=Singer |first=Merrill |date=31 May 2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley &amp; Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-78699-4 |page=219}}&lt;/ref&gt; So dry toilet wey no need water and no dey cause water pollution fit be better option than flush toilet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gili |first1=Enrique |date=9 June 2015 |title=Starting a poop to compost movement |url=[https://www.dw.com/en/global-ideas-haiti-poop-compost-toilets/a-18504469](https://www.dw.com/en/global-ideas-haiti-poop-compost-toilets/a-18504469) |work=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Sources: Make people put warning for water sources wey fit be contaminated, plus instruction on how to clean water (like boiling or adding chlorine) before dem use am.

* Water purification: Any water wey people go drink, cook or wash with suppose be treated well. Dem fit boil am, use chlorine, ozone treatment, ultraviolet light, or filter am well. Boiling and chlorination be cheap and effective way to stop spread. Cloth filter or sari filter too fit reduce cholera well for poor communities like for Bangladesh. Better modern filters dey even more effective. Health education and proper hygiene practice dey very important.

WHO Africa still recommend say people suppose wash hand with soap or ash after toilet and before dem chop food or handle food to prevent cholera.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cholera and food safety |url=[http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf](http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf) |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |access-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170821044840/http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf](https://web.archive.org/web/20170821044840/http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf) |archive-date=21 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=&quot;225px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
File:Unsafe disposal of faecal sludge or sewage in Haiti (6458176073).jpg|Dumping of sewage or fecal sludge from UN camp into lake near Port-au-Prince dey believed say e help spread cholera after Haiti earthquake for 2010, wey kill many people.
File:A SOIL EkoLakay toilet customer. (15921409131).jpg|Example of urine-diverting dry toilet for cholera-affected area for Haiti. This type of toilet stop disease spread through fecal-oral route because e no dey pollute water.
File:Cholera hospital in Dhaka.jpg|Cholera hospital for Dhaka, showing normal cholera treatment beds.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Surveillance ===

[[File:Using Precipitation Data to Assess Risk of Cholera Outbreaks.webm|thumb|upright=1.3|A modelling approach using satellite data can help improve how we fit predict cholera risk areas for different parts of the world.]]

Surveillance and quick reporting dey very important to control cholera outbreaks fast. Cholera dey behave like seasonal disease for many countries wey get am, especially during rainy season. Surveillance system fit give early warning about outbreak, so authorities fit respond quick and prepare well. Good surveillance also help to know where risk dey high so prevention fit target the right places.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html](https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html) |title=Cholera: prevention and control |publisher=[[WHO]] |work=Health topics |year=2008 |access-date=8 December 2008 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081214042133/http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20081214042133/http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html) |archive-date=14 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; For prevention to work well, cases must dey reported to national health authorities.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;

=== Vaccination ===

[[File:Euvichol-plus.jpg|thumb|Euvichol-plus oral vaccine for cholera]]

Spanish doctor Jaume Ferran i Clua develop the first successful cholera vaccine for 1885, the first wey immunize people against bacterial disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211100824/http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others|url-status=deviated|title=Others](http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211100824/http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others|url-status=deviated|title=Others) — Timelines — History of Vaccines|archive-date=11 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; E vaccine work but e cause controversy and some people no accept am at that time. But later e prove say e dey effective: from 30,000 people wey e vaccinate, only 54 die.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bornside |first1=George H. |title=Waldemar Haffkine's Cholera Vaccines and the Ferran-Haffkine Priority Dispute |journal=[[Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences]] |date=1982 |volume=XXXVII |issue=4 |pages=399–422 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/xxxvii.4.399 |pmid=6759570}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bornside |first1=George H. |title=Jaime Ferran and Preventive Inoculation Against Cholera |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |date=1981 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=516–532 |jstor=44441415 |pmid=7039738 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hawgood |first1=Barbara J |title=Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India |journal=[[Journal of Medical Biography]] |date=February 2007 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=9–19 |doi=10.1258/j.jmb.2007.05-59 |pmid=17356724 |s2cid=42075270}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Lopez |first1=Anna Lena |last2=Gonzales |first2=Maria Liza Antoinette |last3=Aldaba |first3=Josephine G. |last4=Nair |first4=G. Balakrish |date=September 2014 |title=Killed oral cholera vaccines: history, development and implementation challenges |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=123–136 |doi=10.1177/2051013614537819 |issn=2051-0136 |pmc=4144262 |pmid=25177492}}&lt;/ref&gt; Russian-French scientist Waldemar Haffkine too develop cholera vaccine for 1892.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/waldemar.htm](http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/waldemar.htm) haffkineinstitute.org] {{webarchive|url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024552/http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/waldemar.htm|date=24) September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; E run big vaccination program for British India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 December 2020 |title=Waldemar Haffkine: The vaccine pioneer the world forgot |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55050012](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55050012) |access-date=20 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

People wey survive cholera fit get immunity for at least 3 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;immunity&quot;/&gt; Some safe oral vaccines dey available for cholera prevention.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21412922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Sinclair D, Abba K, Zaman K, Qadri F, Graves PM |title=Oral vaccines for preventing cholera |journal=[[The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] |issue=3 |article-number=CD008603 |date=March 2011 |volume=2011 |pmid=21412922 |pmc=6532691 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008603.pub2 |editor=Sinclair D}}&lt;/ref&gt; WHO get three approved oral cholera vaccines: Dukoral, Sanchol, and Euvichol. Dukoral be inactivated oral vaccine wey get about 52% protection for first year and 62% for second year, with few side effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21412922&quot; /&gt; E dey available for more than 60 countries. But CDC no still recommend am for most travelers from United States go endemic countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC_Vacc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Is a vaccine available to prevent cholera? |work=[[Centers for Disease Control]] |url=[https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine](https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine) |date=22 October 2010 |access-date=24 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101026085158/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine](https://web.archive.org/web/20101026085158/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine) |archive-date=26 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; US FDA vaccine called Vaxchora be oral live vaccine wey fit protect adults 18–64 years after single dose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=[http://www.immunize.org/fda/](http://www.immunize.org/fda/) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170415125256/http://www.immunize.org/fda/](https://web.archive.org/web/20170415125256/http://www.immunize.org/fda/) |title=FDA Product Approval: View All |archive-date=15 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Injectable vaccine dey too, e fit protect person for 2–3 years, but e work less for children under five years old.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Graves PM, Deeks JJ, Demicheli V, Jefferson T |title=Vaccines for preventing cholera: killed whole cell or other subunit vaccines (injected) |journal=[[The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] |issue=8 |article-number=CD000974 |date=August 2010 |volume=2019 |pmid=20687062 |pmc=6532721 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000974.pub2 |editor=Graves PM}}&lt;/ref&gt; But as of 2010, availability still limited.&lt;ref name=WHO2010 /&gt; Work still dey go on to study mass vaccination role.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html](https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html) |title=Cholera vaccines |publisher=[[WHO]] |work=Health topics |year=2008 |access-date=1 February 2010 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100216224558/http://who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20100216224558/http://who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html) |archive-date=16 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; WHO recommend say high-risk people like children and HIV patients for endemic countries suppose receive vaccine.&lt;ref name=WHO2010 /&gt; If vaccination cover many people, herd immunity fit reduce cholera spread for environment.&lt;ref name=NEJM2006 /&gt;

WHO still talk say oral cholera vaccine fit be used for endemic areas, outbreak response, or humanitarian crisis where risk high.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=News from the World Health Organization: Epidemiological Methods for Environmental Health Initiatives in WHO |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |date=1993 |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=961–962 |doi=10.1093/ije/22.5.961 }}&lt;/ref&gt; OCV dey useful for different situations but no full agreement still dey on how to use am everywhere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Deen J, von Seidlein L, Luquero FJ, Troeger C, Reyburn R, Lopez AL, Debes A, Sack DA |date=January 2016 |title=The scenario approach for countries considering the addition of oral cholera vaccination in cholera preparedness and control plans |journal=[[The Lancet. Infectious Diseases]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=125–129 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00298-4 |pmid=26494426 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sari filtration ===

{{Main|Cloth filter}}

[[Image:Washing Utensils And Vegetables.png|thumb|240px|Women for village pond for Matlab, Bangladesh, dey wash utensils and vegetables. Woman for right dey put sari filter for water container to filter water for drinking.]]

For Bangladesh, people develop simple method called sari filter to reduce contamination of drinking water. Dem dey use old sari cloth (best one) or other cloth. Used cloth dey work better than new one because washing am many times reduce space between fibers. Water wey dem filter like this get fewer germs, so e safer pass before.&lt;ref name=Ram2010&gt;{{cite book |author=Ramamurthy T |title=Epidemiological and Molecular Aspects on Cholera |year=2010 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-60327-265-0 |page=330 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&amp;pg=PA330](https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&amp;pg=PA330) |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20151107134836/https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&amp;pg=PA330](https://web.archive.org/web/20151107134836/https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&amp;pg=PA330) |archive-date=7 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Bangladesh, this method reduce cholera cases by almost half.&lt;ref name=Merr2010&gt;{{cite book |author=Merrill RM |title=Introduction to epidemiology. |year=2010 |publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers |location=Sudbury, MA |isbn=978-0-7637-6622-1 |page=43 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&amp;pg=PA43](https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&amp;pg=PA43) |edition=5th |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20151106194307/https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&amp;pg=PA43](https://web.archive.org/web/20151106194307/https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&amp;pg=PA43) |archive-date=6 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey fold sari 4 to 8 times.&lt;ref name=Ram2010 /&gt; After use, dem suppose rinse am and dry am under sun to kill bacteria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Starr C |title=Biology: Today and Tomorrow with Physiology |year=2007 |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |isbn=978-0-7637-6622-1 |page=563 |edition=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20151107022134/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bsFAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA563](https://web.archive.org/web/20151107022134/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bsFAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA563) |archive-date=7 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nylon cloth fit also work but e cost more and no easy to get.&lt;ref name=Merr2010 /&gt;
== Prevention ==

[[File:It doesn't hurt, but it tickles. A U.S. Navy hospital corpsman, member of a USAID military health team, inoculates a flo - NARA - 541855.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Preventive inoculation against cholera in 1966]]

World Health Organization (WHO) dey advise say make people focus on prevention, preparedness, and response to control how cholera dey spread.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot; /&gt; Dem still emphasize say strong surveillance system dey very important.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot; /&gt; Governments get role for all these areas.

=== Water, sanitation and hygiene ===

Although cholera fit kill person, preventing am dey usually easy if proper sanitation practices dey followed well. For developed countries, because dem get better water treatment and sanitation systems, cholera no dey common. For example, the last big cholera outbreak for United States happen for 1910–1911.&lt;ref name=&quot;moltke1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=CHOLERA KILLS BOY; EIGHTH DEATH HERE; All Other Suspected Cases Now in Quarantine and Show No Alarming Symptoms. |url=[https://www.nytimes.com/1911/07/18/archives/cholera-kills-boy-eighth-death-here-all-other-suspected-cases-now.html](https://www.nytimes.com/1911/07/18/archives/cholera-kills-boy-eighth-death-here-all-other-suspected-cases-now.html) |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 July 1911}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moltke2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=More Cholera in Port |url=[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412:250061412&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=OCT+10%2C+1910&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&amp;pqatl=google](https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412:250061412&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=OCT+10%2C+1910&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&amp;pqatl=google) |quote=A case of cholera developed today in the steerage of the Hamburg-American liner [[SMS Moltke (1877)|Moltke]], which has been detained at quarantine as a possible cholera carrier since Monday last. Dr. A.H. Doty, health officer of the port, reported the case tonight with the additional information that another cholera patient from the Moltke is under treatment at [[Swinburne Island]]. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=10 October 1910 |access-date=11 December 2008 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081216072507/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412%3A250061412&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS%3AFT&amp;date=OCT+10%2C+1910&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&amp;pqatl=google](https://web.archive.org/web/20081216072507/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412%3A250061412&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS%3AFT&amp;date=OCT+10%2C+1910&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&amp;pqatl=google) |archive-date=16 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cholera mainly be risk for developing countries, especially areas where access to WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) infrastructure no dey good enough.

If sanitation practices dey properly introduced and followed quick, e fit stop outbreak. There be different points for cholera transmission chain where dem fit block the spread:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cholera|url=[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera|access-date=20](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera|access-date=20) August 2020|website=[www.who.int|language=en](http://www.who.int|language=en)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Sterilization: Proper disposal and treatment of all things wey fit contact stool of cholera patient (like cloth, bedsheet, etc.) dey very important. Dem suppose wash am for hot water and if possible use chlorine bleach. Anybody hand wey touch patient or their things must wash am well and disinfect am with chlorinated water or other strong antimicrobial agents.

* Sewage and fecal sludge management: For areas wey cholera dey, sewage and fecal waste need proper treatment so e no spread disease through human waste. Good sanitation and hygiene dey very important.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot; /&gt; Open defecation, release of untreated sewage, or dumping of fecal sludge from pit latrine or septic tank into environment must stop.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AGQVBeNM_80C&amp;pg=PA5](https://books.google.com/books?id=AGQVBeNM_80C&amp;pg=PA5) |title=Urban Water Security: Managing Risks: UNESCO-IHP |last1=Cisneros |first1=Blanca Jimenez |last2=Rose |first2=Joan B. |date=24 March 2009 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-0-203-88162-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For many cholera areas, sewage treatment no dey enough.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rd3zCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PA24](https://books.google.com/books?id=rd3zCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PA24) |title=Cholera and the Ecology of Vibrio cholerae |vauthors=Drasar BS, Forrest DB |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-94-009-1515-2 |page=24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dAT9CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA219](https://books.google.com/books?id=dAT9CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA219) |title=A Companion to the Anthropology of Environmental Health |last=Singer |first=Merrill |date=31 May 2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley &amp; Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-78699-4 |page=219}}&lt;/ref&gt; So dry toilet wey no need water and no dey cause water pollution fit be better option than flush toilet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gili |first1=Enrique |date=9 June 2015 |title=Starting a poop to compost movement |url=[https://www.dw.com/en/global-ideas-haiti-poop-compost-toilets/a-18504469](https://www.dw.com/en/global-ideas-haiti-poop-compost-toilets/a-18504469) |work=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Sources: Make people put warning for water sources wey fit be contaminated, plus instruction on how to clean water (like boiling or adding chlorine) before dem use am.

* Water purification: Any water wey people go drink, cook or wash with suppose be treated well. Dem fit boil am, use chlorine, ozone treatment, ultraviolet light, or filter am well. Boiling and chlorination be cheap and effective way to stop spread. Cloth filter or sari filter too fit reduce cholera well for poor communities like for Bangladesh. Better modern filters dey even more effective. Health education and proper hygiene practice dey very important.

WHO Africa still recommend say people suppose wash hand with soap or ash after toilet and before dem chop food or handle food to prevent cholera.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cholera and food safety |url=[http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf](http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf) |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |access-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170821044840/http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf](https://web.archive.org/web/20170821044840/http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf) |archive-date=21 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=&quot;225px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
File:Unsafe disposal of faecal sludge or sewage in Haiti (6458176073).jpg|Dumping of sewage or fecal sludge from UN camp into lake near Port-au-Prince dey believed say e help spread cholera after Haiti earthquake for 2010, wey kill many people.
File:A SOIL EkoLakay toilet customer. (15921409131).jpg|Example of urine-diverting dry toilet for cholera-affected area for Haiti. This type of toilet stop disease spread through fecal-oral route because e no dey pollute water.
File:Cholera hospital in Dhaka.jpg|Cholera hospital for Dhaka, showing normal cholera treatment beds.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Surveillance ===

[[File:Using Precipitation Data to Assess Risk of Cholera Outbreaks.webm|thumb|upright=1.3|A modelling approach using satellite data can help improve how we fit predict cholera risk areas for different parts of the world.]]

Surveillance and quick reporting dey very important to control cholera outbreaks fast. Cholera dey behave like seasonal disease for many countries wey get am, especially during rainy season. Surveillance system fit give early warning about outbreak, so authorities fit respond quick and prepare well. Good surveillance also help to know where risk dey high so prevention fit target the right places.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html](https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html) |title=Cholera: prevention and control |publisher=[[WHO]] |work=Health topics |year=2008 |access-date=8 December 2008 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081214042133/http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20081214042133/http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html) |archive-date=14 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; For prevention to work well, cases must dey reported to national health authorities.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;

=== Vaccination ===

[[File:Euvichol-plus.jpg|thumb|Euvichol-plus oral vaccine for cholera]]

Spanish doctor Jaume Ferran i Clua develop the first successful cholera vaccine for 1885, the first wey immunize people against bacterial disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211100824/http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others|url-status=deviated|title=Others](http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211100824/http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others|url-status=deviated|title=Others) — Timelines — History of Vaccines|archive-date=11 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; E vaccine work but e cause controversy and some people no accept am at that time. But later e prove say e dey effective: from 30,000 people wey e vaccinate, only 54 die.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bornside |first1=George H. |title=Waldemar Haffkine's Cholera Vaccines and the Ferran-Haffkine Priority Dispute |journal=[[Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences]] |date=1982 |volume=XXXVII |issue=4 |pages=399–422 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/xxxvii.4.399 |pmid=6759570}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bornside |first1=George H. |title=Jaime Ferran and Preventive Inoculation Against Cholera |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |date=1981 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=516–532 |jstor=44441415 |pmid=7039738 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hawgood |first1=Barbara J |title=Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India |journal=[[Journal of Medical Biography]] |date=February 2007 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=9–19 |doi=10.1258/j.jmb.2007.05-59 |pmid=17356724 |s2cid=42075270}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Lopez |first1=Anna Lena |last2=Gonzales |first2=Maria Liza Antoinette |last3=Aldaba |first3=Josephine G. |last4=Nair |first4=G. Balakrish |date=September 2014 |title=Killed oral cholera vaccines: history, development and implementation challenges |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=123–136 |doi=10.1177/2051013614537819 |issn=2051-0136 |pmc=4144262 |pmid=25177492}}&lt;/ref&gt; Russian-French scientist Waldemar Haffkine too develop cholera vaccine for 1892.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/waldemar.htm](http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/waldemar.htm) haffkineinstitute.org] {{webarchive|url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024552/http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/waldemar.htm|date=24](https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024552/http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/waldemar.htm|date=24) September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; E run big vaccination program for British India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 December 2020 |title=Waldemar Haffkine: The vaccine pioneer the world forgot |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55050012](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55050012) |access-date=20 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

People wey survive cholera fit get immunity for at least 3 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;immunity&quot;/&gt; Some safe oral vaccines dey available for cholera prevention.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21412922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Sinclair D, Abba K, Zaman K, Qadri F, Graves PM |title=Oral vaccines for preventing cholera |journal=[[The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] |issue=3 |article-number=CD008603 |date=March 2011 |volume=2011 |pmid=21412922 |pmc=6532691 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008603.pub2 |editor=Sinclair D}}&lt;/ref&gt; WHO get three approved oral cholera vaccines: Dukoral, Sanchol, and Euvichol. Dukoral be inactivated oral vaccine wey get about 52% protection for first year and 62% for second year, with few side effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21412922&quot; /&gt; E dey available for more than 60 countries. But CDC no still recommend am for most travelers from United States go endemic countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC_Vacc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Is a vaccine available to prevent cholera? |work=[[Centers for Disease Control]] |url=[https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine](https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine) |date=22 October 2010 |access-date=24 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101026085158/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine](https://web.archive.org/web/20101026085158/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine) |archive-date=26 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; US FDA vaccine called Vaxchora be oral live vaccine wey fit protect adults 18–64 years after single dose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=[http://www.immunize.org/fda/](http://www.immunize.org/fda/) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170415125256/http://www.immunize.org/fda/](https://web.archive.org/web/20170415125256/http://www.immunize.org/fda/) |title=FDA Product Approval: View All |archive-date=15 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Injectable vaccine dey too, e fit protect person for 2–3 years, but e work less for children under five years old.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Graves PM, Deeks JJ, Demicheli V, Jefferson T |title=Vaccines for preventing cholera: killed whole cell or other subunit vaccines (injected) |journal=[[The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] |issue=8 |article-number=CD000974 |date=August 2010 |volume=2019 |pmid=20687062 |pmc=6532721 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000974.pub2 |editor=Graves PM}}&lt;/ref&gt; But as of 2010, availability still limited.&lt;ref name=WHO2010 /&gt; Work still dey go on to study mass vaccination role.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html](https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html) |title=Cholera vaccines |publisher=[[WHO]] |work=Health topics |year=2008 |access-date=1 February 2010 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100216224558/http://who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20100216224558/http://who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html) |archive-date=16 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; WHO recommend say high-risk people like children and HIV patients for endemic countries suppose receive vaccine.&lt;ref name=WHO2010 /&gt; If vaccination cover many people, herd immunity fit reduce cholera spread for environment.&lt;ref name=NEJM2006 /&gt;

WHO still talk say oral cholera vaccine fit be used for endemic areas, outbreak response, or humanitarian crisis where risk high.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=News from the World Health Organization: Epidemiological Methods for Environmental Health Initiatives in WHO |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |date=1993 |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=961–962 |doi=10.1093/ije/22.5.961 }}&lt;/ref&gt; OCV dey useful for different situations but no full agreement still dey on how to use am everywhere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Deen J, von Seidlein L, Luquero FJ, Troeger C, Reyburn R, Lopez AL, Debes A, Sack DA |date=January 2016 |title=The scenario approach for countries considering the addition of oral cholera vaccination in cholera preparedness and control plans |journal=[[The Lancet. Infectious Diseases]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=125–129 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00298-4 |pmid=26494426 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sari filtration ===

{{Main|Cloth filter}}

[[Image:Washing Utensils And Vegetables.png|thumb|240px|Women for village pond for Matlab, Bangladesh, dey wash utensils and vegetables. Woman for right dey put sari filter for water container to filter water for drinking.]]

For Bangladesh, people develop simple method called sari filter to reduce contamination of drinking water. Dem dey use old sari cloth (best one) or other cloth. Used cloth dey work better than new one because washing am many times reduce space between fibers. Water wey dem filter like this get fewer germs, so e safer pass before.&lt;ref name=Ram2010&gt;{{cite book |author=Ramamurthy T |title=Epidemiological and Molecular Aspects on Cholera |year=2010 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-60327-265-0 |page=330 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&amp;pg=PA330](https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&amp;pg=PA330) |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20151107134836/https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&amp;pg=PA330](https://web.archive.org/web/20151107134836/https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&amp;pg=PA330) |archive-date=7 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Bangladesh, this method reduce cholera cases by almost half.&lt;ref name=Merr2010&gt;{{cite book |author=Merrill RM |title=Introduction to epidemiology. |year=2010 |publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers |location=Sudbury, MA |isbn=978-0-7637-6622-1 |page=43 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&amp;pg=PA43](https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&amp;pg=PA43) |edition=5th |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20151106194307/https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&amp;pg=PA43](https://web.archive.org/web/20151106194307/https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&amp;pg=PA43) |archive-date=6 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey fold sari 4 to 8 times.&lt;ref name=Ram2010 /&gt; After use, dem suppose rinse am and dry am under sun to kill bacteria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Starr C |title=Biology: Today and Tomorrow with Physiology |year=2007 |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |isbn=978-0-7637-6622-1 |page=563 |edition=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20151107022134/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bsFAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA563](https://web.archive.org/web/20151107022134/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bsFAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA563) |archive-date=7 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nylon cloth fit also work but e cost more and no easy to get.&lt;ref name=Merr2010 /&gt;
== Epidemiology ==

Cholera dey affect about 2.8 million people worldwide, and e dey cause around 95,000 deaths every year (uncertainty range: 21,000–143,000) as of 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=Mohammad |last2=Nelson |first2=Allyson R. |last3=Lopez |first3=Anna Lena |last4=Sack |first4=David A. |title=Updated Global Burden of Cholera in Endemic Countries |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=4 June 2015 |volume=9 |issue=6 |article-number=e0003832 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003832 |pmid=26043000 |pmc=4455997 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Loz2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lozano |first1=Rafael |last2=Naghavi |first2=Mohsen |last3=Foreman |first3=Kyle |last4=Lim |first4=Stephen |last5=Shibuya |first5=Kenji |last6=Aboyans |first6=Victor |last7=Abraham |first7=Jerry |last8=Adair |first8=Timothy |last9=Aggarwal |first9=Rakesh |last10=Ahn |first10=Stephanie Y |last11=AlMazroa |first11=Mohammad A |last12=Alvarado |first12=Miriam |last13=Anderson |first13=H Ross |last14=Anderson |first14=Laurie M |last15=Andrews |first15=Kathryn G |last16=Atkinson |first16=Charles |last17=Baddour |first17=Larry M |last18=Barker-Collo |first18=Suzanne |last19=Bartels |first19=David H |last20=Bell |first20=Michelle L |last21=Benjamin |first21=Emelia J |last22=Bennett |first22=Derrick |last23=Bhalla |first23=Kavi |last24=Bikbov |first24=Boris |last25=Abdulhak |first25=Aref Bin |last26=Birbeck |first26=Gretchen |last27=Blyth |first27=Fiona |last28=Bolliger |first28=Ian |last29=Boufous |first29=Soufiane |last30=Bucello |first30=Chiara |last31=Burch |first31=Michael |last32=Burney |first32=Peter |last33=Carapetis |first33=Jonathan |last34=Chen |first34=Honglei |last35=Chou |first35=David |last36=Chugh |first36=Sumeet S |last37=Coffeng |first37=Luc E |last38=Colan |first38=Steven D |last39=Colquhoun |first39=Samantha |last40=Colson |first40=K Ellicott |last41=Condon |first41=John |last42=Connor |first42=Myles D |last43=Cooper |first43=Leslie T |last44=Corriere |first44=Matthew |last45=Cortinovis |first45=Monica |last46=de Vaccaro |first46=Karen Courville |last47=Couser |first47=William |last48=Cowie |first48=Benjamin C |last49=Criqui |first49=Michael H |last50=Cross |first50=Marita |last51=Dabhadkar |first51=Kaustubh C |last52=Dahodwala |first52=Nabila |last53=De Leo |first53=Diego |last54=Degenhardt |first54=Louisa |last55=Delossantos |first55=Allyne |last56=Denenberg |first56=Julie |last57=Des Jarlais |first57=Don C |last58=Dharmaratne |first58=Samath D |last59=Dorsey |first59=E Ray |last60=Driscoll |first60=Tim |last61=Duber |first61=Herbert |last62=Ebel |first62=Beth |last63=Erwin |first63=Patricia J |last64=Espindola |first64=Patricia |last65=Ezzati |first65=Majid |last66=Feigin |first66=Valery |last67=Flaxman |first67=Abraham D |last68=Forouzanfar |first68=Mohammad H |last69=Fowkes |first69=Francis Gerry R |last70=Franklin |first70=Richard |last71=Fransen |first71=Marlene |last72=Freeman |first72=Michael K |last73=Gabriel |first73=Sherine E |last74=Gakidou |first74=Emmanuela |last75=Gaspari |first75=Flavio |last76=Gillum |first76=Richard F |last77=Gonzalez-Medina |first77=Diego |last78=Halasa |first78=Yara A |last79=Haring |first79=Diana |last80=Harrison |first80=James E |last81=Havmoeller |first81=Rasmus |last82=Hay |first82=Roderick J |last83=Hoen |first83=Bruno |last84=Hotez |first84=Peter J |last85=Hoy |first85=Damian |last86=Jacobsen |first86=Kathryn H |last87=James |first87=Spencer L |last88=Jasrasaria |first88=Rashmi |last89=Jayaraman |first89=Sudha |last90=Johns |first90=Nicole |last91=Karthikeyan |first91=Ganesan |last92=Kassebaum |first92=Nicholas |last93=Keren |first93=Andre |last94=Khoo |first94=Jon-Paul |last95=Knowlton |first95=Lisa Marie |last96=Kobusingye |first96=Olive |last97=Koranteng |first97=Adofo |last98=Krishnamurthi |first98=Rita |last99=Lipnick |first99=Michael |display-authors=1 |last100=Lipshultz |first100=Steven E |last101=Ohno |first101=Summer Lockett |last102=Mabweijano |first102=Jacqueline |last103=MacIntyre |first103=Michael F |last104=Mallinger |first104=Leslie |last105=March |first105=Lyn |last106=Marks |first106=Guy B |last107=Marks |first107=Robin |last108=Matsumori |first108=Akira |last109=Matzopoulos |first109=Richard |last110=Mayosi |first110=Bongani M |last111=McAnulty |first111=John H |last112=McDermott |first112=Mary M |last113=McGrath |first113=John |last114=Memish |first114=Ziad A |last115=Mensah |first115=George A |last116=Merriman |first116=Tony R |last117=Michaud |first117=Catherine |last118=Miller |first118=Matthew |last119=Miller |first119=Ted R |last120=Mock |first120=Charles |last121=Mocumbi |first121=Ana Olga |last122=Mokdad |first122=Ali A |last123=Moran |first123=Andrew |last124=Mulholland |first124=Kim |last125=Nair |first125=M Nathan |last126=Naldi |first126=Luigi |last127=Narayan |first127=K M Venkat |last128=Nasseri |first128=Kiumarss |last129=Norman |first129=Paul |last130=O'Donnell |first130=Martin |last131=Omer |first131=Saad B |last132=Ortblad |first132=Katrina |last133=Osborne |first133=Richard |last134=Ozgediz |first134=Doruk |last135=Pahari |first135=Bishnu |last136=Pandian |first136=Jeyaraj Durai |last137=Rivero |first137=Andrea Panozo |last138=Padilla |first138=Rogelio Perez |last139=Perez-Ruiz |first139=Fernando |last140=Perico |first140=Norberto |last141=Phillips |first141=David |last142=Pierce |first142=Kelsey |last143=Pope |first143=C Arden |last144=Porrini |first144=Esteban |last145=Pourmalek |first145=Farshad |last146=Raju |first146=Murugesan |last147=Ranganathan |first147=Dharani |last148=Rehm |first148=Jürgen T |last149=Rein |first149=David B |last150=Remuzzi |first150=Giuseppe |last151=Rivara |first151=Frederick P |last152=Roberts |first152=Thomas |last153=De León |first153=Felipe Rodriguez |last154=Rosenfeld |first154=Lisa C |last155=Rushton |first155=Lesley |last156=Sacco |first156=Ralph L |last157=Salomon |first157=Joshua A |last158=Sampson |first158=Uchechukwu |last159=Sanman |first159=Ella |last160=Schwebel |first160=David C |last161=Segui-Gomez |first161=Maria |last162=Shepard |first162=Donald S |last163=Singh |first163=David |last164=Singleton |first164=Jessica |last165=Sliwa |first165=Karen |last166=Smith |first166=Emma |last167=Steer |first167=Andrew |last168=Taylor |first168=Jennifer A |last169=Thomas |first169=Bernadette |last170=Tleyjeh |first170=Imad M |last171=Towbin |first171=Jeffrey A |last172=Truelsen |first172=Thomas |last173=Undurraga |first173=Eduardo A |last174=Venketasubramanian |first174=N |last175=Vijayakumar |first175=Lakshmi |last176=Vos |first176=Theo |last177=Wagner |first177=Gregory R |last178=Wang |first178=Mengru |last179=Wang |first179=Wenzhi |last180=Watt |first180=Kerrianne |last181=Weinstock |first181=Martin A |last182=Weintraub |first182=Robert |last183=Wilkinson |first183=James D |last184=Woolf |first184=Anthony D |last185=Wulf |first185=Sarah |last186=Yeh |first186=Pon-Hsiu |last187=Yip |first187=Paul |last188=Zabetian |first188=Azadeh |last189=Zheng |first189=Zhi-Jie |last190=Lopez |first190=Alan D |last191=Murray |first191=Christopher JL |title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=The Lancet |date=December 2012 |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2095–2128 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |pmid=23245604 |pmc=10790329 |s2cid=1541253 |hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30050819 |url=[https://repozitorij.upr.si/Dokument.php?id=7123&amp;dn=](https://repozitorij.upr.si/Dokument.php?id=7123&amp;dn=) |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

This thing dey happen mainly for developing countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Reidl |first1=Joachim |last2=Klose |first2=Karl E. |title=Vibrio cholerae and cholera: out of the water and into the host |journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews |date=June 2002 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00605.x |pmid=12069878 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For early 1980s, dem believe say death rate still dey pass three million people every year.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2004&quot; /&gt; E dey hard to calculate exact number of cases because many no dey report am, especially when outbreak fit affect tourism for a country.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sack DA, Sack RB, Chaignat CL | title = Getting serious about cholera | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 355 | issue = 7 | pages = 649–51 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16914700 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMp068144 | s2cid = 23145226 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2004, cholera still dey both epidemic and endemic for many parts of the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2004&quot; /&gt;

Recent big outbreaks include the 2010s Haiti cholera outbreak and the 2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak. For October 2016, cholera outbreak start for war-torn Yemen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-40369804](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-40369804) |title=The horrors of Yemen's spiralling cholera crisis |publisher=BBC |author=Johannes Bruwer |date=25 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; World Health Organization (WHO) call am “the worst cholera outbreak in the world”.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Dwyer|first1=Colin |title=Yemen Now Faces 'The Worst Cholera Outbreak In The World,' U.N. Says|url=[https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/24/534236954/yemen-now-faces-the-worst-cholera-outbreak-in-the-world-u-n-says|access-date=25](https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/24/534236954/yemen-now-faces-the-worst-cholera-outbreak-in-the-world-u-n-says|access-date=25) June 2017|work=National Public Radio}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2019, 93% of all reported 923,037 cholera cases come from Yemen (with 1911 deaths reported).&lt;ref name=&quot;who_report2020&quot; /&gt; Between September 2019 reach September 2020, global total case pass 450,000 and deaths pass 900; but numbers no dey fully accurate because some countries dey report suspected cases instead of confirmed ones, while others no dey report at all like Bangladesh, India and Philippines.&lt;ref name=&quot;who_report2020&quot; /&gt;

Even though we sabi plenty things about how cholera dey spread, scientists still no fully understand why outbreak dey happen for some places and no dey happen for others. Poor sanitation and lack of safe drinking water dey make am spread well-well. Rivers and water bodies fit carry the bacteria as reservoir, and seafood wey travel far fit also spread am.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}} Cholera cases dey increase during both flood and drought times pass normal periods.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Exploring Droughts and Floods and Their Association with Cholera Outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Register-Based Ecological Study from 1990 to 2010 |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=5 March 2018 |volume=98 |issue=5 |pages=1269–1274 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0778 |pmid=29512484|pmc=5953376 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cholera don disappear from Americas for most part of 20th century, but e come back near the end, start from Peru outbreak.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Blake PA | title = Epidemiology of cholera in the Americas | journal = Gastroenterology Clinics of North America | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 639–60 | date = September 1993 | doi = 10.1016/S0889-8553(21)00094-7 | pmid = 7691740 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Later e continue with 2010s Haiti cholera outbreak&lt;ref name=&quot;ecdc_cholera&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/cholera/surveillance-and-disease-data/cholera-monthly|title=Cholera](https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/cholera/surveillance-and-disease-data/cholera-monthly|title=Cholera) worldwide overview|date=30 May 2023|website=[www.ecdc.europa.eu](http://www.ecdc.europa.eu)}}&lt;/ref&gt; and another outbreak during 2018–2023 Haitian crisis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Cholera - Haiti |url=[https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON427](https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON427) |access-date=1 February 2023 |work=[www.who.int](http://www.who.int) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of August 2021, disease still dey endemic for Africa and some parts of East and West Asia (like Bangladesh, India and Yemen).&lt;ref name=&quot;ecdc_cholera&quot; /&gt; For Europe, cholera no dey endemic; all cases dem report am come from people wey travel go endemic areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;ecdc_cholera&quot; /&gt;

=== History of outbreaks ===

{{Main|History of cholera}}

File:Il cholera di Palermo del 1835.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Body disposal of people wey die during cholera epidemic for Palermo in 1835
File:Africa cholera2008b.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Map of 2008–2009 cholera outbreak for sub-Saharan Africa showing statistics as of 12 February 2009

The word cholera come from Greek word χολέρα (kholera), from χολή (kholē) wey mean “bile”. Cholera likely start for Indian subcontinent, because e don dey there for many centuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2004&quot; /&gt;

References to cholera appear for European writings as far back as 1642, from Dutch doctor Jakob de Bondt description in his book De Medicina Indorum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[http://www.historyofmedicine.com/author/d/jacob-de-jacobus-bontius-bondt|title=All](http://www.historyofmedicine.com/author/d/jacob-de-jacobus-bontius-bondt|title=All) Entries by BONDT, Jacob de, Jacobus Bontius: HistoryofMedicine.com|website=[www.historyofmedicine.com|language=en-us|access-date=23](http://www.historyofmedicine.com|language=en-us|access-date=23) July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; At that time, Europeans dey use word “cholera” for any serious diarrhea wey dey yellow. So de Bondt use the same word describe new disease. Later, around 1830s, people begin differentiate am from “cholera morbus” and “Asiatic cholera” (wey come from India).{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}}

Early outbreaks for Indian subcontinent happen because of overcrowding, poor living conditions, and stagnant water wey make bacteria grow well.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rosenberg&quot; /&gt; Disease begin spread through trade routes go Russia in 1817, then Europe, North America, and other parts of world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2004&quot; /&gt; Because of that, people start call am “Asiatic cholera”. Seven cholera pandemics don happen since 19th century; first one no reach Americas. Seventh pandemic start from Indonesia in 1961.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Cholera's seven pandemics&quot;. CBC News. 22 October 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

First cholera pandemic start for Bengal region near Calcutta between 1817 and 1824. E spread go Southeast Asia, Middle East, Europe, and Eastern Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hays&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GyE8Qt-kS1kC|title=Epidemics](https://books.google.com/books?id=GyE8Qt-kS1kC|title=Epidemics) and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History| vauthors = Hays JN |publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2005|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|page=193}}&lt;/ref&gt; Movement of British army and navy ships help spread am across Indian Ocean, Africa, Indonesia, China and Japan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=McNeill|first=William H |title=Plagues and People|page=268}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Second pandemic run from 1826 to 1837, affect North America and Europe. Better transport and trade plus migration make disease spread fast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Something New Under The Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth Century World (The Global Century Series).|author=McNeil J}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Third pandemic start in 1846 and end in 1860, reach North Africa and both North and South America. Irish immigrants bring am enter Canada during Great Famine.

Fourth pandemic run from 1863 to 1875, start from India go Naples and Spain, then reach USA via New Orleans in 1873. E spread through Mississippi River system.

Fifth pandemic (1881–1896) start for India go Europe, Asia, and South America. Sixth (1899–1923) reduce deaths because medicine don improve. Countries like Egypt, Arabia, Persia, India and Philippines suffer badly. Germany and Naples also get serious outbreaks.

Seventh pandemic start in 1961 for Indonesia, and new strain called El Tor appear and still dey persist as of 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html|title=Cholera](https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html|title=Cholera) – Vibrio cholerae infection |date=16 May 2017|website=[www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=4](http://www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=4) April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; E reduce around 1975 but never fully disappear, cases rise again for 1990s till today.

Cholera become big global disease in 19th century and don kill millions of people.&lt;ref&gt;[[Kelley Lee]] (2003) Health impacts of globalization: towards global governance. Palgrave Macmillan. p.131.&lt;/ref&gt; For Russia alone, between 1847 and 1851, more than 1 million people die.&lt;ref&gt;Geoffrey A. Hosking (2001). Russia and the Russians: a history. Harvard University Press. p.9.&lt;/ref&gt; It kill about 150,000 Americans during second pandemic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | author = Byrne JP | title = Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A–M | url = [https://books.google.com/books?id=kRAInwEACAAJ|](https://books.google.com/books?id=kRAInwEACAAJ|) publisher = ABC-CLIO | year = 2008 | page = 99 | isbn = 978-0-313-34102-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Between 1900 and 1920, about 8 million people die for India.&lt;ref&gt;J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. p.347.&lt;/ref&gt;

Cholera become first reportable disease for United States. John Snow for England in 1854 first show say contaminated water be the source of transmission.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2004&quot; /&gt; Today cholera no be big threat for Europe and North America again because of clean water systems like filtration and chlorination, but e still affect developing countries.

Before, ships dey fly yellow quarantine flag if cholera dey onboard. Anybody for ship no go land until about 30–40 days.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sehdev PS | title = The origin of quarantine | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 35 | issue = 9 | pages = 1071–2 | date = November 2002 | pmid = 12398064 | doi = 10.1086/344062 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

People for old times believe plenty traditional cures. Some think say bad air (miasma theory) dey cause am. Some also believe cold body fit make person more vulnerable, so dem use flannel and cholera belts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Renbourn ET | title = The history of the flannel binder and cholera belt | journal = Medical History | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 211–25 | date = July 1957 | pmid = 13440256 | pmc = 1034286 | doi = 10.1017/S0025727300021281 }}&lt;/ref&gt; For Naples outbreak (1854–1855), people use homeopathic camphor.&lt;ref&gt;[[http://www.legatum.sk/en:ahr](http://www.legatum.sk/en:ahr):bayes-cholera-as-treated-by-dr-rubini-158-10355 [www.legatum.sk](http://www.legatum.sk)]&lt;/ref&gt;

Mother's Remedies book talk say tomato syrup dey help. Elecampane also dey used for UK.&lt;ref name=&quot;oldtimeremedies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Cholera Infantum, Tomatoes Will Relieve|url=[http://www.oldtimeremedies.co.uk/labels/cholera.html|date=13](http://www.oldtimeremedies.co.uk/labels/cholera.html|date=13) October 2008|access-date=18 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; First vaccine come in 1885, and first antibiotic come in 1948.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}}

Cholera cases reduce for developed countries because of better sanitation and treatment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Cholera&quot;, World Health Organization.&lt;/ref&gt; But in 19th century America, cholera still serious problem. E spread through rivers like Erie Canal and Mississippi system.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Pyle GF | title = The diffusion of cholera in the United States in the nineteenth century | journal = Geographical Analysis | volume = 1 | pages = 59–75 | year = 2010 | pmid = 11614509 | doi = 10.1111/j.1538-4632.1969.tb00605.x | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; New York City also suffer because water system no strong enough then.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid7620035&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Lacey SW | title = Cholera: calamitous past, ominous future | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 20 | issue = 5 | pages = 1409–19 | date = May 1995 | pmid = 7620035 | doi = 10.1093/clinids/20.5.1409 | s2cid = 45016958 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cholera morbus be old term wey people use for gastroenteritis, not actual cholera disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;rosenberg&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Charles E. Rosenberg|title=The Cholera Years the United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866.|date=2009|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-72676-2|page=74}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Cholera.jpg|Drawing of Death bringing cholera, Le Petit Journal (1912)
File:Pedro II of Brazil and ministers of state.JPG|Emperor Pedro II of Brazil visiting cholera patients in 1855
File:Cholera 395.1.jpg|New York City Board of Health hand bill, 1832 — old advice show say people no understand disease well
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Research ===

One big breakthrough for cholera fight come from doctor John Snow (1813–1858), wey in 1854 link cholera to contaminated water.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rosenberg&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Rosenberg, Charles E. |title=The cholera years: the United States in 1832, 1849 and 1866 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-226-72677-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also propose microbial cause in 1849 and prove say sewage contamination be main source for outbreaks in London in 1854.&lt;ref&gt;John Snow, ''The mode of communication of cholera'', 1855.&lt;/ref&gt; Today people call am Father of Epidemiology.

Bacterium wey cause cholera isolate in 1854 by Filippo Pacini,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Fillipo |last1=Pacini |year=1854 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xdtQAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA397](https://books.google.com/books?id=xdtQAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA397) |title=Osservazioni microscopiche e deduzioni patologiche sul cholera asiatico |journal=Gazzetta Medica Italiana |volume=4 |issue=50 |pages=397–401; 405–412 }}&lt;/ref&gt; but people no really recognize am that time. Others like Joaquim Balcells i Pascual also report am same year.&lt;ref name=&quot;Real Academia de la Historia 2018&quot; /&gt;

Between 1850s and 1900s, developed countries invest heavily for clean water and sewage systems, and that reduce cholera outbreaks. In 1883, Robert Koch identify Vibrio cholerae as bacteria cause of cholera.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Aberth |first1=John |title=Plagues in World History |date=2011 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-1-4422-0796-7 |page=101 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hemendra Nath Chatterjee, Bengali scientist, first show oral rehydration therapy (ORS) work for cholera diarrhea. In 1953, he publish paper for The Lancet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruxin JN | title = Magic bullet: the history of oral rehydration therapy | journal = Medical History | volume = 38 | issue = 4 | pages = 363–97 | date = October 1994 | pmid = 7808099 | pmc = 1036912 | doi = 10.1017/s0025727300036905 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Chatterjee HN | title = Control of vomiting in cholera and oral replacement of fluid | journal = Lancet | volume = 265 | issue = 6795 | page = 1063 | date = November 1953 | pmid = 13110052 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(53)90668-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Indian scientist Sambhu Nath De discover cholera toxin and prove how bacteria dey transmit disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[https://inmemoryglobal.com/remembrance/sambhu-nath-de/|title=Sambhu](https://inmemoryglobal.com/remembrance/sambhu-nath-de/|title=Sambhu) Nath De}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Robert Allan Phillips also develop rehydration protocol during research in Southeast Asia and win Lasker award in 1967.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= [http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/show/treatment-of-cholera/](http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/show/treatment-of-cholera/) |title= Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award |publisher= Lasker Foundation }}&lt;/ref&gt;

More recent research for 2002 show say Vibrio cholerae change inside human body and become more infectious before e comot through stool, helping am survive for environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Merrell2002&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Merrell DS, Butler SM, Qadri F, Dolganov NA, Alam A, Cohen MB, Calderwood SB, Schoolnik GK, Camilli A | title = Host-induced epidemic spread of the cholera bacterium | journal = Nature | volume = 417 | issue = 6889 | pages = 642–5 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12050664 | pmc = 2776822 | doi = 10.1038/nature00778 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Global Strategy ===

For 2017, WHO start global plan called “Ending Cholera: a global roadmap to 2030” wey aim reduce cholera deaths by 90% by 2030.&lt;ref name=&quot;who_fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera|title](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera|title) = Cholera}}&lt;/ref&gt; Global Task Force on Cholera Control dey lead am and dey support countries with plans and monitoring.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[https://www.gtfcc.org/|title=Global](https://www.gtfcc.org/|title=Global) Task Force on Cholera Control}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The plan get 3 main goals: early detection and response, stopping transmission through sanitation and vaccines, and global coordination through GTFCC.&lt;ref name=&quot;who_fact&quot; /&gt;

WHO no believe say cholera fit totally disappear worldwide because bacteria fit survive for environment even without human.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |title=Ending Cholera a Global Roadmap to 2030|publisher=Global Task Force on Cholera Control |date=2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; But human-to-human transmission fit still be eliminated in some places.

Haiti example show say local elimination fit work, even though outbreak happen there before. Some countries still dey target full elimination certification.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=National Plan for the Elimination of Cholera in Haiti 2013-2022 |date=February 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

GTFCC dey focus on 47 countries, and 13 of them don already start vaccination campaigns.&lt;ref name=&quot;who_report2020&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=International Coordinating Group (ICG) on Vaccine Provision for Cholera, Meningitis, and Yellow Fever |date=September 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-002916-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q12090|c=Category:Cholera|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Category:Cholera|wikt=Cholera|species=no}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130622144054/http://www.who.int/cholera/technical/prevention/control/en/ Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060324155246/http://www.who.int/cholera/ Cholera]{{snd}}World Health Organization
* [https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html Cholera – ''Vibrio cholerae'' infection]{{snd}}Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cholera| ]]
[[Category:Diarrhea]]
[[Category:Foodborne illnesses]]
[[Category:Gastrointestinal tract disorders]]
[[Category:Intestinal infectious diseases]]
[[Category:Tropical diseases]]
[[Category:Epidemics]]
[[Category:Pandemics]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]
[[Category:Waterborne diseases]]
[[Category:Vaccine-preventable diseases]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]
[[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]]</text>
      <sha1>bvc9skw6pzob7j8g55s0920wiwixn7o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27202</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100761</id>
      <parentid>100600</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:03:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>100761</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21449" sha1="svxtgluisck7rlxqjjxtha9utfi0495" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>svxtgluisck7rlxqjjxtha9utfi0495</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Flood</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27213</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100744</id>
      <parentid>100658</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:26:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
        <id>64</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added more content</comment>
      <origin>100744</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18063" sha1="q0iv6tuxj0eyxsakfjkywbqerim1zzk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A '''flood''' be overflow of water (anaa sometimes oda fluids) wey cover land wey normally dey dry.&lt;ref&gt;MSN Encarta Dictionary, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 Flood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 |date=2011-02-04 }}, Retrieved on 2006-12-28, on 2009-10-31&lt;/ref&gt; For de sense of &quot;flowing water&quot;, dem sanso fi use de word for de inflow of de tide. Floods be important issue for agriculture, civil engineering den public health.

Human activities wey dey change de environment often dey increase how severe floods go be den how often dem go happen. Examples of dese human changes include land use changes like deforestation den removal of wetlands, changes for waterways, anaa flood control measures such as levees. Global environmental problems too dey affect de causes of floods, especially [[climate change]], wey dey cause stronger water cycle activity den sea level rise.&lt;ref&gt;Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf Chapter 11: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1513–1766, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.013.&lt;/ref&gt;

For example, [[climate change]] dey make extreme weather events happen more often den dem dey become stronger too.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |title=Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change |publisher=The National Academies Press |doi=10.17226/21852 |pages=127–136 |isbn=978-0-309-38094-2 |access-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215232008/https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |archive-date=2022-02-15 |url-status=live |year=2016 |place=Washington, DC|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis one dey lead to stronger floods den increase de risk of flooding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Hirabayashi|first1=Yukiko|last2=Mahendran|first2=Roobavannan|last3=Koirala|first3=Sujan|last4=Konoshima|first4=Lisako|last5=Yamazaki|first5=Dai|last6=Watanabe|first6=Satoshi|last7=Kim|first7=Hyungjun|last8=Kanae|first8=Shinjiro|date=September 2013|title=Global flood risk under climate change|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1911/|journal=Nature Climate Change|language=en|volume=3|issue=9|pages=816–821|doi=10.1038/nclimate1911|bibcode=2013NatCC...3..816H|issn=1758-6798|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How climate change is making record-breaking floods the new normal|url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-climate-change-making-record-breaking-floods-new-normal|website=United Nations Environmental Program|date=3 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural types of floods include river flooding, groundwater flooding, coastal flooding den urban flooding, wey some people dey call flash flooding. Tidal flooding fit include elements of both river den coastal flooding processes for estuary areas. There be also intentional flooding of land wey otherwise for remain dry. Dis one fit happen for agricultural, military, or river management purposes. For example, agricultural flooding fit happen when dem dey prepare paddy fields for growing semi-aquatic rice for plenty countries.

Flooding fit happen when water overflow from water bodies such as rivers, lakes, seas, anaa oceans. For such cases, de water dey pass over anaa break levees, causing some of de water to escape from ein normal boundaries.&lt;ref&gt;Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000) [http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 Flood] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824054504/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 |date=2007-08-24 }}, Retrieved on 2009-01-09&lt;/ref&gt;

Flooding fit also happen because rainwater gather on ground wey already soak with water. Dem dey call dis kind flood ''areal flood''. De size of a lake or any oda water body naturally fit change because of seasonal changes for [[precipitation]] den melting snow. However, dem no dey consider dese changes in size as floods unless dem cause damage to property anaa drown domestic animals. Floods sanso fi happen for rivers when de amount of water wey dey flow pass de capacity of de river channel, especially for bends anaa meanders of de waterway. Floods often dey cause damage to houses den businesses if dem buildings dey inside de natural flood plains of rivers. People fit avoid river flooding damage if dem move go live far from rivers. However, for plenty countries, people traditionally dey live den work near rivers because de land for there usually dey flat den fertile. Besides, rivers dey provide easy transportation den access to trade den industry.

Flooding fit damage property den also cause secondary effects. For de short term, e fit increase de spread of waterborne diseases den vector-borne diseases, such as diseases wey mosquitoes dey transmit. Flooding fit also make residents leave dia homes for long periods of time or permanently.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Flooding and communicable diseases fact sheet|url=https://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041231191549/http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-date=December 31, 2004|access-date=2021-03-28|website=WHO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Floods be one important area of study for hydrology den hydraulic engineering.

Large number of people for de world dey live close to major coastlines,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Neumann |first1=Barbara |last2=Vafeidis |first2=Athanasios T. |last3=Zimmermann |first3=Juliane |last4=Nicholls |first4=Robert J. |date=2015-03-11 |title=Future Coastal Population Growth and Exposure to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding - A Global Assessment |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1018571N |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118571 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4367969 |pmid=25760037 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0118571}}&lt;/ref&gt; while plenty major cities den farming areas too dey near floodplains.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-24 |title=Flood Risk Management in Canada {{!}} Research report |url=https://www.genevaassociation.org/research-topics/climate-change-and-emerging-environmental-topics/flood-risk-management-canada |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=Geneva Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of changing climatic conditions, de risk of coastal den river flooding dey increase significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dieperink |first1=C. |last2=Hegger |first2=D. L. T. |last3=Bakker |first3=M. H. N. |last4=Kundzewicz |first4=Z. W. |last5=Green |first5=C. |last6=Driessen |first6=P. P. J. |date=2016-10-01 |title=Recurrent Governance Challenges in the Implementation and Alignment of Flood Risk Management Strategies: a Review |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=30 |issue=13 |pages=4467–4481 |bibcode=2016WatRM..30.4467D |doi=10.1007/s11269-016-1491-7 |issn=1573-1650 |s2cid=54676896 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Types ==
[[File:Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg|thumb|View of flooded New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina]]
[[File:Rapid_Creek_flooding_1.jpg|thumb|Flooding of a creek because of heavy monsoon rain den high tide for Darwin, Northern Territory, [[Australia]]]]
[[File:Jeddah_Flood_-_King_Abdullah_Street.jpg|thumb|Flood for [[Jeddah]], covering King Abdullah Street for [[Saudi Arabia]]]]
[[File:Overland_flooding_near_Georgetown,_Minnesota,_in_the_Red_River_Valley_of_the_North.jpg|thumb|Overland flooding near Georgetown, Minnesota, for de Red River Valley of de North]]

=== Areal flooding ===
[[File:House_surrounded_by_flood_Ilmajoki_Finland.jpg|thumb|For spring season, floods be common for Ostrobothnia, one flat area for [[Finland]]. House wey flood surround for Ilmajoki, South Ostrobothnia.]]
Floods fit happen for flat or low-lying areas when rainwater or melted snow dey come more quickly than de ground fit absorb am or than de water fit flow away. De extra water gather for one place, sometimes reaching dangerous levels. Surface soil fit become fully soaked with water, wey go stop further infiltration, especially for places where de water table dey near de surface, such as a floodplain, or during heavy rainfall from one storm or a series of storms.

Infiltration too dey very slow or almost impossible through frozen ground, rock, concrete, paved surfaces, or roofs. Areal flooding usually start for flat areas like floodplains den local depressions wey no connect to any stream channel, because de speed of overland flow depend on de slope of de land. Endorheic basins fit experience areal flooding during periods when rainfall pass evaporation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Myrtle |title=Fact Sheet |date=2000 |chapter=Ground-water flooding in glacial terrain of southern Puget Sound, Washington |doi=10.3133/fs11100 |ref=MJones |access-date=2015-07-23 |chapter-url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs11100}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== River flooding ===
[[File:January 27 2019 Baron River Flooding, Cairns.jpg|thumb|left|January 27 Baron River flooding, Cairns]]

Flood fit happen for all types of river den stream channels, from small ephemeral streams for humid areas, to normally-dry channels for arid regions, go reach big rivers like de Amazon. When overland flow happen for farm land, e fit cause muddy flood where sediments dey carried plus de runoff as suspended material anaa bed load. Local flooding fit increase because of blockage for drainage, like landslides, ice, debris, anaa beaver dams.

Slow rising floods normally dey happen for big rivers wey get large catchment areas. De increase for water flow fit come from long rain, fast snowmelt, monsoon rains, anaa tropical cyclones. But big rivers too fit experience fast flooding if de area be dry climate, because dem fit get large basin but small river channel, den rainfall fit be very heavy for small part of de basin.

For very flat areas like de Red River Valley of the North for Minnesota, North Dakota, den Manitoba, mixed type of river den areal flooding fit happen, wey people dey call am &quot;overland flooding&quot;. Dis one different from &quot;overland flow&quot; wey mean surface runoff. De Red River Valley be former glacial lakebed wey Lake Agassiz create, den for 550 miles river course, e drop only 236 feet, meaning say de slope very small.

For dis kind flat land, spring snowmelt no dey happen same time everywhere. If snowfall heavy den snow melt fast, water fit push out from tributary rivers, move overland, then join another river far downstream anaa even enter another stream completely. Overland flooding fit be very dangerous because e no dey easy to predict, e fit happen suddenly, den e fit travel far distance for flat land.

Fast flooding events wey dey include flash floods dey happen more for small rivers, steep valleys, rivers wey flow over hard rock, anaa normally-dry channels. De cause fit be heavy thunderstorm rain anaa sudden release of water from dam, landslide, anaa glacier. For one case, flash flood kill eight people for waterfall area insyd narrow canyon wen water flow jump from about {{convert|50|to|1500|ft3/s|sigfig=2}} insyd just one minute.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hjalmarson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hjalmarson|first1=W. Hjalmar|date=December 1984|title=Flash Flood in Tanque Verde Creek, Tucson, Arizona|journal=Journal of Hydraulic Engineering|volume=110|issue=12|pages=1841–1852|doi=10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:12(1841)|bibcode=1984JHydE.110.1841H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two more floods happen for same place within one week, but nobody dey there those days. De deadly flood come from thunderstorm wey happen for part of drainage basin, where steep bare rock slope dey den thin soil already full plus water.

Flash floods be very common for normally-dry channels inside arid areas, wey dem dey call arroyos for southwest [[United States]]. For dis kind place, first flood water wey arrive dey lose strength secof e dey soak into sandy river bed. So de front of de flood dey move slow pass de water behind. Secof dis, de flood become faster as e dey move downstream until soil soaking no matter again den flow rate become very strong.

Dis one dey help people take precautions den give warning ahead of time so dem fit prepare for flooding conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2013-04-30 |title=Flood Warnings |url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/floods/58417.aspx |access-date=2013-06-17 |publisher=Environment Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, farmers fit move dema animals comot from low-lying areas, den utility services fit arrange emergency plans to reroute services if e become necessary. Emergency services too fit make sure say dem get enough resources ready before time so dem fit respond quickly when emergencies happen. People sanso fi evacuate areas wey flood go affect.

To make flood forecast for waterways more accurate, e dey important to get long history data wey link stream flows to past rainfall events.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Australia rainfall and river conditions |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/australia/flood |access-date=2013-06-17 |publisher=Bom.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; If you combine dis historical data plus real-time information about water levels in catchment areas—like space left insyd reservoirs, groundwater levels, den how much soil den underground water systems don already soak (saturation of aquifers)—then flood prediction go become more accurate.

Radar rainfall estimates den normal weather forecasting methods too be important part of good flood forecasting. For places wey good data dey available, dem fit predict how high flood go rise den wen e go reach certain places plus good accuracy den enough early warning. Flood forecast output usually show de maximum expected water level den de estimated time wey e go reach key points along de river.&lt;ref name=&quot;Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Connelly |first1=Brian A |last2=Braatz |first2=Dean T |last3=Halquist |first3=John B |last4=Deweese |first4=Michael M |last5=Larson |first5=Lee |last6=Ingram |first6=John J |year=1999 |title=Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=104 |issue=D16 |pages=19, 655 |bibcode=1999JGR...10419655C |doi=10.1029/1999JD900051 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso fit help calculate de statistical return period of flood.

For many developed countries, urban areas wey dey at risk of flooding dey protected against wat dem call 100-year flood—dat one mean flood wey get about 63% chance (1 − 0.99&lt;sup&gt;100&lt;/sup&gt;, anaa roughly 1 − 1/''e'') to happen insyd any 100-year period.

According to de U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) Northeast River Forecast Center (RFC) for Taunton, Massachusetts, one simple rule for urban flood forecasting be say e need at least {{convert|1|in|mm}} of rain within about one hour to cause serious water gathering on non-absorbent surfaces. Chaw NWS RFCs sanso dey issue Flash Flood Guidance and Headwater Guidance, wey show de amount of rain wey fit cause flash flooding anaa flooding for big water basins.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flash Flood Guidance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=FFG |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rfcshare/ffg.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304094148/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rfcshare/ffg.php |archive-date=4 March 2013 |access-date=29 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Coastal flooding === {{Main|Coastal flooding}}

[[Coastal flooding|Coastal areas fit flood]] when [[storm surge]]s mix with high tides den big wave events for sea, make waves overflow flood defense systems. For serious cases, [[tsunami]] or tropical cyclones fit also cause this kind flooding. Storm surge from either [[tropical cyclone]] or [[extratropical cyclone]] dey fall inside this category.

Storm surge be “extra rise of water wey storm create, over and above the normal predicted astronomical tides”.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/ |title=Storm Surge Overview|website=noaa.gov|access-date=3 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of [[effects of climate change]] (like [[sea level rise]] den increase in [[extreme weather]] events) plus more people wey dey live for coastal areas, damage from coastal flooding don increase and e dey affect more people pass before.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood |url=https://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood |access-date=2020-11-09 |website=www.climatecentral.org |language=en |archive-date=2020-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330202024/https://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flooding for [[estuary|estuaries]] normally dey happen when storm surge wey come from strong [[wind]]s and low [[barometric pressure]] combine with big waves wey dey meet strong upstream river flow.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|flood}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Flood| ]]
[[Category:Water]]
[[Category:Bodies of water]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Meteorological phenomena]]
[[Category:Weather hazards]]
[[Category:Natural disasters]]</text>
      <sha1>q0iv6tuxj0eyxsakfjkywbqerim1zzk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100751</id>
      <parentid>100744</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:41:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
        <id>64</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* River flooding */ Added more content</comment>
      <origin>100751</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21972" sha1="d9fgif9b5webq0ls1q8m6l3a8025ksj" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A '''flood''' be overflow of water (anaa sometimes oda fluids) wey cover land wey normally dey dry.&lt;ref&gt;MSN Encarta Dictionary, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 Flood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 |date=2011-02-04 }}, Retrieved on 2006-12-28, on 2009-10-31&lt;/ref&gt; For de sense of &quot;flowing water&quot;, dem sanso fi use de word for de inflow of de tide. Floods be important issue for agriculture, civil engineering den public health.

Human activities wey dey change de environment often dey increase how severe floods go be den how often dem go happen. Examples of dese human changes include land use changes like deforestation den removal of wetlands, changes for waterways, anaa flood control measures such as levees. Global environmental problems too dey affect de causes of floods, especially [[climate change]], wey dey cause stronger water cycle activity den sea level rise.&lt;ref&gt;Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf Chapter 11: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1513–1766, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.013.&lt;/ref&gt;

For example, [[climate change]] dey make extreme weather events happen more often den dem dey become stronger too.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |title=Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change |publisher=The National Academies Press |doi=10.17226/21852 |pages=127–136 |isbn=978-0-309-38094-2 |access-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215232008/https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |archive-date=2022-02-15 |url-status=live |year=2016 |place=Washington, DC|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis one dey lead to stronger floods den increase de risk of flooding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Hirabayashi|first1=Yukiko|last2=Mahendran|first2=Roobavannan|last3=Koirala|first3=Sujan|last4=Konoshima|first4=Lisako|last5=Yamazaki|first5=Dai|last6=Watanabe|first6=Satoshi|last7=Kim|first7=Hyungjun|last8=Kanae|first8=Shinjiro|date=September 2013|title=Global flood risk under climate change|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1911/|journal=Nature Climate Change|language=en|volume=3|issue=9|pages=816–821|doi=10.1038/nclimate1911|bibcode=2013NatCC...3..816H|issn=1758-6798|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How climate change is making record-breaking floods the new normal|url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-climate-change-making-record-breaking-floods-new-normal|website=United Nations Environmental Program|date=3 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural types of floods include river flooding, groundwater flooding, coastal flooding den urban flooding, wey some people dey call flash flooding. Tidal flooding fit include elements of both river den coastal flooding processes for estuary areas. There be also intentional flooding of land wey otherwise for remain dry. Dis one fit happen for agricultural, military, or river management purposes. For example, agricultural flooding fit happen when dem dey prepare paddy fields for growing semi-aquatic rice for plenty countries.

Flooding fit happen when water overflow from water bodies such as rivers, lakes, seas, anaa oceans. For such cases, de water dey pass over anaa break levees, causing some of de water to escape from ein normal boundaries.&lt;ref&gt;Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000) [http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 Flood] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824054504/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 |date=2007-08-24 }}, Retrieved on 2009-01-09&lt;/ref&gt;

Flooding fit also happen because rainwater gather on ground wey already soak with water. Dem dey call dis kind flood ''areal flood''. De size of a lake or any oda water body naturally fit change because of seasonal changes for [[precipitation]] den melting snow. However, dem no dey consider dese changes in size as floods unless dem cause damage to property anaa drown domestic animals. Floods sanso fi happen for rivers when de amount of water wey dey flow pass de capacity of de river channel, especially for bends anaa meanders of de waterway. Floods often dey cause damage to houses den businesses if dem buildings dey inside de natural flood plains of rivers. People fit avoid river flooding damage if dem move go live far from rivers. However, for plenty countries, people traditionally dey live den work near rivers because de land for there usually dey flat den fertile. Besides, rivers dey provide easy transportation den access to trade den industry.

Flooding fit damage property den also cause secondary effects. For de short term, e fit increase de spread of waterborne diseases den vector-borne diseases, such as diseases wey mosquitoes dey transmit. Flooding fit also make residents leave dia homes for long periods of time or permanently.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Flooding and communicable diseases fact sheet|url=https://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041231191549/http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-date=December 31, 2004|access-date=2021-03-28|website=WHO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Floods be one important area of study for hydrology den hydraulic engineering.

Large number of people for de world dey live close to major coastlines,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Neumann |first1=Barbara |last2=Vafeidis |first2=Athanasios T. |last3=Zimmermann |first3=Juliane |last4=Nicholls |first4=Robert J. |date=2015-03-11 |title=Future Coastal Population Growth and Exposure to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding - A Global Assessment |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1018571N |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118571 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4367969 |pmid=25760037 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0118571}}&lt;/ref&gt; while plenty major cities den farming areas too dey near floodplains.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-24 |title=Flood Risk Management in Canada {{!}} Research report |url=https://www.genevaassociation.org/research-topics/climate-change-and-emerging-environmental-topics/flood-risk-management-canada |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=Geneva Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of changing climatic conditions, de risk of coastal den river flooding dey increase significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dieperink |first1=C. |last2=Hegger |first2=D. L. T. |last3=Bakker |first3=M. H. N. |last4=Kundzewicz |first4=Z. W. |last5=Green |first5=C. |last6=Driessen |first6=P. P. J. |date=2016-10-01 |title=Recurrent Governance Challenges in the Implementation and Alignment of Flood Risk Management Strategies: a Review |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=30 |issue=13 |pages=4467–4481 |bibcode=2016WatRM..30.4467D |doi=10.1007/s11269-016-1491-7 |issn=1573-1650 |s2cid=54676896 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Types ==
[[File:Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg|thumb|View of flooded New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina]]
[[File:Rapid_Creek_flooding_1.jpg|thumb|Flooding of a creek because of heavy monsoon rain den high tide for Darwin, Northern Territory, [[Australia]]]]
[[File:Jeddah_Flood_-_King_Abdullah_Street.jpg|thumb|Flood for [[Jeddah]], covering King Abdullah Street for [[Saudi Arabia]]]]
[[File:Overland_flooding_near_Georgetown,_Minnesota,_in_the_Red_River_Valley_of_the_North.jpg|thumb|Overland flooding near Georgetown, Minnesota, for de Red River Valley of de North]]

=== Areal flooding ===
[[File:House_surrounded_by_flood_Ilmajoki_Finland.jpg|thumb|For spring season, floods be common for Ostrobothnia, one flat area for [[Finland]]. House wey flood surround for Ilmajoki, South Ostrobothnia.]]
Floods fit happen for flat or low-lying areas when rainwater or melted snow dey come more quickly than de ground fit absorb am or than de water fit flow away. De extra water gather for one place, sometimes reaching dangerous levels. Surface soil fit become fully soaked with water, wey go stop further infiltration, especially for places where de water table dey near de surface, such as a floodplain, or during heavy rainfall from one storm or a series of storms.

Infiltration too dey very slow or almost impossible through frozen ground, rock, concrete, paved surfaces, or roofs. Areal flooding usually start for flat areas like floodplains den local depressions wey no connect to any stream channel, because de speed of overland flow depend on de slope of de land. Endorheic basins fit experience areal flooding during periods when rainfall pass evaporation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Myrtle |title=Fact Sheet |date=2000 |chapter=Ground-water flooding in glacial terrain of southern Puget Sound, Washington |doi=10.3133/fs11100 |ref=MJones |access-date=2015-07-23 |chapter-url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs11100}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== River flooding ===
[[File:January 27 2019 Baron River Flooding, Cairns.jpg|thumb|left|January 27 Baron River flooding, Cairns]]

Flood fit happen for all types of river den stream channels, from small ephemeral streams for humid areas, to normally-dry channels for arid regions, go reach big rivers like de Amazon. When overland flow happen for farm land, e fit cause muddy flood where sediments dey carried plus de runoff as suspended material anaa bed load. Local flooding fit increase because of blockage for drainage, like landslides, ice, debris, anaa beaver dams.

Slow rising floods normally dey happen for big rivers wey get large catchment areas. De increase for water flow fit come from long rain, fast snowmelt, monsoon rains, anaa tropical cyclones. But big rivers too fit experience fast flooding if de area be dry climate, because dem fit get large basin but small river channel, den rainfall fit be very heavy for small part of de basin.

For very flat areas like de Red River Valley of the North for Minnesota, North Dakota, den Manitoba, mixed type of river den areal flooding fit happen, wey people dey call am &quot;overland flooding&quot;. Dis one different from &quot;overland flow&quot; wey mean surface runoff. De Red River Valley be former glacial lakebed wey Lake Agassiz create, den for 550 miles river course, e drop only 236 feet, meaning say de slope very small.

For dis kind flat land, spring snowmelt no dey happen same time everywhere. If snowfall heavy den snow melt fast, water fit push out from tributary rivers, move overland, then join another river far downstream anaa even enter another stream completely. Overland flooding fit be very dangerous because e no dey easy to predict, e fit happen suddenly, den e fit travel far distance for flat land.

Fast flooding events wey dey include flash floods dey happen more for small rivers, steep valleys, rivers wey flow over hard rock, anaa normally-dry channels. De cause fit be heavy thunderstorm rain anaa sudden release of water from dam, landslide, anaa glacier. For one case, flash flood kill eight people for waterfall area insyd narrow canyon wen water flow jump from about {{convert|50|to|1500|ft3/s|sigfig=2}} insyd just one minute.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hjalmarson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hjalmarson|first1=W. Hjalmar|date=December 1984|title=Flash Flood in Tanque Verde Creek, Tucson, Arizona|journal=Journal of Hydraulic Engineering|volume=110|issue=12|pages=1841–1852|doi=10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:12(1841)|bibcode=1984JHydE.110.1841H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two more floods happen for same place within one week, but nobody dey there those days. De deadly flood come from thunderstorm wey happen for part of drainage basin, where steep bare rock slope dey den thin soil already full plus water.

Flash floods be very common for normally-dry channels inside arid areas, wey dem dey call arroyos for southwest [[United States]]. For dis kind place, first flood water wey arrive dey lose strength secof e dey soak into sandy river bed. So de front of de flood dey move slow pass de water behind. Secof dis, de flood become faster as e dey move downstream until soil soaking no matter again den flow rate become very strong.

Dis one dey help people take precautions den give warning ahead of time so dem fit prepare for flooding conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2013-04-30 |title=Flood Warnings |url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/floods/58417.aspx |access-date=2013-06-17 |publisher=Environment Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, farmers fit move dema animals comot from low-lying areas, den utility services fit arrange emergency plans to reroute services if e become necessary. Emergency services too fit make sure say dem get enough resources ready before time so dem fit respond quickly when emergencies happen. People sanso fi evacuate areas wey flood go affect.

To make flood forecast for waterways more accurate, e dey important to get long history data wey link stream flows to past rainfall events.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Australia rainfall and river conditions |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/australia/flood |access-date=2013-06-17 |publisher=Bom.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; If you combine dis historical data plus real-time information about water levels in catchment areas—like space left insyd reservoirs, groundwater levels, den how much soil den underground water systems don already soak (saturation of aquifers)—then flood prediction go become more accurate.

Radar rainfall estimates den normal weather forecasting methods too be important part of good flood forecasting. For places wey good data dey available, dem fit predict how high flood go rise den wen e go reach certain places plus good accuracy den enough early warning. Flood forecast output usually show de maximum expected water level den de estimated time wey e go reach key points along de river.&lt;ref name=&quot;Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Connelly |first1=Brian A |last2=Braatz |first2=Dean T |last3=Halquist |first3=John B |last4=Deweese |first4=Michael M |last5=Larson |first5=Lee |last6=Ingram |first6=John J |year=1999 |title=Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=104 |issue=D16 |pages=19, 655 |bibcode=1999JGR...10419655C |doi=10.1029/1999JD900051 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso fit help calculate de statistical return period of flood.

For many developed countries, urban areas wey dey at risk of flooding dey protected against wat dem call 100-year flood—dat one mean flood wey get about 63% chance (1 − 0.99&lt;sup&gt;100&lt;/sup&gt;, anaa roughly 1 − 1/''e'') to happen insyd any 100-year period.

According to de U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) Northeast River Forecast Center (RFC) for Taunton, Massachusetts, one simple rule for urban flood forecasting be say e need at least {{convert|1|in|mm}} of rain within about one hour to cause serious water gathering on non-absorbent surfaces. Chaw NWS RFCs sanso dey issue Flash Flood Guidance and Headwater Guidance, wey show de amount of rain wey fit cause flash flooding anaa flooding for big water basins.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flash Flood Guidance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=FFG |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rfcshare/ffg.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304094148/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rfcshare/ffg.php |archive-date=4 March 2013 |access-date=29 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Coastal flooding ===

Coastal areas fit flood when storm surges mix with high tides den big wave events for sea, make waves overflow flood defense systems. For serious cases, tsunami or tropical cyclones fit also cause this kind flooding. Storm surge from either tropical cyclone or extratropical cyclone dey fall inside this category.

Storm surge be “extra rise of water wey storm create, over and above the normal predicted astronomical tides”.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/ |title=Storm Surge Overview|website=noaa.gov|access-date=3 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of effects of climate change (like sea level rise den increase in extreme weather events) plus more people wey dey live for coastal areas, damage from coastal flooding don increase and e dey affect more people pass before.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood |url=https://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood |access-date=2020-11-09 |website=www.climatecentral.org |language=en |archive-date=2020-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330202024/https://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flooding for estuaries normally dey happen when storm surge wey come from strong winds and low barometric pressure combine with big waves wey dey meet strong upstream river flow.
=== Intentional floods ===

Intentional flooding of land wey normally go remain dry fit happen for agricultural, military, or river-management purposes. This one be form of hydraulic engineering. For agriculture, flooding fit dey used when dem dey prepare paddy fields for growing semi-aquatic rice for many countries.

[[File:1938 Yellow River flood.jpg|thumb|Chinese Kuomintang soldiers during the [[1938 Yellow River flood]]]]

Flooding for river management fit happen when dem dey divert flood water from river wey don reach flood stage upstream, move am go areas wey dem consider less valuable, so say more important places go no suffer. This fit be done on the spot (''ad hoc''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Army Corps starts to blow up levee, flood 130,000 acres in Missouri |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/05/02/missouri.levee.breach/index.html |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; or e fit be permanent, like the so-called ''overlaten'' (meaning “let-overs”), wey be intentionally lowered part for Dutch river levees, like the ''Beerse Overlaat'' for left levee of the Meuse between the villages of Gassel and Linden, North Brabant.

Military flooding dey create obstacle for battlefield wey go slow enemy movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1878 |title=Text Book of Fortification and Military Engineering: For Use at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yvs_AAAAYAAJ |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=Google Books |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=50}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem fit use am for both attack and defense purposes. Since the method be form of hydraulic engineering, e dey important to differentiate between controlled flooding and uncontrolled ones.

Examples of controlled flooding include the ones wey Netherlands use under the Dutch Republic and later states,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Oosthoek, K.J. |title=The watery ally: military inundations in Dutch history (podcast) |url=https://www.eh-resources.org/podcast-77/ |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=Environmental History Resources}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Tiegs, R. |title=Military Inundations during the Dutch Wars of Independence |url=http://roberttiegs.com/digital-history/brief-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151156/http://roberttiegs.com/digital-history/brief-history/ |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=Brief History of Military Inundations during the Dutch Wars of Independence}}&lt;/ref&gt; like the Hollandic Water Lines, the Stelling van Amsterdam, the Frisian Water Line, the IJssel Line, the Peel-Raam Line, den the Grebbe line.

For military flooding to count as controlled, dem must consider civilian people well-being—give dem time to evacuate, make sure say the flooding fit be reversed, and try reduce damage to environment (ecology). The impact fit also affect underground water system (hydrogeology) if the flood stay long.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Vandenbohed |first=Alexander |date=2016 |title=The hydrogeology of the military inundation at the 1914–1918 Yser front (Belgium) |journal=Hydrogeology Journal |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=521–534 |bibcode=2016HydJ...24..521V |doi=10.1007/s10040-015-1344-0 |s2cid=131534974}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uncontrolled flooding examples include the second Siege of Leiden&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Tiegs, R. |date=13 April 2017 |title=The Past Comes Flooding Back: The War That Almost Sank Holland |url=http://niche-canada.org/2017/04/13/the-past-comes-flooding-back-the-war-that-almost-sank-holland/ |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=NICHE. Network in Canadian History &amp; Environment. Nouvelle initiative Canadienne en histoire de l'environnement}}&lt;/ref&gt; during the Eighty Years' War, the flooding of the Yser plain during First World War,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Battle of the Yser |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Battle-of-the-Yser |work=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also the Inundation of Walcheren plus the Inundation of the Wieringermeer during Second World War.


== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|flood}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Flood| ]]
[[Category:Water]]
[[Category:Bodies of water]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Meteorological phenomena]]
[[Category:Weather hazards]]
[[Category:Natural disasters]]</text>
      <sha1>d9fgif9b5webq0ls1q8m6l3a8025ksj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100762</id>
      <parentid>100751</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:05:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
        <id>64</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added more content</comment>
      <origin>100762</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27421" sha1="2f003tue39h2m1z0wvifpta43y424jj" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A '''flood''' be overflow of water (anaa sometimes oda fluids) wey cover land wey normally dey dry.&lt;ref&gt;MSN Encarta Dictionary, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 Flood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 |date=2011-02-04 }}, Retrieved on 2006-12-28, on 2009-10-31&lt;/ref&gt; For de sense of &quot;flowing water&quot;, dem sanso fi use de word for de inflow of de tide. Floods be important issue for agriculture, civil engineering den public health.

Human activities wey dey change de environment often dey increase how severe floods go be den how often dem go happen. Examples of dese human changes include land use changes like deforestation den removal of wetlands, changes for waterways, anaa flood control measures such as levees. Global environmental problems too dey affect de causes of floods, especially [[climate change]], wey dey cause stronger water cycle activity den sea level rise.&lt;ref&gt;Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf Chapter 11: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1513–1766, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.013.&lt;/ref&gt;

For example, [[climate change]] dey make extreme weather events happen more often den dem dey become stronger too.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |title=Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change |publisher=The National Academies Press |doi=10.17226/21852 |pages=127–136 |isbn=978-0-309-38094-2 |access-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215232008/https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |archive-date=2022-02-15 |url-status=live |year=2016 |place=Washington, DC|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis one dey lead to stronger floods den increase de risk of flooding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Hirabayashi|first1=Yukiko|last2=Mahendran|first2=Roobavannan|last3=Koirala|first3=Sujan|last4=Konoshima|first4=Lisako|last5=Yamazaki|first5=Dai|last6=Watanabe|first6=Satoshi|last7=Kim|first7=Hyungjun|last8=Kanae|first8=Shinjiro|date=September 2013|title=Global flood risk under climate change|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1911/|journal=Nature Climate Change|language=en|volume=3|issue=9|pages=816–821|doi=10.1038/nclimate1911|bibcode=2013NatCC...3..816H|issn=1758-6798|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How climate change is making record-breaking floods the new normal|url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-climate-change-making-record-breaking-floods-new-normal|website=United Nations Environmental Program|date=3 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural types of floods include river flooding, groundwater flooding, coastal flooding den urban flooding, wey some people dey call flash flooding. Tidal flooding fit include elements of both river den coastal flooding processes for estuary areas. There be also intentional flooding of land wey otherwise for remain dry. Dis one fit happen for agricultural, military, or river management purposes. For example, agricultural flooding fit happen when dem dey prepare paddy fields for growing semi-aquatic rice for plenty countries.

Flooding fit happen when water overflow from water bodies such as rivers, lakes, seas, anaa oceans. For such cases, de water dey pass over anaa break levees, causing some of de water to escape from ein normal boundaries.&lt;ref&gt;Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000) [http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 Flood] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824054504/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 |date=2007-08-24 }}, Retrieved on 2009-01-09&lt;/ref&gt;

Flooding fit also happen because rainwater gather on ground wey already soak with water. Dem dey call dis kind flood ''areal flood''. De size of a lake or any oda water body naturally fit change because of seasonal changes for [[precipitation]] den melting snow. However, dem no dey consider dese changes in size as floods unless dem cause damage to property anaa drown domestic animals. Floods sanso fi happen for rivers when de amount of water wey dey flow pass de capacity of de river channel, especially for bends anaa meanders of de waterway. Floods often dey cause damage to houses den businesses if dem buildings dey inside de natural flood plains of rivers. People fit avoid river flooding damage if dem move go live far from rivers. However, for plenty countries, people traditionally dey live den work near rivers because de land for there usually dey flat den fertile. Besides, rivers dey provide easy transportation den access to trade den industry.

Flooding fit damage property den also cause secondary effects. For de short term, e fit increase de spread of waterborne diseases den vector-borne diseases, such as diseases wey mosquitoes dey transmit. Flooding fit also make residents leave dia homes for long periods of time or permanently.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Flooding and communicable diseases fact sheet|url=https://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041231191549/http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-date=December 31, 2004|access-date=2021-03-28|website=WHO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Floods be one important area of study for hydrology den hydraulic engineering.

Large number of people for de world dey live close to major coastlines,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Neumann |first1=Barbara |last2=Vafeidis |first2=Athanasios T. |last3=Zimmermann |first3=Juliane |last4=Nicholls |first4=Robert J. |date=2015-03-11 |title=Future Coastal Population Growth and Exposure to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding - A Global Assessment |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1018571N |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118571 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4367969 |pmid=25760037 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0118571}}&lt;/ref&gt; while plenty major cities den farming areas too dey near floodplains.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-24 |title=Flood Risk Management in Canada {{!}} Research report |url=https://www.genevaassociation.org/research-topics/climate-change-and-emerging-environmental-topics/flood-risk-management-canada |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=Geneva Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of changing climatic conditions, de risk of coastal den river flooding dey increase significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dieperink |first1=C. |last2=Hegger |first2=D. L. T. |last3=Bakker |first3=M. H. N. |last4=Kundzewicz |first4=Z. W. |last5=Green |first5=C. |last6=Driessen |first6=P. P. J. |date=2016-10-01 |title=Recurrent Governance Challenges in the Implementation and Alignment of Flood Risk Management Strategies: a Review |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=30 |issue=13 |pages=4467–4481 |bibcode=2016WatRM..30.4467D |doi=10.1007/s11269-016-1491-7 |issn=1573-1650 |s2cid=54676896 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Types ==
[[File:Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg|thumb|View of flooded New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina]]
[[File:Rapid_Creek_flooding_1.jpg|thumb|Flooding of a creek because of heavy monsoon rain den high tide for Darwin, Northern Territory, [[Australia]]]]
[[File:Jeddah_Flood_-_King_Abdullah_Street.jpg|thumb|Flood for [[Jeddah]], covering King Abdullah Street for [[Saudi Arabia]]]]
[[File:Overland_flooding_near_Georgetown,_Minnesota,_in_the_Red_River_Valley_of_the_North.jpg|thumb|Overland flooding near Georgetown, Minnesota, for de Red River Valley of de North]]

=== Areal flooding ===
[[File:House_surrounded_by_flood_Ilmajoki_Finland.jpg|thumb|For spring season, floods be common for Ostrobothnia, one flat area for [[Finland]]. House wey flood surround for Ilmajoki, South Ostrobothnia.]]
Floods fit happen for flat or low-lying areas when rainwater or melted snow dey come more quickly than de ground fit absorb am or than de water fit flow away. De extra water gather for one place, sometimes reaching dangerous levels. Surface soil fit become fully soaked with water, wey go stop further infiltration, especially for places where de water table dey near de surface, such as a floodplain, or during heavy rainfall from one storm or a series of storms.

Infiltration too dey very slow or almost impossible through frozen ground, rock, concrete, paved surfaces, or roofs. Areal flooding usually start for flat areas like floodplains den local depressions wey no connect to any stream channel, because de speed of overland flow depend on de slope of de land. Endorheic basins fit experience areal flooding during periods when rainfall pass evaporation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Myrtle |title=Fact Sheet |date=2000 |chapter=Ground-water flooding in glacial terrain of southern Puget Sound, Washington |doi=10.3133/fs11100 |ref=MJones |access-date=2015-07-23 |chapter-url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs11100}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== River flooding ===
[[File:January 27 2019 Baron River Flooding, Cairns.jpg|thumb|left|January 27 Baron River flooding, Cairns]]

Flood fit happen for all types of river den stream channels, from small ephemeral streams for humid areas, to normally-dry channels for arid regions, go reach big rivers like de Amazon. When overland flow happen for farm land, e fit cause muddy flood where sediments dey carried plus de runoff as suspended material anaa bed load. Local flooding fit increase because of blockage for drainage, like landslides, ice, debris, anaa beaver dams.

Slow rising floods normally dey happen for big rivers wey get large catchment areas. De increase for water flow fit come from long rain, fast snowmelt, monsoon rains, anaa tropical cyclones. But big rivers too fit experience fast flooding if de area be dry climate, because dem fit get large basin but small river channel, den rainfall fit be very heavy for small part of de basin.

For very flat areas like de Red River Valley of the North for Minnesota, North Dakota, den Manitoba, mixed type of river den areal flooding fit happen, wey people dey call am &quot;overland flooding&quot;. Dis one different from &quot;overland flow&quot; wey mean surface runoff. De Red River Valley be former glacial lakebed wey Lake Agassiz create, den for 550 miles river course, e drop only 236 feet, meaning say de slope very small.

For dis kind flat land, spring snowmelt no dey happen same time everywhere. If snowfall heavy den snow melt fast, water fit push out from tributary rivers, move overland, then join another river far downstream anaa even enter another stream completely. Overland flooding fit be very dangerous because e no dey easy to predict, e fit happen suddenly, den e fit travel far distance for flat land.

Fast flooding events wey dey include flash floods dey happen more for small rivers, steep valleys, rivers wey flow over hard rock, anaa normally-dry channels. De cause fit be heavy thunderstorm rain anaa sudden release of water from dam, landslide, anaa glacier. For one case, flash flood kill eight people for waterfall area insyd narrow canyon wen water flow jump from about {{convert|50|to|1500|ft3/s|sigfig=2}} insyd just one minute.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hjalmarson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hjalmarson|first1=W. Hjalmar|date=December 1984|title=Flash Flood in Tanque Verde Creek, Tucson, Arizona|journal=Journal of Hydraulic Engineering|volume=110|issue=12|pages=1841–1852|doi=10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:12(1841)|bibcode=1984JHydE.110.1841H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two more floods happen for same place within one week, but nobody dey there those days. De deadly flood come from thunderstorm wey happen for part of drainage basin, where steep bare rock slope dey den thin soil already full plus water.

Flash floods be very common for normally-dry channels inside arid areas, wey dem dey call arroyos for southwest [[United States]]. For dis kind place, first flood water wey arrive dey lose strength secof e dey soak into sandy river bed. So de front of de flood dey move slow pass de water behind. Secof dis, de flood become faster as e dey move downstream until soil soaking no matter again den flow rate become very strong.

Dis one dey help people take precautions den give warning ahead of time so dem fit prepare for flooding conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2013-04-30 |title=Flood Warnings |url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/floods/58417.aspx |access-date=2013-06-17 |publisher=Environment Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, farmers fit move dema animals comot from low-lying areas, den utility services fit arrange emergency plans to reroute services if e become necessary. Emergency services too fit make sure say dem get enough resources ready before time so dem fit respond quickly when emergencies happen. People sanso fi evacuate areas wey flood go affect.

To make flood forecast for waterways more accurate, e dey important to get long history data wey link stream flows to past rainfall events.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Australia rainfall and river conditions |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/australia/flood |access-date=2013-06-17 |publisher=Bom.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; If you combine dis historical data plus real-time information about water levels in catchment areas—like space left insyd reservoirs, groundwater levels, den how much soil den underground water systems don already soak (saturation of aquifers)—then flood prediction go become more accurate.

Radar rainfall estimates den normal weather forecasting methods too be important part of good flood forecasting. For places wey good data dey available, dem fit predict how high flood go rise den wen e go reach certain places plus good accuracy den enough early warning. Flood forecast output usually show de maximum expected water level den de estimated time wey e go reach key points along de river.&lt;ref name=&quot;Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Connelly |first1=Brian A |last2=Braatz |first2=Dean T |last3=Halquist |first3=John B |last4=Deweese |first4=Michael M |last5=Larson |first5=Lee |last6=Ingram |first6=John J |year=1999 |title=Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=104 |issue=D16 |pages=19, 655 |bibcode=1999JGR...10419655C |doi=10.1029/1999JD900051 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso fit help calculate de statistical return period of flood.

For many developed countries, urban areas wey dey at risk of flooding dey protected against wat dem call 100-year flood—dat one mean flood wey get about 63% chance (1 − 0.99&lt;sup&gt;100&lt;/sup&gt;, anaa roughly 1 − 1/''e'') to happen insyd any 100-year period.

According to de U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) Northeast River Forecast Center (RFC) for Taunton, Massachusetts, one simple rule for urban flood forecasting be say e need at least {{convert|1|in|mm}} of rain within about one hour to cause serious water gathering on non-absorbent surfaces. Chaw NWS RFCs sanso dey issue Flash Flood Guidance and Headwater Guidance, wey show de amount of rain wey fit cause flash flooding anaa flooding for big water basins.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flash Flood Guidance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=FFG |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rfcshare/ffg.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304094148/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rfcshare/ffg.php |archive-date=4 March 2013 |access-date=29 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Coastal flooding ===

Coastal areas fit flood when storm surges mix with high tides den big wave events for sea, make waves overflow flood defense systems. For serious cases, tsunami or tropical cyclones fit also cause this kind flooding. Storm surge from either tropical cyclone or extratropical cyclone dey fall inside this category.

Storm surge be “extra rise of water wey storm create, over and above the normal predicted astronomical tides”.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/ |title=Storm Surge Overview|website=noaa.gov|access-date=3 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of effects of climate change (like sea level rise den increase in extreme weather events) plus more people wey dey live for coastal areas, damage from coastal flooding don increase and e dey affect more people pass before.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood |url=https://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood |access-date=2020-11-09 |website=www.climatecentral.org |language=en |archive-date=2020-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330202024/https://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flooding for estuaries normally dey happen when storm surge wey come from strong winds and low barometric pressure combine with big waves wey dey meet strong upstream river flow.
=== Intentional floods ===

Intentional flooding of land wey normally go remain dry fit happen for agricultural, military, or river-management purposes. This one be form of hydraulic engineering. For agriculture, flooding fit dey used when dem dey prepare paddy fields for growing semi-aquatic rice for many countries.

[[File:1938 Yellow River flood.jpg|thumb|Chinese Kuomintang soldiers during the [[1938 Yellow River flood]]]]

Flooding for river management fit happen when dem dey divert flood water from river wey don reach flood stage upstream, move am go areas wey dem consider less valuable, so say more important places go no suffer. This fit be done on the spot (''ad hoc''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Army Corps starts to blow up levee, flood 130,000 acres in Missouri |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/05/02/missouri.levee.breach/index.html |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; or e fit be permanent, like the so-called ''overlaten'' (meaning “let-overs”), wey be intentionally lowered part for Dutch river levees, like the ''Beerse Overlaat'' for left levee of the Meuse between the villages of Gassel and Linden, North Brabant.

Military flooding dey create obstacle for battlefield wey go slow enemy movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1878 |title=Text Book of Fortification and Military Engineering: For Use at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yvs_AAAAYAAJ |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=Google Books |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=50}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem fit use am for both attack and defense purposes. Since the method be form of hydraulic engineering, e dey important to differentiate between controlled flooding and uncontrolled ones.

Examples of controlled flooding include the ones wey Netherlands use under the Dutch Republic and later states,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Oosthoek, K.J. |title=The watery ally: military inundations in Dutch history (podcast) |url=https://www.eh-resources.org/podcast-77/ |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=Environmental History Resources}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Tiegs, R. |title=Military Inundations during the Dutch Wars of Independence |url=http://roberttiegs.com/digital-history/brief-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151156/http://roberttiegs.com/digital-history/brief-history/ |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=Brief History of Military Inundations during the Dutch Wars of Independence}}&lt;/ref&gt; like the Hollandic Water Lines, the Stelling van Amsterdam, the Frisian Water Line, the IJssel Line, the Peel-Raam Line, den the Grebbe line.

For military flooding to count as controlled, dem must consider civilian people well-being—give dem time to evacuate, make sure say the flooding fit be reversed, and try reduce damage to environment (ecology). The impact fit also affect underground water system (hydrogeology) if the flood stay long.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Vandenbohed |first=Alexander |date=2016 |title=The hydrogeology of the military inundation at the 1914–1918 Yser front (Belgium) |journal=Hydrogeology Journal |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=521–534 |bibcode=2016HydJ...24..521V |doi=10.1007/s10040-015-1344-0 |s2cid=131534974}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uncontrolled flooding examples include the second Siege of Leiden&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Tiegs, R. |date=13 April 2017 |title=The Past Comes Flooding Back: The War That Almost Sank Holland |url=http://niche-canada.org/2017/04/13/the-past-comes-flooding-back-the-war-that-almost-sank-holland/ |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=NICHE. Network in Canadian History &amp; Environment. Nouvelle initiative Canadienne en histoire de l'environnement}}&lt;/ref&gt; during the Eighty Years' War, the flooding of the Yser plain during First World War,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Battle of the Yser |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Battle-of-the-Yser |work=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also the Inundation of Walcheren plus the Inundation of the Wieringermeer during Second World War.
==Causes==

[[File:Cyclone Hudhud destruction in Visakhapatnam 2.jpg|thumb|Flood wey come from [[Cyclone Hudhud]] for [[Visakhapatnam]], India]]

Floods fit happen because of plenty different things, or sometimes combination of dem. E fit be long heavy rain wey fall for one place or across whole river basin, quick snow wey dey melt fast, strong wind wey dey push sea water, unusual high tide, tsunami, or when dam, levee or other water control structure break down. Human activities too fit make flood worse, like when people build plenty concrete ground wey no dey absorb water, or when bush burn or wetland wey dey normally hold water don reduce.

During rain, part of the water go soak enter soil, part go remain for small ponds, some go enter grass and plants, some go even evaporate, but the rest go flow on top ground as surface runoff. Flood go happen when soil, river, lake or vegetation no fit take all the water again.

Human activities don make am worse too, like when people drain wetlands wey suppose store water, or when dem build roads and pavements wey water no fit enter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Basic Biology |date=2016 |title=Wetlands |url=https://basicbiology.net/environment/land/wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of this, water dey rush enter rivers and streams pass wetin dem fit carry or store inside natural lakes and reservoirs. About 30 percent of rainfall dey turn runoff&lt;ref name=&quot;M&quot;&gt;&quot;Flood Control&quot;, [[MSN Encarta]], 2008&lt;/ref&gt; and snow wey dey melt fit increase am too.

===Upslope factors===

[[File:Ein Avdat Flood 1.JPG|thumb|Flash flood for Ein Avdat, Negev, Israel]]

River flood mostly dey happen when heavy rain fall, sometimes join with snow wey dey melt fast. If flood rise quick quick with small or no warning at all, dem dey call am flash flood. Flash flood normally dey come from heavy rain for small area, or when ground already full water from previous rain.

How water take reach river or drainage channel depend on how rain fall, where e fall, and when e fall, plus how dam release water upstream. Some water go evaporate, some go enter soil, some fit remain as snow or ice, but plenty go flow on top ground go enter rivers. The amount of water wey reach river quick quick fit change—from small one for light rain on dry ground to very big one when rain fall on snow.&lt;ref&gt;Babbitt, Harold E. &amp; Doland, James J., ''Water Supply Engineering'', McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1949&lt;/ref&gt;

Rainfall data dey measure how deep rain fall within time. Scientists dey use how often rain pass certain level to predict flood risk. Thunderstorms normally give short but heavy rain, while other types of rain fit last longer. This duration, strength, and how often rain dey happen dey very important for flood prediction.&lt;ref&gt;Simon, Andrew L., ''Basic Hydraulics'', John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1981&lt;/ref&gt;

The biggest factor wey determine how big flood go be na the size of land wey dey drain into the river (watershed). For small watersheds, how heavy rain be matter pass, but for big watersheds, how steep river channel be dey matter more.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simon&quot;&gt;Simon, Andrew L., ''Practical Hydraulics'', John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1981&lt;/ref&gt;

Time of concentration na the time wey water take travel from farthest point of watershed reach the river outlet. This one dey help determine how long heavy rain must last to cause peak flood.&lt;ref name=&quot;Urquhart&quot;&gt;Urquhart, Leonard Church, ''Civil Engineering Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1959&lt;/ref&gt;

===Downslope factors===

Water wey dey flow downhill go finally meet place wey fit slow am down, like ocean, lakes, or coastal barriers. For coastal flooding, tide change dey very important. Tsunami and storm surge too fit change water level suddenly.

How fast water dey move depend on river shape, depth, speed, and sediment inside am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simon&quot; /&gt; Bridges, narrow valleys, and other blockages fit control water level. But this control point fit change depending on how high water rise.

Vegetation growth, ice, debris, or human structures fit change how river dey flow and increase flood risk.

Flood fit repeat for rivers and create floodplain area around them. Even small rain fit still cause coastal flooding if strong wind like hurricane push sea water inland.

===Climate change===

High tide flooding dey increase because sea level dey rise and natural protection dey reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=US Department of Commerce |website=NOAA |title=What is high tide flooding? |url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/nuisance-flooding.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Long-term sea level rise dey happen together with short-term flooding events, and climate change dey make extreme rainfall more frequent, so flood risk dey increase for many coastal and inland areas.

===Coincidence===

Sometimes flood big pass because different events happen together—like heavy rain wey come melt snow, ice wey block river, or dam wey release water. These combination events fit make flood worse pass normal prediction.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abbett&quot;&gt;Abbett, Robert W., ''American Civil Engineering Practice'', John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1956&lt;/ref&gt;

Debris like trees, buildings, and vehicles fit block river and change how water dey flow, making flood unpredictable and dangerous.&lt;ref name=&quot;BR&quot;&gt;United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, ''Design of Small Dams'', 1973&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of this, flood risk no be only about how much rain fall, but also how all these factors combine together at the same time.


== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|flood}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Flood| ]]
[[Category:Water]]
[[Category:Bodies of water]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Meteorological phenomena]]
[[Category:Weather hazards]]
[[Category:Natural disasters]]</text>
      <sha1>2f003tue39h2m1z0wvifpta43y424jj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100764</id>
      <parentid>100762</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:12:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
        <id>64</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added more content</comment>
      <origin>100764</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33222" sha1="929mkun43zsekik5x1lkne194olvqcb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A '''flood''' be overflow of water (anaa sometimes oda fluids) wey cover land wey normally dey dry.&lt;ref&gt;MSN Encarta Dictionary, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 Flood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 |date=2011-02-04 }}, Retrieved on 2006-12-28, on 2009-10-31&lt;/ref&gt; For de sense of &quot;flowing water&quot;, dem sanso fi use de word for de inflow of de tide. Floods be important issue for agriculture, civil engineering den public health.

Human activities wey dey change de environment often dey increase how severe floods go be den how often dem go happen. Examples of dese human changes include land use changes like deforestation den removal of wetlands, changes for waterways, anaa flood control measures such as levees. Global environmental problems too dey affect de causes of floods, especially [[climate change]], wey dey cause stronger water cycle activity den sea level rise.&lt;ref&gt;Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf Chapter 11: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1513–1766, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.013.&lt;/ref&gt;

For example, [[climate change]] dey make extreme weather events happen more often den dem dey become stronger too.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |title=Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change |publisher=The National Academies Press |doi=10.17226/21852 |pages=127–136 |isbn=978-0-309-38094-2 |access-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215232008/https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |archive-date=2022-02-15 |url-status=live |year=2016 |place=Washington, DC|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis one dey lead to stronger floods den increase de risk of flooding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Hirabayashi|first1=Yukiko|last2=Mahendran|first2=Roobavannan|last3=Koirala|first3=Sujan|last4=Konoshima|first4=Lisako|last5=Yamazaki|first5=Dai|last6=Watanabe|first6=Satoshi|last7=Kim|first7=Hyungjun|last8=Kanae|first8=Shinjiro|date=September 2013|title=Global flood risk under climate change|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1911/|journal=Nature Climate Change|language=en|volume=3|issue=9|pages=816–821|doi=10.1038/nclimate1911|bibcode=2013NatCC...3..816H|issn=1758-6798|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How climate change is making record-breaking floods the new normal|url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-climate-change-making-record-breaking-floods-new-normal|website=United Nations Environmental Program|date=3 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural types of floods include river flooding, groundwater flooding, coastal flooding den urban flooding, wey some people dey call flash flooding. Tidal flooding fit include elements of both river den coastal flooding processes for estuary areas. There be also intentional flooding of land wey otherwise for remain dry. Dis one fit happen for agricultural, military, or river management purposes. For example, agricultural flooding fit happen when dem dey prepare paddy fields for growing semi-aquatic rice for plenty countries.

Flooding fit happen when water overflow from water bodies such as rivers, lakes, seas, anaa oceans. For such cases, de water dey pass over anaa break levees, causing some of de water to escape from ein normal boundaries.&lt;ref&gt;Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000) [http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 Flood] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824054504/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 |date=2007-08-24 }}, Retrieved on 2009-01-09&lt;/ref&gt;

Flooding fit also happen because rainwater gather on ground wey already soak with water. Dem dey call dis kind flood ''areal flood''. De size of a lake or any oda water body naturally fit change because of seasonal changes for [[precipitation]] den melting snow. However, dem no dey consider dese changes in size as floods unless dem cause damage to property anaa drown domestic animals. Floods sanso fi happen for rivers when de amount of water wey dey flow pass de capacity of de river channel, especially for bends anaa meanders of de waterway. Floods often dey cause damage to houses den businesses if dem buildings dey inside de natural flood plains of rivers. People fit avoid river flooding damage if dem move go live far from rivers. However, for plenty countries, people traditionally dey live den work near rivers because de land for there usually dey flat den fertile. Besides, rivers dey provide easy transportation den access to trade den industry.

Flooding fit damage property den also cause secondary effects. For de short term, e fit increase de spread of waterborne diseases den vector-borne diseases, such as diseases wey mosquitoes dey transmit. Flooding fit also make residents leave dia homes for long periods of time or permanently.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Flooding and communicable diseases fact sheet|url=https://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041231191549/http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-date=December 31, 2004|access-date=2021-03-28|website=WHO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Floods be one important area of study for hydrology den hydraulic engineering.

Large number of people for de world dey live close to major coastlines,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Neumann |first1=Barbara |last2=Vafeidis |first2=Athanasios T. |last3=Zimmermann |first3=Juliane |last4=Nicholls |first4=Robert J. |date=2015-03-11 |title=Future Coastal Population Growth and Exposure to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding - A Global Assessment |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1018571N |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118571 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4367969 |pmid=25760037 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0118571}}&lt;/ref&gt; while plenty major cities den farming areas too dey near floodplains.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-24 |title=Flood Risk Management in Canada {{!}} Research report |url=https://www.genevaassociation.org/research-topics/climate-change-and-emerging-environmental-topics/flood-risk-management-canada |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=Geneva Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of changing climatic conditions, de risk of coastal den river flooding dey increase significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dieperink |first1=C. |last2=Hegger |first2=D. L. T. |last3=Bakker |first3=M. H. N. |last4=Kundzewicz |first4=Z. W. |last5=Green |first5=C. |last6=Driessen |first6=P. P. J. |date=2016-10-01 |title=Recurrent Governance Challenges in the Implementation and Alignment of Flood Risk Management Strategies: a Review |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=30 |issue=13 |pages=4467–4481 |bibcode=2016WatRM..30.4467D |doi=10.1007/s11269-016-1491-7 |issn=1573-1650 |s2cid=54676896 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Types ==
[[File:Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg|thumb|View of flooded New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina]]
[[File:Rapid_Creek_flooding_1.jpg|thumb|Flooding of a creek because of heavy monsoon rain den high tide for Darwin, Northern Territory, [[Australia]]]]
[[File:Jeddah_Flood_-_King_Abdullah_Street.jpg|thumb|Flood for [[Jeddah]], covering King Abdullah Street for [[Saudi Arabia]]]]
[[File:Overland_flooding_near_Georgetown,_Minnesota,_in_the_Red_River_Valley_of_the_North.jpg|thumb|Overland flooding near Georgetown, Minnesota, for de Red River Valley of de North]]

=== Areal flooding ===
[[File:House_surrounded_by_flood_Ilmajoki_Finland.jpg|thumb|For spring season, floods be common for Ostrobothnia, one flat area for [[Finland]]. House wey flood surround for Ilmajoki, South Ostrobothnia.]]
Floods fit happen for flat or low-lying areas when rainwater or melted snow dey come more quickly than de ground fit absorb am or than de water fit flow away. De extra water gather for one place, sometimes reaching dangerous levels. Surface soil fit become fully soaked with water, wey go stop further infiltration, especially for places where de water table dey near de surface, such as a floodplain, or during heavy rainfall from one storm or a series of storms.

Infiltration too dey very slow or almost impossible through frozen ground, rock, concrete, paved surfaces, or roofs. Areal flooding usually start for flat areas like floodplains den local depressions wey no connect to any stream channel, because de speed of overland flow depend on de slope of de land. Endorheic basins fit experience areal flooding during periods when rainfall pass evaporation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Myrtle |title=Fact Sheet |date=2000 |chapter=Ground-water flooding in glacial terrain of southern Puget Sound, Washington |doi=10.3133/fs11100 |ref=MJones |access-date=2015-07-23 |chapter-url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs11100}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== River flooding ===
[[File:January 27 2019 Baron River Flooding, Cairns.jpg|thumb|left|January 27 Baron River flooding, Cairns]]

Flood fit happen for all types of river den stream channels, from small ephemeral streams for humid areas, to normally-dry channels for arid regions, go reach big rivers like de Amazon. When overland flow happen for farm land, e fit cause muddy flood where sediments dey carried plus de runoff as suspended material anaa bed load. Local flooding fit increase because of blockage for drainage, like landslides, ice, debris, anaa beaver dams.

Slow rising floods normally dey happen for big rivers wey get large catchment areas. De increase for water flow fit come from long rain, fast snowmelt, monsoon rains, anaa tropical cyclones. But big rivers too fit experience fast flooding if de area be dry climate, because dem fit get large basin but small river channel, den rainfall fit be very heavy for small part of de basin.

For very flat areas like de Red River Valley of the North for Minnesota, North Dakota, den Manitoba, mixed type of river den areal flooding fit happen, wey people dey call am &quot;overland flooding&quot;. Dis one different from &quot;overland flow&quot; wey mean surface runoff. De Red River Valley be former glacial lakebed wey Lake Agassiz create, den for 550 miles river course, e drop only 236 feet, meaning say de slope very small.

For dis kind flat land, spring snowmelt no dey happen same time everywhere. If snowfall heavy den snow melt fast, water fit push out from tributary rivers, move overland, then join another river far downstream anaa even enter another stream completely. Overland flooding fit be very dangerous because e no dey easy to predict, e fit happen suddenly, den e fit travel far distance for flat land.

Fast flooding events wey dey include flash floods dey happen more for small rivers, steep valleys, rivers wey flow over hard rock, anaa normally-dry channels. De cause fit be heavy thunderstorm rain anaa sudden release of water from dam, landslide, anaa glacier. For one case, flash flood kill eight people for waterfall area insyd narrow canyon wen water flow jump from about {{convert|50|to|1500|ft3/s|sigfig=2}} insyd just one minute.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hjalmarson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hjalmarson|first1=W. Hjalmar|date=December 1984|title=Flash Flood in Tanque Verde Creek, Tucson, Arizona|journal=Journal of Hydraulic Engineering|volume=110|issue=12|pages=1841–1852|doi=10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:12(1841)|bibcode=1984JHydE.110.1841H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two more floods happen for same place within one week, but nobody dey there those days. De deadly flood come from thunderstorm wey happen for part of drainage basin, where steep bare rock slope dey den thin soil already full plus water.

Flash floods be very common for normally-dry channels inside arid areas, wey dem dey call arroyos for southwest [[United States]]. For dis kind place, first flood water wey arrive dey lose strength secof e dey soak into sandy river bed. So de front of de flood dey move slow pass de water behind. Secof dis, de flood become faster as e dey move downstream until soil soaking no matter again den flow rate become very strong.

Dis one dey help people take precautions den give warning ahead of time so dem fit prepare for flooding conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2013-04-30 |title=Flood Warnings |url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/floods/58417.aspx |access-date=2013-06-17 |publisher=Environment Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, farmers fit move dema animals comot from low-lying areas, den utility services fit arrange emergency plans to reroute services if e become necessary. Emergency services too fit make sure say dem get enough resources ready before time so dem fit respond quickly when emergencies happen. People sanso fi evacuate areas wey flood go affect.

To make flood forecast for waterways more accurate, e dey important to get long history data wey link stream flows to past rainfall events.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Australia rainfall and river conditions |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/australia/flood |access-date=2013-06-17 |publisher=Bom.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; If you combine dis historical data plus real-time information about water levels in catchment areas—like space left insyd reservoirs, groundwater levels, den how much soil den underground water systems don already soak (saturation of aquifers)—then flood prediction go become more accurate.

Radar rainfall estimates den normal weather forecasting methods too be important part of good flood forecasting. For places wey good data dey available, dem fit predict how high flood go rise den wen e go reach certain places plus good accuracy den enough early warning. Flood forecast output usually show de maximum expected water level den de estimated time wey e go reach key points along de river.&lt;ref name=&quot;Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Connelly |first1=Brian A |last2=Braatz |first2=Dean T |last3=Halquist |first3=John B |last4=Deweese |first4=Michael M |last5=Larson |first5=Lee |last6=Ingram |first6=John J |year=1999 |title=Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=104 |issue=D16 |pages=19, 655 |bibcode=1999JGR...10419655C |doi=10.1029/1999JD900051 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso fit help calculate de statistical return period of flood.

For many developed countries, urban areas wey dey at risk of flooding dey protected against wat dem call 100-year flood—dat one mean flood wey get about 63% chance (1 − 0.99&lt;sup&gt;100&lt;/sup&gt;, anaa roughly 1 − 1/''e'') to happen insyd any 100-year period.

According to de U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) Northeast River Forecast Center (RFC) for Taunton, Massachusetts, one simple rule for urban flood forecasting be say e need at least {{convert|1|in|mm}} of rain within about one hour to cause serious water gathering on non-absorbent surfaces. Chaw NWS RFCs sanso dey issue Flash Flood Guidance and Headwater Guidance, wey show de amount of rain wey fit cause flash flooding anaa flooding for big water basins.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flash Flood Guidance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=FFG |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rfcshare/ffg.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304094148/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rfcshare/ffg.php |archive-date=4 March 2013 |access-date=29 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Coastal flooding ===

Coastal areas fit flood when storm surges mix with high tides den big wave events for sea, make waves overflow flood defense systems. For serious cases, tsunami or tropical cyclones fit also cause this kind flooding. Storm surge from either tropical cyclone or extratropical cyclone dey fall inside this category.

Storm surge be “extra rise of water wey storm create, over and above the normal predicted astronomical tides”.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/ |title=Storm Surge Overview|website=noaa.gov|access-date=3 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of effects of climate change (like sea level rise den increase in extreme weather events) plus more people wey dey live for coastal areas, damage from coastal flooding don increase and e dey affect more people pass before.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood |url=https://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood |access-date=2020-11-09 |website=www.climatecentral.org |language=en |archive-date=2020-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330202024/https://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flooding for estuaries normally dey happen when storm surge wey come from strong winds and low barometric pressure combine with big waves wey dey meet strong upstream river flow.
=== Intentional floods ===

Intentional flooding of land wey normally go remain dry fit happen for agricultural, military, or river-management purposes. This one be form of hydraulic engineering. For agriculture, flooding fit dey used when dem dey prepare paddy fields for growing semi-aquatic rice for many countries.

[[File:1938 Yellow River flood.jpg|thumb|Chinese Kuomintang soldiers during the [[1938 Yellow River flood]]]]

Flooding for river management fit happen when dem dey divert flood water from river wey don reach flood stage upstream, move am go areas wey dem consider less valuable, so say more important places go no suffer. This fit be done on the spot (''ad hoc''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Army Corps starts to blow up levee, flood 130,000 acres in Missouri |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/05/02/missouri.levee.breach/index.html |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; or e fit be permanent, like the so-called ''overlaten'' (meaning “let-overs”), wey be intentionally lowered part for Dutch river levees, like the ''Beerse Overlaat'' for left levee of the Meuse between the villages of Gassel and Linden, North Brabant.

Military flooding dey create obstacle for battlefield wey go slow enemy movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1878 |title=Text Book of Fortification and Military Engineering: For Use at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yvs_AAAAYAAJ |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=Google Books |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=50}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem fit use am for both attack and defense purposes. Since the method be form of hydraulic engineering, e dey important to differentiate between controlled flooding and uncontrolled ones.

Examples of controlled flooding include the ones wey Netherlands use under the Dutch Republic and later states,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Oosthoek, K.J. |title=The watery ally: military inundations in Dutch history (podcast) |url=https://www.eh-resources.org/podcast-77/ |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=Environmental History Resources}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Tiegs, R. |title=Military Inundations during the Dutch Wars of Independence |url=http://roberttiegs.com/digital-history/brief-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151156/http://roberttiegs.com/digital-history/brief-history/ |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=Brief History of Military Inundations during the Dutch Wars of Independence}}&lt;/ref&gt; like the Hollandic Water Lines, the Stelling van Amsterdam, the Frisian Water Line, the IJssel Line, the Peel-Raam Line, den the Grebbe line.

For military flooding to count as controlled, dem must consider civilian people well-being—give dem time to evacuate, make sure say the flooding fit be reversed, and try reduce damage to environment (ecology). The impact fit also affect underground water system (hydrogeology) if the flood stay long.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Vandenbohed |first=Alexander |date=2016 |title=The hydrogeology of the military inundation at the 1914–1918 Yser front (Belgium) |journal=Hydrogeology Journal |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=521–534 |bibcode=2016HydJ...24..521V |doi=10.1007/s10040-015-1344-0 |s2cid=131534974}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uncontrolled flooding examples include the second Siege of Leiden&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Tiegs, R. |date=13 April 2017 |title=The Past Comes Flooding Back: The War That Almost Sank Holland |url=http://niche-canada.org/2017/04/13/the-past-comes-flooding-back-the-war-that-almost-sank-holland/ |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=NICHE. Network in Canadian History &amp; Environment. Nouvelle initiative Canadienne en histoire de l'environnement}}&lt;/ref&gt; during the Eighty Years' War, the flooding of the Yser plain during First World War,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Battle of the Yser |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Battle-of-the-Yser |work=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also the Inundation of Walcheren plus the Inundation of the Wieringermeer during Second World War.
==Causes==

[[File:Cyclone Hudhud destruction in Visakhapatnam 2.jpg|thumb|Flood wey come from [[Cyclone Hudhud]] for [[Visakhapatnam]], India]]

Floods fit happen because of plenty different things, or sometimes combination of dem. E fit be long heavy rain wey fall for one place or across whole river basin, quick snow wey dey melt fast, strong wind wey dey push sea water, unusual high tide, tsunami, or when dam, levee or other water control structure break down. Human activities too fit make flood worse, like when people build plenty concrete ground wey no dey absorb water, or when bush burn or wetland wey dey normally hold water don reduce.

During rain, part of the water go soak enter soil, part go remain for small ponds, some go enter grass and plants, some go even evaporate, but the rest go flow on top ground as surface runoff. Flood go happen when soil, river, lake or vegetation no fit take all the water again.

Human activities don make am worse too, like when people drain wetlands wey suppose store water, or when dem build roads and pavements wey water no fit enter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Basic Biology |date=2016 |title=Wetlands |url=https://basicbiology.net/environment/land/wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of this, water dey rush enter rivers and streams pass wetin dem fit carry or store inside natural lakes and reservoirs. About 30 percent of rainfall dey turn runoff&lt;ref name=&quot;M&quot;&gt;&quot;Flood Control&quot;, [[MSN Encarta]], 2008&lt;/ref&gt; and snow wey dey melt fit increase am too.

===Upslope factors===

[[File:Ein Avdat Flood 1.JPG|thumb|Flash flood for Ein Avdat, Negev, Israel]]

River flood mostly dey happen when heavy rain fall, sometimes join with snow wey dey melt fast. If flood rise quick quick with small or no warning at all, dem dey call am flash flood. Flash flood normally dey come from heavy rain for small area, or when ground already full water from previous rain.

How water take reach river or drainage channel depend on how rain fall, where e fall, and when e fall, plus how dam release water upstream. Some water go evaporate, some go enter soil, some fit remain as snow or ice, but plenty go flow on top ground go enter rivers. The amount of water wey reach river quick quick fit change—from small one for light rain on dry ground to very big one when rain fall on snow.&lt;ref&gt;Babbitt, Harold E. &amp; Doland, James J., ''Water Supply Engineering'', McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1949&lt;/ref&gt;

Rainfall data dey measure how deep rain fall within time. Scientists dey use how often rain pass certain level to predict flood risk. Thunderstorms normally give short but heavy rain, while other types of rain fit last longer. This duration, strength, and how often rain dey happen dey very important for flood prediction.&lt;ref&gt;Simon, Andrew L., ''Basic Hydraulics'', John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1981&lt;/ref&gt;

The biggest factor wey determine how big flood go be na the size of land wey dey drain into the river (watershed). For small watersheds, how heavy rain be matter pass, but for big watersheds, how steep river channel be dey matter more.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simon&quot;&gt;Simon, Andrew L., ''Practical Hydraulics'', John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1981&lt;/ref&gt;

Time of concentration na the time wey water take travel from farthest point of watershed reach the river outlet. This one dey help determine how long heavy rain must last to cause peak flood.&lt;ref name=&quot;Urquhart&quot;&gt;Urquhart, Leonard Church, ''Civil Engineering Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1959&lt;/ref&gt;

===Downslope factors===

Water wey dey flow downhill go finally meet place wey fit slow am down, like ocean, lakes, or coastal barriers. For coastal flooding, tide change dey very important. Tsunami and storm surge too fit change water level suddenly.

How fast water dey move depend on river shape, depth, speed, and sediment inside am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simon&quot; /&gt; Bridges, narrow valleys, and other blockages fit control water level. But this control point fit change depending on how high water rise.

Vegetation growth, ice, debris, or human structures fit change how river dey flow and increase flood risk.

Flood fit repeat for rivers and create floodplain area around them. Even small rain fit still cause coastal flooding if strong wind like hurricane push sea water inland.

===Climate change===

High tide flooding dey increase because sea level dey rise and natural protection dey reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=US Department of Commerce |website=NOAA |title=What is high tide flooding? |url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/nuisance-flooding.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Long-term sea level rise dey happen together with short-term flooding events, and climate change dey make extreme rainfall more frequent, so flood risk dey increase for many coastal and inland areas.

===Coincidence===

Sometimes flood big pass because different events happen together—like heavy rain wey come melt snow, ice wey block river, or dam wey release water. These combination events fit make flood worse pass normal prediction.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abbett&quot;&gt;Abbett, Robert W., ''American Civil Engineering Practice'', John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1956&lt;/ref&gt;

Debris like trees, buildings, and vehicles fit block river and change how water dey flow, making flood unpredictable and dangerous.&lt;ref name=&quot;BR&quot;&gt;United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, ''Design of Small Dams'', 1973&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of this, flood risk no be only about how much rain fall, but also how all these factors combine together at the same time.

==Negative impacts==

[[File:Flooded walnut orchard in Butte County, California-L1001234.jpg|thumb|Flooded walnut farms for [[Butte County, California]] after plenty atmospheric rivers hit California early 2023]]

Floods fit cause very serious destruction. When water dey rush, e fit destroy all kind things like bridges, buildings, houses, trees, cars, and other structures. The damage wey flood dey bring for economy, society, and environment dey always heavy, and sometimes e fit turn disaster completely.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

Floods and agriculture, climate, economy, and diseases dey linked together (FACED system).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1088/1748-9326/ae21f4| issn = 1748-9326| volume = 20| issue = 12| pages = 123004| last1 = Li| first1 = Zhi |author2-link=Steven M. Gorelick |last2 = Gorelick| first2 = Steven M| title = Societal and environmental interconnections: future directions for flood inundation models| journal = Environmental Research Letters| date = 2025| doi-access = free| bibcode = 2025ERL....20l3004L}}&lt;/ref&gt; Floods don already cause loss wey pass USD 1.5 trillion for agriculture between 1991 and 2023, meaning say agriculture dey very vulnerable to water disaster worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=FAO |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7185en |title=The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-140180-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Impacts on infrastructure and society===

[[File:Economic_loss_in_agriculture_and_non-agricultural_sectors_by_hazard_type_(share).svg|thumb|Economic loss for agriculture and other sectors caused by floods compared to other disaster types]]

Plenty flood events around the world don destroy infrastructure, environment, and even human lives.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Floods dey increase for frequency and severity, so the cost to society dey rise every year.

Big river flood fit happen when dam break, or when landslide, earthquake, or volcano change how river dey flow. Tsunami too fit cause serious coastal flooding.

===Economic impacts===

Floods dey cause loss of life and serious damage to buildings, roads, bridges, sewage systems, and other infrastructure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Every year, flood dey cost countries billions of dollars and many people dey lose their livelihood.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Morrison |first1=A. |last2=Westbrook |first2=C.J. |last3=Noble |first3=B.F. |year=2018 |title=A review of the flood risk management governance and resilience literature |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=291–304 |doi=10.1111/jfr3.12315}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Bangladesh 2007 flood, more than one million houses collapse. For United States too, flood dey cause over $7 billion loss every year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Society |first=National Geographic |date=2011-11-07 |title=flood |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/flood/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flood water fit cover farmland, spoil crops, and make farming impossible, which fit lead to food shortage. Some trees too no fit survive long flooding of their roots.

For communities, flood fit reduce property value and even discourage people from buying houses. Many small businesses no dey reopen after flood disaster. Flood insurance dey available for some countries to help reduce loss.&lt;ref name=&quot;NFIP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=National Flood Insurance Program |url=https://www.floodsmart.gov/floodsmart/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flood damage fit also affect tourism, increase rebuilding cost, and cause food price to rise. Many people also suffer emotional and psychological stress after losing property or loved ones.

===Health impacts===

[[File:Flooding after 1991 cyclone.jpg|thumb|Flood after [[1991 Bangladesh cyclone]] wey kill around 140,000 people]]

Most flood deaths dey happen because people drown due to strong currents and deep water.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Alderman |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Turner |first2=Lyle R. |last3=Tong |first3=Shilu |date=June 2012 |title=Floods and human health: A systematic review |journal=Environment International |volume=47 |pages=37–47}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some people still dey die from lack of medicine, dehydration, heat, or other sickness when help no reach dem on time.

Flood injuries dey happen during and after disaster, even to rescue workers. Falling debris and fast-moving water dey cause serious harm.

Flood water dey carry disease organisms. So diseases like cholera, hepatitis, diarrhoea, and other waterborne infections dey increase because clean water no dey available.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot; /&gt;

After flood, stagnant water fit increase mosquito breeding, which fit cause malaria and other vector diseases like dengue and yellow fever.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot; /&gt;

People too fit suffer psychological problems like depression and stress because of loss of family, home, and property.

Floods also fit damage electricity supply, water treatment systems, and sewage systems, making health situation worse. Dirty water mixing with sewage fit increase risk of serious infections like typhoid and cholera.

Road damage fit make emergency response and medical help difficult to reach affected people.

Floods also fit make houses remain wet for long time, leading to mold growth, which fit cause breathing problems like asthma and other respiratory diseases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Demain |first=Jeffrey G. |date=24 March 2018 |title=Climate Change and the Impact on Respiratory and Allergic Disease: 2018 |journal=Current Allergy and Asthma Reports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Vector-borne diseases like malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, and yellow fever fit increase because stagnant water remain after flood.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot; /&gt;

Floods fit also cause long-term mental health problems like depression due to trauma and loss.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|flood}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Flood| ]]
[[Category:Water]]
[[Category:Bodies of water]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Meteorological phenomena]]
[[Category:Weather hazards]]
[[Category:Natural disasters]]</text>
      <sha1>929mkun43zsekik5x1lkne194olvqcb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100769</id>
      <parentid>100764</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:26:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
        <id>64</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added more content</comment>
      <origin>100769</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39098" sha1="t0oygvfvd3r35vb84640hjs2nwuwq4w" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A '''flood''' be overflow of water (anaa sometimes oda fluids) wey cover land wey normally dey dry.&lt;ref&gt;MSN Encarta Dictionary, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 Flood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 |date=2011-02-04 }}, Retrieved on 2006-12-28, on 2009-10-31&lt;/ref&gt; For de sense of &quot;flowing water&quot;, dem sanso fi use de word for de inflow of de tide. Floods be important issue for agriculture, civil engineering den public health.

Human activities wey dey change de environment often dey increase how severe floods go be den how often dem go happen. Examples of dese human changes include land use changes like deforestation den removal of wetlands, changes for waterways, anaa flood control measures such as levees. Global environmental problems too dey affect de causes of floods, especially [[climate change]], wey dey cause stronger water cycle activity den sea level rise.&lt;ref&gt;Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf Chapter 11: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1513–1766, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.013.&lt;/ref&gt;

For example, [[climate change]] dey make extreme weather events happen more often den dem dey become stronger too.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |title=Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change |publisher=The National Academies Press |doi=10.17226/21852 |pages=127–136 |isbn=978-0-309-38094-2 |access-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215232008/https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |archive-date=2022-02-15 |url-status=live |year=2016 |place=Washington, DC|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis one dey lead to stronger floods den increase de risk of flooding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Hirabayashi|first1=Yukiko|last2=Mahendran|first2=Roobavannan|last3=Koirala|first3=Sujan|last4=Konoshima|first4=Lisako|last5=Yamazaki|first5=Dai|last6=Watanabe|first6=Satoshi|last7=Kim|first7=Hyungjun|last8=Kanae|first8=Shinjiro|date=September 2013|title=Global flood risk under climate change|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1911/|journal=Nature Climate Change|language=en|volume=3|issue=9|pages=816–821|doi=10.1038/nclimate1911|bibcode=2013NatCC...3..816H|issn=1758-6798|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How climate change is making record-breaking floods the new normal|url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-climate-change-making-record-breaking-floods-new-normal|website=United Nations Environmental Program|date=3 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural types of floods include river flooding, groundwater flooding, coastal flooding den urban flooding, wey some people dey call flash flooding. Tidal flooding fit include elements of both river den coastal flooding processes for estuary areas. There be also intentional flooding of land wey otherwise for remain dry. Dis one fit happen for agricultural, military, or river management purposes. For example, agricultural flooding fit happen when dem dey prepare paddy fields for growing semi-aquatic rice for plenty countries.

Flooding fit happen when water overflow from water bodies such as rivers, lakes, seas, anaa oceans. For such cases, de water dey pass over anaa break levees, causing some of de water to escape from ein normal boundaries.&lt;ref&gt;Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000) [http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 Flood] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824054504/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 |date=2007-08-24 }}, Retrieved on 2009-01-09&lt;/ref&gt;

Flooding fit also happen because rainwater gather on ground wey already soak with water. Dem dey call dis kind flood ''areal flood''. De size of a lake or any oda water body naturally fit change because of seasonal changes for [[precipitation]] den melting snow. However, dem no dey consider dese changes in size as floods unless dem cause damage to property anaa drown domestic animals. Floods sanso fi happen for rivers when de amount of water wey dey flow pass de capacity of de river channel, especially for bends anaa meanders of de waterway. Floods often dey cause damage to houses den businesses if dem buildings dey inside de natural flood plains of rivers. People fit avoid river flooding damage if dem move go live far from rivers. However, for plenty countries, people traditionally dey live den work near rivers because de land for there usually dey flat den fertile. Besides, rivers dey provide easy transportation den access to trade den industry.

Flooding fit damage property den also cause secondary effects. For de short term, e fit increase de spread of waterborne diseases den vector-borne diseases, such as diseases wey mosquitoes dey transmit. Flooding fit also make residents leave dia homes for long periods of time or permanently.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Flooding and communicable diseases fact sheet|url=https://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041231191549/http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-date=December 31, 2004|access-date=2021-03-28|website=WHO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Floods be one important area of study for hydrology den hydraulic engineering.

Large number of people for de world dey live close to major coastlines,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Neumann |first1=Barbara |last2=Vafeidis |first2=Athanasios T. |last3=Zimmermann |first3=Juliane |last4=Nicholls |first4=Robert J. |date=2015-03-11 |title=Future Coastal Population Growth and Exposure to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding - A Global Assessment |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1018571N |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118571 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4367969 |pmid=25760037 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0118571}}&lt;/ref&gt; while plenty major cities den farming areas too dey near floodplains.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-24 |title=Flood Risk Management in Canada {{!}} Research report |url=https://www.genevaassociation.org/research-topics/climate-change-and-emerging-environmental-topics/flood-risk-management-canada |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=Geneva Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of changing climatic conditions, de risk of coastal den river flooding dey increase significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dieperink |first1=C. |last2=Hegger |first2=D. L. T. |last3=Bakker |first3=M. H. N. |last4=Kundzewicz |first4=Z. W. |last5=Green |first5=C. |last6=Driessen |first6=P. P. J. |date=2016-10-01 |title=Recurrent Governance Challenges in the Implementation and Alignment of Flood Risk Management Strategies: a Review |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=30 |issue=13 |pages=4467–4481 |bibcode=2016WatRM..30.4467D |doi=10.1007/s11269-016-1491-7 |issn=1573-1650 |s2cid=54676896 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Types ==
[[File:Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg|thumb|View of flooded New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina]]
[[File:Rapid_Creek_flooding_1.jpg|thumb|Flooding of a creek because of heavy monsoon rain den high tide for Darwin, Northern Territory, [[Australia]]]]
[[File:Jeddah_Flood_-_King_Abdullah_Street.jpg|thumb|Flood for [[Jeddah]], covering King Abdullah Street for [[Saudi Arabia]]]]
[[File:Overland_flooding_near_Georgetown,_Minnesota,_in_the_Red_River_Valley_of_the_North.jpg|thumb|Overland flooding near Georgetown, Minnesota, for de Red River Valley of de North]]

=== Areal flooding ===
[[File:House_surrounded_by_flood_Ilmajoki_Finland.jpg|thumb|For spring season, floods be common for Ostrobothnia, one flat area for [[Finland]]. House wey flood surround for Ilmajoki, South Ostrobothnia.]]
Floods fit happen for flat or low-lying areas when rainwater or melted snow dey come more quickly than de ground fit absorb am or than de water fit flow away. De extra water gather for one place, sometimes reaching dangerous levels. Surface soil fit become fully soaked with water, wey go stop further infiltration, especially for places where de water table dey near de surface, such as a floodplain, or during heavy rainfall from one storm or a series of storms.

Infiltration too dey very slow or almost impossible through frozen ground, rock, concrete, paved surfaces, or roofs. Areal flooding usually start for flat areas like floodplains den local depressions wey no connect to any stream channel, because de speed of overland flow depend on de slope of de land. Endorheic basins fit experience areal flooding during periods when rainfall pass evaporation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Myrtle |title=Fact Sheet |date=2000 |chapter=Ground-water flooding in glacial terrain of southern Puget Sound, Washington |doi=10.3133/fs11100 |ref=MJones |access-date=2015-07-23 |chapter-url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs11100}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== River flooding ===
[[File:January 27 2019 Baron River Flooding, Cairns.jpg|thumb|left|January 27 Baron River flooding, Cairns]]

Flood fit happen for all types of river den stream channels, from small ephemeral streams for humid areas, to normally-dry channels for arid regions, go reach big rivers like de Amazon. When overland flow happen for farm land, e fit cause muddy flood where sediments dey carried plus de runoff as suspended material anaa bed load. Local flooding fit increase because of blockage for drainage, like landslides, ice, debris, anaa beaver dams.

Slow rising floods normally dey happen for big rivers wey get large catchment areas. De increase for water flow fit come from long rain, fast snowmelt, monsoon rains, anaa tropical cyclones. But big rivers too fit experience fast flooding if de area be dry climate, because dem fit get large basin but small river channel, den rainfall fit be very heavy for small part of de basin.

For very flat areas like de Red River Valley of the North for Minnesota, North Dakota, den Manitoba, mixed type of river den areal flooding fit happen, wey people dey call am &quot;overland flooding&quot;. Dis one different from &quot;overland flow&quot; wey mean surface runoff. De Red River Valley be former glacial lakebed wey Lake Agassiz create, den for 550 miles river course, e drop only 236 feet, meaning say de slope very small.

For dis kind flat land, spring snowmelt no dey happen same time everywhere. If snowfall heavy den snow melt fast, water fit push out from tributary rivers, move overland, then join another river far downstream anaa even enter another stream completely. Overland flooding fit be very dangerous because e no dey easy to predict, e fit happen suddenly, den e fit travel far distance for flat land.

Fast flooding events wey dey include flash floods dey happen more for small rivers, steep valleys, rivers wey flow over hard rock, anaa normally-dry channels. De cause fit be heavy thunderstorm rain anaa sudden release of water from dam, landslide, anaa glacier. For one case, flash flood kill eight people for waterfall area insyd narrow canyon wen water flow jump from about {{convert|50|to|1500|ft3/s|sigfig=2}} insyd just one minute.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hjalmarson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hjalmarson|first1=W. Hjalmar|date=December 1984|title=Flash Flood in Tanque Verde Creek, Tucson, Arizona|journal=Journal of Hydraulic Engineering|volume=110|issue=12|pages=1841–1852|doi=10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:12(1841)|bibcode=1984JHydE.110.1841H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two more floods happen for same place within one week, but nobody dey there those days. De deadly flood come from thunderstorm wey happen for part of drainage basin, where steep bare rock slope dey den thin soil already full plus water.

Flash floods be very common for normally-dry channels inside arid areas, wey dem dey call arroyos for southwest [[United States]]. For dis kind place, first flood water wey arrive dey lose strength secof e dey soak into sandy river bed. So de front of de flood dey move slow pass de water behind. Secof dis, de flood become faster as e dey move downstream until soil soaking no matter again den flow rate become very strong.

Dis one dey help people take precautions den give warning ahead of time so dem fit prepare for flooding conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2013-04-30 |title=Flood Warnings |url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/floods/58417.aspx |access-date=2013-06-17 |publisher=Environment Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, farmers fit move dema animals comot from low-lying areas, den utility services fit arrange emergency plans to reroute services if e become necessary. Emergency services too fit make sure say dem get enough resources ready before time so dem fit respond quickly when emergencies happen. People sanso fi evacuate areas wey flood go affect.

To make flood forecast for waterways more accurate, e dey important to get long history data wey link stream flows to past rainfall events.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Australia rainfall and river conditions |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/australia/flood |access-date=2013-06-17 |publisher=Bom.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; If you combine dis historical data plus real-time information about water levels in catchment areas—like space left insyd reservoirs, groundwater levels, den how much soil den underground water systems don already soak (saturation of aquifers)—then flood prediction go become more accurate.

Radar rainfall estimates den normal weather forecasting methods too be important part of good flood forecasting. For places wey good data dey available, dem fit predict how high flood go rise den wen e go reach certain places plus good accuracy den enough early warning. Flood forecast output usually show de maximum expected water level den de estimated time wey e go reach key points along de river.&lt;ref name=&quot;Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Connelly |first1=Brian A |last2=Braatz |first2=Dean T |last3=Halquist |first3=John B |last4=Deweese |first4=Michael M |last5=Larson |first5=Lee |last6=Ingram |first6=John J |year=1999 |title=Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=104 |issue=D16 |pages=19, 655 |bibcode=1999JGR...10419655C |doi=10.1029/1999JD900051 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso fit help calculate de statistical return period of flood.

For many developed countries, urban areas wey dey at risk of flooding dey protected against wat dem call 100-year flood—dat one mean flood wey get about 63% chance (1 − 0.99&lt;sup&gt;100&lt;/sup&gt;, anaa roughly 1 − 1/''e'') to happen insyd any 100-year period.

According to de U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) Northeast River Forecast Center (RFC) for Taunton, Massachusetts, one simple rule for urban flood forecasting be say e need at least {{convert|1|in|mm}} of rain within about one hour to cause serious water gathering on non-absorbent surfaces. Chaw NWS RFCs sanso dey issue Flash Flood Guidance and Headwater Guidance, wey show de amount of rain wey fit cause flash flooding anaa flooding for big water basins.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flash Flood Guidance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=FFG |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rfcshare/ffg.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304094148/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rfcshare/ffg.php |archive-date=4 March 2013 |access-date=29 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Coastal flooding ===

Coastal areas fit flood when storm surges mix with high tides den big wave events for sea, make waves overflow flood defense systems. For serious cases, tsunami or tropical cyclones fit also cause this kind flooding. Storm surge from either tropical cyclone or extratropical cyclone dey fall inside this category.

Storm surge be “extra rise of water wey storm create, over and above the normal predicted astronomical tides”.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/ |title=Storm Surge Overview|website=noaa.gov|access-date=3 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of effects of climate change (like sea level rise den increase in extreme weather events) plus more people wey dey live for coastal areas, damage from coastal flooding don increase and e dey affect more people pass before.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood |url=https://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood |access-date=2020-11-09 |website=www.climatecentral.org |language=en |archive-date=2020-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330202024/https://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flooding for estuaries normally dey happen when storm surge wey come from strong winds and low barometric pressure combine with big waves wey dey meet strong upstream river flow.
=== Intentional floods ===

Intentional flooding of land wey normally go remain dry fit happen for agricultural, military, or river-management purposes. This one be form of hydraulic engineering. For agriculture, flooding fit dey used when dem dey prepare paddy fields for growing semi-aquatic rice for many countries.

[[File:1938 Yellow River flood.jpg|thumb|Chinese Kuomintang soldiers during the [[1938 Yellow River flood]]]]

Flooding for river management fit happen when dem dey divert flood water from river wey don reach flood stage upstream, move am go areas wey dem consider less valuable, so say more important places go no suffer. This fit be done on the spot (''ad hoc''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Army Corps starts to blow up levee, flood 130,000 acres in Missouri |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/05/02/missouri.levee.breach/index.html |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; or e fit be permanent, like the so-called ''overlaten'' (meaning “let-overs”), wey be intentionally lowered part for Dutch river levees, like the ''Beerse Overlaat'' for left levee of the Meuse between the villages of Gassel and Linden, North Brabant.

Military flooding dey create obstacle for battlefield wey go slow enemy movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1878 |title=Text Book of Fortification and Military Engineering: For Use at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yvs_AAAAYAAJ |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=Google Books |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=50}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem fit use am for both attack and defense purposes. Since the method be form of hydraulic engineering, e dey important to differentiate between controlled flooding and uncontrolled ones.

Examples of controlled flooding include the ones wey Netherlands use under the Dutch Republic and later states,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Oosthoek, K.J. |title=The watery ally: military inundations in Dutch history (podcast) |url=https://www.eh-resources.org/podcast-77/ |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=Environmental History Resources}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Tiegs, R. |title=Military Inundations during the Dutch Wars of Independence |url=http://roberttiegs.com/digital-history/brief-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151156/http://roberttiegs.com/digital-history/brief-history/ |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=Brief History of Military Inundations during the Dutch Wars of Independence}}&lt;/ref&gt; like the Hollandic Water Lines, the Stelling van Amsterdam, the Frisian Water Line, the IJssel Line, the Peel-Raam Line, den the Grebbe line.

For military flooding to count as controlled, dem must consider civilian people well-being—give dem time to evacuate, make sure say the flooding fit be reversed, and try reduce damage to environment (ecology). The impact fit also affect underground water system (hydrogeology) if the flood stay long.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Vandenbohed |first=Alexander |date=2016 |title=The hydrogeology of the military inundation at the 1914–1918 Yser front (Belgium) |journal=Hydrogeology Journal |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=521–534 |bibcode=2016HydJ...24..521V |doi=10.1007/s10040-015-1344-0 |s2cid=131534974}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uncontrolled flooding examples include the second Siege of Leiden&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Tiegs, R. |date=13 April 2017 |title=The Past Comes Flooding Back: The War That Almost Sank Holland |url=http://niche-canada.org/2017/04/13/the-past-comes-flooding-back-the-war-that-almost-sank-holland/ |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=NICHE. Network in Canadian History &amp; Environment. Nouvelle initiative Canadienne en histoire de l'environnement}}&lt;/ref&gt; during the Eighty Years' War, the flooding of the Yser plain during First World War,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Battle of the Yser |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Battle-of-the-Yser |work=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also the Inundation of Walcheren plus the Inundation of the Wieringermeer during Second World War.
==Causes==

[[File:Cyclone Hudhud destruction in Visakhapatnam 2.jpg|thumb|Flood wey come from [[Cyclone Hudhud]] for [[Visakhapatnam]], India]]

Floods fit happen because of plenty different things, or sometimes combination of dem. E fit be long heavy rain wey fall for one place or across whole river basin, quick snow wey dey melt fast, strong wind wey dey push sea water, unusual high tide, tsunami, or when dam, levee or other water control structure break down. Human activities too fit make flood worse, like when people build plenty concrete ground wey no dey absorb water, or when bush burn or wetland wey dey normally hold water don reduce.

During rain, part of the water go soak enter soil, part go remain for small ponds, some go enter grass and plants, some go even evaporate, but the rest go flow on top ground as surface runoff. Flood go happen when soil, river, lake or vegetation no fit take all the water again.

Human activities don make am worse too, like when people drain wetlands wey suppose store water, or when dem build roads and pavements wey water no fit enter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Basic Biology |date=2016 |title=Wetlands |url=https://basicbiology.net/environment/land/wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of this, water dey rush enter rivers and streams pass wetin dem fit carry or store inside natural lakes and reservoirs. About 30 percent of rainfall dey turn runoff&lt;ref name=&quot;M&quot;&gt;&quot;Flood Control&quot;, [[MSN Encarta]], 2008&lt;/ref&gt; and snow wey dey melt fit increase am too.

===Upslope factors===

[[File:Ein Avdat Flood 1.JPG|thumb|Flash flood for Ein Avdat, Negev, Israel]]

River flood mostly dey happen when heavy rain fall, sometimes join with snow wey dey melt fast. If flood rise quick quick with small or no warning at all, dem dey call am flash flood. Flash flood normally dey come from heavy rain for small area, or when ground already full water from previous rain.

How water take reach river or drainage channel depend on how rain fall, where e fall, and when e fall, plus how dam release water upstream. Some water go evaporate, some go enter soil, some fit remain as snow or ice, but plenty go flow on top ground go enter rivers. The amount of water wey reach river quick quick fit change—from small one for light rain on dry ground to very big one when rain fall on snow.&lt;ref&gt;Babbitt, Harold E. &amp; Doland, James J., ''Water Supply Engineering'', McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1949&lt;/ref&gt;

Rainfall data dey measure how deep rain fall within time. Scientists dey use how often rain pass certain level to predict flood risk. Thunderstorms normally give short but heavy rain, while other types of rain fit last longer. This duration, strength, and how often rain dey happen dey very important for flood prediction.&lt;ref&gt;Simon, Andrew L., ''Basic Hydraulics'', John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1981&lt;/ref&gt;

The biggest factor wey determine how big flood go be na the size of land wey dey drain into the river (watershed). For small watersheds, how heavy rain be matter pass, but for big watersheds, how steep river channel be dey matter more.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simon&quot;&gt;Simon, Andrew L., ''Practical Hydraulics'', John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1981&lt;/ref&gt;

Time of concentration na the time wey water take travel from farthest point of watershed reach the river outlet. This one dey help determine how long heavy rain must last to cause peak flood.&lt;ref name=&quot;Urquhart&quot;&gt;Urquhart, Leonard Church, ''Civil Engineering Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1959&lt;/ref&gt;

===Downslope factors===

Water wey dey flow downhill go finally meet place wey fit slow am down, like ocean, lakes, or coastal barriers. For coastal flooding, tide change dey very important. Tsunami and storm surge too fit change water level suddenly.

How fast water dey move depend on river shape, depth, speed, and sediment inside am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simon&quot; /&gt; Bridges, narrow valleys, and other blockages fit control water level. But this control point fit change depending on how high water rise.

Vegetation growth, ice, debris, or human structures fit change how river dey flow and increase flood risk.

Flood fit repeat for rivers and create floodplain area around them. Even small rain fit still cause coastal flooding if strong wind like hurricane push sea water inland.

===Climate change===

High tide flooding dey increase because sea level dey rise and natural protection dey reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=US Department of Commerce |website=NOAA |title=What is high tide flooding? |url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/nuisance-flooding.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Long-term sea level rise dey happen together with short-term flooding events, and climate change dey make extreme rainfall more frequent, so flood risk dey increase for many coastal and inland areas.

===Coincidence===

Sometimes flood big pass because different events happen together—like heavy rain wey come melt snow, ice wey block river, or dam wey release water. These combination events fit make flood worse pass normal prediction.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abbett&quot;&gt;Abbett, Robert W., ''American Civil Engineering Practice'', John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1956&lt;/ref&gt;

Debris like trees, buildings, and vehicles fit block river and change how water dey flow, making flood unpredictable and dangerous.&lt;ref name=&quot;BR&quot;&gt;United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, ''Design of Small Dams'', 1973&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of this, flood risk no be only about how much rain fall, but also how all these factors combine together at the same time.

==Negative impacts==

[[File:Flooded walnut orchard in Butte County, California-L1001234.jpg|thumb|Flooded walnut farms for [[Butte County, California]] after plenty atmospheric rivers hit California early 2023]]

Floods fit cause very serious destruction. When water dey rush, e fit destroy all kind things like bridges, buildings, houses, trees, cars, and other structures. The damage wey flood dey bring for economy, society, and environment dey always heavy, and sometimes e fit turn disaster completely.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

Floods and agriculture, climate, economy, and diseases dey linked together (FACED system).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1088/1748-9326/ae21f4| issn = 1748-9326| volume = 20| issue = 12| pages = 123004| last1 = Li| first1 = Zhi |author2-link=Steven M. Gorelick |last2 = Gorelick| first2 = Steven M| title = Societal and environmental interconnections: future directions for flood inundation models| journal = Environmental Research Letters| date = 2025| doi-access = free| bibcode = 2025ERL....20l3004L}}&lt;/ref&gt; Floods don already cause loss wey pass USD 1.5 trillion for agriculture between 1991 and 2023, meaning say agriculture dey very vulnerable to water disaster worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=FAO |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7185en |title=The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-140180-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Impacts on infrastructure and society===

[[File:Economic_loss_in_agriculture_and_non-agricultural_sectors_by_hazard_type_(share).svg|thumb|Economic loss for agriculture and other sectors caused by floods compared to other disaster types]]

Plenty flood events around the world don destroy infrastructure, environment, and even human lives.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Floods dey increase for frequency and severity, so the cost to society dey rise every year.

Big river flood fit happen when dam break, or when landslide, earthquake, or volcano change how river dey flow. Tsunami too fit cause serious coastal flooding.

===Economic impacts===

Floods dey cause loss of life and serious damage to buildings, roads, bridges, sewage systems, and other infrastructure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Every year, flood dey cost countries billions of dollars and many people dey lose their livelihood.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Morrison |first1=A. |last2=Westbrook |first2=C.J. |last3=Noble |first3=B.F. |year=2018 |title=A review of the flood risk management governance and resilience literature |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=291–304 |doi=10.1111/jfr3.12315}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Bangladesh 2007 flood, more than one million houses collapse. For United States too, flood dey cause over $7 billion loss every year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Society |first=National Geographic |date=2011-11-07 |title=flood |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/flood/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flood water fit cover farmland, spoil crops, and make farming impossible, which fit lead to food shortage. Some trees too no fit survive long flooding of their roots.

For communities, flood fit reduce property value and even discourage people from buying houses. Many small businesses no dey reopen after flood disaster. Flood insurance dey available for some countries to help reduce loss.&lt;ref name=&quot;NFIP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=National Flood Insurance Program |url=https://www.floodsmart.gov/floodsmart/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flood damage fit also affect tourism, increase rebuilding cost, and cause food price to rise. Many people also suffer emotional and psychological stress after losing property or loved ones.

===Health impacts===

[[File:Flooding after 1991 cyclone.jpg|thumb|Flood after [[1991 Bangladesh cyclone]] wey kill around 140,000 people]]

Most flood deaths dey happen because people drown due to strong currents and deep water.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Alderman |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Turner |first2=Lyle R. |last3=Tong |first3=Shilu |date=June 2012 |title=Floods and human health: A systematic review |journal=Environment International |volume=47 |pages=37–47}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some people still dey die from lack of medicine, dehydration, heat, or other sickness when help no reach dem on time.

Flood injuries dey happen during and after disaster, even to rescue workers. Falling debris and fast-moving water dey cause serious harm.

Flood water dey carry disease organisms. So diseases like cholera, hepatitis, diarrhoea, and other waterborne infections dey increase because clean water no dey available.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot; /&gt;

After flood, stagnant water fit increase mosquito breeding, which fit cause malaria and other vector diseases like dengue and yellow fever.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot; /&gt;

People too fit suffer psychological problems like depression and stress because of loss of family, home, and property.

Floods also fit damage electricity supply, water treatment systems, and sewage systems, making health situation worse. Dirty water mixing with sewage fit increase risk of serious infections like typhoid and cholera.

Road damage fit make emergency response and medical help difficult to reach affected people.

Floods also fit make houses remain wet for long time, leading to mold growth, which fit cause breathing problems like asthma and other respiratory diseases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Demain |first=Jeffrey G. |date=24 March 2018 |title=Climate Change and the Impact on Respiratory and Allergic Disease: 2018 |journal=Current Allergy and Asthma Reports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Vector-borne diseases like malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, and yellow fever fit increase because stagnant water remain after flood.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot; /&gt;

Floods fit also cause long-term mental health problems like depression due to trauma and loss.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot; /&gt;
== Positive impacts (benefits) ==
Floods (especially small small ones wey dey come from time to time) fit bring plenty benefits. E fit help recharge underground water (groundwater), make soil more fertile, den increase nutrients for some farmlands. Because of this, for ancient times, people wey dey live near rivers like Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Indus, Ganges den Yellow River dey depend on seasonal flooding for dem survival.

Flood water dey also give fresh water resources for dry and semi-dry areas wey rain no dey come regular. E fit even kill some pests for farm land. For river ecosystems, flooding dey help maintain balance and support plants and animals wey dey live for floodplain areas. E also dey carry nutrients go lakes and rivers, which fit increase fish and other aquatic life for some years.

Some fish dey even use flooded plains as place to lay eggs because food plenty there and predators few. Birds too dey benefit because food increase during flooding. Hydropower energy also dey work better for places wey flooding dey happen often.


---

== Protections against floods and flood risks ==

=== Flood management ===
For many countries, people dey try control floods by building things like dams, levees, reservoirs, weirs, and detention basins. These structures dey help reduce overflow of water.

If these systems fail, people fit use emergency things like sandbags or temporary barriers to slow water. For coastal areas, dem dey use sea walls, beach protection, and other coastal defenses.

For rivers, engineers dey try reduce erosion and control how river dey bend or change path. Urban areas too dey improve drainage systems like gutters and sewers. Some places dey remove concrete and replace am with natural drainage systems like wetlands and porous ground so water fit enter soil.

Some flood-prone areas dey even turn into parks or open spaces wey fit flood without causing much damage. House owners too fit raise buildings, install pumps, or direct water away from their houses.


---

=== Flood safety planning ===
To manage flood risk well, planners dey look things like past flood records, rainfall patterns, river behavior, and land shape. Dem dey use models and maps to predict where water fit reach.

Good planning also include:

planning land use well

building strong infrastructure

monitoring rivers and rainfall

early warning systems

emergency response planning


Important public buildings like hospitals, police stations, and fire services suppose dey far from flood areas. Bridges and roads wey must pass flood zones must be strong enough to survive flood.

People also dey follow safety advice like “move go higher ground” and avoid crossing flood water when e dey move fast.


---

=== Flood clean-up safety ===
After flood, clean-up work fit be dangerous. People fit face electric shock, dirty water diseases, heat or cold stress, sharp debris, and gas like carbon monoxide.

Flood areas fit also get broken glass, fallen wires, chemicals, and even dead animals. Because of this, workers dey use safety gear like gloves, boots, helmets, goggles, and life jackets.

Careful planning and protection dey important because flood clean-up work no be easy at all and e fit cause injuries if people no careful.
== Flood predictions ==

Flood predictions na how scientists and engineers dey try calculate or forecast when flood go happen, how big e go be, and where e go reach.

Dem dey use past river flow data (how water dey move for river before) to do statistical analysis so dem fit estimate things like “100-year flood” or other flood levels wey fit repeat after some time. If different places for one region get similar water systems, dem fit compare dem and use math models to predict flood even for places wey no get enough data.

There be computer models wey dey simulate how water dey move inside river channels. These models fit estimate how deep water go be and which areas go flood. E dey useful for flood mapping and insurance planning. Sometimes, if dem already know say flood happen and dem get data about the flooded area, dem fit reverse-am use calculate how much water flow cause am.

Some models dey work for one dimension (just river channel level), while others dey work for two dimensions (water spread across floodplain). Software like HEC-RAS dey popular because e free, and engineers dey use am for flood studies. Other systems like TUFLOW dey combine both 1D and 2D modeling to show how flood go spread across land.

For whole river basins, modeling dey more complex. E dey combine rainfall, snowmelt, soil absorption, vegetation, and river flow systems together. These basin models dey help predict runoff from storms and also dey help understand climate change and land-use impact.

For example, in United States, different agencies like USGS, weather stations, and NOAA dey collect real-time data and combine am with rainfall forecasts to produce daily flood predictions. Dem even dey collaborate with Canada for shared river systems like Saint Lawrence.

There also be global systems like GFMS (Global Flood Monitoring System) wey use satellite data from NASA to monitor floods worldwide. E dey update every few hours and fit show rainfall, water level, and flood risk maps almost in real time.

With these systems, people fit get early warning before flood reach. Farmers fit move animals, emergency services fit prepare, and people fit evacuate early.

To make good flood prediction, scientists need long-term data about rainfall and river flow, plus real-time information about reservoirs, groundwater, and soil saturation. Weather radar and forecasting systems also dey very important to improve accuracy.

Flood forecasts usually show expected water level and time wey flood go reach specific places. This one help planners and communities prepare better and reduce damage from flooding.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|flood}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Flood| ]]
[[Category:Water]]
[[Category:Bodies of water]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Meteorological phenomena]]
[[Category:Weather hazards]]
[[Category:Natural disasters]]</text>
      <sha1>t0oygvfvd3r35vb84640hjs2nwuwq4w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100772</id>
      <parentid>100769</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:31:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
        <id>64</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Flood predictions */ correction of errors</comment>
      <origin>100772</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39417" sha1="8k80keon00meh4vthsnr6gdul8v3agl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A '''flood''' be overflow of water (anaa sometimes oda fluids) wey cover land wey normally dey dry.&lt;ref&gt;MSN Encarta Dictionary, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 Flood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 |date=2011-02-04 }}, Retrieved on 2006-12-28, on 2009-10-31&lt;/ref&gt; For de sense of &quot;flowing water&quot;, dem sanso fi use de word for de inflow of de tide. Floods be important issue for agriculture, civil engineering den public health.

Human activities wey dey change de environment often dey increase how severe floods go be den how often dem go happen. Examples of dese human changes include land use changes like deforestation den removal of wetlands, changes for waterways, anaa flood control measures such as levees. Global environmental problems too dey affect de causes of floods, especially [[climate change]], wey dey cause stronger water cycle activity den sea level rise.&lt;ref&gt;Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf Chapter 11: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1513–1766, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.013.&lt;/ref&gt;

For example, [[climate change]] dey make extreme weather events happen more often den dem dey become stronger too.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |title=Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change |publisher=The National Academies Press |doi=10.17226/21852 |pages=127–136 |isbn=978-0-309-38094-2 |access-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215232008/https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |archive-date=2022-02-15 |url-status=live |year=2016 |place=Washington, DC|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis one dey lead to stronger floods den increase de risk of flooding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Hirabayashi|first1=Yukiko|last2=Mahendran|first2=Roobavannan|last3=Koirala|first3=Sujan|last4=Konoshima|first4=Lisako|last5=Yamazaki|first5=Dai|last6=Watanabe|first6=Satoshi|last7=Kim|first7=Hyungjun|last8=Kanae|first8=Shinjiro|date=September 2013|title=Global flood risk under climate change|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1911/|journal=Nature Climate Change|language=en|volume=3|issue=9|pages=816–821|doi=10.1038/nclimate1911|bibcode=2013NatCC...3..816H|issn=1758-6798|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How climate change is making record-breaking floods the new normal|url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-climate-change-making-record-breaking-floods-new-normal|website=United Nations Environmental Program|date=3 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural types of floods include river flooding, groundwater flooding, coastal flooding den urban flooding, wey some people dey call flash flooding. Tidal flooding fit include elements of both river den coastal flooding processes for estuary areas. There be also intentional flooding of land wey otherwise for remain dry. Dis one fit happen for agricultural, military, or river management purposes. For example, agricultural flooding fit happen when dem dey prepare paddy fields for growing semi-aquatic rice for plenty countries.

Flooding fit happen when water overflow from water bodies such as rivers, lakes, seas, anaa oceans. For such cases, de water dey pass over anaa break levees, causing some of de water to escape from ein normal boundaries.&lt;ref&gt;Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000) [http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 Flood] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824054504/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 |date=2007-08-24 }}, Retrieved on 2009-01-09&lt;/ref&gt;

Flooding fit also happen because rainwater gather on ground wey already soak with water. Dem dey call dis kind flood ''areal flood''. De size of a lake or any oda water body naturally fit change because of seasonal changes for [[precipitation]] den melting snow. However, dem no dey consider dese changes in size as floods unless dem cause damage to property anaa drown domestic animals. Floods sanso fi happen for rivers when de amount of water wey dey flow pass de capacity of de river channel, especially for bends anaa meanders of de waterway. Floods often dey cause damage to houses den businesses if dem buildings dey inside de natural flood plains of rivers. People fit avoid river flooding damage if dem move go live far from rivers. However, for plenty countries, people traditionally dey live den work near rivers because de land for there usually dey flat den fertile. Besides, rivers dey provide easy transportation den access to trade den industry.

Flooding fit damage property den also cause secondary effects. For de short term, e fit increase de spread of waterborne diseases den vector-borne diseases, such as diseases wey mosquitoes dey transmit. Flooding fit also make residents leave dia homes for long periods of time or permanently.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Flooding and communicable diseases fact sheet|url=https://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041231191549/http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-date=December 31, 2004|access-date=2021-03-28|website=WHO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Floods be one important area of study for hydrology den hydraulic engineering.

Large number of people for de world dey live close to major coastlines,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Neumann |first1=Barbara |last2=Vafeidis |first2=Athanasios T. |last3=Zimmermann |first3=Juliane |last4=Nicholls |first4=Robert J. |date=2015-03-11 |title=Future Coastal Population Growth and Exposure to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding - A Global Assessment |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1018571N |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118571 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4367969 |pmid=25760037 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0118571}}&lt;/ref&gt; while plenty major cities den farming areas too dey near floodplains.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-24 |title=Flood Risk Management in Canada {{!}} Research report |url=https://www.genevaassociation.org/research-topics/climate-change-and-emerging-environmental-topics/flood-risk-management-canada |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=Geneva Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of changing climatic conditions, de risk of coastal den river flooding dey increase significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dieperink |first1=C. |last2=Hegger |first2=D. L. T. |last3=Bakker |first3=M. H. N. |last4=Kundzewicz |first4=Z. W. |last5=Green |first5=C. |last6=Driessen |first6=P. P. J. |date=2016-10-01 |title=Recurrent Governance Challenges in the Implementation and Alignment of Flood Risk Management Strategies: a Review |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=30 |issue=13 |pages=4467–4481 |bibcode=2016WatRM..30.4467D |doi=10.1007/s11269-016-1491-7 |issn=1573-1650 |s2cid=54676896 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Types ==
[[File:Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg|thumb|View of flooded New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina]]
[[File:Rapid_Creek_flooding_1.jpg|thumb|Flooding of a creek because of heavy monsoon rain den high tide for Darwin, Northern Territory, [[Australia]]]]
[[File:Jeddah_Flood_-_King_Abdullah_Street.jpg|thumb|Flood for [[Jeddah]], covering King Abdullah Street for [[Saudi Arabia]]]]
[[File:Overland_flooding_near_Georgetown,_Minnesota,_in_the_Red_River_Valley_of_the_North.jpg|thumb|Overland flooding near Georgetown, Minnesota, for de Red River Valley of de North]]

=== Areal flooding ===
[[File:House_surrounded_by_flood_Ilmajoki_Finland.jpg|thumb|For spring season, floods be common for Ostrobothnia, one flat area for [[Finland]]. House wey flood surround for Ilmajoki, South Ostrobothnia.]]
Floods fit happen for flat or low-lying areas when rainwater or melted snow dey come more quickly than de ground fit absorb am or than de water fit flow away. De extra water gather for one place, sometimes reaching dangerous levels. Surface soil fit become fully soaked with water, wey go stop further infiltration, especially for places where de water table dey near de surface, such as a floodplain, or during heavy rainfall from one storm or a series of storms.

Infiltration too dey very slow or almost impossible through frozen ground, rock, concrete, paved surfaces, or roofs. Areal flooding usually start for flat areas like floodplains den local depressions wey no connect to any stream channel, because de speed of overland flow depend on de slope of de land. Endorheic basins fit experience areal flooding during periods when rainfall pass evaporation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Myrtle |title=Fact Sheet |date=2000 |chapter=Ground-water flooding in glacial terrain of southern Puget Sound, Washington |doi=10.3133/fs11100 |ref=MJones |access-date=2015-07-23 |chapter-url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs11100}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== River flooding ===
[[File:January 27 2019 Baron River Flooding, Cairns.jpg|thumb|left|January 27 Baron River flooding, Cairns]]

Flood fit happen for all types of river den stream channels, from small ephemeral streams for humid areas, to normally-dry channels for arid regions, go reach big rivers like de Amazon. When overland flow happen for farm land, e fit cause muddy flood where sediments dey carried plus de runoff as suspended material anaa bed load. Local flooding fit increase because of blockage for drainage, like landslides, ice, debris, anaa beaver dams.

Slow rising floods normally dey happen for big rivers wey get large catchment areas. De increase for water flow fit come from long rain, fast snowmelt, monsoon rains, anaa tropical cyclones. But big rivers too fit experience fast flooding if de area be dry climate, because dem fit get large basin but small river channel, den rainfall fit be very heavy for small part of de basin.

For very flat areas like de Red River Valley of the North for Minnesota, North Dakota, den Manitoba, mixed type of river den areal flooding fit happen, wey people dey call am &quot;overland flooding&quot;. Dis one different from &quot;overland flow&quot; wey mean surface runoff. De Red River Valley be former glacial lakebed wey Lake Agassiz create, den for 550 miles river course, e drop only 236 feet, meaning say de slope very small.

For dis kind flat land, spring snowmelt no dey happen same time everywhere. If snowfall heavy den snow melt fast, water fit push out from tributary rivers, move overland, then join another river far downstream anaa even enter another stream completely. Overland flooding fit be very dangerous because e no dey easy to predict, e fit happen suddenly, den e fit travel far distance for flat land.

Fast flooding events wey dey include flash floods dey happen more for small rivers, steep valleys, rivers wey flow over hard rock, anaa normally-dry channels. De cause fit be heavy thunderstorm rain anaa sudden release of water from dam, landslide, anaa glacier. For one case, flash flood kill eight people for waterfall area insyd narrow canyon wen water flow jump from about {{convert|50|to|1500|ft3/s|sigfig=2}} insyd just one minute.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hjalmarson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hjalmarson|first1=W. Hjalmar|date=December 1984|title=Flash Flood in Tanque Verde Creek, Tucson, Arizona|journal=Journal of Hydraulic Engineering|volume=110|issue=12|pages=1841–1852|doi=10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:12(1841)|bibcode=1984JHydE.110.1841H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two more floods happen for same place within one week, but nobody dey there those days. De deadly flood come from thunderstorm wey happen for part of drainage basin, where steep bare rock slope dey den thin soil already full plus water.

Flash floods be very common for normally-dry channels inside arid areas, wey dem dey call arroyos for southwest [[United States]]. For dis kind place, first flood water wey arrive dey lose strength secof e dey soak into sandy river bed. So de front of de flood dey move slow pass de water behind. Secof dis, de flood become faster as e dey move downstream until soil soaking no matter again den flow rate become very strong.

Dis one dey help people take precautions den give warning ahead of time so dem fit prepare for flooding conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2013-04-30 |title=Flood Warnings |url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/floods/58417.aspx |access-date=2013-06-17 |publisher=Environment Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, farmers fit move dema animals comot from low-lying areas, den utility services fit arrange emergency plans to reroute services if e become necessary. Emergency services too fit make sure say dem get enough resources ready before time so dem fit respond quickly when emergencies happen. People sanso fi evacuate areas wey flood go affect.

To make flood forecast for waterways more accurate, e dey important to get long history data wey link stream flows to past rainfall events.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Australia rainfall and river conditions |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/australia/flood |access-date=2013-06-17 |publisher=Bom.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; If you combine dis historical data plus real-time information about water levels in catchment areas—like space left insyd reservoirs, groundwater levels, den how much soil den underground water systems don already soak (saturation of aquifers)—then flood prediction go become more accurate.

Radar rainfall estimates den normal weather forecasting methods too be important part of good flood forecasting. For places wey good data dey available, dem fit predict how high flood go rise den wen e go reach certain places plus good accuracy den enough early warning. Flood forecast output usually show de maximum expected water level den de estimated time wey e go reach key points along de river.&lt;ref name=&quot;Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Connelly |first1=Brian A |last2=Braatz |first2=Dean T |last3=Halquist |first3=John B |last4=Deweese |first4=Michael M |last5=Larson |first5=Lee |last6=Ingram |first6=John J |year=1999 |title=Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=104 |issue=D16 |pages=19, 655 |bibcode=1999JGR...10419655C |doi=10.1029/1999JD900051 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso fit help calculate de statistical return period of flood.

For many developed countries, urban areas wey dey at risk of flooding dey protected against wat dem call 100-year flood—dat one mean flood wey get about 63% chance (1 − 0.99&lt;sup&gt;100&lt;/sup&gt;, anaa roughly 1 − 1/''e'') to happen insyd any 100-year period.

According to de U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) Northeast River Forecast Center (RFC) for Taunton, Massachusetts, one simple rule for urban flood forecasting be say e need at least {{convert|1|in|mm}} of rain within about one hour to cause serious water gathering on non-absorbent surfaces. Chaw NWS RFCs sanso dey issue Flash Flood Guidance and Headwater Guidance, wey show de amount of rain wey fit cause flash flooding anaa flooding for big water basins.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flash Flood Guidance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=FFG |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rfcshare/ffg.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304094148/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rfcshare/ffg.php |archive-date=4 March 2013 |access-date=29 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Coastal flooding ===

Coastal areas fit flood when storm surges mix with high tides den big wave events for sea, make waves overflow flood defense systems. For serious cases, tsunami or tropical cyclones fit also cause this kind flooding. Storm surge from either tropical cyclone or extratropical cyclone dey fall inside this category.

Storm surge be “extra rise of water wey storm create, over and above the normal predicted astronomical tides”.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/ |title=Storm Surge Overview|website=noaa.gov|access-date=3 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of effects of climate change (like sea level rise den increase in extreme weather events) plus more people wey dey live for coastal areas, damage from coastal flooding don increase and e dey affect more people pass before.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood |url=https://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood |access-date=2020-11-09 |website=www.climatecentral.org |language=en |archive-date=2020-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330202024/https://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flooding for estuaries normally dey happen when storm surge wey come from strong winds and low barometric pressure combine with big waves wey dey meet strong upstream river flow.
=== Intentional floods ===

Intentional flooding of land wey normally go remain dry fit happen for agricultural, military, or river-management purposes. This one be form of hydraulic engineering. For agriculture, flooding fit dey used when dem dey prepare paddy fields for growing semi-aquatic rice for many countries.

[[File:1938 Yellow River flood.jpg|thumb|Chinese Kuomintang soldiers during the [[1938 Yellow River flood]]]]

Flooding for river management fit happen when dem dey divert flood water from river wey don reach flood stage upstream, move am go areas wey dem consider less valuable, so say more important places go no suffer. This fit be done on the spot (''ad hoc''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Army Corps starts to blow up levee, flood 130,000 acres in Missouri |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/05/02/missouri.levee.breach/index.html |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; or e fit be permanent, like the so-called ''overlaten'' (meaning “let-overs”), wey be intentionally lowered part for Dutch river levees, like the ''Beerse Overlaat'' for left levee of the Meuse between the villages of Gassel and Linden, North Brabant.

Military flooding dey create obstacle for battlefield wey go slow enemy movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1878 |title=Text Book of Fortification and Military Engineering: For Use at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yvs_AAAAYAAJ |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=Google Books |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=50}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem fit use am for both attack and defense purposes. Since the method be form of hydraulic engineering, e dey important to differentiate between controlled flooding and uncontrolled ones.

Examples of controlled flooding include the ones wey Netherlands use under the Dutch Republic and later states,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Oosthoek, K.J. |title=The watery ally: military inundations in Dutch history (podcast) |url=https://www.eh-resources.org/podcast-77/ |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=Environmental History Resources}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Tiegs, R. |title=Military Inundations during the Dutch Wars of Independence |url=http://roberttiegs.com/digital-history/brief-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151156/http://roberttiegs.com/digital-history/brief-history/ |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=Brief History of Military Inundations during the Dutch Wars of Independence}}&lt;/ref&gt; like the Hollandic Water Lines, the Stelling van Amsterdam, the Frisian Water Line, the IJssel Line, the Peel-Raam Line, den the Grebbe line.

For military flooding to count as controlled, dem must consider civilian people well-being—give dem time to evacuate, make sure say the flooding fit be reversed, and try reduce damage to environment (ecology). The impact fit also affect underground water system (hydrogeology) if the flood stay long.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Vandenbohed |first=Alexander |date=2016 |title=The hydrogeology of the military inundation at the 1914–1918 Yser front (Belgium) |journal=Hydrogeology Journal |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=521–534 |bibcode=2016HydJ...24..521V |doi=10.1007/s10040-015-1344-0 |s2cid=131534974}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uncontrolled flooding examples include the second Siege of Leiden&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Tiegs, R. |date=13 April 2017 |title=The Past Comes Flooding Back: The War That Almost Sank Holland |url=http://niche-canada.org/2017/04/13/the-past-comes-flooding-back-the-war-that-almost-sank-holland/ |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=NICHE. Network in Canadian History &amp; Environment. Nouvelle initiative Canadienne en histoire de l'environnement}}&lt;/ref&gt; during the Eighty Years' War, the flooding of the Yser plain during First World War,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Battle of the Yser |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Battle-of-the-Yser |work=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also the Inundation of Walcheren plus the Inundation of the Wieringermeer during Second World War.
==Causes==

[[File:Cyclone Hudhud destruction in Visakhapatnam 2.jpg|thumb|Flood wey come from [[Cyclone Hudhud]] for [[Visakhapatnam]], India]]

Floods fit happen because of plenty different things, or sometimes combination of dem. E fit be long heavy rain wey fall for one place or across whole river basin, quick snow wey dey melt fast, strong wind wey dey push sea water, unusual high tide, tsunami, or when dam, levee or other water control structure break down. Human activities too fit make flood worse, like when people build plenty concrete ground wey no dey absorb water, or when bush burn or wetland wey dey normally hold water don reduce.

During rain, part of the water go soak enter soil, part go remain for small ponds, some go enter grass and plants, some go even evaporate, but the rest go flow on top ground as surface runoff. Flood go happen when soil, river, lake or vegetation no fit take all the water again.

Human activities don make am worse too, like when people drain wetlands wey suppose store water, or when dem build roads and pavements wey water no fit enter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Basic Biology |date=2016 |title=Wetlands |url=https://basicbiology.net/environment/land/wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of this, water dey rush enter rivers and streams pass wetin dem fit carry or store inside natural lakes and reservoirs. About 30 percent of rainfall dey turn runoff&lt;ref name=&quot;M&quot;&gt;&quot;Flood Control&quot;, [[MSN Encarta]], 2008&lt;/ref&gt; and snow wey dey melt fit increase am too.

===Upslope factors===

[[File:Ein Avdat Flood 1.JPG|thumb|Flash flood for Ein Avdat, Negev, Israel]]

River flood mostly dey happen when heavy rain fall, sometimes join with snow wey dey melt fast. If flood rise quick quick with small or no warning at all, dem dey call am flash flood. Flash flood normally dey come from heavy rain for small area, or when ground already full water from previous rain.

How water take reach river or drainage channel depend on how rain fall, where e fall, and when e fall, plus how dam release water upstream. Some water go evaporate, some go enter soil, some fit remain as snow or ice, but plenty go flow on top ground go enter rivers. The amount of water wey reach river quick quick fit change—from small one for light rain on dry ground to very big one when rain fall on snow.&lt;ref&gt;Babbitt, Harold E. &amp; Doland, James J., ''Water Supply Engineering'', McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1949&lt;/ref&gt;

Rainfall data dey measure how deep rain fall within time. Scientists dey use how often rain pass certain level to predict flood risk. Thunderstorms normally give short but heavy rain, while other types of rain fit last longer. This duration, strength, and how often rain dey happen dey very important for flood prediction.&lt;ref&gt;Simon, Andrew L., ''Basic Hydraulics'', John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1981&lt;/ref&gt;

The biggest factor wey determine how big flood go be na the size of land wey dey drain into the river (watershed). For small watersheds, how heavy rain be matter pass, but for big watersheds, how steep river channel be dey matter more.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simon&quot;&gt;Simon, Andrew L., ''Practical Hydraulics'', John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1981&lt;/ref&gt;

Time of concentration na the time wey water take travel from farthest point of watershed reach the river outlet. This one dey help determine how long heavy rain must last to cause peak flood.&lt;ref name=&quot;Urquhart&quot;&gt;Urquhart, Leonard Church, ''Civil Engineering Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1959&lt;/ref&gt;

===Downslope factors===

Water wey dey flow downhill go finally meet place wey fit slow am down, like ocean, lakes, or coastal barriers. For coastal flooding, tide change dey very important. Tsunami and storm surge too fit change water level suddenly.

How fast water dey move depend on river shape, depth, speed, and sediment inside am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simon&quot; /&gt; Bridges, narrow valleys, and other blockages fit control water level. But this control point fit change depending on how high water rise.

Vegetation growth, ice, debris, or human structures fit change how river dey flow and increase flood risk.

Flood fit repeat for rivers and create floodplain area around them. Even small rain fit still cause coastal flooding if strong wind like hurricane push sea water inland.

===Climate change===

High tide flooding dey increase because sea level dey rise and natural protection dey reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=US Department of Commerce |website=NOAA |title=What is high tide flooding? |url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/nuisance-flooding.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Long-term sea level rise dey happen together with short-term flooding events, and climate change dey make extreme rainfall more frequent, so flood risk dey increase for many coastal and inland areas.

===Coincidence===

Sometimes flood big pass because different events happen together—like heavy rain wey come melt snow, ice wey block river, or dam wey release water. These combination events fit make flood worse pass normal prediction.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abbett&quot;&gt;Abbett, Robert W., ''American Civil Engineering Practice'', John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1956&lt;/ref&gt;

Debris like trees, buildings, and vehicles fit block river and change how water dey flow, making flood unpredictable and dangerous.&lt;ref name=&quot;BR&quot;&gt;United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, ''Design of Small Dams'', 1973&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of this, flood risk no be only about how much rain fall, but also how all these factors combine together at the same time.

==Negative impacts==

[[File:Flooded walnut orchard in Butte County, California-L1001234.jpg|thumb|Flooded walnut farms for [[Butte County, California]] after plenty atmospheric rivers hit California early 2023]]

Floods fit cause very serious destruction. When water dey rush, e fit destroy all kind things like bridges, buildings, houses, trees, cars, and other structures. The damage wey flood dey bring for economy, society, and environment dey always heavy, and sometimes e fit turn disaster completely.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

Floods and agriculture, climate, economy, and diseases dey linked together (FACED system).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1088/1748-9326/ae21f4| issn = 1748-9326| volume = 20| issue = 12| pages = 123004| last1 = Li| first1 = Zhi |author2-link=Steven M. Gorelick |last2 = Gorelick| first2 = Steven M| title = Societal and environmental interconnections: future directions for flood inundation models| journal = Environmental Research Letters| date = 2025| doi-access = free| bibcode = 2025ERL....20l3004L}}&lt;/ref&gt; Floods don already cause loss wey pass USD 1.5 trillion for agriculture between 1991 and 2023, meaning say agriculture dey very vulnerable to water disaster worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=FAO |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7185en |title=The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-140180-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Impacts on infrastructure and society===

[[File:Economic_loss_in_agriculture_and_non-agricultural_sectors_by_hazard_type_(share).svg|thumb|Economic loss for agriculture and other sectors caused by floods compared to other disaster types]]

Plenty flood events around the world don destroy infrastructure, environment, and even human lives.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Floods dey increase for frequency and severity, so the cost to society dey rise every year.

Big river flood fit happen when dam break, or when landslide, earthquake, or volcano change how river dey flow. Tsunami too fit cause serious coastal flooding.

===Economic impacts===

Floods dey cause loss of life and serious damage to buildings, roads, bridges, sewage systems, and other infrastructure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Every year, flood dey cost countries billions of dollars and many people dey lose their livelihood.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Morrison |first1=A. |last2=Westbrook |first2=C.J. |last3=Noble |first3=B.F. |year=2018 |title=A review of the flood risk management governance and resilience literature |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=291–304 |doi=10.1111/jfr3.12315}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Bangladesh 2007 flood, more than one million houses collapse. For United States too, flood dey cause over $7 billion loss every year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Society |first=National Geographic |date=2011-11-07 |title=flood |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/flood/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flood water fit cover farmland, spoil crops, and make farming impossible, which fit lead to food shortage. Some trees too no fit survive long flooding of their roots.

For communities, flood fit reduce property value and even discourage people from buying houses. Many small businesses no dey reopen after flood disaster. Flood insurance dey available for some countries to help reduce loss.&lt;ref name=&quot;NFIP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=National Flood Insurance Program |url=https://www.floodsmart.gov/floodsmart/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flood damage fit also affect tourism, increase rebuilding cost, and cause food price to rise. Many people also suffer emotional and psychological stress after losing property or loved ones.

===Health impacts===

[[File:Flooding after 1991 cyclone.jpg|thumb|Flood after [[1991 Bangladesh cyclone]] wey kill around 140,000 people]]

Most flood deaths dey happen because people drown due to strong currents and deep water.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Alderman |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Turner |first2=Lyle R. |last3=Tong |first3=Shilu |date=June 2012 |title=Floods and human health: A systematic review |journal=Environment International |volume=47 |pages=37–47}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some people still dey die from lack of medicine, dehydration, heat, or other sickness when help no reach dem on time.

Flood injuries dey happen during and after disaster, even to rescue workers. Falling debris and fast-moving water dey cause serious harm.

Flood water dey carry disease organisms. So diseases like cholera, hepatitis, diarrhoea, and other waterborne infections dey increase because clean water no dey available.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot; /&gt;

After flood, stagnant water fit increase mosquito breeding, which fit cause malaria and other vector diseases like dengue and yellow fever.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot; /&gt;

People too fit suffer psychological problems like depression and stress because of loss of family, home, and property.

Floods also fit damage electricity supply, water treatment systems, and sewage systems, making health situation worse. Dirty water mixing with sewage fit increase risk of serious infections like typhoid and cholera.

Road damage fit make emergency response and medical help difficult to reach affected people.

Floods also fit make houses remain wet for long time, leading to mold growth, which fit cause breathing problems like asthma and other respiratory diseases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Demain |first=Jeffrey G. |date=24 March 2018 |title=Climate Change and the Impact on Respiratory and Allergic Disease: 2018 |journal=Current Allergy and Asthma Reports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Vector-borne diseases like malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, and yellow fever fit increase because stagnant water remain after flood.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot; /&gt;

Floods fit also cause long-term mental health problems like depression due to trauma and loss.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot; /&gt;
== Positive impacts (benefits) ==
Floods (especially small small ones wey dey come from time to time) fit bring plenty benefits. E fit help recharge underground water (groundwater), make soil more fertile, den increase nutrients for some farmlands. Because of this, for ancient times, people wey dey live near rivers like Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Indus, Ganges den Yellow River dey depend on seasonal flooding for dem survival.

Flood water dey also give fresh water resources for dry and semi-dry areas wey rain no dey come regular. E fit even kill some pests for farm land. For river ecosystems, flooding dey help maintain balance and support plants and animals wey dey live for floodplain areas. E also dey carry nutrients go lakes and rivers, which fit increase fish and other aquatic life for some years.

Some fish dey even use flooded plains as place to lay eggs because food plenty there and predators few. Birds too dey benefit because food increase during flooding. Hydropower energy also dey work better for places wey flooding dey happen often.


---

== Protections against floods and flood risks ==

=== Flood management ===
For many countries, people dey try control floods by building things like dams, levees, reservoirs, weirs, and detention basins. These structures dey help reduce overflow of water.

If these systems fail, people fit use emergency things like sandbags or temporary barriers to slow water. For coastal areas, dem dey use sea walls, beach protection, and other coastal defenses.

For rivers, engineers dey try reduce erosion and control how river dey bend or change path. Urban areas too dey improve drainage systems like gutters and sewers. Some places dey remove concrete and replace am with natural drainage systems like wetlands and porous ground so water fit enter soil.

Some flood-prone areas dey even turn into parks or open spaces wey fit flood without causing much damage. House owners too fit raise buildings, install pumps, or direct water away from their houses.


---

=== Flood safety planning ===
To manage flood risk well, planners dey look things like past flood records, rainfall patterns, river behavior, and land shape. Dem dey use models and maps to predict where water fit reach.

Good planning also include:

planning land use well

building strong infrastructure

monitoring rivers and rainfall

early warning systems

emergency response planning


Important public buildings like hospitals, police stations, and fire services suppose dey far from flood areas. Bridges and roads wey must pass flood zones must be strong enough to survive flood.

People also dey follow safety advice like “move go higher ground” and avoid crossing flood water when e dey move fast.


---

=== Flood clean-up safety ===
After flood, clean-up work fit be dangerous. People fit face electric shock, dirty water diseases, heat or cold stress, sharp debris, and gas like carbon monoxide.

Flood areas fit also get broken glass, fallen wires, chemicals, and even dead animals. Because of this, workers dey use safety gear like gloves, boots, helmets, goggles, and life jackets.

Careful planning and protection dey important because flood clean-up work no be easy at all and e fit cause injuries if people no careful.
== Flood predictions ==
{{Main|Flood prediction}}

{{See also|Urban flooding#Modeling}}

[[File:Flood102405.JPG|thumb|Flooding near [[Key West]], [[Florida]], United States from [[Hurricane Wilma]]'s storm surge in October 2005]]

Flood prediction be how experts dey try use science and data take know when flood fit happen, how e go be, and where e go affect.

One way dem dey do am be to take yearly highest river flow records for one river area and analyze am with statistics to estimate big events like “100-year flood” and other flood levels wey fit repeat after some time. Dem fit also compare many rivers inside one region wey get similar water systems, then use that data take estimate flood risk for places wey no get enough measurements.

For river channels, engineers dey use physical computer models wey well understood. These models fit calculate how deep water go be and which areas go flood if water flow increase. E also dey help for flood maps and insurance planning. On the other side, if dem already see flood area and know river conditions, dem fit reverse the model take estimate how strong the water flow be.

Some models dey work like 1D (just inside the river channel), while others be 2D (show how water spread across whole floodplain). Software like HEC-RAS dey very popular because e free and engineers dey use am plenty. Other tools like TUFLOW fit combine both 1D and 2D to show better flood spread across land.

For whole river basins, the modeling dey even more complex. Dem dey combine rainfall, snowmelt, soil absorption, vegetation, and river systems together. These basin models dey help predict runoff from big storms and also dey support flood forecasting and climate change studies.

For example, in United States, different agencies like USGS, weather stations, NOAA, and other groups dey collect real-time data and combine am with rainfall forecasts to produce daily flood predictions. Dem also dey work with Canada for shared river systems like Saint Lawrence Seaway.

There also be global system called GFMS (Global Flood Monitoring System). This one use NASA satellite rainfall data plus land models (vegetation, soil, terrain) to track flooding worldwide. E dey show rainfall, water level, and flood risk every few hours, and fit even predict up to 5 days ahead. People fit zoom map see flooded areas in high detail.

With this kind systems, authorities fit warn people early. Farmers fit move animals, emergency services fit prepare, and communities fit evacuate before flood reach.

For good flood prediction, scientists need long-term river and rainfall data, plus real-time info about reservoirs, groundwater, and soil saturation. Weather radar and forecasting systems also dey very important to improve accuracy.

Flood forecasts normally show maximum water level expected and when flood go reach certain places. This one dey help planners and communities prepare and reduce damage.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|flood}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Flood| ]]
[[Category:Water]]
[[Category:Bodies of water]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Meteorological phenomena]]
[[Category:Weather hazards]]
[[Category:Natural disasters]]</text>
      <sha1>8k80keon00meh4vthsnr6gdul8v3agl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100793</id>
      <parentid>100772</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T19:09:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
        <id>64</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Flood predictions */ correction of errors</comment>
      <origin>100793</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43190" sha1="tkbyixs88mgbttrcn8hg1hqxccvtljy" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A '''flood''' be overflow of water (anaa sometimes oda fluids) wey cover land wey normally dey dry.&lt;ref&gt;MSN Encarta Dictionary, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 Flood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 |date=2011-02-04 }}, Retrieved on 2006-12-28, on 2009-10-31&lt;/ref&gt; For de sense of &quot;flowing water&quot;, dem sanso fi use de word for de inflow of de tide. Floods be important issue for agriculture, civil engineering den public health.

Human activities wey dey change de environment often dey increase how severe floods go be den how often dem go happen. Examples of dese human changes include land use changes like deforestation den removal of wetlands, changes for waterways, anaa flood control measures such as levees. Global environmental problems too dey affect de causes of floods, especially [[climate change]], wey dey cause stronger water cycle activity den sea level rise.&lt;ref&gt;Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf Chapter 11: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1513–1766, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.013.&lt;/ref&gt;

For example, [[climate change]] dey make extreme weather events happen more often den dem dey become stronger too.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |title=Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change |publisher=The National Academies Press |doi=10.17226/21852 |pages=127–136 |isbn=978-0-309-38094-2 |access-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215232008/https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |archive-date=2022-02-15 |url-status=live |year=2016 |place=Washington, DC|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis one dey lead to stronger floods den increase de risk of flooding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Hirabayashi|first1=Yukiko|last2=Mahendran|first2=Roobavannan|last3=Koirala|first3=Sujan|last4=Konoshima|first4=Lisako|last5=Yamazaki|first5=Dai|last6=Watanabe|first6=Satoshi|last7=Kim|first7=Hyungjun|last8=Kanae|first8=Shinjiro|date=September 2013|title=Global flood risk under climate change|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1911/|journal=Nature Climate Change|language=en|volume=3|issue=9|pages=816–821|doi=10.1038/nclimate1911|bibcode=2013NatCC...3..816H|issn=1758-6798|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How climate change is making record-breaking floods the new normal|url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-climate-change-making-record-breaking-floods-new-normal|website=United Nations Environmental Program|date=3 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural types of floods include river flooding, groundwater flooding, coastal flooding den urban flooding, wey some people dey call flash flooding. Tidal flooding fit include elements of both river den coastal flooding processes for estuary areas. There be also intentional flooding of land wey otherwise for remain dry. Dis one fit happen for agricultural, military, or river management purposes. For example, agricultural flooding fit happen when dem dey prepare paddy fields for growing semi-aquatic rice for plenty countries.

Flooding fit happen when water overflow from water bodies such as rivers, lakes, seas, anaa oceans. For such cases, de water dey pass over anaa break levees, causing some of de water to escape from ein normal boundaries.&lt;ref&gt;Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000) [http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 Flood] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824054504/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 |date=2007-08-24 }}, Retrieved on 2009-01-09&lt;/ref&gt;

Flooding fit also happen because rainwater gather on ground wey already soak with water. Dem dey call dis kind flood ''areal flood''. De size of a lake or any oda water body naturally fit change because of seasonal changes for [[precipitation]] den melting snow. However, dem no dey consider dese changes in size as floods unless dem cause damage to property anaa drown domestic animals. Floods sanso fi happen for rivers when de amount of water wey dey flow pass de capacity of de river channel, especially for bends anaa meanders of de waterway. Floods often dey cause damage to houses den businesses if dem buildings dey inside de natural flood plains of rivers. People fit avoid river flooding damage if dem move go live far from rivers. However, for plenty countries, people traditionally dey live den work near rivers because de land for there usually dey flat den fertile. Besides, rivers dey provide easy transportation den access to trade den industry.

Flooding fit damage property den also cause secondary effects. For de short term, e fit increase de spread of waterborne diseases den vector-borne diseases, such as diseases wey mosquitoes dey transmit. Flooding fit also make residents leave dia homes for long periods of time or permanently.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Flooding and communicable diseases fact sheet|url=https://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041231191549/http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-date=December 31, 2004|access-date=2021-03-28|website=WHO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Floods be one important area of study for hydrology den hydraulic engineering.

Large number of people for de world dey live close to major coastlines,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Neumann |first1=Barbara |last2=Vafeidis |first2=Athanasios T. |last3=Zimmermann |first3=Juliane |last4=Nicholls |first4=Robert J. |date=2015-03-11 |title=Future Coastal Population Growth and Exposure to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding - A Global Assessment |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1018571N |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118571 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4367969 |pmid=25760037 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0118571}}&lt;/ref&gt; while plenty major cities den farming areas too dey near floodplains.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-24 |title=Flood Risk Management in Canada {{!}} Research report |url=https://www.genevaassociation.org/research-topics/climate-change-and-emerging-environmental-topics/flood-risk-management-canada |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=Geneva Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of changing climatic conditions, de risk of coastal den river flooding dey increase significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dieperink |first1=C. |last2=Hegger |first2=D. L. T. |last3=Bakker |first3=M. H. N. |last4=Kundzewicz |first4=Z. W. |last5=Green |first5=C. |last6=Driessen |first6=P. P. J. |date=2016-10-01 |title=Recurrent Governance Challenges in the Implementation and Alignment of Flood Risk Management Strategies: a Review |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=30 |issue=13 |pages=4467–4481 |bibcode=2016WatRM..30.4467D |doi=10.1007/s11269-016-1491-7 |issn=1573-1650 |s2cid=54676896 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Types ==
[[File:Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg|thumb|View of flooded New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina]]
[[File:Rapid_Creek_flooding_1.jpg|thumb|Flooding of a creek because of heavy monsoon rain den high tide for Darwin, Northern Territory, [[Australia]]]]
[[File:Jeddah_Flood_-_King_Abdullah_Street.jpg|thumb|Flood for [[Jeddah]], covering King Abdullah Street for [[Saudi Arabia]]]]
[[File:Overland_flooding_near_Georgetown,_Minnesota,_in_the_Red_River_Valley_of_the_North.jpg|thumb|Overland flooding near Georgetown, Minnesota, for de Red River Valley of de North]]

=== Areal flooding ===
[[File:House_surrounded_by_flood_Ilmajoki_Finland.jpg|thumb|For spring season, floods be common for Ostrobothnia, one flat area for [[Finland]]. House wey flood surround for Ilmajoki, South Ostrobothnia.]]
Floods fit happen for flat or low-lying areas when rainwater or melted snow dey come more quickly than de ground fit absorb am or than de water fit flow away. De extra water gather for one place, sometimes reaching dangerous levels. Surface soil fit become fully soaked with water, wey go stop further infiltration, especially for places where de water table dey near de surface, such as a floodplain, or during heavy rainfall from one storm or a series of storms.

Infiltration too dey very slow or almost impossible through frozen ground, rock, concrete, paved surfaces, or roofs. Areal flooding usually start for flat areas like floodplains den local depressions wey no connect to any stream channel, because de speed of overland flow depend on de slope of de land. Endorheic basins fit experience areal flooding during periods when rainfall pass evaporation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Myrtle |title=Fact Sheet |date=2000 |chapter=Ground-water flooding in glacial terrain of southern Puget Sound, Washington |doi=10.3133/fs11100 |ref=MJones |access-date=2015-07-23 |chapter-url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs11100}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== River flooding ===
[[File:January 27 2019 Baron River Flooding, Cairns.jpg|thumb|left|January 27 Baron River flooding, Cairns]]

Flood fit happen for all types of river den stream channels, from small ephemeral streams for humid areas, to normally-dry channels for arid regions, go reach big rivers like de Amazon. When overland flow happen for farm land, e fit cause muddy flood where sediments dey carried plus de runoff as suspended material anaa bed load. Local flooding fit increase because of blockage for drainage, like landslides, ice, debris, anaa beaver dams.

Slow rising floods normally dey happen for big rivers wey get large catchment areas. De increase for water flow fit come from long rain, fast snowmelt, monsoon rains, anaa tropical cyclones. But big rivers too fit experience fast flooding if de area be dry climate, because dem fit get large basin but small river channel, den rainfall fit be very heavy for small part of de basin.

For very flat areas like de Red River Valley of the North for Minnesota, North Dakota, den Manitoba, mixed type of river den areal flooding fit happen, wey people dey call am &quot;overland flooding&quot;. Dis one different from &quot;overland flow&quot; wey mean surface runoff. De Red River Valley be former glacial lakebed wey Lake Agassiz create, den for 550 miles river course, e drop only 236 feet, meaning say de slope very small.

For dis kind flat land, spring snowmelt no dey happen same time everywhere. If snowfall heavy den snow melt fast, water fit push out from tributary rivers, move overland, then join another river far downstream anaa even enter another stream completely. Overland flooding fit be very dangerous because e no dey easy to predict, e fit happen suddenly, den e fit travel far distance for flat land.

Fast flooding events wey dey include flash floods dey happen more for small rivers, steep valleys, rivers wey flow over hard rock, anaa normally-dry channels. De cause fit be heavy thunderstorm rain anaa sudden release of water from dam, landslide, anaa glacier. For one case, flash flood kill eight people for waterfall area insyd narrow canyon wen water flow jump from about {{convert|50|to|1500|ft3/s|sigfig=2}} insyd just one minute.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hjalmarson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hjalmarson|first1=W. Hjalmar|date=December 1984|title=Flash Flood in Tanque Verde Creek, Tucson, Arizona|journal=Journal of Hydraulic Engineering|volume=110|issue=12|pages=1841–1852|doi=10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:12(1841)|bibcode=1984JHydE.110.1841H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two more floods happen for same place within one week, but nobody dey there those days. De deadly flood come from thunderstorm wey happen for part of drainage basin, where steep bare rock slope dey den thin soil already full plus water.

Flash floods be very common for normally-dry channels inside arid areas, wey dem dey call arroyos for southwest [[United States]]. For dis kind place, first flood water wey arrive dey lose strength secof e dey soak into sandy river bed. So de front of de flood dey move slow pass de water behind. Secof dis, de flood become faster as e dey move downstream until soil soaking no matter again den flow rate become very strong.

Dis one dey help people take precautions den give warning ahead of time so dem fit prepare for flooding conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2013-04-30 |title=Flood Warnings |url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/floods/58417.aspx |access-date=2013-06-17 |publisher=Environment Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, farmers fit move dema animals comot from low-lying areas, den utility services fit arrange emergency plans to reroute services if e become necessary. Emergency services too fit make sure say dem get enough resources ready before time so dem fit respond quickly when emergencies happen. People sanso fi evacuate areas wey flood go affect.

To make flood forecast for waterways more accurate, e dey important to get long history data wey link stream flows to past rainfall events.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Australia rainfall and river conditions |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/australia/flood |access-date=2013-06-17 |publisher=Bom.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; If you combine dis historical data plus real-time information about water levels in catchment areas—like space left insyd reservoirs, groundwater levels, den how much soil den underground water systems don already soak (saturation of aquifers)—then flood prediction go become more accurate.

Radar rainfall estimates den normal weather forecasting methods too be important part of good flood forecasting. For places wey good data dey available, dem fit predict how high flood go rise den wen e go reach certain places plus good accuracy den enough early warning. Flood forecast output usually show de maximum expected water level den de estimated time wey e go reach key points along de river.&lt;ref name=&quot;Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Connelly |first1=Brian A |last2=Braatz |first2=Dean T |last3=Halquist |first3=John B |last4=Deweese |first4=Michael M |last5=Larson |first5=Lee |last6=Ingram |first6=John J |year=1999 |title=Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=104 |issue=D16 |pages=19, 655 |bibcode=1999JGR...10419655C |doi=10.1029/1999JD900051 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso fit help calculate de statistical return period of flood.

For many developed countries, urban areas wey dey at risk of flooding dey protected against wat dem call 100-year flood—dat one mean flood wey get about 63% chance (1 − 0.99&lt;sup&gt;100&lt;/sup&gt;, anaa roughly 1 − 1/''e'') to happen insyd any 100-year period.

According to de U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) Northeast River Forecast Center (RFC) for Taunton, Massachusetts, one simple rule for urban flood forecasting be say e need at least {{convert|1|in|mm}} of rain within about one hour to cause serious water gathering on non-absorbent surfaces. Chaw NWS RFCs sanso dey issue Flash Flood Guidance and Headwater Guidance, wey show de amount of rain wey fit cause flash flooding anaa flooding for big water basins.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flash Flood Guidance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=FFG |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rfcshare/ffg.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304094148/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rfcshare/ffg.php |archive-date=4 March 2013 |access-date=29 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Coastal flooding ===

Coastal areas fit flood when storm surges mix with high tides den big wave events for sea, make waves overflow flood defense systems. For serious cases, tsunami or tropical cyclones fit also cause this kind flooding. Storm surge from either tropical cyclone or extratropical cyclone dey fall inside this category.

Storm surge be “extra rise of water wey storm create, over and above the normal predicted astronomical tides”.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/ |title=Storm Surge Overview|website=noaa.gov|access-date=3 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of effects of climate change (like sea level rise den increase in extreme weather events) plus more people wey dey live for coastal areas, damage from coastal flooding don increase and e dey affect more people pass before.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood |url=https://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood |access-date=2020-11-09 |website=www.climatecentral.org |language=en |archive-date=2020-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330202024/https://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flooding for estuaries normally dey happen when storm surge wey come from strong winds and low barometric pressure combine with big waves wey dey meet strong upstream river flow.
=== Intentional floods ===

Intentional flooding of land wey normally go remain dry fit happen for agricultural, military, or river-management purposes. This one be form of hydraulic engineering. For agriculture, flooding fit dey used when dem dey prepare paddy fields for growing semi-aquatic rice for many countries.

[[File:1938 Yellow River flood.jpg|thumb|Chinese Kuomintang soldiers during the [[1938 Yellow River flood]]]]

Flooding for river management fit happen when dem dey divert flood water from river wey don reach flood stage upstream, move am go areas wey dem consider less valuable, so say more important places go no suffer. This fit be done on the spot (''ad hoc''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Army Corps starts to blow up levee, flood 130,000 acres in Missouri |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/05/02/missouri.levee.breach/index.html |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; or e fit be permanent, like the so-called ''overlaten'' (meaning “let-overs”), wey be intentionally lowered part for Dutch river levees, like the ''Beerse Overlaat'' for left levee of the Meuse between the villages of Gassel and Linden, North Brabant.

Military flooding dey create obstacle for battlefield wey go slow enemy movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1878 |title=Text Book of Fortification and Military Engineering: For Use at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yvs_AAAAYAAJ |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=Google Books |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=50}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem fit use am for both attack and defense purposes. Since the method be form of hydraulic engineering, e dey important to differentiate between controlled flooding and uncontrolled ones.

Examples of controlled flooding include the ones wey Netherlands use under the Dutch Republic and later states,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Oosthoek, K.J. |title=The watery ally: military inundations in Dutch history (podcast) |url=https://www.eh-resources.org/podcast-77/ |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=Environmental History Resources}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Tiegs, R. |title=Military Inundations during the Dutch Wars of Independence |url=http://roberttiegs.com/digital-history/brief-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151156/http://roberttiegs.com/digital-history/brief-history/ |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=Brief History of Military Inundations during the Dutch Wars of Independence}}&lt;/ref&gt; like the Hollandic Water Lines, the Stelling van Amsterdam, the Frisian Water Line, the IJssel Line, the Peel-Raam Line, den the Grebbe line.

For military flooding to count as controlled, dem must consider civilian people well-being—give dem time to evacuate, make sure say the flooding fit be reversed, and try reduce damage to environment (ecology). The impact fit also affect underground water system (hydrogeology) if the flood stay long.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Vandenbohed |first=Alexander |date=2016 |title=The hydrogeology of the military inundation at the 1914–1918 Yser front (Belgium) |journal=Hydrogeology Journal |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=521–534 |bibcode=2016HydJ...24..521V |doi=10.1007/s10040-015-1344-0 |s2cid=131534974}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uncontrolled flooding examples include the second Siege of Leiden&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Tiegs, R. |date=13 April 2017 |title=The Past Comes Flooding Back: The War That Almost Sank Holland |url=http://niche-canada.org/2017/04/13/the-past-comes-flooding-back-the-war-that-almost-sank-holland/ |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=NICHE. Network in Canadian History &amp; Environment. Nouvelle initiative Canadienne en histoire de l'environnement}}&lt;/ref&gt; during the Eighty Years' War, the flooding of the Yser plain during First World War,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Battle of the Yser |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Battle-of-the-Yser |work=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also the Inundation of Walcheren plus the Inundation of the Wieringermeer during Second World War.
==Causes==

[[File:Cyclone Hudhud destruction in Visakhapatnam 2.jpg|thumb|Flood wey come from [[Cyclone Hudhud]] for [[Visakhapatnam]], India]]

Floods fit happen because of plenty different things, or sometimes combination of dem. E fit be long heavy rain wey fall for one place or across whole river basin, quick snow wey dey melt fast, strong wind wey dey push sea water, unusual high tide, tsunami, or when dam, levee or other water control structure break down. Human activities too fit make flood worse, like when people build plenty concrete ground wey no dey absorb water, or when bush burn or wetland wey dey normally hold water don reduce.

During rain, part of the water go soak enter soil, part go remain for small ponds, some go enter grass and plants, some go even evaporate, but the rest go flow on top ground as surface runoff. Flood go happen when soil, river, lake or vegetation no fit take all the water again.

Human activities don make am worse too, like when people drain wetlands wey suppose store water, or when dem build roads and pavements wey water no fit enter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Basic Biology |date=2016 |title=Wetlands |url=https://basicbiology.net/environment/land/wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of this, water dey rush enter rivers and streams pass wetin dem fit carry or store inside natural lakes and reservoirs. About 30 percent of rainfall dey turn runoff&lt;ref name=&quot;M&quot;&gt;&quot;Flood Control&quot;, [[MSN Encarta]], 2008&lt;/ref&gt; and snow wey dey melt fit increase am too.

===Upslope factors===

[[File:Ein Avdat Flood 1.JPG|thumb|Flash flood for Ein Avdat, Negev, Israel]]

River flood mostly dey happen when heavy rain fall, sometimes join with snow wey dey melt fast. If flood rise quick quick with small or no warning at all, dem dey call am flash flood. Flash flood normally dey come from heavy rain for small area, or when ground already full water from previous rain.

How water take reach river or drainage channel depend on how rain fall, where e fall, and when e fall, plus how dam release water upstream. Some water go evaporate, some go enter soil, some fit remain as snow or ice, but plenty go flow on top ground go enter rivers. The amount of water wey reach river quick quick fit change—from small one for light rain on dry ground to very big one when rain fall on snow.&lt;ref&gt;Babbitt, Harold E. &amp; Doland, James J., ''Water Supply Engineering'', McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1949&lt;/ref&gt;

Rainfall data dey measure how deep rain fall within time. Scientists dey use how often rain pass certain level to predict flood risk. Thunderstorms normally give short but heavy rain, while other types of rain fit last longer. This duration, strength, and how often rain dey happen dey very important for flood prediction.&lt;ref&gt;Simon, Andrew L., ''Basic Hydraulics'', John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1981&lt;/ref&gt;

The biggest factor wey determine how big flood go be na the size of land wey dey drain into the river (watershed). For small watersheds, how heavy rain be matter pass, but for big watersheds, how steep river channel be dey matter more.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simon&quot;&gt;Simon, Andrew L., ''Practical Hydraulics'', John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1981&lt;/ref&gt;

Time of concentration na the time wey water take travel from farthest point of watershed reach the river outlet. This one dey help determine how long heavy rain must last to cause peak flood.&lt;ref name=&quot;Urquhart&quot;&gt;Urquhart, Leonard Church, ''Civil Engineering Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1959&lt;/ref&gt;

===Downslope factors===

Water wey dey flow downhill go finally meet place wey fit slow am down, like ocean, lakes, or coastal barriers. For coastal flooding, tide change dey very important. Tsunami and storm surge too fit change water level suddenly.

How fast water dey move depend on river shape, depth, speed, and sediment inside am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simon&quot; /&gt; Bridges, narrow valleys, and other blockages fit control water level. But this control point fit change depending on how high water rise.

Vegetation growth, ice, debris, or human structures fit change how river dey flow and increase flood risk.

Flood fit repeat for rivers and create floodplain area around them. Even small rain fit still cause coastal flooding if strong wind like hurricane push sea water inland.

===Climate change===

High tide flooding dey increase because sea level dey rise and natural protection dey reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=US Department of Commerce |website=NOAA |title=What is high tide flooding? |url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/nuisance-flooding.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Long-term sea level rise dey happen together with short-term flooding events, and climate change dey make extreme rainfall more frequent, so flood risk dey increase for many coastal and inland areas.

===Coincidence===

Sometimes flood big pass because different events happen together—like heavy rain wey come melt snow, ice wey block river, or dam wey release water. These combination events fit make flood worse pass normal prediction.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abbett&quot;&gt;Abbett, Robert W., ''American Civil Engineering Practice'', John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1956&lt;/ref&gt;

Debris like trees, buildings, and vehicles fit block river and change how water dey flow, making flood unpredictable and dangerous.&lt;ref name=&quot;BR&quot;&gt;United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, ''Design of Small Dams'', 1973&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of this, flood risk no be only about how much rain fall, but also how all these factors combine together at the same time.

==Negative impacts==

[[File:Flooded walnut orchard in Butte County, California-L1001234.jpg|thumb|Flooded walnut farms for [[Butte County, California]] after plenty atmospheric rivers hit California early 2023]]

Floods fit cause very serious destruction. When water dey rush, e fit destroy all kind things like bridges, buildings, houses, trees, cars, and other structures. The damage wey flood dey bring for economy, society, and environment dey always heavy, and sometimes e fit turn disaster completely.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

Floods and agriculture, climate, economy, and diseases dey linked together (FACED system).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1088/1748-9326/ae21f4| issn = 1748-9326| volume = 20| issue = 12| pages = 123004| last1 = Li| first1 = Zhi |author2-link=Steven M. Gorelick |last2 = Gorelick| first2 = Steven M| title = Societal and environmental interconnections: future directions for flood inundation models| journal = Environmental Research Letters| date = 2025| doi-access = free| bibcode = 2025ERL....20l3004L}}&lt;/ref&gt; Floods don already cause loss wey pass USD 1.5 trillion for agriculture between 1991 and 2023, meaning say agriculture dey very vulnerable to water disaster worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=FAO |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7185en |title=The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-140180-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Impacts on infrastructure and society===

[[File:Economic_loss_in_agriculture_and_non-agricultural_sectors_by_hazard_type_(share).svg|thumb|Economic loss for agriculture and other sectors caused by floods compared to other disaster types]]

Plenty flood events around the world don destroy infrastructure, environment, and even human lives.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Floods dey increase for frequency and severity, so the cost to society dey rise every year.

Big river flood fit happen when dam break, or when landslide, earthquake, or volcano change how river dey flow. Tsunami too fit cause serious coastal flooding.

===Economic impacts===

Floods dey cause loss of life and serious damage to buildings, roads, bridges, sewage systems, and other infrastructure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Every year, flood dey cost countries billions of dollars and many people dey lose their livelihood.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Morrison |first1=A. |last2=Westbrook |first2=C.J. |last3=Noble |first3=B.F. |year=2018 |title=A review of the flood risk management governance and resilience literature |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=291–304 |doi=10.1111/jfr3.12315}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Bangladesh 2007 flood, more than one million houses collapse. For United States too, flood dey cause over $7 billion loss every year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Society |first=National Geographic |date=2011-11-07 |title=flood |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/flood/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flood water fit cover farmland, spoil crops, and make farming impossible, which fit lead to food shortage. Some trees too no fit survive long flooding of their roots.

For communities, flood fit reduce property value and even discourage people from buying houses. Many small businesses no dey reopen after flood disaster. Flood insurance dey available for some countries to help reduce loss.&lt;ref name=&quot;NFIP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=National Flood Insurance Program |url=https://www.floodsmart.gov/floodsmart/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flood damage fit also affect tourism, increase rebuilding cost, and cause food price to rise. Many people also suffer emotional and psychological stress after losing property or loved ones.

===Health impacts===

[[File:Flooding after 1991 cyclone.jpg|thumb|Flood after [[1991 Bangladesh cyclone]] wey kill around 140,000 people]]

Most flood deaths dey happen because people drown due to strong currents and deep water.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Alderman |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Turner |first2=Lyle R. |last3=Tong |first3=Shilu |date=June 2012 |title=Floods and human health: A systematic review |journal=Environment International |volume=47 |pages=37–47}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some people still dey die from lack of medicine, dehydration, heat, or other sickness when help no reach dem on time.

Flood injuries dey happen during and after disaster, even to rescue workers. Falling debris and fast-moving water dey cause serious harm.

Flood water dey carry disease organisms. So diseases like cholera, hepatitis, diarrhoea, and other waterborne infections dey increase because clean water no dey available.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot; /&gt;

After flood, stagnant water fit increase mosquito breeding, which fit cause malaria and other vector diseases like dengue and yellow fever.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot; /&gt;

People too fit suffer psychological problems like depression and stress because of loss of family, home, and property.

Floods also fit damage electricity supply, water treatment systems, and sewage systems, making health situation worse. Dirty water mixing with sewage fit increase risk of serious infections like typhoid and cholera.

Road damage fit make emergency response and medical help difficult to reach affected people.

Floods also fit make houses remain wet for long time, leading to mold growth, which fit cause breathing problems like asthma and other respiratory diseases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Demain |first=Jeffrey G. |date=24 March 2018 |title=Climate Change and the Impact on Respiratory and Allergic Disease: 2018 |journal=Current Allergy and Asthma Reports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Vector-borne diseases like malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, and yellow fever fit increase because stagnant water remain after flood.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot; /&gt;

Floods fit also cause long-term mental health problems like depression due to trauma and loss.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot; /&gt;
== Positive impacts (benefits) ==
Floods (especially small small ones wey dey come from time to time) fit bring plenty benefits. E fit help recharge underground water (groundwater), make soil more fertile, den increase nutrients for some farmlands. Because of this, for ancient times, people wey dey live near rivers like Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Indus, Ganges den Yellow River dey depend on seasonal flooding for dem survival.

Flood water dey also give fresh water resources for dry and semi-dry areas wey rain no dey come regular. E fit even kill some pests for farm land. For river ecosystems, flooding dey help maintain balance and support plants and animals wey dey live for floodplain areas. E also dey carry nutrients go lakes and rivers, which fit increase fish and other aquatic life for some years.

Some fish dey even use flooded plains as place to lay eggs because food plenty there and predators few. Birds too dey benefit because food increase during flooding. Hydropower energy also dey work better for places wey flooding dey happen often.


---

== Protections against floods and flood risks ==

=== Flood management ===
For many countries, people dey try control floods by building things like dams, levees, reservoirs, weirs, and detention basins. These structures dey help reduce overflow of water.

If these systems fail, people fit use emergency things like sandbags or temporary barriers to slow water. For coastal areas, dem dey use sea walls, beach protection, and other coastal defenses.

For rivers, engineers dey try reduce erosion and control how river dey bend or change path. Urban areas too dey improve drainage systems like gutters and sewers. Some places dey remove concrete and replace am with natural drainage systems like wetlands and porous ground so water fit enter soil.

Some flood-prone areas dey even turn into parks or open spaces wey fit flood without causing much damage. House owners too fit raise buildings, install pumps, or direct water away from their houses.


---

=== Flood safety planning ===
To manage flood risk well, planners dey look things like past flood records, rainfall patterns, river behavior, and land shape. Dem dey use models and maps to predict where water fit reach.

Good planning also include:

planning land use well

building strong infrastructure

monitoring rivers and rainfall

early warning systems

emergency response planning


Important public buildings like hospitals, police stations, and fire services suppose dey far from flood areas. Bridges and roads wey must pass flood zones must be strong enough to survive flood.

People also dey follow safety advice like “move go higher ground” and avoid crossing flood water when e dey move fast.


---

=== Flood clean-up safety ===
After flood, clean-up work fit be dangerous. People fit face electric shock, dirty water diseases, heat or cold stress, sharp debris, and gas like carbon monoxide.

Flood areas fit also get broken glass, fallen wires, chemicals, and even dead animals. Because of this, workers dey use safety gear like gloves, boots, helmets, goggles, and life jackets.

Careful planning and protection dey important because flood clean-up work no be easy at all and e fit cause injuries if people no careful.
== Flood predictions ==
{{Main|Flood prediction}}

{{See also|Urban flooding#Modeling}}

[[File:Flood102405.JPG|thumb|Flooding near [[Key West]], [[Florida]], United States due to [[Hurricane Wilma]] ein [[storm surge]] for October 2005]]

Flood prediction na de way experts dey try predict when flood go happen, how serious e go be, den which places e go affect. Dem dey use scientific methods, computer models, weather information, den old flood records take estimate future floods.

A series of annual maximum flow rates for a stream fit be analyzed statistically to estimate de [[100-year flood]] and oda floods wey fit happen after specific recurrence intervals. Similar estimates from different sites for one hydrologically similar region fit be linked to measurable characteristics of each drainage basin. Dis one dey make indirect estimation of flood recurrence intervals possible for stream reaches wey no get enough data for direct analysis.

Physical process models of river channels dey well understood generally, and dem fit calculate flood depth and de area wey water go cover under particular channel conditions and flow rates. Dem dey use dis information for floodplain mapping and flood insurance. On de other hand, if a recent flood don happen, a model fit use de observed flooded area and channel conditions take calculate de flow rate.

When dem apply different channel configurations and flow rates, a reach model fit help select de best design for a modified channel. As of 2015, different reach models dey available, including [[One-dimensional space|1D]] models, wey dey measure flood levels inside de channel, and [[Plane (mathematics)|2D]] models, wey dey measure flood depths across de whole floodplain. [[HEC-RAS]] be one of de most popular software because e dey available free of charge. Other models such as TUFLOW dey combine 1D and 2D components to estimate flood depths for both river channels and floodplains.

Physical process models for complete drainage basins be more complex. Although scientists understand many hydrological processes, some processes and interactions still no dey fully understood for all scales, especially under extreme climate conditions. Basin models normally combine land-surface process components with a series of reach models. Dem fit estimate how much rainfall or melting snow go enter a channel.

For example, a basin model fit calculate de runoff hydrograph wey a 100-year storm fit produce, although de recurrence interval of de storm no always go match de recurrence interval of de resulting flood. Basin models dey commonly used for flood forecasting, flood warnings, land-use change studies, and climate change analysis.

For de United States, an integrated approach to real-time hydrologic computer modelling dey use observed data from de [[U.S. Geological Survey]] (USGS), weather observation networks, automated weather sensors, de [[NOAA]] National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center (NOHRSC), hydroelectric companies, and quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPF) of expected rainfall or snowmelt to generate daily hydrologic forecasts. De National Weather Service (NWS) also dey cooperate with [[Environment Canada]] for hydrologic forecasts wey affect both de United States and Canada, especially around de [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]].

De Global Flood Monitoring System (GFMS) be a computer tool wey dey map flood conditions worldwide. Users from anywhere for de world fit use GFMS determine when floods fit happen for dia areas. GFMS dey use rainfall data from [[NASA]] satellites and de Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite. Dem combine dis information with land-surface models wey include vegetation cover, soil type, and terrain conditions to estimate how much water dey soak enter de ground and how much dey flow enter rivers and streams.

Users fit view rainfall, streamflow, water depth, and flood statistics every three hours on a global map. Forecasts for these parameters dey available up to five days ahead. Users fit zoom enter de map to see inundation maps with one-kilometre resolution.

[[File:Natal Brazil Flood.jpeg|thumb|Flooding for a street in [[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte]], [[Brazil]], for April 2013]]

Predicting floods before dem happen dey allow authorities and communities take precautions and warn people in advance. Farmers fit move dia animals from low-lying areas. Utility companies fit prepare emergency arrangements to reroute services if necessary. Emergency services fit gather enough resources before emergencies happen, and people fit evacuate areas wey flood fit affect.

To make flood forecasts more accurate, scientists need long-term historical records wey relate stream flows to previous rainfall events. Dem also need real-time information about reservoir capacity, groundwater levels, and how saturated aquifers and soils be.

[[Weather radar|Radar]] rainfall estimates and modern weather forecasting methods also be important parts of flood prediction. For areas wey get good-quality data, scientists fit predict flood intensity and flood heights with reasonable accuracy and enough warning time.

Normally, de output of a flood forecast include de maximum expected water level and de likely time wey de flood go reach important locations along rivers and waterways. E fit also estimate de statistical return period of de flood.

For many developed countries, urban areas wey dey at risk of flooding get protection against a 100-year flood. Dat be a flood event wey get approximately 63 percent chance of occurring at least once within any 100-year period.

According to de U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) Northeast River Forecast Center (RFC) for [[Taunton, Massachusetts]], around one inch of rainfall within approximately one hour fit start significant water accumulation on impermeable surfaces such as roads and pavements. Because of dis, many NWS RFCs regularly issue Flash Flood Guidance and Headwater Guidance to show de amount of rainfall wey fit cause flash flooding or flooding for larger water basins.

=== Flood risk assessment ===
{{Main|Flood risk assessment}}

Flood risk assessment be de process of determining de danger wey floods pose to people, property, infrastructure, and de natural environment based on specific hazards and vulnerabilities. De extent of flood risk fit influence de types of mitigation measures wey authorities go implement.

A large proportion of de world's population dey live near major coastlines, while many major cities and agricultural areas dey located near floodplains. Because of changing climatic conditions, de risk of both coastal flooding and river flooding dey increase for many regions around de world.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|flood}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Flood| ]]
[[Category:Water]]
[[Category:Bodies of water]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Meteorological phenomena]]
[[Category:Weather hazards]]
[[Category:Natural disasters]]</text>
      <sha1>tkbyixs88mgbttrcn8hg1hqxccvtljy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100796</id>
      <parentid>100793</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T19:17:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
        <id>64</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added more content</comment>
      <origin>100796</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45060" sha1="o776mro75a0voqd49r2vcu673pecmh0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A '''flood''' be overflow of water (anaa sometimes oda fluids) wey cover land wey normally dey dry.&lt;ref&gt;MSN Encarta Dictionary, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 Flood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 |date=2011-02-04 }}, Retrieved on 2006-12-28, on 2009-10-31&lt;/ref&gt; For de sense of &quot;flowing water&quot;, dem sanso fi use de word for de inflow of de tide. Floods be important issue for agriculture, civil engineering den public health.

Human activities wey dey change de environment often dey increase how severe floods go be den how often dem go happen. Examples of dese human changes include land use changes like deforestation den removal of wetlands, changes for waterways, anaa flood control measures such as levees. Global environmental problems too dey affect de causes of floods, especially [[climate change]], wey dey cause stronger water cycle activity den sea level rise.&lt;ref&gt;Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf Chapter 11: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1513–1766, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.013.&lt;/ref&gt;

For example, [[climate change]] dey make extreme weather events happen more often den dem dey become stronger too.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |title=Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change |publisher=The National Academies Press |doi=10.17226/21852 |pages=127–136 |isbn=978-0-309-38094-2 |access-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215232008/https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |archive-date=2022-02-15 |url-status=live |year=2016 |place=Washington, DC|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis one dey lead to stronger floods den increase de risk of flooding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Hirabayashi|first1=Yukiko|last2=Mahendran|first2=Roobavannan|last3=Koirala|first3=Sujan|last4=Konoshima|first4=Lisako|last5=Yamazaki|first5=Dai|last6=Watanabe|first6=Satoshi|last7=Kim|first7=Hyungjun|last8=Kanae|first8=Shinjiro|date=September 2013|title=Global flood risk under climate change|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1911/|journal=Nature Climate Change|language=en|volume=3|issue=9|pages=816–821|doi=10.1038/nclimate1911|bibcode=2013NatCC...3..816H|issn=1758-6798|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How climate change is making record-breaking floods the new normal|url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-climate-change-making-record-breaking-floods-new-normal|website=United Nations Environmental Program|date=3 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural types of floods include river flooding, groundwater flooding, coastal flooding den urban flooding, wey some people dey call flash flooding. Tidal flooding fit include elements of both river den coastal flooding processes for estuary areas. There be also intentional flooding of land wey otherwise for remain dry. Dis one fit happen for agricultural, military, or river management purposes. For example, agricultural flooding fit happen when dem dey prepare paddy fields for growing semi-aquatic rice for plenty countries.

Flooding fit happen when water overflow from water bodies such as rivers, lakes, seas, anaa oceans. For such cases, de water dey pass over anaa break levees, causing some of de water to escape from ein normal boundaries.&lt;ref&gt;Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000) [http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 Flood] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824054504/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 |date=2007-08-24 }}, Retrieved on 2009-01-09&lt;/ref&gt;

Flooding fit also happen because rainwater gather on ground wey already soak with water. Dem dey call dis kind flood ''areal flood''. De size of a lake or any oda water body naturally fit change because of seasonal changes for [[precipitation]] den melting snow. However, dem no dey consider dese changes in size as floods unless dem cause damage to property anaa drown domestic animals. Floods sanso fi happen for rivers when de amount of water wey dey flow pass de capacity of de river channel, especially for bends anaa meanders of de waterway. Floods often dey cause damage to houses den businesses if dem buildings dey inside de natural flood plains of rivers. People fit avoid river flooding damage if dem move go live far from rivers. However, for plenty countries, people traditionally dey live den work near rivers because de land for there usually dey flat den fertile. Besides, rivers dey provide easy transportation den access to trade den industry.

Flooding fit damage property den also cause secondary effects. For de short term, e fit increase de spread of waterborne diseases den vector-borne diseases, such as diseases wey mosquitoes dey transmit. Flooding fit also make residents leave dia homes for long periods of time or permanently.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Flooding and communicable diseases fact sheet|url=https://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041231191549/http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-date=December 31, 2004|access-date=2021-03-28|website=WHO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Floods be one important area of study for hydrology den hydraulic engineering.

Large number of people for de world dey live close to major coastlines,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Neumann |first1=Barbara |last2=Vafeidis |first2=Athanasios T. |last3=Zimmermann |first3=Juliane |last4=Nicholls |first4=Robert J. |date=2015-03-11 |title=Future Coastal Population Growth and Exposure to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding - A Global Assessment |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1018571N |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118571 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4367969 |pmid=25760037 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0118571}}&lt;/ref&gt; while plenty major cities den farming areas too dey near floodplains.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-24 |title=Flood Risk Management in Canada {{!}} Research report |url=https://www.genevaassociation.org/research-topics/climate-change-and-emerging-environmental-topics/flood-risk-management-canada |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=Geneva Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of changing climatic conditions, de risk of coastal den river flooding dey increase significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dieperink |first1=C. |last2=Hegger |first2=D. L. T. |last3=Bakker |first3=M. H. N. |last4=Kundzewicz |first4=Z. W. |last5=Green |first5=C. |last6=Driessen |first6=P. P. J. |date=2016-10-01 |title=Recurrent Governance Challenges in the Implementation and Alignment of Flood Risk Management Strategies: a Review |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=30 |issue=13 |pages=4467–4481 |bibcode=2016WatRM..30.4467D |doi=10.1007/s11269-016-1491-7 |issn=1573-1650 |s2cid=54676896 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Types ==
[[File:Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg|thumb|View of flooded New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina]]
[[File:Rapid_Creek_flooding_1.jpg|thumb|Flooding of a creek because of heavy monsoon rain den high tide for Darwin, Northern Territory, [[Australia]]]]
[[File:Jeddah_Flood_-_King_Abdullah_Street.jpg|thumb|Flood for [[Jeddah]], covering King Abdullah Street for [[Saudi Arabia]]]]
[[File:Overland_flooding_near_Georgetown,_Minnesota,_in_the_Red_River_Valley_of_the_North.jpg|thumb|Overland flooding near Georgetown, Minnesota, for de Red River Valley of de North]]

=== Areal flooding ===
[[File:House_surrounded_by_flood_Ilmajoki_Finland.jpg|thumb|For spring season, floods be common for Ostrobothnia, one flat area for [[Finland]]. House wey flood surround for Ilmajoki, South Ostrobothnia.]]
Floods fit happen for flat or low-lying areas when rainwater or melted snow dey come more quickly than de ground fit absorb am or than de water fit flow away. De extra water gather for one place, sometimes reaching dangerous levels. Surface soil fit become fully soaked with water, wey go stop further infiltration, especially for places where de water table dey near de surface, such as a floodplain, or during heavy rainfall from one storm or a series of storms.

Infiltration too dey very slow or almost impossible through frozen ground, rock, concrete, paved surfaces, or roofs. Areal flooding usually start for flat areas like floodplains den local depressions wey no connect to any stream channel, because de speed of overland flow depend on de slope of de land. Endorheic basins fit experience areal flooding during periods when rainfall pass evaporation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Myrtle |title=Fact Sheet |date=2000 |chapter=Ground-water flooding in glacial terrain of southern Puget Sound, Washington |doi=10.3133/fs11100 |ref=MJones |access-date=2015-07-23 |chapter-url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs11100}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== River flooding ===
[[File:January 27 2019 Baron River Flooding, Cairns.jpg|thumb|left|January 27 Baron River flooding, Cairns]]

Flood fit happen for all types of river den stream channels, from small ephemeral streams for humid areas, to normally-dry channels for arid regions, go reach big rivers like de Amazon. When overland flow happen for farm land, e fit cause muddy flood where sediments dey carried plus de runoff as suspended material anaa bed load. Local flooding fit increase because of blockage for drainage, like landslides, ice, debris, anaa beaver dams.

Slow rising floods normally dey happen for big rivers wey get large catchment areas. De increase for water flow fit come from long rain, fast snowmelt, monsoon rains, anaa tropical cyclones. But big rivers too fit experience fast flooding if de area be dry climate, because dem fit get large basin but small river channel, den rainfall fit be very heavy for small part of de basin.

For very flat areas like de Red River Valley of the North for Minnesota, North Dakota, den Manitoba, mixed type of river den areal flooding fit happen, wey people dey call am &quot;overland flooding&quot;. Dis one different from &quot;overland flow&quot; wey mean surface runoff. De Red River Valley be former glacial lakebed wey Lake Agassiz create, den for 550 miles river course, e drop only 236 feet, meaning say de slope very small.

For dis kind flat land, spring snowmelt no dey happen same time everywhere. If snowfall heavy den snow melt fast, water fit push out from tributary rivers, move overland, then join another river far downstream anaa even enter another stream completely. Overland flooding fit be very dangerous because e no dey easy to predict, e fit happen suddenly, den e fit travel far distance for flat land.

Fast flooding events wey dey include flash floods dey happen more for small rivers, steep valleys, rivers wey flow over hard rock, anaa normally-dry channels. De cause fit be heavy thunderstorm rain anaa sudden release of water from dam, landslide, anaa glacier. For one case, flash flood kill eight people for waterfall area insyd narrow canyon wen water flow jump from about {{convert|50|to|1500|ft3/s|sigfig=2}} insyd just one minute.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hjalmarson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hjalmarson|first1=W. Hjalmar|date=December 1984|title=Flash Flood in Tanque Verde Creek, Tucson, Arizona|journal=Journal of Hydraulic Engineering|volume=110|issue=12|pages=1841–1852|doi=10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:12(1841)|bibcode=1984JHydE.110.1841H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two more floods happen for same place within one week, but nobody dey there those days. De deadly flood come from thunderstorm wey happen for part of drainage basin, where steep bare rock slope dey den thin soil already full plus water.

Flash floods be very common for normally-dry channels inside arid areas, wey dem dey call arroyos for southwest [[United States]]. For dis kind place, first flood water wey arrive dey lose strength secof e dey soak into sandy river bed. So de front of de flood dey move slow pass de water behind. Secof dis, de flood become faster as e dey move downstream until soil soaking no matter again den flow rate become very strong.

Dis one dey help people take precautions den give warning ahead of time so dem fit prepare for flooding conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2013-04-30 |title=Flood Warnings |url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/floods/58417.aspx |access-date=2013-06-17 |publisher=Environment Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, farmers fit move dema animals comot from low-lying areas, den utility services fit arrange emergency plans to reroute services if e become necessary. Emergency services too fit make sure say dem get enough resources ready before time so dem fit respond quickly when emergencies happen. People sanso fi evacuate areas wey flood go affect.

To make flood forecast for waterways more accurate, e dey important to get long history data wey link stream flows to past rainfall events.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Australia rainfall and river conditions |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/australia/flood |access-date=2013-06-17 |publisher=Bom.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; If you combine dis historical data plus real-time information about water levels in catchment areas—like space left insyd reservoirs, groundwater levels, den how much soil den underground water systems don already soak (saturation of aquifers)—then flood prediction go become more accurate.

Radar rainfall estimates den normal weather forecasting methods too be important part of good flood forecasting. For places wey good data dey available, dem fit predict how high flood go rise den wen e go reach certain places plus good accuracy den enough early warning. Flood forecast output usually show de maximum expected water level den de estimated time wey e go reach key points along de river.&lt;ref name=&quot;Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Connelly |first1=Brian A |last2=Braatz |first2=Dean T |last3=Halquist |first3=John B |last4=Deweese |first4=Michael M |last5=Larson |first5=Lee |last6=Ingram |first6=John J |year=1999 |title=Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=104 |issue=D16 |pages=19, 655 |bibcode=1999JGR...10419655C |doi=10.1029/1999JD900051 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso fit help calculate de statistical return period of flood.

For many developed countries, urban areas wey dey at risk of flooding dey protected against wat dem call 100-year flood—dat one mean flood wey get about 63% chance (1 − 0.99&lt;sup&gt;100&lt;/sup&gt;, anaa roughly 1 − 1/''e'') to happen insyd any 100-year period.

According to de U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) Northeast River Forecast Center (RFC) for Taunton, Massachusetts, one simple rule for urban flood forecasting be say e need at least {{convert|1|in|mm}} of rain within about one hour to cause serious water gathering on non-absorbent surfaces. Chaw NWS RFCs sanso dey issue Flash Flood Guidance and Headwater Guidance, wey show de amount of rain wey fit cause flash flooding anaa flooding for big water basins.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flash Flood Guidance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=FFG |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rfcshare/ffg.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304094148/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rfcshare/ffg.php |archive-date=4 March 2013 |access-date=29 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Coastal flooding ===

Coastal areas fit flood when storm surges mix with high tides den big wave events for sea, make waves overflow flood defense systems. For serious cases, tsunami or tropical cyclones fit also cause this kind flooding. Storm surge from either tropical cyclone or extratropical cyclone dey fall inside this category.

Storm surge be “extra rise of water wey storm create, over and above the normal predicted astronomical tides”.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/ |title=Storm Surge Overview|website=noaa.gov|access-date=3 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of effects of climate change (like sea level rise den increase in extreme weather events) plus more people wey dey live for coastal areas, damage from coastal flooding don increase and e dey affect more people pass before.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood |url=https://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood |access-date=2020-11-09 |website=www.climatecentral.org |language=en |archive-date=2020-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330202024/https://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flooding for estuaries normally dey happen when storm surge wey come from strong winds and low barometric pressure combine with big waves wey dey meet strong upstream river flow.
=== Intentional floods ===

Intentional flooding of land wey normally go remain dry fit happen for agricultural, military, or river-management purposes. This one be form of hydraulic engineering. For agriculture, flooding fit dey used when dem dey prepare paddy fields for growing semi-aquatic rice for many countries.

[[File:1938 Yellow River flood.jpg|thumb|Chinese Kuomintang soldiers during the [[1938 Yellow River flood]]]]

Flooding for river management fit happen when dem dey divert flood water from river wey don reach flood stage upstream, move am go areas wey dem consider less valuable, so say more important places go no suffer. This fit be done on the spot (''ad hoc''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Army Corps starts to blow up levee, flood 130,000 acres in Missouri |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/05/02/missouri.levee.breach/index.html |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; or e fit be permanent, like the so-called ''overlaten'' (meaning “let-overs”), wey be intentionally lowered part for Dutch river levees, like the ''Beerse Overlaat'' for left levee of the Meuse between the villages of Gassel and Linden, North Brabant.

Military flooding dey create obstacle for battlefield wey go slow enemy movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1878 |title=Text Book of Fortification and Military Engineering: For Use at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yvs_AAAAYAAJ |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=Google Books |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=50}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem fit use am for both attack and defense purposes. Since the method be form of hydraulic engineering, e dey important to differentiate between controlled flooding and uncontrolled ones.

Examples of controlled flooding include the ones wey Netherlands use under the Dutch Republic and later states,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Oosthoek, K.J. |title=The watery ally: military inundations in Dutch history (podcast) |url=https://www.eh-resources.org/podcast-77/ |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=Environmental History Resources}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Tiegs, R. |title=Military Inundations during the Dutch Wars of Independence |url=http://roberttiegs.com/digital-history/brief-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151156/http://roberttiegs.com/digital-history/brief-history/ |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=Brief History of Military Inundations during the Dutch Wars of Independence}}&lt;/ref&gt; like the Hollandic Water Lines, the Stelling van Amsterdam, the Frisian Water Line, the IJssel Line, the Peel-Raam Line, den the Grebbe line.

For military flooding to count as controlled, dem must consider civilian people well-being—give dem time to evacuate, make sure say the flooding fit be reversed, and try reduce damage to environment (ecology). The impact fit also affect underground water system (hydrogeology) if the flood stay long.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Vandenbohed |first=Alexander |date=2016 |title=The hydrogeology of the military inundation at the 1914–1918 Yser front (Belgium) |journal=Hydrogeology Journal |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=521–534 |bibcode=2016HydJ...24..521V |doi=10.1007/s10040-015-1344-0 |s2cid=131534974}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uncontrolled flooding examples include the second Siege of Leiden&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Tiegs, R. |date=13 April 2017 |title=The Past Comes Flooding Back: The War That Almost Sank Holland |url=http://niche-canada.org/2017/04/13/the-past-comes-flooding-back-the-war-that-almost-sank-holland/ |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=NICHE. Network in Canadian History &amp; Environment. Nouvelle initiative Canadienne en histoire de l'environnement}}&lt;/ref&gt; during the Eighty Years' War, the flooding of the Yser plain during First World War,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Battle of the Yser |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Battle-of-the-Yser |work=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also the Inundation of Walcheren plus the Inundation of the Wieringermeer during Second World War.
==Causes==

[[File:Cyclone Hudhud destruction in Visakhapatnam 2.jpg|thumb|Flood wey come from [[Cyclone Hudhud]] for [[Visakhapatnam]], India]]

Floods fit happen because of plenty different things, or sometimes combination of dem. E fit be long heavy rain wey fall for one place or across whole river basin, quick snow wey dey melt fast, strong wind wey dey push sea water, unusual high tide, tsunami, or when dam, levee or other water control structure break down. Human activities too fit make flood worse, like when people build plenty concrete ground wey no dey absorb water, or when bush burn or wetland wey dey normally hold water don reduce.

During rain, part of the water go soak enter soil, part go remain for small ponds, some go enter grass and plants, some go even evaporate, but the rest go flow on top ground as surface runoff. Flood go happen when soil, river, lake or vegetation no fit take all the water again.

Human activities don make am worse too, like when people drain wetlands wey suppose store water, or when dem build roads and pavements wey water no fit enter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Basic Biology |date=2016 |title=Wetlands |url=https://basicbiology.net/environment/land/wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of this, water dey rush enter rivers and streams pass wetin dem fit carry or store inside natural lakes and reservoirs. About 30 percent of rainfall dey turn runoff&lt;ref name=&quot;M&quot;&gt;&quot;Flood Control&quot;, [[MSN Encarta]], 2008&lt;/ref&gt; and snow wey dey melt fit increase am too.

===Upslope factors===

[[File:Ein Avdat Flood 1.JPG|thumb|Flash flood for Ein Avdat, Negev, Israel]]

River flood mostly dey happen when heavy rain fall, sometimes join with snow wey dey melt fast. If flood rise quick quick with small or no warning at all, dem dey call am flash flood. Flash flood normally dey come from heavy rain for small area, or when ground already full water from previous rain.

How water take reach river or drainage channel depend on how rain fall, where e fall, and when e fall, plus how dam release water upstream. Some water go evaporate, some go enter soil, some fit remain as snow or ice, but plenty go flow on top ground go enter rivers. The amount of water wey reach river quick quick fit change—from small one for light rain on dry ground to very big one when rain fall on snow.&lt;ref&gt;Babbitt, Harold E. &amp; Doland, James J., ''Water Supply Engineering'', McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1949&lt;/ref&gt;

Rainfall data dey measure how deep rain fall within time. Scientists dey use how often rain pass certain level to predict flood risk. Thunderstorms normally give short but heavy rain, while other types of rain fit last longer. This duration, strength, and how often rain dey happen dey very important for flood prediction.&lt;ref&gt;Simon, Andrew L., ''Basic Hydraulics'', John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1981&lt;/ref&gt;

The biggest factor wey determine how big flood go be na the size of land wey dey drain into the river (watershed). For small watersheds, how heavy rain be matter pass, but for big watersheds, how steep river channel be dey matter more.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simon&quot;&gt;Simon, Andrew L., ''Practical Hydraulics'', John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1981&lt;/ref&gt;

Time of concentration na the time wey water take travel from farthest point of watershed reach the river outlet. This one dey help determine how long heavy rain must last to cause peak flood.&lt;ref name=&quot;Urquhart&quot;&gt;Urquhart, Leonard Church, ''Civil Engineering Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1959&lt;/ref&gt;

===Downslope factors===

Water wey dey flow downhill go finally meet place wey fit slow am down, like ocean, lakes, or coastal barriers. For coastal flooding, tide change dey very important. Tsunami and storm surge too fit change water level suddenly.

How fast water dey move depend on river shape, depth, speed, and sediment inside am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simon&quot; /&gt; Bridges, narrow valleys, and other blockages fit control water level. But this control point fit change depending on how high water rise.

Vegetation growth, ice, debris, or human structures fit change how river dey flow and increase flood risk.

Flood fit repeat for rivers and create floodplain area around them. Even small rain fit still cause coastal flooding if strong wind like hurricane push sea water inland.

===Climate change===

High tide flooding dey increase because sea level dey rise and natural protection dey reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=US Department of Commerce |website=NOAA |title=What is high tide flooding? |url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/nuisance-flooding.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Long-term sea level rise dey happen together with short-term flooding events, and climate change dey make extreme rainfall more frequent, so flood risk dey increase for many coastal and inland areas.

===Coincidence===

Sometimes flood big pass because different events happen together—like heavy rain wey come melt snow, ice wey block river, or dam wey release water. These combination events fit make flood worse pass normal prediction.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abbett&quot;&gt;Abbett, Robert W., ''American Civil Engineering Practice'', John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1956&lt;/ref&gt;

Debris like trees, buildings, and vehicles fit block river and change how water dey flow, making flood unpredictable and dangerous.&lt;ref name=&quot;BR&quot;&gt;United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, ''Design of Small Dams'', 1973&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of this, flood risk no be only about how much rain fall, but also how all these factors combine together at the same time.

==Negative impacts==

[[File:Flooded walnut orchard in Butte County, California-L1001234.jpg|thumb|Flooded walnut farms for [[Butte County, California]] after plenty atmospheric rivers hit California early 2023]]

Floods fit cause very serious destruction. When water dey rush, e fit destroy all kind things like bridges, buildings, houses, trees, cars, and other structures. The damage wey flood dey bring for economy, society, and environment dey always heavy, and sometimes e fit turn disaster completely.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

Floods and agriculture, climate, economy, and diseases dey linked together (FACED system).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1088/1748-9326/ae21f4| issn = 1748-9326| volume = 20| issue = 12| pages = 123004| last1 = Li| first1 = Zhi |author2-link=Steven M. Gorelick |last2 = Gorelick| first2 = Steven M| title = Societal and environmental interconnections: future directions for flood inundation models| journal = Environmental Research Letters| date = 2025| doi-access = free| bibcode = 2025ERL....20l3004L}}&lt;/ref&gt; Floods don already cause loss wey pass USD 1.5 trillion for agriculture between 1991 and 2023, meaning say agriculture dey very vulnerable to water disaster worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=FAO |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7185en |title=The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-140180-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Impacts on infrastructure and society===

[[File:Economic_loss_in_agriculture_and_non-agricultural_sectors_by_hazard_type_(share).svg|thumb|Economic loss for agriculture and other sectors caused by floods compared to other disaster types]]

Plenty flood events around the world don destroy infrastructure, environment, and even human lives.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Floods dey increase for frequency and severity, so the cost to society dey rise every year.

Big river flood fit happen when dam break, or when landslide, earthquake, or volcano change how river dey flow. Tsunami too fit cause serious coastal flooding.

===Economic impacts===

Floods dey cause loss of life and serious damage to buildings, roads, bridges, sewage systems, and other infrastructure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Every year, flood dey cost countries billions of dollars and many people dey lose their livelihood.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Morrison |first1=A. |last2=Westbrook |first2=C.J. |last3=Noble |first3=B.F. |year=2018 |title=A review of the flood risk management governance and resilience literature |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=291–304 |doi=10.1111/jfr3.12315}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Bangladesh 2007 flood, more than one million houses collapse. For United States too, flood dey cause over $7 billion loss every year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Society |first=National Geographic |date=2011-11-07 |title=flood |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/flood/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flood water fit cover farmland, spoil crops, and make farming impossible, which fit lead to food shortage. Some trees too no fit survive long flooding of their roots.

For communities, flood fit reduce property value and even discourage people from buying houses. Many small businesses no dey reopen after flood disaster. Flood insurance dey available for some countries to help reduce loss.&lt;ref name=&quot;NFIP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=National Flood Insurance Program |url=https://www.floodsmart.gov/floodsmart/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flood damage fit also affect tourism, increase rebuilding cost, and cause food price to rise. Many people also suffer emotional and psychological stress after losing property or loved ones.

===Health impacts===

[[File:Flooding after 1991 cyclone.jpg|thumb|Flood after [[1991 Bangladesh cyclone]] wey kill around 140,000 people]]

Most flood deaths dey happen because people drown due to strong currents and deep water.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Alderman |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Turner |first2=Lyle R. |last3=Tong |first3=Shilu |date=June 2012 |title=Floods and human health: A systematic review |journal=Environment International |volume=47 |pages=37–47}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some people still dey die from lack of medicine, dehydration, heat, or other sickness when help no reach dem on time.

Flood injuries dey happen during and after disaster, even to rescue workers. Falling debris and fast-moving water dey cause serious harm.

Flood water dey carry disease organisms. So diseases like cholera, hepatitis, diarrhoea, and other waterborne infections dey increase because clean water no dey available.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot; /&gt;

After flood, stagnant water fit increase mosquito breeding, which fit cause malaria and other vector diseases like dengue and yellow fever.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot; /&gt;

People too fit suffer psychological problems like depression and stress because of loss of family, home, and property.

Floods also fit damage electricity supply, water treatment systems, and sewage systems, making health situation worse. Dirty water mixing with sewage fit increase risk of serious infections like typhoid and cholera.

Road damage fit make emergency response and medical help difficult to reach affected people.

Floods also fit make houses remain wet for long time, leading to mold growth, which fit cause breathing problems like asthma and other respiratory diseases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Demain |first=Jeffrey G. |date=24 March 2018 |title=Climate Change and the Impact on Respiratory and Allergic Disease: 2018 |journal=Current Allergy and Asthma Reports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Vector-borne diseases like malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, and yellow fever fit increase because stagnant water remain after flood.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot; /&gt;

Floods fit also cause long-term mental health problems like depression due to trauma and loss.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot; /&gt;
== Positive impacts (benefits) ==
Floods (especially small small ones wey dey come from time to time) fit bring plenty benefits. E fit help recharge underground water (groundwater), make soil more fertile, den increase nutrients for some farmlands. Because of this, for ancient times, people wey dey live near rivers like Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Indus, Ganges den Yellow River dey depend on seasonal flooding for dem survival.

Flood water dey also give fresh water resources for dry and semi-dry areas wey rain no dey come regular. E fit even kill some pests for farm land. For river ecosystems, flooding dey help maintain balance and support plants and animals wey dey live for floodplain areas. E also dey carry nutrients go lakes and rivers, which fit increase fish and other aquatic life for some years.

Some fish dey even use flooded plains as place to lay eggs because food plenty there and predators few. Birds too dey benefit because food increase during flooding. Hydropower energy also dey work better for places wey flooding dey happen often.


---

== Protections against floods and flood risks ==

=== Flood management ===
For many countries, people dey try control floods by building things like dams, levees, reservoirs, weirs, and detention basins. These structures dey help reduce overflow of water.

If these systems fail, people fit use emergency things like sandbags or temporary barriers to slow water. For coastal areas, dem dey use sea walls, beach protection, and other coastal defenses.

For rivers, engineers dey try reduce erosion and control how river dey bend or change path. Urban areas too dey improve drainage systems like gutters and sewers. Some places dey remove concrete and replace am with natural drainage systems like wetlands and porous ground so water fit enter soil.

Some flood-prone areas dey even turn into parks or open spaces wey fit flood without causing much damage. House owners too fit raise buildings, install pumps, or direct water away from their houses.


---

=== Flood safety planning ===
To manage flood risk well, planners dey look things like past flood records, rainfall patterns, river behavior, and land shape. Dem dey use models and maps to predict where water fit reach.

Good planning also include:

planning land use well

building strong infrastructure

monitoring rivers and rainfall

early warning systems

emergency response planning


Important public buildings like hospitals, police stations, and fire services suppose dey far from flood areas. Bridges and roads wey must pass flood zones must be strong enough to survive flood.

People also dey follow safety advice like “move go higher ground” and avoid crossing flood water when e dey move fast.


---

=== Flood clean-up safety ===
After flood, clean-up work fit be dangerous. People fit face electric shock, dirty water diseases, heat or cold stress, sharp debris, and gas like carbon monoxide.

Flood areas fit also get broken glass, fallen wires, chemicals, and even dead animals. Because of this, workers dey use safety gear like gloves, boots, helmets, goggles, and life jackets.

Careful planning and protection dey important because flood clean-up work no be easy at all and e fit cause injuries if people no careful.
== Flood predictions ==
{{Main|Flood prediction}}

{{See also|Urban flooding#Modeling}}

[[File:Flood102405.JPG|thumb|Flooding near [[Key West]], [[Florida]], United States due to [[Hurricane Wilma]] ein [[storm surge]] for October 2005]]

Flood prediction na de way experts dey try predict when flood go happen, how serious e go be, den which places e go affect. Dem dey use scientific methods, computer models, weather information, den old flood records take estimate future floods.

A series of annual maximum flow rates for a stream fit be analyzed statistically to estimate de [[100-year flood]] and oda floods wey fit happen after specific recurrence intervals. Similar estimates from different sites for one hydrologically similar region fit be linked to measurable characteristics of each drainage basin. Dis one dey make indirect estimation of flood recurrence intervals possible for stream reaches wey no get enough data for direct analysis.

Physical process models of river channels dey well understood generally, and dem fit calculate flood depth and de area wey water go cover under particular channel conditions and flow rates. Dem dey use dis information for floodplain mapping and flood insurance. On de other hand, if a recent flood don happen, a model fit use de observed flooded area and channel conditions take calculate de flow rate.

When dem apply different channel configurations and flow rates, a reach model fit help select de best design for a modified channel. As of 2015, different reach models dey available, including [[One-dimensional space|1D]] models, wey dey measure flood levels inside de channel, and [[Plane (mathematics)|2D]] models, wey dey measure flood depths across de whole floodplain. [[HEC-RAS]] be one of de most popular software because e dey available free of charge. Other models such as TUFLOW dey combine 1D and 2D components to estimate flood depths for both river channels and floodplains.

Physical process models for complete drainage basins be more complex. Although scientists understand many hydrological processes, some processes and interactions still no dey fully understood for all scales, especially under extreme climate conditions. Basin models normally combine land-surface process components with a series of reach models. Dem fit estimate how much rainfall or melting snow go enter a channel.

For example, a basin model fit calculate de runoff hydrograph wey a 100-year storm fit produce, although de recurrence interval of de storm no always go match de recurrence interval of de resulting flood. Basin models dey commonly used for flood forecasting, flood warnings, land-use change studies, and climate change analysis.

For de United States, an integrated approach to real-time hydrologic computer modelling dey use observed data from de [[U.S. Geological Survey]] (USGS), weather observation networks, automated weather sensors, de [[NOAA]] National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center (NOHRSC), hydroelectric companies, and quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPF) of expected rainfall or snowmelt to generate daily hydrologic forecasts. De National Weather Service (NWS) also dey cooperate with [[Environment Canada]] for hydrologic forecasts wey affect both de United States and Canada, especially around de [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]].

De Global Flood Monitoring System (GFMS) be a computer tool wey dey map flood conditions worldwide. Users from anywhere for de world fit use GFMS determine when floods fit happen for dia areas. GFMS dey use rainfall data from [[NASA]] satellites and de Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite. Dem combine dis information with land-surface models wey include vegetation cover, soil type, and terrain conditions to estimate how much water dey soak enter de ground and how much dey flow enter rivers and streams.

Users fit view rainfall, streamflow, water depth, and flood statistics every three hours on a global map. Forecasts for these parameters dey available up to five days ahead. Users fit zoom enter de map to see inundation maps with one-kilometre resolution.

[[File:Natal Brazil Flood.jpeg|thumb|Flooding for a street in [[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte]], [[Brazil]], for April 2013]]

Predicting floods before dem happen dey allow authorities and communities take precautions and warn people in advance. Farmers fit move dia animals from low-lying areas. Utility companies fit prepare emergency arrangements to reroute services if necessary. Emergency services fit gather enough resources before emergencies happen, and people fit evacuate areas wey flood fit affect.

To make flood forecasts more accurate, scientists need long-term historical records wey relate stream flows to previous rainfall events. Dem also need real-time information about reservoir capacity, groundwater levels, and how saturated aquifers and soils be.

[[Weather radar|Radar]] rainfall estimates and modern weather forecasting methods also be important parts of flood prediction. For areas wey get good-quality data, scientists fit predict flood intensity and flood heights with reasonable accuracy and enough warning time.

Normally, de output of a flood forecast include de maximum expected water level and de likely time wey de flood go reach important locations along rivers and waterways. E fit also estimate de statistical return period of de flood.

For many developed countries, urban areas wey dey at risk of flooding get protection against a 100-year flood. Dat be a flood event wey get approximately 63 percent chance of occurring at least once within any 100-year period.

According to de U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) Northeast River Forecast Center (RFC) for [[Taunton, Massachusetts]], around one inch of rainfall within approximately one hour fit start significant water accumulation on impermeable surfaces such as roads and pavements. Because of dis, many NWS RFCs regularly issue Flash Flood Guidance and Headwater Guidance to show de amount of rainfall wey fit cause flash flooding or flooding for larger water basins.

=== Flood risk assessment ===
{{Main|Flood risk assessment}}

Flood risk assessment be de process of determining de danger wey floods pose to people, property, infrastructure, and de natural environment based on specific hazards and vulnerabilities. De extent of flood risk fit influence de types of mitigation measures wey authorities go implement.

A large proportion of de world's population dey live near major coastlines, while many major cities and agricultural areas dey located near floodplains. Because of changing climatic conditions, de risk of both coastal flooding and river flooding dey increase for many regions around de world.
== Society and culture ==
[[File:A Flood on Java 1865-1876 Raden Saleh.jpg|thumb|People wey dey seek refuge from flood for [[Java]], around 1865–1876]]

=== Myths and religion ===
[[File:Gustave Doré - The Holy Bible - Plate I, The Deluge.jpg|thumb|''The Deluge'', frontispiece for [[Gustave Doré]] ein illustrated edition of de [[Bible]]]]

{{excerpt|Flood myth|file=no}}

For many societies throughout history, floods don play important roles for myths, religion, and traditional beliefs. Plenty ancient civilizations get stories about great floods wey destroy large parts of de world or punish humanity. One of de most famous examples be de story of [[Noah's Ark]] for de [[Bible]], where God send a great flood to cover de Earth. Similar flood stories dey appear for cultures across Africa, Asia, Europe, and de Americas.

== Etymology ==

De word '''flood''' come from de [[Old English language|Old English]] word ''flōd''. Dis word be common among many [[Germanic language]]s. Examples include de [[German language|German]] word ''Flut'' and de [[Dutch language|Dutch]] word ''vloed''. Dem all come from de same root wey dey connected to words like ''flow'' and ''float''. Similar related words dey also exist for [[Latin]], including ''fluctus'' and ''flumen''.

For Old English, ''flōd'' mean “flowing water”, “tide”, “water wey overflow land”, “deluge”, “Noah ein Flood”, or simply a large mass of water such as a river, sea, or wave.

De Old English word ''flōd'' come from de [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] word ''floduz''. Related words from oda old Germanic languages include [[Old Frisian]] ''flod'', [[Old Norse]] ''floð'', [[Middle Dutch]] ''vloet'', modern Dutch ''vloed'', German ''Flut'', and de [[Gothic language|Gothic]] word ''flodus''. All of dem trace dia origin back to de Proto-Germanic root ''floduz''.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|flood}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Flood| ]]
[[Category:Water]]
[[Category:Bodies of water]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Meteorological phenomena]]
[[Category:Weather hazards]]
[[Category:Natural disasters]]</text>
      <sha1>o776mro75a0voqd49r2vcu673pecmh0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aboabo River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27222</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100689</id>
      <parentid>100106</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T14:12:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100689</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8759" sha1="sslh5i4beztwxv9eell5klwfzokqf42" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Aboabo River''' be urban river for [[Kumasi]], de capital of [[Ashanti Region]] for [[Ghana]]. E be part of de drainage network for Kumasi Metropolitan Area, wey e dey flow thru densely settled parts of de city. De river dey rise around Tafo-Pankrono for northern Kumasi den dey flow southwards to meet Sisan River for [[Asokwa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schuurmans |first=Hanneke |date=28 December 2014 |title=Risk Profiles of Hotspots in the Pilot Districts |url=https://crewghana.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/risks-profile-of-hotspot.pdf |journal=UNDP Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De river be one of Kumasi ein important urban watercourses sake of e dey help stormwater drainage, den e sanna dey insyd one heavily built-up catchment. Academic den disaster-risk studies examine de river in relation to water pollution, land-use pressure den annual flooding insyd Kumasi metropolis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danquah2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Danquah |first1=Leslie |last2=Abass |first2=Kabila |last3=Nikoi |first3=Aristotle Afutu |year=2011 |title=Anthropogenic Pollution of Inland Waters: the Case of the Aboabo River in Kumasi, Ghana |url=https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/12270 |journal=Journal of Sustainable Development |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.5539/jsd.v4n6p103 |access-date=31 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oppong2011&quot;&gt;{{cite thesis |last=Oppong |first=Barbara |title=Environmental hazards in Ghanaian cities: the incidence of annual floods along the Aboabo river in the Kumasi Metropolitan Area (KMA) of the Ashanti Region of Ghana |access-date=31 May 2026 |type=MA thesis |publisher=Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology |url=https://ir.knust.edu.gh/handle/123456789/2080 |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course den basin ==
Aboabo River dey originate from Tafo-Pankrono area for de northern part of Kumasi den dey flow southwards thru de city. One disaster-risk profile wey UNDP Ghana prepare describe de river as water body wey dey join Sisan River at Asokwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De same report identify Owusu Ansa den Dichemso streams as major tributaries of Aboabo River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

De river get reported length of about 6.05 km. De UNDP Ghana risk profile report say de channel be about 2.5 metres wide upstream den about 30.5 metres wide downstream, plus average flow speed of 0.87 m/s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Settlements wey dey insyd de river basin include Pankrono, Moshie Zongo, Buokrom, New Tafo, Dichemso, Aboabo, Anloga, Amakom, Manhyia, Asokwa den Atonsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Aboabo basin be one of de main drainage basins of Kumasi. One disaster-risk report on Kumasi identify four main drainage basins for de city: Subin, Aboabo, Sisan den Wiwi basins. Dese basins dey drain northern den central parts of Kumasi, den de city ein rapid infrastructure development den drainage constraints dey affect dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Urban Setting den land use ==
Aboabo River dey flow thru one highly urbanised catchment.  Dem study land-use activities around de river togeda plus those around Subin River secof both water bodies dey pass thru built-up parts of Kumasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abubakari |first=Ahmed |date=13 July 2012 |title=Impact of land use activities on Subin and Aboabo Rivers in Kumasi Metropolis |url=https://www.academia.edu/10123854/Impact_of_land_use_activities_on_Subin_and_Aboabo_Rivers_in_Kumasi_Metropolis |journal=Academia |doi=10.5897/IJWREE12.036}}&lt;/ref&gt; De land-use literature identify pressure on river buffer zones as major issue for urban water bodies insyd Kumasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Urbanisation insyd de catchment affects runoff, drainage capacity den de river ein exposure to pollution. De UNDP Ghana risk profile note say urbanisation of Kumasi catchments dey reduce infiltration den dey increase runoff. Blocked channels, construction, garbage, silt den vegetation sanso contribute to flood hazards insyd de city.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Dese pressures make Aboabo River both natural watercourse den part of Kumasi ein urban stormwater system.

== Pollution ==
Aboabo River be de subject of research on inland water pollution insyd Kumasi. One study by Danquah, Abass den Nikoi assess de water quality of de river den examine human-related factors wey contribute to pollution. De study use physico-chemical den bacteriological assessment of water samples, togeda plus observation, interviews, informal conversations den cross-sectional survey of 396 households insyd de river basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danquah2011&quot; /&gt;

De study find say water from Aboabo River be polluted den unsuitable for domestic consumption.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danquah2011&quot; /&gt; De main direct sources of pollution identified be indiscriminate dumping of refuse, channelling of raw sewage into de river, open defecation along de river banks den discharge of industrial waste into de river.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danquah2011&quot; /&gt; De study sanso identify population growth den institutional challenges as underlying factors wey contribute to de pollution problem.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danquah2011&quot; /&gt;

Pollution of Aboabo River reflects wider sanitation den land-use problems insyd dense urban catchments. Danquah, Abass den Nikoi recommend enforcement of by-laws, provision of adequate sanitation facilities den stronger involvement of opinion leaders to promote environmentally responsible practices among residents.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danquah2011&quot; /&gt;

== Flooding ==
Aboabo River basin dem associate plus recurrent flooding insyd Kumasi. Oppong ein 2011 thesis on environmental hazards insyd Ghanaian cities examine annual floods along Aboabo River insyd Kumasi Metropolitan Area. De study focus on communities wey dey include Anloga, Dichemso, Aboabo den Amakom, wey dem find say flooding insyd de basin affected life den property.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oppong2011&quot; /&gt;

Oppong identify both natural den human factors behind flooding inside de basin. De thesis link flooding to increases in average temperature, annual rainfall den seasonal rainfall over de previous thirty years. E sanso identify poor land use, unplanned settlement development den indiscriminate disposal of refuse into den along de banks of de river as human causes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oppong2011&quot; /&gt; De study report socioeconomic effects wey dey include loss of life den property, financial problems den health problems among inhabitants of de basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oppong2011&quot; /&gt;

Flood events around Aboabo area sanso be reported insyd Ghanaian news media. Insyd July 2015, de Daily Graphic report say Presido [[John Mahama|John Dramani Mahama]] announce plans to desilt Aboabo River after heavy rains insyd Kumasi. De report state say de river burst ein banks insyd Aboabo suburb den floodwaters enter homes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Graphic2015&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Boadu|first=Kwame Asare|title=Aboabo River to be desilted — President Mahama|work=Daily Graphic|date=1 July 2015|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/aboabo-river-to-be-desilted-president-mahama.html|access-date=31 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; De same report state say an old bridge over de river go be replaced to allow water flow more freely.&lt;ref name=&quot;Graphic2015&quot; /&gt;

One 2018 conference paper on urban wetlands den floods insyd Ghana refer to Aboabo River wey dey overflow ein banks insyd Kumasi on 27 June 2015 den dey cause deaths.&lt;ref name=&quot;TwumasiAmpofo2018&quot;&gt;{{cite conference|last1=Twumasi-Ampofo|first1=K.|title=Urban Wetland and Floods|year=2018|url=https://www.scholarlinkinstitute.org/jeteas/articles/Urban%20Wetland%20And%20Floods%20CONF.pdf|access-date=31 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Flooding around Aboabo be part of wider pattern of urban flood risk insyd Kumasi, wer drainage channels, wetlands den built-up settlements interact during heavy rainfall.

== Management den mitigation ==
Studies den reports on Aboabo River propose several responses to reduce pollution den flood risk. Pollution-focused recommendations include enforcement of by-laws, improvement of sanitation facilities, public education den stronger local leadership insyd environmental management.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danquah2011&quot; /&gt; Flood-focused recommendations include proper waste disposal, enforcement of planning regulations, protection of river reserves, resettlement away from high-risk locations, desilting den construction anaa improvement of drainage channels.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oppong2011&quot; /&gt;

De 2015 desilting announcement follow flooding insyd Kumasi wey na dem present as short-term measure to improve channel capacity den reduce flood risk.&lt;ref name=&quot;Graphic2015&quot; /&gt; Long-term management of de river basin dey depend on maintaining drainage channels, preventing waste disposal into de river, controlling construction along de channel den improving sanitation den solid-waste systems insyd settlements within de catchment.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sslh5i4beztwxv9eell5klwfzokqf42</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100690</id>
      <parentid>100689</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T14:13:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add categories</comment>
      <origin>100690</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8963" sha1="k5q7wtsx215z5adie7n6upnn7n9mfjs" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Aboabo River''' be urban river for [[Kumasi]], de capital of [[Ashanti Region]] for [[Ghana]]. E be part of de drainage network for Kumasi Metropolitan Area, wey e dey flow thru densely settled parts of de city. De river dey rise around Tafo-Pankrono for northern Kumasi den dey flow southwards to meet Sisan River for [[Asokwa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schuurmans |first=Hanneke |date=28 December 2014 |title=Risk Profiles of Hotspots in the Pilot Districts |url=https://crewghana.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/risks-profile-of-hotspot.pdf |journal=UNDP Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De river be one of Kumasi ein important urban watercourses sake of e dey help stormwater drainage, den e sanna dey insyd one heavily built-up catchment. Academic den disaster-risk studies examine de river in relation to water pollution, land-use pressure den annual flooding insyd Kumasi metropolis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danquah2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Danquah |first1=Leslie |last2=Abass |first2=Kabila |last3=Nikoi |first3=Aristotle Afutu |year=2011 |title=Anthropogenic Pollution of Inland Waters: the Case of the Aboabo River in Kumasi, Ghana |url=https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/12270 |journal=Journal of Sustainable Development |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.5539/jsd.v4n6p103 |access-date=31 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oppong2011&quot;&gt;{{cite thesis |last=Oppong |first=Barbara |title=Environmental hazards in Ghanaian cities: the incidence of annual floods along the Aboabo river in the Kumasi Metropolitan Area (KMA) of the Ashanti Region of Ghana |access-date=31 May 2026 |type=MA thesis |publisher=Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology |url=https://ir.knust.edu.gh/handle/123456789/2080 |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course den basin ==
Aboabo River dey originate from Tafo-Pankrono area for de northern part of Kumasi den dey flow southwards thru de city. One disaster-risk profile wey UNDP Ghana prepare describe de river as water body wey dey join Sisan River at Asokwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De same report identify Owusu Ansa den Dichemso streams as major tributaries of Aboabo River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

De river get reported length of about 6.05 km. De UNDP Ghana risk profile report say de channel be about 2.5 metres wide upstream den about 30.5 metres wide downstream, plus average flow speed of 0.87 m/s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Settlements wey dey insyd de river basin include Pankrono, Moshie Zongo, Buokrom, New Tafo, Dichemso, Aboabo, Anloga, Amakom, Manhyia, Asokwa den Atonsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Aboabo basin be one of de main drainage basins of Kumasi. One disaster-risk report on Kumasi identify four main drainage basins for de city: Subin, Aboabo, Sisan den Wiwi basins. Dese basins dey drain northern den central parts of Kumasi, den de city ein rapid infrastructure development den drainage constraints dey affect dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Urban Setting den land use ==
Aboabo River dey flow thru one highly urbanised catchment.  Dem study land-use activities around de river togeda plus those around Subin River secof both water bodies dey pass thru built-up parts of Kumasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abubakari |first=Ahmed |date=13 July 2012 |title=Impact of land use activities on Subin and Aboabo Rivers in Kumasi Metropolis |url=https://www.academia.edu/10123854/Impact_of_land_use_activities_on_Subin_and_Aboabo_Rivers_in_Kumasi_Metropolis |journal=Academia |doi=10.5897/IJWREE12.036}}&lt;/ref&gt; De land-use literature identify pressure on river buffer zones as major issue for urban water bodies insyd Kumasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Urbanisation insyd de catchment affects runoff, drainage capacity den de river ein exposure to pollution. De UNDP Ghana risk profile note say urbanisation of Kumasi catchments dey reduce infiltration den dey increase runoff. Blocked channels, construction, garbage, silt den vegetation sanso contribute to flood hazards insyd de city.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Dese pressures make Aboabo River both natural watercourse den part of Kumasi ein urban stormwater system.

== Pollution ==
Aboabo River be de subject of research on inland water pollution insyd Kumasi. One study by Danquah, Abass den Nikoi assess de water quality of de river den examine human-related factors wey contribute to pollution. De study use physico-chemical den bacteriological assessment of water samples, togeda plus observation, interviews, informal conversations den cross-sectional survey of 396 households insyd de river basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danquah2011&quot; /&gt;

De study find say water from Aboabo River be polluted den unsuitable for domestic consumption.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danquah2011&quot; /&gt; De main direct sources of pollution identified be indiscriminate dumping of refuse, channelling of raw sewage into de river, open defecation along de river banks den discharge of industrial waste into de river.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danquah2011&quot; /&gt; De study sanso identify population growth den institutional challenges as underlying factors wey contribute to de pollution problem.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danquah2011&quot; /&gt;

Pollution of Aboabo River reflects wider sanitation den land-use problems insyd dense urban catchments. Danquah, Abass den Nikoi recommend enforcement of by-laws, provision of adequate sanitation facilities den stronger involvement of opinion leaders to promote environmentally responsible practices among residents.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danquah2011&quot; /&gt;

== Flooding ==
Aboabo River basin dem associate plus recurrent flooding insyd Kumasi. Oppong ein 2011 thesis on environmental hazards insyd Ghanaian cities examine annual floods along Aboabo River insyd Kumasi Metropolitan Area. De study focus on communities wey dey include Anloga, Dichemso, Aboabo den Amakom, wey dem find say flooding insyd de basin affected life den property.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oppong2011&quot; /&gt;

Oppong identify both natural den human factors behind flooding inside de basin. De thesis link flooding to increases in average temperature, annual rainfall den seasonal rainfall over de previous thirty years. E sanso identify poor land use, unplanned settlement development den indiscriminate disposal of refuse into den along de banks of de river as human causes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oppong2011&quot; /&gt; De study report socioeconomic effects wey dey include loss of life den property, financial problems den health problems among inhabitants of de basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oppong2011&quot; /&gt;

Flood events around Aboabo area sanso be reported insyd Ghanaian news media. Insyd July 2015, de Daily Graphic report say Presido [[John Mahama|John Dramani Mahama]] announce plans to desilt Aboabo River after heavy rains insyd Kumasi. De report state say de river burst ein banks insyd Aboabo suburb den floodwaters enter homes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Graphic2015&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Boadu|first=Kwame Asare|title=Aboabo River to be desilted — President Mahama|work=Daily Graphic|date=1 July 2015|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/aboabo-river-to-be-desilted-president-mahama.html|access-date=31 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; De same report state say an old bridge over de river go be replaced to allow water flow more freely.&lt;ref name=&quot;Graphic2015&quot; /&gt;

One 2018 conference paper on urban wetlands den floods insyd Ghana refer to Aboabo River wey dey overflow ein banks insyd Kumasi on 27 June 2015 den dey cause deaths.&lt;ref name=&quot;TwumasiAmpofo2018&quot;&gt;{{cite conference|last1=Twumasi-Ampofo|first1=K.|title=Urban Wetland and Floods|year=2018|url=https://www.scholarlinkinstitute.org/jeteas/articles/Urban%20Wetland%20And%20Floods%20CONF.pdf|access-date=31 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Flooding around Aboabo be part of wider pattern of urban flood risk insyd Kumasi, wer drainage channels, wetlands den built-up settlements interact during heavy rainfall.

== Management den mitigation ==
Studies den reports on Aboabo River propose several responses to reduce pollution den flood risk. Pollution-focused recommendations include enforcement of by-laws, improvement of sanitation facilities, public education den stronger local leadership insyd environmental management.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danquah2011&quot; /&gt; Flood-focused recommendations include proper waste disposal, enforcement of planning regulations, protection of river reserves, resettlement away from high-risk locations, desilting den construction anaa improvement of drainage channels.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oppong2011&quot; /&gt;

De 2015 desilting announcement follow flooding insyd Kumasi wey na dem present as short-term measure to improve channel capacity den reduce flood risk.&lt;ref name=&quot;Graphic2015&quot; /&gt; Long-term management of de river basin dey depend on maintaining drainage channels, preventing waste disposal into de river, controlling construction along de channel den improving sanitation den solid-waste systems insyd settlements within de catchment.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Ashanti Region]]
[[Category:Floods insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Drainage basins of Africa]]
[[Category:Geography of Ghana]]
[[Category:Water pollution by country]]</text>
      <sha1>k5q7wtsx215z5adie7n6upnn7n9mfjs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lake Kivu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27223</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100693</id>
      <parentid>100686</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T14:35:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Make sum corrections</comment>
      <origin>100693</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29660" sha1="tveewy0mvnfukjh7kllxj6gp8i5usmw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[African Great Lakes]].&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey lie for de border between de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] den [[Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de Albertine Rift insyd, de western branch of de East African Rift.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Kivu dey empty into de Ruzizi River, wey dey flow southwards into [[Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler Gustav Adolf von Götzen be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. 
[[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at Gisenyi, Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, volcanic activity block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de Virungas, wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[Lake Edward]], to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of Lake Tanganyika, wey ovaflow down de Lukuga River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot; /&gt;

Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus Lake Nyos den Lake Monoun, dat dey undergo limnic eruptions (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain methane (CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd.  

== Geography ==
Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt; Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a limnic eruption every 1000 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt; De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth deepest lake by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt;    

De lake bed dey sit upon a rift valley wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause volcanic activity for de area insyd.        

De world ein tenth-largest island for a lake insyd, Idjwi, dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd        

==== Human geography ====
Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within DRC borders.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake den Goma for de Democratic Republic of the Congo insyd, den Gisenyi, Kibuye, den Cyangugu for Rwanda insyd.

For early 2025 insyd, during de M23 campaign, de Rwandan military occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de M23 Movement, plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.&lt;ref name=&quot;:015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chemistry ==
Lake Kivu be a meromictic lake wey dey contain a freshwater surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}&lt;/ref&gt; Along plus Cameroonian Lake Nyos den Lake Monoun, Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo limnic eruptions (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include methane (CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) den carbon dioxide (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wenz&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern combined-cycle generating plant insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 megawatts give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de Grand Coulee Dam at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wenz&quot; /&gt;

Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral monohydrocalcite wey dem interlay plus diatoms, for top of sapropelic sediments plus high pyrite content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;solidarites&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Halbwachs |display-authors=etal |date=2002-03-09 |title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability |url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf |access-date=2012-12-21 |publisher=Solidarities}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]&lt;/ref&gt; De carbon dioxide go then suffocate large numbers of pippoe for de lake basin insyd as de gases roll off de lake surface. E sanso dey possible say de lake fi spawn lake tsunamis as gas dey explode out of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Killer Lakes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ &quot;In the Shadow of Doom&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/|date=2007-09-28}}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem begin to understand de risk wey Lake Kivu pose during de analysis of more recent events at Lake Nyos. Dem originally think Lake Kivu ein methane to be merely a cheap natural resource give export, den give de generation of cheap power. Once de mechanisms wey cause lake ovaturns begin to be understood, so do awareness of de risk de lake pose to de local population.  

Dem install an experimental vent pipe at Lake Nyos for 2001 insyd to remove gas from de deep water, but such a solution give de much larger Lake Kivu go dey considerably more expensive. De approximately {{convert|500|e6LT|e6MT|order=flip}} of carbon dioxide for de lake insyd be a little under 2 percent of de amount wey human fossil fuel burning release am annually. Therefore, de process of releasing am fi potentially get costs beyond simply building den operating de system.    

Dis problem wey dem associate plus de prevalence of methane be dat of mazuku, de Swahili term &quot;evil wind&quot; give de outgassing of methane den carbon dioxide dat dey kill pippoe den animals, den fi even kill vegetation when for high enough concentration insyd.    

==== Methane extraction ====
[[File:Methane extraction platform at Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|A methane extraction platform, Gisenyi, Rwanda.]]Dem recently find Lake Kivu to contain approximately {{convert|55|e9m3|e12cuft|abbr=unit}} of dissolved biogas at a depth of {{convert|300|m|ft|-2}}. Until 2004, dem do extraction of de gas for a small scale top, plus dem use extracted gas to run boilers at de Bralirwa brewery for Gisenyi insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060224004457/http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm &quot;Case Studies : Recovery of Gas from Lake Kivu – The Goats of Rwanda&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224004457/http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm|date=2006-02-24}}, Added Value Engineering Consultants, accessed 4 May 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;powerhouse&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6624395.stm|title=Rwanda's Underwater Powerhouse|date=May 4, 2007|access-date=2008-02-05|author=Adam Mynott|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; As far as large-scale exploitation of dis resource dey concern, de Rwandan government negotiate plus a number of parties to extract methane from de lake.  

== Biology den fisheries ==
[[File:Lake Kivu, boats.jpg|thumb|Fishing boats for Lake Kivu top, 2009]]
[[File:An aerial of Paradis Malahide island in Lake Kivu with the area of 2,700 km². Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb|Paradis Malahide Island within de lake]]
[[File:View of the sky and its reflection on Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|De sky wey reflect for Lake Kivu top]]De fish fauna for Lake Kivu insyd be relatively poor plus 28 described species, wey dey include four introduced species.&lt;ref name=&quot;FishSnoeks&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Snoeks |first1=J |last2=De Vos |first2=L. |last3=Thys van den Audenaerde |first3=D. |date=1997 |title=The ichthyogeography of lake Kivu |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=93 |pages=579–584}}&lt;/ref&gt; De natives be de Lake Rukwa minnow (''Raiamas moorii''), four species of barb (ripon barbel, ''Barbus altianalis'', East African red-finned barb, ''Enteromius apleurogramma'', redspot barb, ''E. kerstenii'' den Pellegrin's barb, ''E. pellegrini''), an ''Amphilius'' catfish, two ''Clarias'' catfish (''C. liocephalus'' den ''C. gariepinus''), Nile tilapia (''Oreochromis niloticus'') den 15 endemic ''Haplochromis'' cichlids.&lt;ref name=&quot;FishSnoeks&quot; /&gt; Another {{circa|20}} possibly undescribed species of cichlids, dem know from de lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=J. |year=2013 |title=How many species are there in Lake Kivu? |url=https://www.eawag.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/tx_userprofiles/upload/walkerjo/Bachelor_Thesis_Jonas_Walker_August_2013_Lake_Kivu.pdf |publisher=University of Bern}}&lt;/ref&gt; De species dem introduce be three cichlids, de longfin tilapia (''Oreochromis macrochir''), blue-spotted tilapia (''O. leucostictus'') den redbreast tilapia (''Coptodon rendalli''), den a clupeid, de Lake Tanganyika sardine (''Limnothrissa miodon'')&lt;ref name=&quot;FishSnoeks&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Collart&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Collart |first=A. |date=1960 |title=L'introduction du 'Stolothrissa tanganicae' (Ndagala) au lac Kivu |url=https://ineac.africamuseum.be./catalog/11887 |journal=Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge |series=Hosted at Agricultural Research Archive for DRC, Rwanda and Burundi, 1885-1960 |language=French |volume=51 |issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Capart&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Capart |first=A. |date=1959 |title=A propos de l'introduction du Ndakala (Stolothrissa tanganikae) dans le lac Kivu |url=https://ineac.africamuseum.be./catalog/11546 |journal=Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Burundi |language=French |volume=50 |issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem refer sardine to locally as 'Ndagala' anaa 'Isambaza'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collart 1989&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Collart |first=Alphonse |url=https://www.fao.org/3/AD174F/AD174F00.htm#TOC |title=Compte rendu du seminaire trente ans apres l'introduction de l'Isambaza au lac Kivu (RWA/87/012/DOC/TR/16) |date=June 1989 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations |place=Gisenyi, Rwanda |language=French |chapter=Introduction et acclimatation de l'Isambaza du lac Tanganyika au lac Kivu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De exploitable stock of de Lake Tanganyika sardine, dem estimate am at {{convert|2000|–|4000|MT|LT}} per year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Marshall |first=B. E. |year=1991 |title=Seasonal and annual variations in the abundance of the clupeid Limnothrissa miodon in lake Kivu |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=641–648 |bibcode=1991JFBio..39..641M |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04394.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem introduce am to Lake Kivu for late 1959 insyd by de Belgian agronomist Alphonse Collart.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collart&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Capart&quot; /&gt; An attempt to introduce de similar Lake Tanganyika sprat (''Stolothrissa tanganicae'') at de same time be unsuccessful.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collart 1989&quot; /&gt;     

At present, Lake Kivu be de sole natural lake for wey ''L. miodon'', a sardine dem originally restrict to Lake Tanganyika, dem introduce am initially to fill an empty niche. Prior to de introduction, no planktivorous fish dey present for de pelagic waters of Lake Kivu insyd. For de early 1990s insyd, de number of fishers for de lake top be 6,563, wey 3,027 dey associated plus de pelagic fishery den 3,536 plus de traditional fishery. De widespread armed conflict for de surrounding region insyd from de mid-1990s result for a decline for de fisheries harvest insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 2001 |title=INFORMATION ON FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO |url=https://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060315065154/https://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |archive-date=March 15, 2006 |access-date=June 26, 2023 |website=fao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;        

Following dis introduction, de sardine gain substantial economic den nutritional importance give de lakeside human population but from an ecosystem standpoint, de introduction of planktivorous fish fi result for important modifications of plankton community structure insyd. Recent observations show de disappearance during de last decades of a large grazer, ''Daphnia curvirostris'', den de dominance of mesozooplankton community by three species of cyclopoid copepod: ''Thermocyclops consimilis'', ''Mesocyclops aequatorialis'' den ''Tropocyclops confinis''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Isumbisho |first=M |title=Zooplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (Eastern Africa) |publisher=University of Namur |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-87037-534-1 |location=Belgium}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Isumbisho |first1=M. |last2=Sarmento |first2=H. |last3=Kaningini |first3=B. |last4=Micha |first4=J.-C. |last5=Descy |first5=J.-P. |date=2006 |title=Zooplankton of Lake Kivu, East Africa, half a century after the Tanganyika sardine introduction |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Isumbisho%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Zooplankton%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Plankton Research |volume=28 |issue=11 |pages=971–989 |doi=10.1093/plankt/fbl032 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312092135/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Isumbisho%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Zooplankton%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-12 |access-date=2011-04-23 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

Dem release first comprehensive phytoplankton survey for 2006 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sarmento 2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Sarmento |first=H. |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Thesis_Sarmento_Lake%20Kivu.pdf |title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (Eastern Africa) |publisher=University of Namur |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-87037-532-7 |location=Belgium |access-date=2011-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117042508/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Thesis_Sarmento_Lake%20Kivu.pdf |archive-date=2016-01-17 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plus an annual average chlorophyll for de mixed layer insyd of 2.2&amp;#x20;mg m&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; den low nutrient levels for de euphotic zone insyd, de lake be clearly oligotrophic. Diatoms be de dominant group for de lake insyd, particularly during de dry season episodes of deep mixing. During de rainy season, de stratified water column, plus high light den lower nutrient availability, favour dominance of cyanobacteria plus high numbers of phototrophic picoplankton.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sarmento 2006&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Sarmento |first=H. |author2=Isumbisho, M |author3=Descy, JP |year=2006 |title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (eastern Africa) |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Phytoplankton%20ecology%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Plankton Research |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=815–829 |doi=10.1093/plankt/fbl017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032642/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Phytoplankton%20ecology%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2011-04-23 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Sarmento |first=H. |display-authors=etal |year=2008 |title=Abundance and distribution of picoplankton in tropical, oligotrophic Lake Kivu, eastern Africa |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202008_Freshwater%20Biol_Tropical%20picoplankton.pdf |journal=Freshwater Biology |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=756–771 |bibcode=2008FrBio..53..756S |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01939.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Sarmento |first=H. |display-authors=etal |year=2007 |title=Species diversity of pelagic algae of Lake Kivu (East Africa) |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202007_Cryptogamie%20Algologie_Phyto%20diversity%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Cryptogamie-Algologie |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=245:269 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032655/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202007_Cryptogamie%20Algologie_Phyto%20diversity%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2011-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; De actual primary production be 0.71&amp;#x20;g C m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; d&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; (≈ 260&amp;#x20;g C m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; a&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Sarmento |first=H. |display-authors=etal |year=2009 |title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (eastern Africa): biomass, production and elemental ratios |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202009_SIL.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology, Vol 30, Pt 5, Proceedings |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=709–713 |bibcode=2009SILP...30..709S |doi=10.1080/03680770.2009.11902221 |hdl=2268/139009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032734/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202009_SIL.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2011-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;            

A study of evolutionary genetics show dat de cichlids from lakes for northern Virunga insyd (e.g., [[Lake Edward|Edward]], George, [[Lake Victoria|Victoria]]) go fi dey evolve for a &quot;proto-lake Kivu&quot; insyd, much older dan intense volcanic activity (20,000-25,000 years ago) wey cut de connection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Verheyen |first=E. |year=2003 |title=Origin of the Superflock of Cichlid Fishes from Lake Victoria, East Africa |journal=Science |volume=300 |issue=5617 |pages=325–329 |bibcode=2003Sci...300..325V |citeseerx=10.1.1.584.2497 |doi=10.1126/science.1080699 |pmid=12649486 |s2cid=84478005}}&lt;/ref&gt; De elevation of de mountains west of de lake (wey currently be de Kahuzi-Biega National Park, one of de largest reserves of eastern lowland (anaa Grauer's) gorillas for de world insyd), wey dem combine plus de elevation of de eastern rift (wey dem locate for eastern Rwanda insyd) go dey responsible give de drainage of water from central Rwanda for de actual Lake Kivu insyd. Lack of consistent geological evidence challenge dis concept of &quot;proto-lake Kivu&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Stager |first=J. C. |year=2003 |title=Comment on &quot;Origin of the Superflock of Cichlid Fishes from Lake Victoria, East Africa&quot; |journal=Science |volume=304 |issue=5673 |pages=963b |doi=10.1126/science.1091978 |pmid=15143263 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;, although de cichlid ein molecular clock dey suggest de existence of a lake much older dan de commonly cited 15,000 years.              

Lake Kivu be de home of four species of freshwater crab, wey dey include two non-endemics (''Potamonautes lirrangensis'' den ''P. mutandensis'') den two endemics (''P. bourgaultae'' den ''P. idjwiensis'').&lt;ref name=&quot;crabs&quot;&gt;Cumberlidge, N., and Meyer, K. S. (2011). ''[http://commons.nmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1029&amp;context=facwork_journalarticles A revision of the freshwater crabs of Lake Kivu, East Africa.]'' Journal Articles. Paper 30.&lt;/ref&gt; Among Rift Valley lakes, Lake Tanganyika den Lake Victoria be de only oda plus endemic freshwater crabs.&lt;ref name=&quot;crabs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cumberlidge |first1=Neil |last2=Clark |first2=Paul F. |date=2017 |title=Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) |journal=European Journal of Taxonomy |issue=371 |doi=10.5852/ejt.2017.371 |hdl=10141/622400 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Illegal fishing ===
For 2018 insyd, dem record ova 400 cases of potential illegal fishing for Lake Kivu top. According to de Animal Research den Technology Transfer at de Rwanda Agricultural Board, fish production for Kivu Lake insyd drop from 24,199 tonnes for de 2017–2018 fishing season insyd to 16,194 tonnes for 2019–2020 insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2021 |title=Illicit fishing threatens biodiversity in Lake Kivu |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/183562/News/illicit-fishing-threatens-biodiversity-in-lake-kivu |access-date=2023-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey Deputy Director Solange Uwituze attribute to fishing methods dat dey affect fish reproduction. Between May den July 2020, Rwanda Police Marine Unit operations report 27 cases wey dey include 10 poachers dem arrest give illegal fishing for de lake top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ENACTAfrica.org |date=2022-01-31 |title=Tipping the scales of illicit fishing in Lake Kivu |url=https://enactafrica.org/enact-observer/tipping-the-scales-of-illicit-fishing-in-lake-kivu |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=ENACT Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |date=2022-02-02 |title=Tipping the scales of illicit fishing in Lake Kivu |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/tipping-the-scales-of-illicit-fishing-in-lake-kivu |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Islands ==

* Idjwi (part of Idjwi Territory, South Kivu Province)
* Nyamunini (dem sanso know am Napoleon Island)
* Amahoro
* Iwawa

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;175&quot; heights=&quot;120&quot;&gt;
File:Lake_Kivu_2021.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Kivu_2021.jpg| * Lake Kivu from Sake, Goma, D R Congo 
File:Goma,_Lake_Kivu,_DRC_(Zaire_-_Congo),_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goma,_Lake_Kivu,_DRC_(Zaire_-_Congo),_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg| * Lake Kivu plus Goma for de background insyd, Congo 
File:Img_Lake_Kivu100222_2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Img_Lake_Kivu100222_2.jpg| * Lake Kivu dey separate Bukavu (For de foreground insyd) den Cyangugu (For de background insyd) as dem see from Tumbimbi. 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
      <sha1>tveewy0mvnfukjh7kllxj6gp8i5usmw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100694</id>
      <parentid>100693</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T14:51:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100694</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30242" sha1="5ajwzg1y8ffhlu528u48aamttkg6y8e" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[African Great Lakes]].&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey lie for de border between de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] den [[Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de Albertine Rift insyd, de western branch of de East African Rift.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Kivu dey empty into de Ruzizi River, wey dey flow southwards into [[Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler Gustav Adolf von Götzen be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. 
[[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at Gisenyi, Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, volcanic activity block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de Virungas, wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[Lake Edward]], to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of Lake Tanganyika, wey ovaflow down de Lukuga River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot; /&gt;

Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus Lake Nyos den Lake Monoun, dat dey undergo limnic eruptions (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain methane (CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd.  

== Geography ==
Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt; Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a limnic eruption every 1000 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt; De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth deepest lake by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt;    

De lake bed dey sit upon a rift valley wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause volcanic activity for de area insyd.        

De world ein tenth-largest island for a lake insyd, Idjwi, dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd        

=== Human geography ===
Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within DRC borders.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake den Goma for de Democratic Republic of the Congo insyd, den Gisenyi, Kibuye, den Cyangugu for Rwanda insyd.

For early 2025 insyd, during de M23 campaign, de Rwandan military occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de M23 Movement, plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.&lt;ref name=&quot;:015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chemistry ==
Lake Kivu be a meromictic lake wey dey contain a freshwater surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}&lt;/ref&gt; Along plus Cameroonian Lake Nyos den Lake Monoun, Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo limnic eruptions (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include methane (CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) den carbon dioxide (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wenz&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern combined-cycle generating plant insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 megawatts give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de Grand Coulee Dam at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wenz&quot; /&gt;

Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral monohydrocalcite wey dem interlay plus diatoms, for top of sapropelic sediments plus high pyrite content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;solidarites&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Halbwachs |display-authors=etal |date=2002-03-09 |title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability |url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf |access-date=2012-12-21 |publisher=Solidarities}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]&lt;/ref&gt; De carbon dioxide go then suffocate large numbers of pippoe for de lake basin insyd as de gases roll off de lake surface. E sanso dey possible say de lake fi spawn lake tsunamis as gas dey explode out of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Killer Lakes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ &quot;In the Shadow of Doom&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/|date=2007-09-28}}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem begin to understand de risk wey Lake Kivu pose during de analysis of more recent events at Lake Nyos. Dem originally think Lake Kivu ein methane to be merely a cheap natural resource give export, den give de generation of cheap power. Once de mechanisms wey cause lake ovaturns begin to be understood, so do awareness of de risk de lake pose to de local population.  

Dem install an experimental vent pipe at Lake Nyos for 2001 insyd to remove gas from de deep water, but such a solution give de much larger Lake Kivu go dey considerably more expensive. De approximately {{convert|500|e6LT|e6MT|order=flip}} of carbon dioxide for de lake insyd be a little under 2 percent of de amount wey human fossil fuel burning release am annually. Therefore, de process of releasing am fi potentially get costs beyond simply building den operating de system.    

Dis problem wey dem associate plus de prevalence of methane be dat of mazuku, de Swahili term &quot;evil wind&quot; give de outgassing of methane den carbon dioxide dat dey kill pippoe den animals, den fi even kill vegetation when for high enough concentration insyd.    

=== Methane extraction ===
[[File:Methane extraction platform at Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|A methane extraction platform, Gisenyi, Rwanda.]]Dem recently find Lake Kivu to contain approximately {{convert|55|e9m3|e12cuft|abbr=unit}} of dissolved biogas at a depth of {{convert|300|m|ft|-2}}. Until 2004, dem do extraction of de gas for a small scale top, plus dem use extracted gas to run boilers at de Bralirwa brewery for Gisenyi insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060224004457/http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm &quot;Case Studies : Recovery of Gas from Lake Kivu – The Goats of Rwanda&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224004457/http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm|date=2006-02-24}}, Added Value Engineering Consultants, accessed 4 May 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;powerhouse&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6624395.stm|title=Rwanda's Underwater Powerhouse|date=May 4, 2007|access-date=2008-02-05|author=Adam Mynott|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; As far as large-scale exploitation of dis resource dey concern, de Rwandan government negotiate plus a number of parties to extract methane from de lake.  

== Biology den fisheries ==
[[File:Lake Kivu, boats.jpg|thumb|Fishing boats for Lake Kivu top, 2009]]
[[File:An aerial of Paradis Malahide island in Lake Kivu with the area of 2,700 km². Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb|Paradis Malahide Island within de lake]]
[[File:View of the sky and its reflection on Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|De sky wey reflect for Lake Kivu top]]De fish fauna for Lake Kivu insyd be relatively poor plus 28 described species, wey dey include four introduced species.&lt;ref name=&quot;FishSnoeks&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Snoeks |first1=J |last2=De Vos |first2=L. |last3=Thys van den Audenaerde |first3=D. |date=1997 |title=The ichthyogeography of lake Kivu |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=93 |pages=579–584}}&lt;/ref&gt; De natives be de Lake Rukwa minnow (''Raiamas moorii''), four species of barb (ripon barbel, ''Barbus altianalis'', East African red-finned barb, ''Enteromius apleurogramma'', redspot barb, ''E. kerstenii'' den Pellegrin's barb, ''E. pellegrini''), an ''Amphilius'' catfish, two ''Clarias'' catfish (''C. liocephalus'' den ''C. gariepinus''), Nile tilapia (''Oreochromis niloticus'') den 15 endemic ''Haplochromis'' cichlids.&lt;ref name=&quot;FishSnoeks&quot; /&gt; Another {{circa|20}} possibly undescribed species of cichlids, dem know from de lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=J. |year=2013 |title=How many species are there in Lake Kivu? |url=https://www.eawag.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/tx_userprofiles/upload/walkerjo/Bachelor_Thesis_Jonas_Walker_August_2013_Lake_Kivu.pdf |publisher=University of Bern|date=2013|journal=Institute of Ecology and Evolution}}&lt;/ref&gt; De species dem introduce be three cichlids, de longfin tilapia (''Oreochromis macrochir''), blue-spotted tilapia (''O. leucostictus'') den redbreast tilapia (''Coptodon rendalli''), den a clupeid, de Lake Tanganyika sardine (''Limnothrissa miodon'')&lt;ref name=&quot;FishSnoeks&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Collart&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Collart |first=A. |date=1960 |title=L'introduction du 'Stolothrissa tanganicae' (Ndagala) au lac Kivu |url=https://ineac.africamuseum.be./catalog/11887 |journal=Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge |series=Hosted at Agricultural Research Archive for DRC, Rwanda and Burundi, 1885-1960 |language=French |volume=51 |issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Capart&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Capart |first=A. |date=1959 |title=A propos de l'introduction du Ndakala (Stolothrissa tanganikae) dans le lac Kivu |url=https://ineac.africamuseum.be./catalog/11546 |journal=Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Burundi |language=French |volume=50 |issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem refer sardine to locally as 'Ndagala' anaa 'Isambaza'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collart 1989&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Collart |first=Alphonse |url=https://www.fao.org/3/AD174F/AD174F00.htm#TOC |title=Compte rendu du seminaire trente ans apres l'introduction de l'Isambaza au lac Kivu (RWA/87/012/DOC/TR/16) |date=June 1989 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations |place=Gisenyi, Rwanda |language=French |chapter=Introduction et acclimatation de l'Isambaza du lac Tanganyika au lac Kivu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De exploitable stock of de Lake Tanganyika sardine, dem estimate am at {{convert|2000|–|4000|MT|LT}} per year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Marshall |first=B. E. |year=1991 |title=Seasonal and annual variations in the abundance of the clupeid Limnothrissa miodon in lake Kivu |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=641–648 |bibcode=1991JFBio..39..641M |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04394.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem introduce am to Lake Kivu for late 1959 insyd by de Belgian agronomist Alphonse Collart.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collart&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Capart&quot; /&gt; An attempt to introduce de similar Lake Tanganyika sprat (''Stolothrissa tanganicae'') at de same time be unsuccessful.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collart 1989&quot; /&gt;     

At present, Lake Kivu be de sole natural lake for wey ''L. miodon'', a sardine dem originally restrict to Lake Tanganyika, dem introduce am initially to fill an empty niche. Prior to de introduction, no planktivorous fish dey present for de pelagic waters of Lake Kivu insyd. For de early 1990s insyd, de number of fishers for de lake top be 6,563, wey 3,027 dey associated plus de pelagic fishery den 3,536 plus de traditional fishery. De widespread armed conflict for de surrounding region insyd from de mid-1990s result for a decline for de fisheries harvest insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 2001 |title=INFORMATION ON FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO |url=https://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060315065154/https://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |archive-date=March 15, 2006 |access-date=June 26, 2023 |website=fao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;        

Following dis introduction, de sardine gain substantial economic den nutritional importance give de lakeside human population but from an ecosystem standpoint, de introduction of planktivorous fish fi result for important modifications of plankton community structure insyd. Recent observations show de disappearance during de last decades of a large grazer, ''Daphnia curvirostris'', den de dominance of mesozooplankton community by three species of cyclopoid copepod: ''Thermocyclops consimilis'', ''Mesocyclops aequatorialis'' den ''Tropocyclops confinis''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Isumbisho |first=M |title=Zooplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (Eastern Africa) |publisher=University of Namur |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-87037-534-1 |location=Belgium}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Isumbisho |first1=M. |last2=Sarmento |first2=H. |last3=Kaningini |first3=B. |last4=Micha |first4=J.-C. |last5=Descy |first5=J.-P. |date=2006 |title=Zooplankton of Lake Kivu, East Africa, half a century after the Tanganyika sardine introduction |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Isumbisho%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Zooplankton%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Plankton Research |volume=28 |issue=11 |pages=971–989 |doi=10.1093/plankt/fbl032 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312092135/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Isumbisho%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Zooplankton%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-12 |access-date=2011-04-23 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

Dem release first comprehensive phytoplankton survey for 2006 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sarmento 2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Sarmento |first=H. |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Thesis_Sarmento_Lake%20Kivu.pdf |title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (Eastern Africa) |publisher=University of Namur |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-87037-532-7 |location=Belgium |access-date=2011-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117042508/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Thesis_Sarmento_Lake%20Kivu.pdf |archive-date=2016-01-17 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plus an annual average chlorophyll for de mixed layer insyd of 2.2&amp;#x20;mg m&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; den low nutrient levels for de euphotic zone insyd, de lake be clearly oligotrophic. Diatoms be de dominant group for de lake insyd, particularly during de dry season episodes of deep mixing. During de rainy season, de stratified water column, plus high light den lower nutrient availability, favour dominance of cyanobacteria plus high numbers of phototrophic picoplankton.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sarmento 2006&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Sarmento |first=H. |author2=Isumbisho, M |author3=Descy, JP |year=2006 |title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (eastern Africa) |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Phytoplankton%20ecology%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Plankton Research |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=815–829 |doi=10.1093/plankt/fbl017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032642/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Phytoplankton%20ecology%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2011-04-23 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Sarmento |first=H. |display-authors=etal |year=2008 |title=Abundance and distribution of picoplankton in tropical, oligotrophic Lake Kivu, eastern Africa |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202008_Freshwater%20Biol_Tropical%20picoplankton.pdf |journal=Freshwater Biology |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=756–771 |bibcode=2008FrBio..53..756S |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01939.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Sarmento |first=H. |display-authors=etal |year=2007 |title=Species diversity of pelagic algae of Lake Kivu (East Africa) |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202007_Cryptogamie%20Algologie_Phyto%20diversity%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Cryptogamie-Algologie |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=245:269 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032655/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202007_Cryptogamie%20Algologie_Phyto%20diversity%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2011-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; De actual primary production be 0.71&amp;#x20;g C m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; d&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; (≈ 260&amp;#x20;g C m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; a&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Sarmento |first=H. |display-authors=etal |year=2009 |title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (eastern Africa): biomass, production and elemental ratios |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202009_SIL.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology, Vol 30, Pt 5, Proceedings |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=709–713 |bibcode=2009SILP...30..709S |doi=10.1080/03680770.2009.11902221 |hdl=2268/139009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032734/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202009_SIL.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2011-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;            

A study of evolutionary genetics show dat de cichlids from lakes for northern Virunga insyd (e.g., [[Lake Edward|Edward]], George, [[Lake Victoria|Victoria]]) go fi dey evolve for a &quot;proto-lake Kivu&quot; insyd, much older dan intense volcanic activity (20,000-25,000 years ago) wey cut de connection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Verheyen |first=E. |year=2003 |title=Origin of the Superflock of Cichlid Fishes from Lake Victoria, East Africa |journal=Science |volume=300 |issue=5617 |pages=325–329 |bibcode=2003Sci...300..325V |citeseerx=10.1.1.584.2497 |doi=10.1126/science.1080699 |pmid=12649486 |s2cid=84478005}}&lt;/ref&gt; De elevation of de mountains west of de lake (wey currently be de Kahuzi-Biega National Park, one of de largest reserves of eastern lowland (anaa Grauer's) gorillas for de world insyd), wey dem combine plus de elevation of de eastern rift (wey dem locate for eastern Rwanda insyd) go dey responsible give de drainage of water from central Rwanda for de actual Lake Kivu insyd. Lack of consistent geological evidence challenge dis concept of &quot;proto-lake Kivu&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Stager |first=J. C. |year=2003 |title=Comment on &quot;Origin of the Superflock of Cichlid Fishes from Lake Victoria, East Africa&quot; |journal=Science |volume=304 |issue=5673 |pages=963b |doi=10.1126/science.1091978 |pmid=15143263 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;, although de cichlid ein molecular clock dey suggest de existence of a lake much older dan de commonly cited 15,000 years.              

Lake Kivu be de home of four species of freshwater crab, wey dey include two non-endemics (''Potamonautes lirrangensis'' den ''P. mutandensis'') den two endemics (''P. bourgaultae'' den ''P. idjwiensis'').&lt;ref name=&quot;crabs&quot;&gt;Cumberlidge, N., and Meyer, K. S. (2011). ''[http://commons.nmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1029&amp;context=facwork_journalarticles A revision of the freshwater crabs of Lake Kivu, East Africa.]'' Journal Articles. Paper 30.&lt;/ref&gt; Among Rift Valley lakes, Lake Tanganyika den Lake Victoria be de only oda plus endemic freshwater crabs.&lt;ref name=&quot;crabs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cumberlidge |first1=Neil |last2=Clark |first2=Paul F. |date=2017 |title=Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) |journal=European Journal of Taxonomy |issue=371 |doi=10.5852/ejt.2017.371 |hdl=10141/622400 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Illegal fishing ===
For 2018 insyd, dem record ova 400 cases of potential illegal fishing for Lake Kivu top. According to de Animal Research den Technology Transfer at de Rwanda Agricultural Board, fish production for Kivu Lake insyd drop from 24,199 tonnes for de 2017–2018 fishing season insyd to 16,194 tonnes for 2019–2020 insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2021 |title=Illicit fishing threatens biodiversity in Lake Kivu |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/183562/News/illicit-fishing-threatens-biodiversity-in-lake-kivu |access-date=2023-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey Deputy Director Solange Uwituze attribute to fishing methods dat dey affect fish reproduction. Between May den July 2020, Rwanda Police Marine Unit operations report 27 cases wey dey include 10 poachers dem arrest give illegal fishing for de lake top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ENACTAfrica.org |date=2022-01-31 |title=Tipping the scales of illicit fishing in Lake Kivu |url=https://enactafrica.org/enact-observer/tipping-the-scales-of-illicit-fishing-in-lake-kivu |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=ENACT Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |date=2022-02-02 |title=Tipping the scales of illicit fishing in Lake Kivu |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/tipping-the-scales-of-illicit-fishing-in-lake-kivu |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Islands ==

* Idjwi (part of Idjwi Territory, South Kivu Province)
* Nyamunini (dem sanso know am Napoleon Island)
* Amahoro
* Iwawa

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;175&quot; heights=&quot;120&quot;&gt;
File:Lake_Kivu_2021.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Kivu_2021.jpg| Lake Kivu from Sake, Goma, D R Congo 
File:Goma,_Lake_Kivu,_DRC_(Zaire_-_Congo),_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goma,_Lake_Kivu,_DRC_(Zaire_-_Congo),_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg| Lake Kivu plus Goma for de background insyd, Congo 
File:Img_Lake_Kivu100222_2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Img_Lake_Kivu100222_2.jpg| Lake Kivu dey separate Bukavu (For de foreground insyd) den Cyangugu (For de background insyd) as dem see from Tumbimbi. 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}}
[[Category:Lake Kivu| ]]
[[Category:African Great Lakes]]
[[Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda border]]
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Rwanda]]
[[Category:Meromictic lakes]]
[[Category:Limnically active lakes]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites insyd de Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites insyd Rwanda]]</text>
      <sha1>5ajwzg1y8ffhlu528u48aamttkg6y8e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zambezi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27225</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100701</id>
      <parentid>100155</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T15:06:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100701</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9200" sha1="sl7lmlrqim3dsbcaqyik0lgm24opud4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Zambezi''' (dem sanso spell '''Zambeze''' den '''Zambesi''') be de fourth-longest river insyd Africa, de longest east-flowing river insyd Africa den de largest flowing into de Indian Ocean from Africa. Ein drainage basin dey cover 1,390,000 km2 (540,000 mi2), slightly less dan half of de [[Nile]] ein own. De 2,574 km (1,599 mi) river dey rise insyd [[Zambia]] den dey flow thru eastern [[Angola]], along de north-eastern border of [[Namibia]] den de northern border of [[Botswana]], then along de border between Zambia den [[Zimbabwe]] to [[Mozambique]], wer e dey cross de country to empty into de Indian Ocean.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambezi River {{!}} river, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502232720/https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River |archive-date=2 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambezi River Facts and Information |url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507055636/https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html |archive-date=7 May 2023 |access-date=2021-05-27 |website=www.victoriafalls-guide.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Zambezi ein most noted feature be Victoria Falls. Ein oda falls dey include Chavuma Falls&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chavuma Falls {{!}} waterfall, Zambia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626032309/https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls |archive-date=26 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; den Ngonye Falls.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambia Tourism: Waterfalls |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407045055/https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ |archive-date=7 April 2020 |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Zambia Tourism |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De two main sources of hydroelectric power for de river top be de Kariba Dam, wich dey provide power to Zambia den Zimbabwe, den de Cahora Bassa Dam insyd Mozambique, wich dey provide power to Mozambique den [[South Africa]]. Additionally, two smaller power stations insyd Zambia be at Victoria Falls den Zengamina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pasanisi |first=Francesco |last2=Tebano |first2=Carlo |last3=Zarlenga |first3=Francesco |date=March 2016 |title=A Survey near Tambara along the Lower Zambezi River |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=6 |doi=10.3390/environments3010006 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zengamina Hydro Project {{!}} North West Zambia Development Trust |url=http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423080555/http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-18 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==

=== Origins ===
[[File:Zambezi_river_basin-en.svg|thumb|450x450px|De Zambezi den ein river basin]]
De river dey rise insyd a black, marshy dambo in dense, undulating miombo woodland 50 km (31 mi) north of Mwinilunga den 20 km (12 mi) south of Ikelenge insyd de Ikelenge District of North-Western Province, Zambia, at about 1,524 metres (5,000 ft) above sea level.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dilapidated Zambezi Source Site Worry Ikelenge DC |url=http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=muvitv.com |publisher=Muvi TV}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area around de source be a national monument, forest reserve, den important bird area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ZM002 Source of the Zambezi |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=birdlife.org |publisher=Birdlife International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Upper Zambezi ===
De river dey flow to de southwest into Angola for about 240 km (150 mi), then e be joined by sizeable tributaries such as de Luena den de Chifumage wey dey flow from highlands to de north-west.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dorling2&quot;&gt;Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85&lt;/ref&gt; E dey turn south den dey develop a floodplain, plus extreme width variation between de dry den rainy seasons. E dey enter dense evergreen ''Cryptosepalum ''dry forest, though on ein western side, Western Zambezian grasslands sanso occur. Wer e re-enter Zambia, e be nearly 400 m (1,300 ft) wide insyd de rainy season den dey flow rapidly, plus rapids wey dey end insyd de Chavuma Falls, wer de river dey flow thru a rocky fissure. De river dey drop about 400 m (1,300 ft) in elevation from ein source at 1,500 m (4,900 ft) to de Chavuma Falls at 1,100 m (3,600 ft), over a distance of about 400 km (250 mi). From dis point to de Victoria Falls, de level of de basin be very uniform, wey dey drop only by anoda 180 m (590 ft) across a distance of around 800 km (500 mi).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Geology |date=2014-11-25 |title=Zambezi River |url=https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520095950/https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Geology Page |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Middle Zambezi ===
[[File:Victoria_Falls_aerial_view_September_2003.jpg|thumb|Victoria Falls, de end of de upper Zambezi den beginning of de middle Zambezi]]
De Victoria Falls be considered de boundary between de upper den middle Zambezi. Below dem, de river continue to flow due east for about 200 km (120 mi), wey dey cut thru perpendicular walls of basalt 20 to 60 m (66 to 197 ft) apart insyd hills 200 to 250 m (660 to 820 ft) high. De river dey flow swiftly thru de Batoka Gorge, de current be continually interrupted by reefs. Na e be described&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edington |first=Sean |date=2020-12-29 |title=Is rafting on the Zambezi River below The Victoria Falls Dangerous? |url=https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520102959/https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/ |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=SAFPAR |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; as one of de world ein most spectacular whitewater trips, a tremendous challenge give kayakers den rafters alike. Beyond de gorge be a succession of rapids wey end 240 km (150 mi) below Victoria Falls. Over dis distance, de river dey drop 250 m (820 ft).

=== Lower Zambezi ===
De lower Zambezi ein 650 kilometres (400 mi) from Cahora Bassa to de Indian Ocean be navigable, although de river be shallow insyd chaw places during de dry season. Dis shallowness dey arise as de river dey enter a broad valley den dey spread out over a large area. Only at one point, de Lupata Gorge, 320 kilometres (200 mi) from ein mouth, be de river confine between high hills. Here, e be scarcely 200 metres (660 ft) wide. Elsewhere e be from 5 to 8 kilometres (3 to 5 mi) wide, wey dey flow gently insyd chaw streams. De riverbed be sandy, den de banks be low den reed-fringed. At places, however, den especially insyd de rainy season, de streams unite into one broad, fast-flowing river.

== Discharge ==
Average, minimum den maximum discharge of the Zambezi River at Marromeu (Lower Zambezi). Period from 1998 to 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry |url=https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/257data.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307231439/https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/257data.htm |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=7 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tributaries ==
'''''Upper Zambezi: 507,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, discharges 1044 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s at Victoria Falls, wey dey comprise:'''''

: ''Northern Highlands catchment, 222,570&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 850 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s at Lukulu:''
:* Chifumage River: [[Angola|Angolan]] central plateau
:* Luena River: Angolan central plateau
:* Kabompo River: 72,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, NW highlands of Zambia
:* Lungwebungu River: 47,400&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Angolan central plateau
: ''Central Plains catchment, 284,630&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 196 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (Victoria Falls–Lukulu):''
:* Luanginga River: 34,600&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Angolan central plateau
:* Luampa River/Luena River, Zambia: 20,500&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, eastern side of Zambezi
:* Cuando /Linyanti/Chobe River: 133,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Angolan S plateau &amp; Caprivi

== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
      <sha1>sl7lmlrqim3dsbcaqyik0lgm24opud4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100702</id>
      <parentid>100701</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T15:07:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Discharge */ Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100702</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10155" sha1="5qi4d7kg7akvxm4bnp41k9ez11vupun" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Zambezi''' (dem sanso spell '''Zambeze''' den '''Zambesi''') be de fourth-longest river insyd Africa, de longest east-flowing river insyd Africa den de largest flowing into de Indian Ocean from Africa. Ein drainage basin dey cover 1,390,000 km2 (540,000 mi2), slightly less dan half of de [[Nile]] ein own. De 2,574 km (1,599 mi) river dey rise insyd [[Zambia]] den dey flow thru eastern [[Angola]], along de north-eastern border of [[Namibia]] den de northern border of [[Botswana]], then along de border between Zambia den [[Zimbabwe]] to [[Mozambique]], wer e dey cross de country to empty into de Indian Ocean.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambezi River {{!}} river, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502232720/https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River |archive-date=2 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambezi River Facts and Information |url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507055636/https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html |archive-date=7 May 2023 |access-date=2021-05-27 |website=www.victoriafalls-guide.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Zambezi ein most noted feature be Victoria Falls. Ein oda falls dey include Chavuma Falls&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chavuma Falls {{!}} waterfall, Zambia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626032309/https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls |archive-date=26 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; den Ngonye Falls.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambia Tourism: Waterfalls |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407045055/https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ |archive-date=7 April 2020 |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Zambia Tourism |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De two main sources of hydroelectric power for de river top be de Kariba Dam, wich dey provide power to Zambia den Zimbabwe, den de Cahora Bassa Dam insyd Mozambique, wich dey provide power to Mozambique den [[South Africa]]. Additionally, two smaller power stations insyd Zambia be at Victoria Falls den Zengamina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pasanisi |first=Francesco |last2=Tebano |first2=Carlo |last3=Zarlenga |first3=Francesco |date=March 2016 |title=A Survey near Tambara along the Lower Zambezi River |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=6 |doi=10.3390/environments3010006 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zengamina Hydro Project {{!}} North West Zambia Development Trust |url=http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423080555/http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-18 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==

=== Origins ===
[[File:Zambezi_river_basin-en.svg|thumb|450x450px|De Zambezi den ein river basin]]
De river dey rise insyd a black, marshy dambo in dense, undulating miombo woodland 50 km (31 mi) north of Mwinilunga den 20 km (12 mi) south of Ikelenge insyd de Ikelenge District of North-Western Province, Zambia, at about 1,524 metres (5,000 ft) above sea level.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dilapidated Zambezi Source Site Worry Ikelenge DC |url=http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=muvitv.com |publisher=Muvi TV}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area around de source be a national monument, forest reserve, den important bird area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ZM002 Source of the Zambezi |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=birdlife.org |publisher=Birdlife International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Upper Zambezi ===
De river dey flow to de southwest into Angola for about 240 km (150 mi), then e be joined by sizeable tributaries such as de Luena den de Chifumage wey dey flow from highlands to de north-west.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dorling2&quot;&gt;Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85&lt;/ref&gt; E dey turn south den dey develop a floodplain, plus extreme width variation between de dry den rainy seasons. E dey enter dense evergreen ''Cryptosepalum ''dry forest, though on ein western side, Western Zambezian grasslands sanso occur. Wer e re-enter Zambia, e be nearly 400 m (1,300 ft) wide insyd de rainy season den dey flow rapidly, plus rapids wey dey end insyd de Chavuma Falls, wer de river dey flow thru a rocky fissure. De river dey drop about 400 m (1,300 ft) in elevation from ein source at 1,500 m (4,900 ft) to de Chavuma Falls at 1,100 m (3,600 ft), over a distance of about 400 km (250 mi). From dis point to de Victoria Falls, de level of de basin be very uniform, wey dey drop only by anoda 180 m (590 ft) across a distance of around 800 km (500 mi).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Geology |date=2014-11-25 |title=Zambezi River |url=https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520095950/https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Geology Page |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Middle Zambezi ===
[[File:Victoria_Falls_aerial_view_September_2003.jpg|thumb|Victoria Falls, de end of de upper Zambezi den beginning of de middle Zambezi]]
De Victoria Falls be considered de boundary between de upper den middle Zambezi. Below dem, de river continue to flow due east for about 200 km (120 mi), wey dey cut thru perpendicular walls of basalt 20 to 60 m (66 to 197 ft) apart insyd hills 200 to 250 m (660 to 820 ft) high. De river dey flow swiftly thru de Batoka Gorge, de current be continually interrupted by reefs. Na e be described&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edington |first=Sean |date=2020-12-29 |title=Is rafting on the Zambezi River below The Victoria Falls Dangerous? |url=https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520102959/https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/ |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=SAFPAR |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; as one of de world ein most spectacular whitewater trips, a tremendous challenge give kayakers den rafters alike. Beyond de gorge be a succession of rapids wey end 240 km (150 mi) below Victoria Falls. Over dis distance, de river dey drop 250 m (820 ft).

=== Lower Zambezi ===
De lower Zambezi ein 650 kilometres (400 mi) from Cahora Bassa to de Indian Ocean be navigable, although de river be shallow insyd chaw places during de dry season. Dis shallowness dey arise as de river dey enter a broad valley den dey spread out over a large area. Only at one point, de Lupata Gorge, 320 kilometres (200 mi) from ein mouth, be de river confine between high hills. Here, e be scarcely 200 metres (660 ft) wide. Elsewhere e be from 5 to 8 kilometres (3 to 5 mi) wide, wey dey flow gently insyd chaw streams. De riverbed be sandy, den de banks be low den reed-fringed. At places, however, den especially insyd de rainy season, de streams unite into one broad, fast-flowing river.

== Discharge ==
Average, minimum den maximum discharge of the Zambezi River at Marromeu (Lower Zambezi). Period from 1998 to 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry |url=https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/257data.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307231439/https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/257data.htm |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=7 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
 ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!Min
! Mean
 ! Max
 !Min
!Mean
!Max
|-
|1998
|1,141
|3,335
|11,183
|2011
|17
|2,619
|6,117
|-
|1999
|600
|4,259
|11,084
|2012
|1,383
|3,522
|7,553
|-
|2000
|338
|3,041
|6,696
|2013
|1,243
|3,877
|8,622
|-
|2001
|112
|9,151
|39,802
|2014
|2,394
|4,161
|8,946
|-
|2002
|631
|2,536
|4,910
|2015
|3,307
|6,095
|15,826
|-
|2003
|329
|2,536
|8,952
|2016
|1,754
|4,418
|9,124
|-
|2004
|79
|2,013
|4,824
|2017
|2,133
|4,686
|9,215
|-
|2005
|888
|3,030
|7,973
|2018
|2,177
|4,988
|8,802
|-
|2006
|1,549
|3,651
|7,575
|2019
|2,867
|5,942
|12,091
|-
|2007
|2,208
|4,636
|14,141
|2020
|3,001
|5,131
|10,031
|-
|2008
|2,881
|6,949
|31,975
|2021
|2,331
|5,977
|10,196
|-
|2009
|154
|2,648
|5,930
|2022
|868
|4,953
|14,361
|-
|2010
|58
|2,284
|6,342
|
|''17''
|'''''4,217'''''
|''39,802''
|}

== Tributaries ==
'''''Upper Zambezi: 507,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, discharges 1044 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s at Victoria Falls, wey dey comprise:'''''

: ''Northern Highlands catchment, 222,570&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 850 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s at Lukulu:''
:* Chifumage River: [[Angola|Angolan]] central plateau
:* Luena River: Angolan central plateau
:* Kabompo River: 72,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, NW highlands of Zambia
:* Lungwebungu River: 47,400&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Angolan central plateau
: ''Central Plains catchment, 284,630&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 196 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (Victoria Falls–Lukulu):''
:* Luanginga River: 34,600&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Angolan central plateau
:* Luampa River/Luena River, Zambia: 20,500&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, eastern side of Zambezi
:* Cuando /Linyanti/Chobe River: 133,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Angolan S plateau &amp; Caprivi

== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
      <sha1>5qi4d7kg7akvxm4bnp41k9ez11vupun</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100703</id>
      <parentid>100702</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T15:14:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100703</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12550" sha1="rzauomcyf9koq7jcn0n742munz8jtv7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Zambezi''' (dem sanso spell '''Zambeze''' den '''Zambesi''') be de fourth-longest river insyd Africa, de longest east-flowing river insyd Africa den de largest flowing into de Indian Ocean from Africa. Ein drainage basin dey cover 1,390,000 km2 (540,000 mi2), slightly less dan half of de [[Nile]] ein own. De 2,574 km (1,599 mi) river dey rise insyd [[Zambia]] den dey flow thru eastern [[Angola]], along de north-eastern border of [[Namibia]] den de northern border of [[Botswana]], then along de border between Zambia den [[Zimbabwe]] to [[Mozambique]], wer e dey cross de country to empty into de Indian Ocean.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambezi River {{!}} river, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502232720/https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River |archive-date=2 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambezi River Facts and Information |url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507055636/https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html |archive-date=7 May 2023 |access-date=2021-05-27 |website=www.victoriafalls-guide.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Zambezi ein most noted feature be Victoria Falls. Ein oda falls dey include Chavuma Falls&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chavuma Falls {{!}} waterfall, Zambia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626032309/https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls |archive-date=26 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; den Ngonye Falls.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambia Tourism: Waterfalls |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407045055/https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ |archive-date=7 April 2020 |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Zambia Tourism |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De two main sources of hydroelectric power for de river top be de Kariba Dam, wich dey provide power to Zambia den Zimbabwe, den de Cahora Bassa Dam insyd Mozambique, wich dey provide power to Mozambique den [[South Africa]]. Additionally, two smaller power stations insyd Zambia be at Victoria Falls den Zengamina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pasanisi |first=Francesco |last2=Tebano |first2=Carlo |last3=Zarlenga |first3=Francesco |date=March 2016 |title=A Survey near Tambara along the Lower Zambezi River |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=6 |doi=10.3390/environments3010006 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zengamina Hydro Project {{!}} North West Zambia Development Trust |url=http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423080555/http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-18 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==

=== Origins ===
[[File:Zambezi_river_basin-en.svg|thumb|450x450px|De Zambezi den ein river basin]]
De river dey rise insyd a black, marshy dambo in dense, undulating miombo woodland 50 km (31 mi) north of Mwinilunga den 20 km (12 mi) south of Ikelenge insyd de Ikelenge District of North-Western Province, Zambia, at about 1,524 metres (5,000 ft) above sea level.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dilapidated Zambezi Source Site Worry Ikelenge DC |url=http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=muvitv.com |publisher=Muvi TV}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area around de source be a national monument, forest reserve, den important bird area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ZM002 Source of the Zambezi |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=birdlife.org |publisher=Birdlife International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Upper Zambezi ===
De river dey flow to de southwest into Angola for about 240 km (150 mi), then e be joined by sizeable tributaries such as de Luena den de Chifumage wey dey flow from highlands to de north-west.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dorling2&quot;&gt;Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85&lt;/ref&gt; E dey turn south den dey develop a floodplain, plus extreme width variation between de dry den rainy seasons. E dey enter dense evergreen ''Cryptosepalum ''dry forest, though on ein western side, Western Zambezian grasslands sanso occur. Wer e re-enter Zambia, e be nearly 400 m (1,300 ft) wide insyd de rainy season den dey flow rapidly, plus rapids wey dey end insyd de Chavuma Falls, wer de river dey flow thru a rocky fissure. De river dey drop about 400 m (1,300 ft) in elevation from ein source at 1,500 m (4,900 ft) to de Chavuma Falls at 1,100 m (3,600 ft), over a distance of about 400 km (250 mi). From dis point to de Victoria Falls, de level of de basin be very uniform, wey dey drop only by anoda 180 m (590 ft) across a distance of around 800 km (500 mi).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Geology |date=2014-11-25 |title=Zambezi River |url=https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520095950/https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Geology Page |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Middle Zambezi ===
[[File:Victoria_Falls_aerial_view_September_2003.jpg|thumb|Victoria Falls, de end of de upper Zambezi den beginning of de middle Zambezi]]
De Victoria Falls be considered de boundary between de upper den middle Zambezi. Below dem, de river continue to flow due east for about 200 km (120 mi), wey dey cut thru perpendicular walls of basalt 20 to 60 m (66 to 197 ft) apart insyd hills 200 to 250 m (660 to 820 ft) high. De river dey flow swiftly thru de Batoka Gorge, de current be continually interrupted by reefs. Na e be described&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edington |first=Sean |date=2020-12-29 |title=Is rafting on the Zambezi River below The Victoria Falls Dangerous? |url=https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520102959/https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/ |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=SAFPAR |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; as one of de world ein most spectacular whitewater trips, a tremendous challenge give kayakers den rafters alike. Beyond de gorge be a succession of rapids wey end 240 km (150 mi) below Victoria Falls. Over dis distance, de river dey drop 250 m (820 ft).

=== Lower Zambezi ===
De lower Zambezi ein 650 kilometres (400 mi) from Cahora Bassa to de Indian Ocean be navigable, although de river be shallow insyd chaw places during de dry season. Dis shallowness dey arise as de river dey enter a broad valley den dey spread out over a large area. Only at one point, de Lupata Gorge, 320 kilometres (200 mi) from ein mouth, be de river confine between high hills. Here, e be scarcely 200 metres (660 ft) wide. Elsewhere e be from 5 to 8 kilometres (3 to 5 mi) wide, wey dey flow gently insyd chaw streams. De riverbed be sandy, den de banks be low den reed-fringed. At places, however, den especially insyd de rainy season, de streams unite into one broad, fast-flowing river.

== Discharge ==
Average, minimum den maximum discharge of the Zambezi River at Marromeu (Lower Zambezi). Period from 1998 to 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry |url=https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/257data.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307231439/https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/257data.htm |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=7 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
 ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!Min
! Mean
 ! Max
 !Min
!Mean
!Max
|-
|1998
|1,141
|3,335
|11,183
|2011
|17
|2,619
|6,117
|-
|1999
|600
|4,259
|11,084
|2012
|1,383
|3,522
|7,553
|-
|2000
|338
|3,041
|6,696
|2013
|1,243
|3,877
|8,622
|-
|2001
|112
|9,151
|39,802
|2014
|2,394
|4,161
|8,946
|-
|2002
|631
|2,536
|4,910
|2015
|3,307
|6,095
|15,826
|-
|2003
|329
|2,536
|8,952
|2016
|1,754
|4,418
|9,124
|-
|2004
|79
|2,013
|4,824
|2017
|2,133
|4,686
|9,215
|-
|2005
|888
|3,030
|7,973
|2018
|2,177
|4,988
|8,802
|-
|2006
|1,549
|3,651
|7,575
|2019
|2,867
|5,942
|12,091
|-
|2007
|2,208
|4,636
|14,141
|2020
|3,001
|5,131
|10,031
|-
|2008
|2,881
|6,949
|31,975
|2021
|2,331
|5,977
|10,196
|-
|2009
|154
|2,648
|5,930
|2022
|868
|4,953
|14,361
|-
|2010
|58
|2,284
|6,342
|
|''17''
|'''''4,217'''''
|''39,802''
|}

== Tributaries ==
'''''Upper Zambezi: 507,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, discharges 1044 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s at Victoria Falls, wey dey comprise:'''''

: ''Northern Highlands catchment, 222,570&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 850 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s at Lukulu:''
:* Chifumage River: [[Angola|Angolan]] central plateau
:* Luena River: Angolan central plateau
:* Kabompo River: 72,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, NW highlands of Zambia
:* Lungwebungu River: 47,400&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Angolan central plateau
: ''Central Plains catchment, 284,630&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 196 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (Victoria Falls–Lukulu):''
:* Luanginga River: 34,600&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Angolan central plateau
:* Luampa River/Luena River, Zambia: 20,500&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, eastern side of Zambezi
:* Cuando /Linyanti/Chobe River: 133,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Angolan S plateau &amp; Caprivi

'''''Middle Zambezi cumulatively 1,050,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 2442 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, dem measure at Cahora Bassa Gorge'''''[[File:Río Zambeze, Zambia-Zimbabue, 2018-07-27, DD 14.jpg|thumb|View of de Middle Zambezi]]
: (Middle section by einself: 542,800&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, dey discharge 1398 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (C. Bassa–Victoria Falls)
:''Gwembe Catchment, 156,600&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 232 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (Kariba Gorge–Vic Falls):''
:* Gwayi River: 54,610&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, NW Zimbabwe
:* Sengwa River: 25,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, North-central Zimbabwe
:* Sanyati River: 43,500&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, North-central Zimbabwe
:''Kariba Gorge to C. Bassa catchment, 386200 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 1166 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (C. Bassa–Kariba Gorge):''
:* [[Kafue River]]: 154,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 285 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, West-central Zambia &amp; Copperbelt
:* Luangwa River: 151,400&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 547 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, Luangwa Rift Valley &amp; plateau NW of it
:* Panhane River: 23,897&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, North-central Zimbabwe plateau

'''''Lower Zambezi cumulatively, 1,378,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 3424 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, dem measure at Marromeu'''''

: (Lower section by einself: 328,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 982 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (Marromeu–C. Bassa))
:* Luia River: 28,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Moravia-Angonia plateau, N of Zambezi
:* Luenha River/Mazoe River: 54,144&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 152 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, Manica plateau, NE Zimbabwe
:* Shire River, 154,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 539 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, [[Lake Malawi]] basin
: Zambezi Delta, 12,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;

'''Total Zambezi river basin: 1,390,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 3424 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s discharge into delta'''&lt;br&gt;''Source: Beilfuss &amp; Dos Santos''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beilfuss |first=Richard |last2=dos Santos |first2=David |date=2001 |title=Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Monogram for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley |url=http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20131021232621/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-21 |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=files.gorongosa.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De Okavango Basin no be included insyd de figures secof e only occasionally dey overflow to any extent into de Zambezi.

== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
      <sha1>rzauomcyf9koq7jcn0n742munz8jtv7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100704</id>
      <parentid>100703</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T15:16:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Major towns */ Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100704</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12859" sha1="ny6ept6ljrm1r48bpmp7icvz3esjqtz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Zambezi''' (dem sanso spell '''Zambeze''' den '''Zambesi''') be de fourth-longest river insyd Africa, de longest east-flowing river insyd Africa den de largest flowing into de Indian Ocean from Africa. Ein drainage basin dey cover 1,390,000 km2 (540,000 mi2), slightly less dan half of de [[Nile]] ein own. De 2,574 km (1,599 mi) river dey rise insyd [[Zambia]] den dey flow thru eastern [[Angola]], along de north-eastern border of [[Namibia]] den de northern border of [[Botswana]], then along de border between Zambia den [[Zimbabwe]] to [[Mozambique]], wer e dey cross de country to empty into de Indian Ocean.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambezi River {{!}} river, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502232720/https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River |archive-date=2 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambezi River Facts and Information |url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507055636/https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html |archive-date=7 May 2023 |access-date=2021-05-27 |website=www.victoriafalls-guide.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Zambezi ein most noted feature be Victoria Falls. Ein oda falls dey include Chavuma Falls&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chavuma Falls {{!}} waterfall, Zambia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626032309/https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls |archive-date=26 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; den Ngonye Falls.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambia Tourism: Waterfalls |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407045055/https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ |archive-date=7 April 2020 |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Zambia Tourism |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De two main sources of hydroelectric power for de river top be de Kariba Dam, wich dey provide power to Zambia den Zimbabwe, den de Cahora Bassa Dam insyd Mozambique, wich dey provide power to Mozambique den [[South Africa]]. Additionally, two smaller power stations insyd Zambia be at Victoria Falls den Zengamina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pasanisi |first=Francesco |last2=Tebano |first2=Carlo |last3=Zarlenga |first3=Francesco |date=March 2016 |title=A Survey near Tambara along the Lower Zambezi River |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=6 |doi=10.3390/environments3010006 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zengamina Hydro Project {{!}} North West Zambia Development Trust |url=http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423080555/http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-18 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==

=== Origins ===
[[File:Zambezi_river_basin-en.svg|thumb|450x450px|De Zambezi den ein river basin]]
De river dey rise insyd a black, marshy dambo in dense, undulating miombo woodland 50 km (31 mi) north of Mwinilunga den 20 km (12 mi) south of Ikelenge insyd de Ikelenge District of North-Western Province, Zambia, at about 1,524 metres (5,000 ft) above sea level.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dilapidated Zambezi Source Site Worry Ikelenge DC |url=http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=muvitv.com |publisher=Muvi TV}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area around de source be a national monument, forest reserve, den important bird area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ZM002 Source of the Zambezi |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=birdlife.org |publisher=Birdlife International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Upper Zambezi ===
De river dey flow to de southwest into Angola for about 240 km (150 mi), then e be joined by sizeable tributaries such as de Luena den de Chifumage wey dey flow from highlands to de north-west.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dorling2&quot;&gt;Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85&lt;/ref&gt; E dey turn south den dey develop a floodplain, plus extreme width variation between de dry den rainy seasons. E dey enter dense evergreen ''Cryptosepalum ''dry forest, though on ein western side, Western Zambezian grasslands sanso occur. Wer e re-enter Zambia, e be nearly 400 m (1,300 ft) wide insyd de rainy season den dey flow rapidly, plus rapids wey dey end insyd de Chavuma Falls, wer de river dey flow thru a rocky fissure. De river dey drop about 400 m (1,300 ft) in elevation from ein source at 1,500 m (4,900 ft) to de Chavuma Falls at 1,100 m (3,600 ft), over a distance of about 400 km (250 mi). From dis point to de Victoria Falls, de level of de basin be very uniform, wey dey drop only by anoda 180 m (590 ft) across a distance of around 800 km (500 mi).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Geology |date=2014-11-25 |title=Zambezi River |url=https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520095950/https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Geology Page |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Middle Zambezi ===
[[File:Victoria_Falls_aerial_view_September_2003.jpg|thumb|Victoria Falls, de end of de upper Zambezi den beginning of de middle Zambezi]]
De Victoria Falls be considered de boundary between de upper den middle Zambezi. Below dem, de river continue to flow due east for about 200 km (120 mi), wey dey cut thru perpendicular walls of basalt 20 to 60 m (66 to 197 ft) apart insyd hills 200 to 250 m (660 to 820 ft) high. De river dey flow swiftly thru de Batoka Gorge, de current be continually interrupted by reefs. Na e be described&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edington |first=Sean |date=2020-12-29 |title=Is rafting on the Zambezi River below The Victoria Falls Dangerous? |url=https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520102959/https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/ |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=SAFPAR |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; as one of de world ein most spectacular whitewater trips, a tremendous challenge give kayakers den rafters alike. Beyond de gorge be a succession of rapids wey end 240 km (150 mi) below Victoria Falls. Over dis distance, de river dey drop 250 m (820 ft).

=== Lower Zambezi ===
De lower Zambezi ein 650 kilometres (400 mi) from Cahora Bassa to de Indian Ocean be navigable, although de river be shallow insyd chaw places during de dry season. Dis shallowness dey arise as de river dey enter a broad valley den dey spread out over a large area. Only at one point, de Lupata Gorge, 320 kilometres (200 mi) from ein mouth, be de river confine between high hills. Here, e be scarcely 200 metres (660 ft) wide. Elsewhere e be from 5 to 8 kilometres (3 to 5 mi) wide, wey dey flow gently insyd chaw streams. De riverbed be sandy, den de banks be low den reed-fringed. At places, however, den especially insyd de rainy season, de streams unite into one broad, fast-flowing river.

== Discharge ==
Average, minimum den maximum discharge of the Zambezi River at Marromeu (Lower Zambezi). Period from 1998 to 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry |url=https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/257data.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307231439/https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/257data.htm |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=7 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
 ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!Min
! Mean
 ! Max
 !Min
!Mean
!Max
|-
|1998
|1,141
|3,335
|11,183
|2011
|17
|2,619
|6,117
|-
|1999
|600
|4,259
|11,084
|2012
|1,383
|3,522
|7,553
|-
|2000
|338
|3,041
|6,696
|2013
|1,243
|3,877
|8,622
|-
|2001
|112
|9,151
|39,802
|2014
|2,394
|4,161
|8,946
|-
|2002
|631
|2,536
|4,910
|2015
|3,307
|6,095
|15,826
|-
|2003
|329
|2,536
|8,952
|2016
|1,754
|4,418
|9,124
|-
|2004
|79
|2,013
|4,824
|2017
|2,133
|4,686
|9,215
|-
|2005
|888
|3,030
|7,973
|2018
|2,177
|4,988
|8,802
|-
|2006
|1,549
|3,651
|7,575
|2019
|2,867
|5,942
|12,091
|-
|2007
|2,208
|4,636
|14,141
|2020
|3,001
|5,131
|10,031
|-
|2008
|2,881
|6,949
|31,975
|2021
|2,331
|5,977
|10,196
|-
|2009
|154
|2,648
|5,930
|2022
|868
|4,953
|14,361
|-
|2010
|58
|2,284
|6,342
|
|''17''
|'''''4,217'''''
|''39,802''
|}

== Tributaries ==
'''''Upper Zambezi: 507,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, discharges 1044 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s at Victoria Falls, wey dey comprise:'''''

: ''Northern Highlands catchment, 222,570&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 850 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s at Lukulu:''
:* Chifumage River: [[Angola|Angolan]] central plateau
:* Luena River: Angolan central plateau
:* Kabompo River: 72,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, NW highlands of Zambia
:* Lungwebungu River: 47,400&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Angolan central plateau
: ''Central Plains catchment, 284,630&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 196 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (Victoria Falls–Lukulu):''
:* Luanginga River: 34,600&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Angolan central plateau
:* Luampa River/Luena River, Zambia: 20,500&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, eastern side of Zambezi
:* Cuando /Linyanti/Chobe River: 133,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Angolan S plateau &amp; Caprivi

'''''Middle Zambezi cumulatively 1,050,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 2442 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, dem measure at Cahora Bassa Gorge'''''[[File:Río Zambeze, Zambia-Zimbabue, 2018-07-27, DD 14.jpg|thumb|View of de Middle Zambezi]]
: (Middle section by einself: 542,800&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, dey discharge 1398 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (C. Bassa–Victoria Falls)
:''Gwembe Catchment, 156,600&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 232 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (Kariba Gorge–Vic Falls):''
:* Gwayi River: 54,610&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, NW Zimbabwe
:* Sengwa River: 25,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, North-central Zimbabwe
:* Sanyati River: 43,500&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, North-central Zimbabwe
:''Kariba Gorge to C. Bassa catchment, 386200 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 1166 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (C. Bassa–Kariba Gorge):''
:* [[Kafue River]]: 154,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 285 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, West-central Zambia &amp; Copperbelt
:* Luangwa River: 151,400&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 547 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, Luangwa Rift Valley &amp; plateau NW of it
:* Panhane River: 23,897&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, North-central Zimbabwe plateau

'''''Lower Zambezi cumulatively, 1,378,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 3424 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, dem measure at Marromeu'''''

: (Lower section by einself: 328,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 982 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (Marromeu–C. Bassa))
:* Luia River: 28,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Moravia-Angonia plateau, N of Zambezi
:* Luenha River/Mazoe River: 54,144&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 152 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, Manica plateau, NE Zimbabwe
:* Shire River, 154,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 539 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, [[Lake Malawi]] basin
: Zambezi Delta, 12,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;

'''Total Zambezi river basin: 1,390,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 3424 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s discharge into delta'''&lt;br&gt;''Source: Beilfuss &amp; Dos Santos''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beilfuss |first=Richard |last2=dos Santos |first2=David |date=2001 |title=Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Monogram for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley |url=http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20131021232621/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-21 |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=files.gorongosa.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De Okavango Basin no be included insyd de figures secof e only occasionally dey overflow to any extent into de Zambezi.

==Major towns==
Along much of de river ein length, de population be sparse, buh important towns den cities along ein course dey include:
* Katima Mulilo (Namibia)
* Livingstone, Mongu, Lukulu, Senanga den Sesheke (Zambia)
* Victoria Falls den Kariba (Zimbabwe)
* Songo den Tete (Mozambique)
* Cazombo (Angola)

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==</text>
      <sha1>ny6ept6ljrm1r48bpmp7icvz3esjqtz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100705</id>
      <parentid>100704</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T15:17:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* External links */ Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100705</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14225" sha1="kgod815deyrcbyp0jsdjy4fy179adfh" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Zambezi''' (dem sanso spell '''Zambeze''' den '''Zambesi''') be de fourth-longest river insyd Africa, de longest east-flowing river insyd Africa den de largest flowing into de Indian Ocean from Africa. Ein drainage basin dey cover 1,390,000 km2 (540,000 mi2), slightly less dan half of de [[Nile]] ein own. De 2,574 km (1,599 mi) river dey rise insyd [[Zambia]] den dey flow thru eastern [[Angola]], along de north-eastern border of [[Namibia]] den de northern border of [[Botswana]], then along de border between Zambia den [[Zimbabwe]] to [[Mozambique]], wer e dey cross de country to empty into de Indian Ocean.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambezi River {{!}} river, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502232720/https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River |archive-date=2 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambezi River Facts and Information |url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507055636/https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html |archive-date=7 May 2023 |access-date=2021-05-27 |website=www.victoriafalls-guide.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Zambezi ein most noted feature be Victoria Falls. Ein oda falls dey include Chavuma Falls&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chavuma Falls {{!}} waterfall, Zambia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626032309/https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls |archive-date=26 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; den Ngonye Falls.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambia Tourism: Waterfalls |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407045055/https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ |archive-date=7 April 2020 |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Zambia Tourism |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De two main sources of hydroelectric power for de river top be de Kariba Dam, wich dey provide power to Zambia den Zimbabwe, den de Cahora Bassa Dam insyd Mozambique, wich dey provide power to Mozambique den [[South Africa]]. Additionally, two smaller power stations insyd Zambia be at Victoria Falls den Zengamina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pasanisi |first=Francesco |last2=Tebano |first2=Carlo |last3=Zarlenga |first3=Francesco |date=March 2016 |title=A Survey near Tambara along the Lower Zambezi River |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=6 |doi=10.3390/environments3010006 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zengamina Hydro Project {{!}} North West Zambia Development Trust |url=http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423080555/http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-18 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==

=== Origins ===
[[File:Zambezi_river_basin-en.svg|thumb|450x450px|De Zambezi den ein river basin]]
De river dey rise insyd a black, marshy dambo in dense, undulating miombo woodland 50 km (31 mi) north of Mwinilunga den 20 km (12 mi) south of Ikelenge insyd de Ikelenge District of North-Western Province, Zambia, at about 1,524 metres (5,000 ft) above sea level.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dilapidated Zambezi Source Site Worry Ikelenge DC |url=http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=muvitv.com |publisher=Muvi TV}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area around de source be a national monument, forest reserve, den important bird area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ZM002 Source of the Zambezi |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=birdlife.org |publisher=Birdlife International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Upper Zambezi ===
De river dey flow to de southwest into Angola for about 240 km (150 mi), then e be joined by sizeable tributaries such as de Luena den de Chifumage wey dey flow from highlands to de north-west.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dorling2&quot;&gt;Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85&lt;/ref&gt; E dey turn south den dey develop a floodplain, plus extreme width variation between de dry den rainy seasons. E dey enter dense evergreen ''Cryptosepalum ''dry forest, though on ein western side, Western Zambezian grasslands sanso occur. Wer e re-enter Zambia, e be nearly 400 m (1,300 ft) wide insyd de rainy season den dey flow rapidly, plus rapids wey dey end insyd de Chavuma Falls, wer de river dey flow thru a rocky fissure. De river dey drop about 400 m (1,300 ft) in elevation from ein source at 1,500 m (4,900 ft) to de Chavuma Falls at 1,100 m (3,600 ft), over a distance of about 400 km (250 mi). From dis point to de Victoria Falls, de level of de basin be very uniform, wey dey drop only by anoda 180 m (590 ft) across a distance of around 800 km (500 mi).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Geology |date=2014-11-25 |title=Zambezi River |url=https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520095950/https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Geology Page |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Middle Zambezi ===
[[File:Victoria_Falls_aerial_view_September_2003.jpg|thumb|Victoria Falls, de end of de upper Zambezi den beginning of de middle Zambezi]]
De Victoria Falls be considered de boundary between de upper den middle Zambezi. Below dem, de river continue to flow due east for about 200 km (120 mi), wey dey cut thru perpendicular walls of basalt 20 to 60 m (66 to 197 ft) apart insyd hills 200 to 250 m (660 to 820 ft) high. De river dey flow swiftly thru de Batoka Gorge, de current be continually interrupted by reefs. Na e be described&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edington |first=Sean |date=2020-12-29 |title=Is rafting on the Zambezi River below The Victoria Falls Dangerous? |url=https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520102959/https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/ |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=SAFPAR |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; as one of de world ein most spectacular whitewater trips, a tremendous challenge give kayakers den rafters alike. Beyond de gorge be a succession of rapids wey end 240 km (150 mi) below Victoria Falls. Over dis distance, de river dey drop 250 m (820 ft).

=== Lower Zambezi ===
De lower Zambezi ein 650 kilometres (400 mi) from Cahora Bassa to de Indian Ocean be navigable, although de river be shallow insyd chaw places during de dry season. Dis shallowness dey arise as de river dey enter a broad valley den dey spread out over a large area. Only at one point, de Lupata Gorge, 320 kilometres (200 mi) from ein mouth, be de river confine between high hills. Here, e be scarcely 200 metres (660 ft) wide. Elsewhere e be from 5 to 8 kilometres (3 to 5 mi) wide, wey dey flow gently insyd chaw streams. De riverbed be sandy, den de banks be low den reed-fringed. At places, however, den especially insyd de rainy season, de streams unite into one broad, fast-flowing river.

== Discharge ==
Average, minimum den maximum discharge of the Zambezi River at Marromeu (Lower Zambezi). Period from 1998 to 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry |url=https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/257data.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307231439/https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/257data.htm |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=7 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
 ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!Min
! Mean
 ! Max
 !Min
!Mean
!Max
|-
|1998
|1,141
|3,335
|11,183
|2011
|17
|2,619
|6,117
|-
|1999
|600
|4,259
|11,084
|2012
|1,383
|3,522
|7,553
|-
|2000
|338
|3,041
|6,696
|2013
|1,243
|3,877
|8,622
|-
|2001
|112
|9,151
|39,802
|2014
|2,394
|4,161
|8,946
|-
|2002
|631
|2,536
|4,910
|2015
|3,307
|6,095
|15,826
|-
|2003
|329
|2,536
|8,952
|2016
|1,754
|4,418
|9,124
|-
|2004
|79
|2,013
|4,824
|2017
|2,133
|4,686
|9,215
|-
|2005
|888
|3,030
|7,973
|2018
|2,177
|4,988
|8,802
|-
|2006
|1,549
|3,651
|7,575
|2019
|2,867
|5,942
|12,091
|-
|2007
|2,208
|4,636
|14,141
|2020
|3,001
|5,131
|10,031
|-
|2008
|2,881
|6,949
|31,975
|2021
|2,331
|5,977
|10,196
|-
|2009
|154
|2,648
|5,930
|2022
|868
|4,953
|14,361
|-
|2010
|58
|2,284
|6,342
|
|''17''
|'''''4,217'''''
|''39,802''
|}

== Tributaries ==
'''''Upper Zambezi: 507,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, discharges 1044 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s at Victoria Falls, wey dey comprise:'''''

: ''Northern Highlands catchment, 222,570&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 850 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s at Lukulu:''
:* Chifumage River: [[Angola|Angolan]] central plateau
:* Luena River: Angolan central plateau
:* Kabompo River: 72,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, NW highlands of Zambia
:* Lungwebungu River: 47,400&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Angolan central plateau
: ''Central Plains catchment, 284,630&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 196 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (Victoria Falls–Lukulu):''
:* Luanginga River: 34,600&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Angolan central plateau
:* Luampa River/Luena River, Zambia: 20,500&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, eastern side of Zambezi
:* Cuando /Linyanti/Chobe River: 133,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Angolan S plateau &amp; Caprivi

'''''Middle Zambezi cumulatively 1,050,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 2442 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, dem measure at Cahora Bassa Gorge'''''[[File:Río Zambeze, Zambia-Zimbabue, 2018-07-27, DD 14.jpg|thumb|View of de Middle Zambezi]]
: (Middle section by einself: 542,800&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, dey discharge 1398 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (C. Bassa–Victoria Falls)
:''Gwembe Catchment, 156,600&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 232 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (Kariba Gorge–Vic Falls):''
:* Gwayi River: 54,610&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, NW Zimbabwe
:* Sengwa River: 25,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, North-central Zimbabwe
:* Sanyati River: 43,500&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, North-central Zimbabwe
:''Kariba Gorge to C. Bassa catchment, 386200 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 1166 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (C. Bassa–Kariba Gorge):''
:* [[Kafue River]]: 154,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 285 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, West-central Zambia &amp; Copperbelt
:* Luangwa River: 151,400&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 547 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, Luangwa Rift Valley &amp; plateau NW of it
:* Panhane River: 23,897&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, North-central Zimbabwe plateau

'''''Lower Zambezi cumulatively, 1,378,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 3424 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, dem measure at Marromeu'''''

: (Lower section by einself: 328,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 982 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (Marromeu–C. Bassa))
:* Luia River: 28,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Moravia-Angonia plateau, N of Zambezi
:* Luenha River/Mazoe River: 54,144&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 152 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, Manica plateau, NE Zimbabwe
:* Shire River, 154,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 539 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, [[Lake Malawi]] basin
: Zambezi Delta, 12,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;

'''Total Zambezi river basin: 1,390,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 3424 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s discharge into delta'''&lt;br&gt;''Source: Beilfuss &amp; Dos Santos''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beilfuss |first=Richard |last2=dos Santos |first2=David |date=2001 |title=Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Monogram for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley |url=http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20131021232621/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-21 |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=files.gorongosa.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De Okavango Basin no be included insyd de figures secof e only occasionally dey overflow to any extent into de Zambezi.

==Major towns==
Along much of de river ein length, de population be sparse, buh important towns den cities along ein course dey include:
* Katima Mulilo (Namibia)
* Livingstone, Mongu, Lukulu, Senanga den Sesheke (Zambia)
* Victoria Falls den Kariba (Zimbabwe)
* Songo den Tete (Mozambique)
* Cazombo (Angola)

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041027222139/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_detail_static.cfm?map_select=310&amp;theme=2 Information and a map of the Zambezi's watershed]
* [http://www.zambezi-expedition.org/index.html Zambezi Expedition - Fighting Malaria on the &quot;River of Life&quot;] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407032231/http://www.zambezi-expedition.org/index.html |date=7 April 2008 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.zaraho.org.zm/ |publisher=[[Zambezi River Authority]] |title=Home Page |access-date=2012-09-23 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025052021/http://www.zaraho.org.zm/ }}
* [http://www.zamsoc.org/ The Zambezi Society]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050904134054/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/publications/register/images/africa.gif Map of Africa's river basins]
* [http://www.ppl.nl/bibliographies/all/?bibliography=water Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209113341/http://www.ppl.nl/bibliographies/all/?bibliography=water |date=9 February 2011 }} Peace Palace Library
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070828065809/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/greatrivers/africa/ The Nature Conservancy's Great Rivers Partnership works to conserve the Zambezi River]
{{Authority control}}</text>
      <sha1>kgod815deyrcbyp0jsdjy4fy179adfh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100706</id>
      <parentid>100705</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T15:21:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add categories</comment>
      <origin>100706</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14788" sha1="emhiwnczf6wx8dpj218p5v57h8j3qf2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Zambezi''' (dem sanso spell '''Zambeze''' den '''Zambesi''') be de fourth-longest river insyd Africa, de longest east-flowing river insyd Africa den de largest flowing into de Indian Ocean from Africa. Ein drainage basin dey cover 1,390,000 km2 (540,000 mi2), slightly less dan half of de [[Nile]] ein own. De 2,574 km (1,599 mi) river dey rise insyd [[Zambia]] den dey flow thru eastern [[Angola]], along de north-eastern border of [[Namibia]] den de northern border of [[Botswana]], then along de border between Zambia den [[Zimbabwe]] to [[Mozambique]], wer e dey cross de country to empty into de Indian Ocean.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambezi River {{!}} river, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502232720/https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River |archive-date=2 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambezi River Facts and Information |url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507055636/https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html |archive-date=7 May 2023 |access-date=2021-05-27 |website=www.victoriafalls-guide.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Zambezi ein most noted feature be Victoria Falls. Ein oda falls dey include Chavuma Falls&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chavuma Falls {{!}} waterfall, Zambia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626032309/https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls |archive-date=26 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; den Ngonye Falls.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambia Tourism: Waterfalls |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407045055/https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ |archive-date=7 April 2020 |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Zambia Tourism |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De two main sources of hydroelectric power for de river top be de Kariba Dam, wich dey provide power to Zambia den Zimbabwe, den de Cahora Bassa Dam insyd Mozambique, wich dey provide power to Mozambique den [[South Africa]]. Additionally, two smaller power stations insyd Zambia be at Victoria Falls den Zengamina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pasanisi |first=Francesco |last2=Tebano |first2=Carlo |last3=Zarlenga |first3=Francesco |date=March 2016 |title=A Survey near Tambara along the Lower Zambezi River |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=6 |doi=10.3390/environments3010006 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zengamina Hydro Project {{!}} North West Zambia Development Trust |url=http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423080555/http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-18 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==

=== Origins ===
[[File:Zambezi_river_basin-en.svg|thumb|450x450px|De Zambezi den ein river basin]]
De river dey rise insyd a black, marshy dambo in dense, undulating miombo woodland 50 km (31 mi) north of Mwinilunga den 20 km (12 mi) south of Ikelenge insyd de Ikelenge District of North-Western Province, Zambia, at about 1,524 metres (5,000 ft) above sea level.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dilapidated Zambezi Source Site Worry Ikelenge DC |url=http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=muvitv.com |publisher=Muvi TV}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area around de source be a national monument, forest reserve, den important bird area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ZM002 Source of the Zambezi |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=birdlife.org |publisher=Birdlife International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Upper Zambezi ===
De river dey flow to de southwest into Angola for about 240 km (150 mi), then e be joined by sizeable tributaries such as de Luena den de Chifumage wey dey flow from highlands to de north-west.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dorling2&quot;&gt;Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85&lt;/ref&gt; E dey turn south den dey develop a floodplain, plus extreme width variation between de dry den rainy seasons. E dey enter dense evergreen ''Cryptosepalum ''dry forest, though on ein western side, Western Zambezian grasslands sanso occur. Wer e re-enter Zambia, e be nearly 400 m (1,300 ft) wide insyd de rainy season den dey flow rapidly, plus rapids wey dey end insyd de Chavuma Falls, wer de river dey flow thru a rocky fissure. De river dey drop about 400 m (1,300 ft) in elevation from ein source at 1,500 m (4,900 ft) to de Chavuma Falls at 1,100 m (3,600 ft), over a distance of about 400 km (250 mi). From dis point to de Victoria Falls, de level of de basin be very uniform, wey dey drop only by anoda 180 m (590 ft) across a distance of around 800 km (500 mi).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Geology |date=2014-11-25 |title=Zambezi River |url=https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520095950/https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Geology Page |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Middle Zambezi ===
[[File:Victoria_Falls_aerial_view_September_2003.jpg|thumb|Victoria Falls, de end of de upper Zambezi den beginning of de middle Zambezi]]
De Victoria Falls be considered de boundary between de upper den middle Zambezi. Below dem, de river continue to flow due east for about 200 km (120 mi), wey dey cut thru perpendicular walls of basalt 20 to 60 m (66 to 197 ft) apart insyd hills 200 to 250 m (660 to 820 ft) high. De river dey flow swiftly thru de Batoka Gorge, de current be continually interrupted by reefs. Na e be described&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edington |first=Sean |date=2020-12-29 |title=Is rafting on the Zambezi River below The Victoria Falls Dangerous? |url=https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520102959/https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/ |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=SAFPAR |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; as one of de world ein most spectacular whitewater trips, a tremendous challenge give kayakers den rafters alike. Beyond de gorge be a succession of rapids wey end 240 km (150 mi) below Victoria Falls. Over dis distance, de river dey drop 250 m (820 ft).

=== Lower Zambezi ===
De lower Zambezi ein 650 kilometres (400 mi) from Cahora Bassa to de Indian Ocean be navigable, although de river be shallow insyd chaw places during de dry season. Dis shallowness dey arise as de river dey enter a broad valley den dey spread out over a large area. Only at one point, de Lupata Gorge, 320 kilometres (200 mi) from ein mouth, be de river confine between high hills. Here, e be scarcely 200 metres (660 ft) wide. Elsewhere e be from 5 to 8 kilometres (3 to 5 mi) wide, wey dey flow gently insyd chaw streams. De riverbed be sandy, den de banks be low den reed-fringed. At places, however, den especially insyd de rainy season, de streams unite into one broad, fast-flowing river.

== Discharge ==
Average, minimum den maximum discharge of the Zambezi River at Marromeu (Lower Zambezi). Period from 1998 to 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry |url=https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/257data.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307231439/https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/257data.htm |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=7 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
 ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!Min
! Mean
 ! Max
 !Min
!Mean
!Max
|-
|1998
|1,141
|3,335
|11,183
|2011
|17
|2,619
|6,117
|-
|1999
|600
|4,259
|11,084
|2012
|1,383
|3,522
|7,553
|-
|2000
|338
|3,041
|6,696
|2013
|1,243
|3,877
|8,622
|-
|2001
|112
|9,151
|39,802
|2014
|2,394
|4,161
|8,946
|-
|2002
|631
|2,536
|4,910
|2015
|3,307
|6,095
|15,826
|-
|2003
|329
|2,536
|8,952
|2016
|1,754
|4,418
|9,124
|-
|2004
|79
|2,013
|4,824
|2017
|2,133
|4,686
|9,215
|-
|2005
|888
|3,030
|7,973
|2018
|2,177
|4,988
|8,802
|-
|2006
|1,549
|3,651
|7,575
|2019
|2,867
|5,942
|12,091
|-
|2007
|2,208
|4,636
|14,141
|2020
|3,001
|5,131
|10,031
|-
|2008
|2,881
|6,949
|31,975
|2021
|2,331
|5,977
|10,196
|-
|2009
|154
|2,648
|5,930
|2022
|868
|4,953
|14,361
|-
|2010
|58
|2,284
|6,342
|
|''17''
|'''''4,217'''''
|''39,802''
|}

== Tributaries ==
'''''Upper Zambezi: 507,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, discharges 1044 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s at Victoria Falls, wey dey comprise:'''''

: ''Northern Highlands catchment, 222,570&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 850 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s at Lukulu:''
:* Chifumage River: [[Angola|Angolan]] central plateau
:* Luena River: Angolan central plateau
:* Kabompo River: 72,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, NW highlands of Zambia
:* Lungwebungu River: 47,400&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Angolan central plateau
: ''Central Plains catchment, 284,630&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 196 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (Victoria Falls–Lukulu):''
:* Luanginga River: 34,600&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Angolan central plateau
:* Luampa River/Luena River, Zambia: 20,500&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, eastern side of Zambezi
:* Cuando /Linyanti/Chobe River: 133,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Angolan S plateau &amp; Caprivi

'''''Middle Zambezi cumulatively 1,050,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 2442 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, dem measure at Cahora Bassa Gorge'''''[[File:Río Zambeze, Zambia-Zimbabue, 2018-07-27, DD 14.jpg|thumb|View of de Middle Zambezi]]
: (Middle section by einself: 542,800&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, dey discharge 1398 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (C. Bassa–Victoria Falls)
:''Gwembe Catchment, 156,600&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 232 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (Kariba Gorge–Vic Falls):''
:* Gwayi River: 54,610&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, NW Zimbabwe
:* Sengwa River: 25,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, North-central Zimbabwe
:* Sanyati River: 43,500&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, North-central Zimbabwe
:''Kariba Gorge to C. Bassa catchment, 386200 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 1166 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (C. Bassa–Kariba Gorge):''
:* [[Kafue River]]: 154,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 285 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, West-central Zambia &amp; Copperbelt
:* Luangwa River: 151,400&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 547 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, Luangwa Rift Valley &amp; plateau NW of it
:* Panhane River: 23,897&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, North-central Zimbabwe plateau

'''''Lower Zambezi cumulatively, 1,378,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 3424 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, dem measure at Marromeu'''''

: (Lower section by einself: 328,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 982 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (Marromeu–C. Bassa))
:* Luia River: 28,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Moravia-Angonia plateau, N of Zambezi
:* Luenha River/Mazoe River: 54,144&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 152 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, Manica plateau, NE Zimbabwe
:* Shire River, 154,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 539 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, [[Lake Malawi]] basin
: Zambezi Delta, 12,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;

'''Total Zambezi river basin: 1,390,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 3424 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s discharge into delta'''&lt;br&gt;''Source: Beilfuss &amp; Dos Santos''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beilfuss |first=Richard |last2=dos Santos |first2=David |date=2001 |title=Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Monogram for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley |url=http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20131021232621/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-21 |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=files.gorongosa.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De Okavango Basin no be included insyd de figures secof e only occasionally dey overflow to any extent into de Zambezi.

==Major towns==
Along much of de river ein length, de population be sparse, buh important towns den cities along ein course dey include:
* Katima Mulilo (Namibia)
* Livingstone, Mongu, Lukulu, Senanga den Sesheke (Zambia)
* Victoria Falls den Kariba (Zimbabwe)
* Songo den Tete (Mozambique)
* Cazombo (Angola)

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041027222139/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_detail_static.cfm?map_select=310&amp;theme=2 Information and a map of the Zambezi's watershed]
* [http://www.zambezi-expedition.org/index.html Zambezi Expedition - Fighting Malaria on the &quot;River of Life&quot;] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407032231/http://www.zambezi-expedition.org/index.html |date=7 April 2008 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.zaraho.org.zm/ |publisher=[[Zambezi River Authority]] |title=Home Page |access-date=2012-09-23 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025052021/http://www.zaraho.org.zm/ }}
* [http://www.zamsoc.org/ The Zambezi Society]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050904134054/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/publications/register/images/africa.gif Map of Africa's river basins]
* [http://www.ppl.nl/bibliographies/all/?bibliography=water Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209113341/http://www.ppl.nl/bibliographies/all/?bibliography=water |date=9 February 2011 }} Peace Palace Library
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070828065809/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/greatrivers/africa/ The Nature Conservancy's Great Rivers Partnership works to conserve the Zambezi River]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Zambezi River| ]]
[[Category:Border rivers]]
[[Category:Botswana–Zambia border]]
[[Category:International rivers of Africa]]
[[Category:Mozambique Channel]]
[[Category:Namibia–Zambia border]]
[[Category:Rivers of Angola]]
[[Category:Rivers of Mozambique]]
[[Category:Rivers of Namibia]]
[[Category:Rivers of Zambia]]
[[Category:Rivers of Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions insyd Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Zambezi basin|Zambezi basin]]
[[Category:Zambia–Zimbabwe border]]
[[Category:Rivers of Botswana]]
[[Category:Lowest points of countries]]</text>
      <sha1>emhiwnczf6wx8dpj218p5v57h8j3qf2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100794</id>
      <parentid>100706</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T19:12:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>100794</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14831" sha1="oydfnjmazw2s3j253kc3cpzydx1pdy2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Zambezi''' (dem sanso spell '''Zambeze''' den '''Zambesi''') be de fourth-longest river insyd Africa, de longest east-flowing river insyd Africa den de largest flowing into de Indian Ocean from Africa. Ein drainage basin dey cover 1,390,000 km2 (540,000 mi2), slightly less dan half of de [[Nile]] ein own. De 2,574 km (1,599 mi) river dey rise insyd [[Zambia]] den dey flow thru eastern [[Angola]], along de north-eastern border of [[Namibia]] den de northern border of [[Botswana]], then along de border between Zambia den [[Zimbabwe]] to [[Mozambique]], wer e dey cross de country to empty into de Indian Ocean.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambezi River {{!}} river, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502232720/https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River |archive-date=2 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambezi River Facts and Information |url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507055636/https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html |archive-date=7 May 2023 |access-date=2021-05-27 |website=www.victoriafalls-guide.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Zambezi ein most noted feature be Victoria Falls. Ein oda falls dey include Chavuma Falls&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chavuma Falls {{!}} waterfall, Zambia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626032309/https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls |archive-date=26 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; den Ngonye Falls.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambia Tourism: Waterfalls |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407045055/https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ |archive-date=7 April 2020 |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Zambia Tourism |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De two main sources of hydroelectric power for de river top be de Kariba Dam, wich dey provide power to Zambia den Zimbabwe, den de Cahora Bassa Dam insyd Mozambique, wich dey provide power to Mozambique den [[South Africa]]. Additionally, two smaller power stations insyd Zambia be at Victoria Falls den Zengamina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pasanisi |first=Francesco |last2=Tebano |first2=Carlo |last3=Zarlenga |first3=Francesco |date=March 2016 |title=A Survey near Tambara along the Lower Zambezi River |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=6 |doi=10.3390/environments3010006 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zengamina Hydro Project {{!}} North West Zambia Development Trust |url=http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423080555/http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-18 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==

=== Origins ===
[[File:Zambezi_river_basin-en.svg|thumb|450x450px|De Zambezi den ein river basin]]
De river dey rise insyd a black, marshy dambo in dense, undulating miombo woodland 50 km (31 mi) north of Mwinilunga den 20 km (12 mi) south of Ikelenge insyd de Ikelenge District of North-Western Province, Zambia, at about 1,524 metres (5,000 ft) above sea level.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dilapidated Zambezi Source Site Worry Ikelenge DC |url=http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=muvitv.com |publisher=Muvi TV}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area around de source be a national monument, forest reserve, den important bird area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ZM002 Source of the Zambezi |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=birdlife.org |publisher=Birdlife International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Upper Zambezi ===
De river dey flow to de southwest into Angola for about 240 km (150 mi), then e be joined by sizeable tributaries such as de Luena den de Chifumage wey dey flow from highlands to de north-west.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dorling2&quot;&gt;Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85&lt;/ref&gt; E dey turn south den dey develop a floodplain, plus extreme width variation between de dry den rainy seasons. E dey enter dense evergreen ''Cryptosepalum ''dry forest, though on ein western side, Western Zambezian grasslands sanso occur. Wer e re-enter Zambia, e be nearly 400 m (1,300 ft) wide insyd de rainy season den dey flow rapidly, plus rapids wey dey end insyd de Chavuma Falls, wer de river dey flow thru a rocky fissure. De river dey drop about 400 m (1,300 ft) in elevation from ein source at 1,500 m (4,900 ft) to de Chavuma Falls at 1,100 m (3,600 ft), over a distance of about 400 km (250 mi). From dis point to de Victoria Falls, de level of de basin be very uniform, wey dey drop only by anoda 180 m (590 ft) across a distance of around 800 km (500 mi).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Geology |date=2014-11-25 |title=Zambezi River |url=https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520095950/https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Geology Page |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Middle Zambezi ===
[[File:Victoria_Falls_aerial_view_September_2003.jpg|thumb|Victoria Falls, de end of de upper Zambezi den beginning of de middle Zambezi]]
De Victoria Falls be considered de boundary between de upper den middle Zambezi. Below dem, de river continue to flow due east for about 200 km (120 mi), wey dey cut thru perpendicular walls of basalt 20 to 60 m (66 to 197 ft) apart insyd hills 200 to 250 m (660 to 820 ft) high. De river dey flow swiftly thru de Batoka Gorge, de current be continually interrupted by reefs. Na e be described&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edington |first=Sean |date=2020-12-29 |title=Is rafting on the Zambezi River below The Victoria Falls Dangerous? |url=https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520102959/https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/ |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=SAFPAR |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; as one of de world ein most spectacular whitewater trips, a tremendous challenge give kayakers den rafters alike. Beyond de gorge be a succession of rapids wey end 240 km (150 mi) below Victoria Falls. Over dis distance, de river dey drop 250 m (820 ft).

=== Lower Zambezi ===
De lower Zambezi ein 650 kilometres (400 mi) from Cahora Bassa to de Indian Ocean be navigable, although de river be shallow insyd chaw places during de dry season. Dis shallowness dey arise as de river dey enter a broad valley den dey spread out over a large area. Only at one point, de Lupata Gorge, 320 kilometres (200 mi) from ein mouth, be de river confine between high hills. Here, e be scarcely 200 metres (660 ft) wide. Elsewhere e be from 5 to 8 kilometres (3 to 5 mi) wide, wey dey flow gently insyd chaw streams. De riverbed be sandy, den de banks be low den reed-fringed. At places, however, den especially insyd de rainy season, de streams unite into one broad, fast-flowing river.

== Discharge ==
Average, minimum den maximum discharge of the Zambezi River at Marromeu (Lower Zambezi). Period from 1998 to 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry |url=https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/257data.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307231439/https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/257data.htm |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=7 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
 ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!Min
! Mean
 ! Max
 !Min
!Mean
!Max
|-
|1998
|1,141
|3,335
|11,183
|2011
|17
|2,619
|6,117
|-
|1999
|600
|4,259
|11,084
|2012
|1,383
|3,522
|7,553
|-
|2000
|338
|3,041
|6,696
|2013
|1,243
|3,877
|8,622
|-
|2001
|112
|9,151
|39,802
|2014
|2,394
|4,161
|8,946
|-
|2002
|631
|2,536
|4,910
|2015
|3,307
|6,095
|15,826
|-
|2003
|329
|2,536
|8,952
|2016
|1,754
|4,418
|9,124
|-
|2004
|79
|2,013
|4,824
|2017
|2,133
|4,686
|9,215
|-
|2005
|888
|3,030
|7,973
|2018
|2,177
|4,988
|8,802
|-
|2006
|1,549
|3,651
|7,575
|2019
|2,867
|5,942
|12,091
|-
|2007
|2,208
|4,636
|14,141
|2020
|3,001
|5,131
|10,031
|-
|2008
|2,881
|6,949
|31,975
|2021
|2,331
|5,977
|10,196
|-
|2009
|154
|2,648
|5,930
|2022
|868
|4,953
|14,361
|-
|2010
|58
|2,284
|6,342
|
|''17''
|'''''4,217'''''
|''39,802''
|}

== Tributaries ==
'''''Upper Zambezi: 507,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, discharges 1044 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s at Victoria Falls, wey dey comprise:'''''

: ''Northern Highlands catchment, 222,570&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 850 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s at Lukulu:''
:* Chifumage River: [[Angola|Angolan]] central plateau
:* Luena River: Angolan central plateau
:* Kabompo River: 72,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, NW highlands of Zambia
:* Lungwebungu River: 47,400&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Angolan central plateau
: ''Central Plains catchment, 284,630&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 196 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (Victoria Falls–Lukulu):''
:* Luanginga River: 34,600&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Angolan central plateau
:* Luampa River/Luena River, Zambia: 20,500&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, eastern side of Zambezi
:* Cuando /Linyanti/Chobe River: 133,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Angolan S plateau &amp; Caprivi

'''''Middle Zambezi cumulatively 1,050,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 2442 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, dem measure at Cahora Bassa Gorge'''''[[File:Río Zambeze, Zambia-Zimbabue, 2018-07-27, DD 14.jpg|thumb|View of de Middle Zambezi]]
: (Middle section by einself: 542,800&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, dey discharge 1398 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (C. Bassa–Victoria Falls)
:''Gwembe Catchment, 156,600&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 232 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (Kariba Gorge–Vic Falls):''
:* Gwayi River: 54,610&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, NW Zimbabwe
:* Sengwa River: 25,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, North-central Zimbabwe
:* Sanyati River: 43,500&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, North-central Zimbabwe
:''Kariba Gorge to C. Bassa catchment, 386200 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 1166 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (C. Bassa–Kariba Gorge):''
:* [[Kafue River]]: 154,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 285 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, West-central Zambia &amp; Copperbelt
:* Luangwa River: 151,400&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 547 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, Luangwa Rift Valley &amp; plateau NW of it
:* Panhane River: 23,897&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, North-central Zimbabwe plateau

'''''Lower Zambezi cumulatively, 1,378,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 3424 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, dem measure at Marromeu'''''

: (Lower section by einself: 328,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 982 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (Marromeu–C. Bassa))
:* Luia River: 28,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Moravia-Angonia plateau, N of Zambezi
:* Luenha River/Mazoe River: 54,144&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 152 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, Manica plateau, NE Zimbabwe
:* Shire River, 154,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 539 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s, [[Lake Malawi]] basin
: Zambezi Delta, 12,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;

'''Total Zambezi river basin: 1,390,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 3424 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s discharge into delta'''&lt;br&gt;''Source: Beilfuss &amp; Dos Santos''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beilfuss |first=Richard |last2=dos Santos |first2=David |date=2001 |title=Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Monogram for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley |url=http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20131021232621/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-21 |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=files.gorongosa.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De Okavango Basin no be included insyd de figures secof e only occasionally dey overflow to any extent into de Zambezi.

==Major towns==
Along much of de river ein length, de population be sparse, buh important towns den cities along ein course dey include:
* Katima Mulilo (Namibia)
* Livingstone, Mongu, Lukulu, Senanga den Sesheke (Zambia)
* Victoria Falls den Kariba (Zimbabwe)
* Songo den Tete (Mozambique)
* Cazombo (Angola)

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041027222139/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_detail_static.cfm?map_select=310&amp;theme=2 Information and a map of the Zambezi's watershed]
* [http://www.zambezi-expedition.org/index.html Zambezi Expedition - Fighting Malaria on the &quot;River of Life&quot;] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407032231/http://www.zambezi-expedition.org/index.html |date=7 April 2008 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.zaraho.org.zm/ |publisher=[[Zambezi River Authority]] |title=Home Page |access-date=2012-09-23 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025052021/http://www.zaraho.org.zm/ }}
* [http://www.zamsoc.org/ The Zambezi Society]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050904134054/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/publications/register/images/africa.gif Map of Africa's river basins]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110209113341/http://www.ppl.nl/bibliographies/all/?bibliography=water Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209113341/http://www.ppl.nl/bibliographies/all/?bibliography=water |date=9 February 2011 }} Peace Palace Library
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070828065809/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/greatrivers/africa/ The Nature Conservancy's Great Rivers Partnership works to conserve the Zambezi River]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Zambezi River| ]]
[[Category:Border rivers]]
[[Category:Botswana–Zambia border]]
[[Category:International rivers of Africa]]
[[Category:Mozambique Channel]]
[[Category:Namibia–Zambia border]]
[[Category:Rivers of Angola]]
[[Category:Rivers of Mozambique]]
[[Category:Rivers of Namibia]]
[[Category:Rivers of Zambia]]
[[Category:Rivers of Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions insyd Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Zambezi basin|Zambezi basin]]
[[Category:Zambia–Zimbabwe border]]
[[Category:Rivers of Botswana]]
[[Category:Lowest points of countries]]</text>
      <sha1>oydfnjmazw2s3j253kc3cpzydx1pdy2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Water scarcity in Africa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27229</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100745</id>
      <parentid>100186</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:29:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Make sum corrections</comment>
      <origin>100745</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8538" sha1="8upm0dee6gf1711u3jgxne4ykvr0218" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyd Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often dey cam from open holes dug insyd de sand of dry riverbeds, den e be invariably contaminated.]]
De main causes of '''water scarcity insyd Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.&lt;ref&gt;FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be secof an increasing number of river basins reach conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis be de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyd Africa get several impacts. Dem range from health, particularly wey dey affect women den kiddies, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E sanso fi lead to more water conflicts.

To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyd Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] dey emphasize de need to invest insyd de development of Africa ein potential water resources. Dis would improve food security den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den [[desertification]].&lt;ref name=&quot;uneca&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Scale ==
[[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|Local girls from Babile (Ethiopia) fill plastic water containers at de area ein main water source.]]
Sub-Saharan Africa get de largest number of water-stressed countries of any oda place on de planet den of an estimated 800 million people wey dey live insyd Africa, 300 million live insyd a water-stressed environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;IaC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2012, e be estimate dat by 2030, 75 million to 250 million people insyd Africa go live insyd areas of high water stress.&lt;ref name=&quot;IaC&quot;/&gt; Dis go likely displace anywhere between 24 million den 700 million people as conditions becam increasingly unlivable.&lt;ref name=&quot;IaC&quot;/&gt;

Africa be de second driest continent insyd de world, plus millions of Africans still dey suffer from water shortages thru out de year.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dese shortages be attributed to problems of uneven distribution, population growth den poor management of existing supplies. Sam times der be smaller numbers of people wey dey reside wer der be large amount of water. For example, 30 percent of de continent ein water dey lie insyd de Congo Basin inhabited by only 10 percent of Africa ein population.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der be significant variation insyd de rainfall patterns wey dey observe insyd different places den time. Der sanso be high evaporation rates insyd sam parts of de region wey dey result insyd lower percentages of precipitation insyd such places.&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot; /&gt;

However, der be very significant inter- den intra-annual variability of all climate den water resources characteristics, so while sam regions get sufficient water,&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by-sa/3.0/igo/|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)]] license.&lt;/ref&gt; Sub-Saharan Africa dey face numerous water-related challenges dat constrain economic growth den threaten de livelihoods of ein people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot; /&gt; African Agriculture be mostly based on rain-fed farming, den less dan 10% of cultivated land insyd de continent be irritated.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot; /&gt; De impact of climate change den variability be thus very pronounced.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot; /&gt;
=== Regional variance ===
Northern Africa den Sub-Saharan Africa dey progress towards de Millennium Development Goal on water at different paces.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot;/&gt; While Northern Africa get 92% safe water coverage, Sub-Saharan Africa remain at a low 60% of coverage—wey dey leave 40% of de 783 million people insyd dat region widout access to clean drinking water.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot;/&gt;

Sam of dese differences wey dey insyd clean water availability fit attribute to Africa ein extreme climates. Although Sub-Saharan Africa get a plentiful supply of rainwater, e be seasonal den unevenly distributed, wey dey lead to frequent floods den droughts.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot; /&gt; Additionally, prevalent economic development den poverty issues, dem compound plus rapid population growth den rural-urban migration dey render Sub-Saharan Africa as de world ein poorest den least developed region.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot; /&gt; Thus, dis poverty constrain dey deprive chaw cities insyd dis region from providing clean water den sanitation services as well as preventing de further deterioration of water quality even wen opportunities exist to address dese water issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot; /&gt; Additionally, de rapid population growth dey lead to an increased number of African settlements on flood-prone den high-risk land.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot; /&gt;

De latest report of de SDG goal 6 mention various facts about water status insyd sub-Saharan Africa wey dey include de lack of hygiene den ein impact on de nutritional status especially among kiddies secof increased rate of infectious diseases. Sanso, almost 1/3 of de sub-Saharan population dey insyd danger of hunger secof lack of access to food. Furthermore, sub-Saharan Africa dey lack access to safe drinking water by 76% while only 6% of Europe den Northern America no be covered.&lt;ref name=&quot;SDG&quot;&gt;United Nations. [https://www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/publications/SDG6_SR2018.pdf Goal 6: Ensure Access to Water and Sanitation for All.] Sustainable Development Goals&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Water insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Water conservation]]
[[Category:Water scarcity]]
[[Category:Climate change insyd Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>8upm0dee6gf1711u3jgxne4ykvr0218</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100746</id>
      <parentid>100745</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:30:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100746</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8703" sha1="qbmxyqq24ddo2o6wtxg7jrgtu5r6k24" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyd Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often dey cam from open holes dug insyd de sand of dry riverbeds, den e be invariably contaminated.]]
De main causes of '''water scarcity insyd Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.&lt;ref&gt;FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be secof an increasing number of river basins reach conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis be de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyd Africa get several impacts. Dem range from health, particularly wey dey affect women den kiddies, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E sanso fi lead to more water conflicts.

To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyd Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] dey emphasize de need to invest insyd de development of Africa ein potential water resources. Dis would improve food security den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den [[desertification]].&lt;ref name=&quot;uneca&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Scale ==
[[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|Local girls from Babile (Ethiopia) fill plastic water containers at de area ein main water source.]]
Sub-Saharan Africa get de largest number of water-stressed countries of any oda place on de planet den of an estimated 800 million people wey dey live insyd Africa, 300 million live insyd a water-stressed environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;IaC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2012, e be estimate dat by 2030, 75 million to 250 million people insyd Africa go live insyd areas of high water stress.&lt;ref name=&quot;IaC&quot;/&gt; Dis go likely displace anywhere between 24 million den 700 million people as conditions becam increasingly unlivable.&lt;ref name=&quot;IaC&quot;/&gt;

Africa be de second driest continent insyd de world, plus millions of Africans still dey suffer from water shortages thru out de year.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dese shortages be attributed to problems of uneven distribution, population growth den poor management of existing supplies. Sam times der be smaller numbers of people wey dey reside wer der be large amount of water. For example, 30 percent of de continent ein water dey lie insyd de Congo Basin inhabited by only 10 percent of Africa ein population.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der be significant variation insyd de rainfall patterns wey dey observe insyd different places den time. Der sanso be high evaporation rates insyd sam parts of de region wey dey result insyd lower percentages of precipitation insyd such places.&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot; /&gt;

However, der be very significant inter- den intra-annual variability of all climate den water resources characteristics, so while sam regions get sufficient water,&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by-sa/3.0/igo/|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)]] license.&lt;/ref&gt; Sub-Saharan Africa dey face numerous water-related challenges dat constrain economic growth den threaten de livelihoods of ein people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot; /&gt; African Agriculture be mostly based on rain-fed farming, den less dan 10% of cultivated land insyd de continent be irritated.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot; /&gt; De impact of climate change den variability be thus very pronounced.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot; /&gt;
=== Regional variance ===
Northern Africa den Sub-Saharan Africa dey progress towards de Millennium Development Goal on water at different paces.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot;/&gt; While Northern Africa get 92% safe water coverage, Sub-Saharan Africa remain at a low 60% of coverage—wey dey leave 40% of de 783 million people insyd dat region widout access to clean drinking water.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot;/&gt;

Sam of dese differences wey dey insyd clean water availability fit attribute to Africa ein extreme climates. Although Sub-Saharan Africa get a plentiful supply of rainwater, e be seasonal den unevenly distributed, wey dey lead to frequent floods den droughts.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot; /&gt; Additionally, prevalent economic development den poverty issues, dem compound plus rapid population growth den rural-urban migration dey render Sub-Saharan Africa as de world ein poorest den least developed region.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot; /&gt; Thus, dis poverty constrain dey deprive chaw cities insyd dis region from providing clean water den sanitation services as well as preventing de further deterioration of water quality even wen opportunities exist to address dese water issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot; /&gt; Additionally, de rapid population growth dey lead to an increased number of African settlements on flood-prone den high-risk land.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot; /&gt;

De latest report of de SDG goal 6 mention various facts about water status insyd sub-Saharan Africa wey dey include de lack of hygiene den ein impact on de nutritional status especially among kiddies secof increased rate of infectious diseases. Sanso, almost 1/3 of de sub-Saharan population dey insyd danger of hunger secof lack of access to food. Furthermore, sub-Saharan Africa dey lack access to safe drinking water by 76% while only 6% of Europe den Northern America no be covered.&lt;ref name=&quot;SDG&quot;&gt;United Nations. [https://www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/publications/SDG6_SR2018.pdf Goal 6: Ensure Access to Water and Sanitation for All.] Sustainable Development Goals&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
* [https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml International Decade for Action &quot;Water for Life&quot; 2005-2015]

[[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Water conservation]]
[[Category:Water scarcity]]
[[Category:Climate change insyd Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>qbmxyqq24ddo2o6wtxg7jrgtu5r6k24</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Climate change in Africa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27232</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100766</id>
      <parentid>100289</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:19:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Make sum corrections</comment>
      <origin>100766</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18322" sha1="c71vdny89bklepzs4kicok1ovarkze2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Temperature Bar Chart Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png|thumb|upright=1.33|Graph wey dey show temperature change insyd Africa between 1901 den 2021, plus red colour be warmer den blue being colder dan average (De average temperature during 1971–2000 be taken as de reference point for dese changes.)]]

'''Climate change in Africa''' be a serious threat as Africa be one of de most vulnerable regions to de effects of climate change, despite contributing de least to causing am. Climate change be causing increasingly erratic rainfall patterns, more frequent extreme weather events wey dey include droughts, [[Flood|floods]], den rising sea surface temperatures insyd Africa. Dese changes dey threaten chow den water security, biodiversity, public health, den economic development.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book |title=Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=2023-06-22 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-32584-4 |edition=1 |chapter=Africa |pages=1285–1456 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=United Nations |first=UNEP |date=2017 |title=Responding to climate change |url=http://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=UNEP – UN Environment Programme |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa be currently warming faster dan de rest of de world on average.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Meterological Organization |date=2024-09-02 |title=Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs |url=https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Na Climate change dey intensify existing socioeconomic vulnerabilities. Large segments of de African population depend on climate-sensitive livelihoods such as agriculture (55 - 62% of de workforce insyd sub-Saharan Africa)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book |title=Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=2023-06-22 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-32584-4 |edition=1 |pages=1289 |chapter=Africa |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011}}&lt;/ref&gt; den already live insyd poverty, wey dey heighten dema exposure to shocks. Health outcomes worsen as heat stress, vector borne - diseases (such as [[malaria]] den [[Dengue fever|dengue]]), den [[malnutrition]] becam more prevalent. Over half (56%) of de over 2,000 recorded public health incidents insyd Africa between 2001 den 2021 dey connect to climate change.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Africa CDC |url=https://africacdc.org/download/climate-change-and-health-strategic-framework-2025/ |title=Climate Change and Health: Strategic Framework 2025 |date=7 July 2025 |pages=vii}}&lt;/ref&gt; Resources scarcity dey contribute to displacement den conflict, particularly insyd fragile regions. Urban areas, often be characterized by informal settlements, face heightened risks from flooding den extreme heat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

Agriculture be one of de most vulnerable sectors, as most African farmers rely on rainfed crops. Reduced den unpredictable rainfall, combined plus higher temperatures, drives soil moisture loss, desertification (especially insyd de Sahara) den shifts suitable growing areas. Dese changes lower yields of staple crops, wey dey undermine food security den worsening hunger. Livestock health be increasingly compromised by heat stress den shifting disease patterns. Coastal den marine ecosystems face warming seas den rising levels, wich threaten fisheries den densely populated coastal settlements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fonjong |first1=Lotsmart |last2=Matose |first2=Frank |last3=Sonnenfeld |first3=David A. |date=2024-12-01 |title=Climate change in Africa: Impacts, adaptation, and policy responses |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095937802400116X |journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=89 |article-number=102912 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912 |bibcode=2024GEC....8902912F |issn=0959-3780}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De economic toll of climate change be severe. On average African countries face climate-related losses wey dey amount to 2-5% of GDP annually, while adaptation costs insyd sub-Saharan Africa be projected at USD 30-50 billion per year over de next decade. Dis dey threaten development gains den places pressure on governments den international institutions to mobilise [[climate finance]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=World Meteorological Organization |url=https://uneca.org/sites/default/files/ACPC/publication/State-of-the-Climate-in-Africa-2023_en.pdf |title=State of the Climate in Africa: 2023 |date=2024 |isbn=978-92-63-11360-3 |location=Geneva}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Investment Bank |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/finance-in-africa-navigating-the-financial-landscape-in-turbulent-times |title=Finance in Africa - Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times |date=2022-10-19 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5382-2 |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Africa ein climate change adaptation strategies dey focus on building resilience thru climate - smart agriculture, sustainable water management, ecosystem conservation, den strengthening health den infrastructure systems. Dese approaches prioritise enhancing governance, mobilising [[climate finance]] den investment, den fostering community participation to address vulnerability holistically.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tadesse |first=Debay |date=1 December 2010 |title=The impact of climate change in Africa |url=https://issafrica.org/research/papers/the-impact-of-climate-change-in-africa |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Badji |first1=Arfang |last2=Ibanda |first2=Angele |last3=Akello |first3=Sarah |last4=Ekwamu |first4=Adipala |date=2022 |title=Climate change impacts and adaptation strategies in Africa: Selected case studies |url=https://afjrdev.org/index.php/jos/article/view/410 |journal=African Journal of Rural Development |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=209–274 |issn=2415-2838}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ngongolo |first1=Kelvin |last2=Gayo |first2=Leopody |date=2025-05-21 |title=Climate change impacts and mitigation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa's livestock production sector. A brief review |journal=Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice |language=English |volume=15 |article-number=14225 |doi=10.3389/past.2025.14225 |bibcode=2025PRPP...1514225N |doi-access=free |issn=2041-7136}}&lt;/ref&gt; Continental den national frameworks emphasise multi-sectoral coordination, technology adoption, den capacity building to support sustainable development den reduce climate risk.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=African Union |url=https://au.int/en/documents/20220628/african-union-climate-change-and-resilient-development-strategy-and-action-plan |title=African Union Climate Change and Resilient Development Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2032) |date=28 June 2022 |publisher=African Union}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Greenhouse gas emissions==
Africa ein per person greenhouse gas emissions be low compared to oda continents.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/outreach/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FactSheet_Africa.pdf|title=Fact sheet - Africa|accessdate=4 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emissions from land use change be uncertain, especially insyd [[Central Africa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mostefaoui |first1=Mounia |last2=Ciais |first2=Philippe |last3=McGrath |first3=Matthew J. |last4=Peylin |first4=Philippe |last5=Patra |first5=Prabir K. |last6=Ernst |first6=Yolandi |date=2024-01-11 |title=Greenhouse gas emissions and their trends over the last 3 decades across Africa |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/245/2024/ |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=245–275 |doi=10.5194/essd-16-245-2024 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024ESSD...16..245M |issn=1866-3516}}&lt;/ref&gt; De main source of uncertainty dey cam from carbon dioxide fluxes insyd de LULUCF sector (dis acronym dey stand for land use, land-use change, den forestry).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
== Impacts ==
===Temperature den weather changes===
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| total_width       = 300
| image1            = Koppen-Geiger Map v2 Africa 1991–2020.svg
| caption1          = Köppen climate classification map for Africa for 1991–2020
| image2            = Koppen-Geiger Map Africa future.svg
| caption2          = 2071–2100 map under de most intense climate change scenario. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely.&lt;ref name=&quot;HausfatherPeters2020&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825|bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuur2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Schuur |first1=Edward A.G. |last2=Abbott |first2=Benjamin W. |last3=Commane |first3=Roisin |last4=Ernakovich |first4=Jessica |last5=Euskirchen |first5=Eugenie |last6=Hugelius |first6=Gustaf |last7=Grosse |first7=Guido |last8=Jones |first8=Miriam |last9=Koven |first9=Charlie |last10=Leshyk |first10=Victor |last11=Lawrence |first11=David |last12=Loranty |first12=Michael M. |last13=Mauritz |first13=Marguerite |last14=Olefeldt |first14=David |last15=Natali |first15=Susan |last16=Rodenhizer |first16=Heidi |last17=Salmon |first17=Verity |last18=Schädel |first18=Christina |last19=Strauss |first19=Jens |last20=Treat |first20=Claire |last21=Turetsky |first21=Merritt |year=2022 |title=Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |volume=47 |pages=343–371 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847 |quote=&quot;Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement...&quot; |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ARER...47..343S }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Phiddian2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Phiddian |first=Ellen |date=5 April 2022 |title=Explainer: IPCC Scenarios |url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ |website=[[Cosmos (magazine)|Cosmos]] |access-date=30 September 2023 |quote=&quot;The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. [[The Australian Academy of Science]], for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. [[Climate Action Tracker]] predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C. |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920224129/https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

Observed surface temperatures generally increase over Africa since de late 19th century to de early 21st century by about 1°C, buh locally as much as 3°C for minimum temperature insyd de Sahel at de end of de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRD-2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Rural societies in the face of climatic and environmental changes in West Africa |date=2017 |publisher=IRD éditions |isbn=978-2-7099-2424-5 |location=Marseille |oclc=1034784045 |id=Impr. Jouve}}&lt;/ref&gt; De warming of Africa increase by +0.3 C from 1991 to 2021 versus +0.2 during 1961 to 1910. E be estimated dat by 2030, de people of Africa go be exposed to a rise insyd sea level secof an increase insyd temperature. Na dis go then cause agricultural productivity to decrease&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Engel |first=Ulf |title=Yearbook on the African Union Volume 3 (2022) |date=2024 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-68308-2 |editor-last=Engel |editor-first=Ulf |location=Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar}}&lt;/ref&gt;.Observed precipitation trends dey indicate spatial den temporal discrepancies as expected.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins-2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Collins |first1=Jennifer M. |date=15 July 2011 |title=Temperature Variability over Africa |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=24 |issue=14 |pages=3649–3666 |bibcode=2011JCli...24.3649C |doi=10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Niang-2014&quot;&gt;Niang, I.; O. C. Ruppel; M. A. Abdrabo; A. Essel; C. Lennard; J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability''. [https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Barros, V. R.; C. B. Field; D. J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265.&lt;/ref&gt; De observed changes insyd temperature den [[precipitation]] vary regionally.&lt;ref name=&quot;Conway-2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Conway |first1=Declan |last2=Persechino |first2=Aurelie |last3=Ardoin-Bardin |first3=Sandra |last4=Hamandawana |first4=Hamisai |last5=Dieulin |first5=Claudine |last6=Mahé |first6=Gil |date=February 2009 |title=Rainfall and Water Resources Variability in Sub-Saharan Africa during the Twentieth Century |journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=41–59 |bibcode=2009JHyMe..10...41C |doi=10.1175/2008JHM1004.1 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins-2011&quot; /&gt;

Current climate models (as dem summarise insyd de IPCC Sixth Assessment Report) predict increases insyd frequency den intensity of drought den heavy rainfall events.&lt;ref name=&quot;Armstrong-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Armstrong |first1=Andrew |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Hope |first4=Rob |date=2022 |title=Intra-seasonal rainfall and piped water revenue variability in rural Africa |journal=Global Environmental Change |language=en |volume=76 |article-number=102592 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|doi-access=free|bibcode=2022GEC....7602592A }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem sanso predict decreases insyd mean precipitation almost everywhere insyd Africa, plus medium to high confidence. However, local rainfall trends den socio-climatic interactions be likely to manifest insyd mixed patterns. Therefore, de converging impacts of climate change go vary across de continent. Insyd rural areas, rainfall patterns influence water usage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Armstrong-2022&quot; /&gt;

A study insyd 2019 dey predict increased dry spell length during wet seasons den increased extreme rainfall rates insyd Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kendon-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Kendon |first1=Elizabeth J. |last2=Stratton |first2=Rachel A. |last3=Tucker |first3=Simon |last4=Marsham |first4=John H. |last5=Berthou |first5=Ségolène |last6=Rowell |first6=David P. |last7=Senior |first7=Catherine A. |date=2019 |title=Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.1794K |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9 |pmc=6478940 |pmid=31015416 |article-number=1794}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd other words: &quot;both ends of Africa's weather extremes fi get more severe&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Weather Channel-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says |url=https://weather.com/news/climate/news/2019-06-18-africa-extreme-weather-drought-flood |access-date=2022-07-01 |work=The Weather Channel |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De research find say most climate models no go be able to capture de extent of dese changes secof dem no be conviction-permitting at dema coarse grid scales.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kendon-2019&quot; /&gt;
=== Sea level rise ===
[[File:Dar es Salaam (Aerial).jpg|thumb|Aerial view of de Tanzanian capital Dar es Salaam]]
Insyd [[Africa]], future population growth dey amplify risks from sea level rise. Sam 54.2million people dey live insyd de highly exposed low elevation coastal zones (LECZ) around 2000. Dis number fi effectively double to around 110 million people by 2030. By 2060 e fi be around 185 to 230million people, wey dey depend on de extent of population growth. De average regional sea level rise go be around 21cm by 2060. At dat point climate change scenarios go make little difference. Buh local geography den population trends interact to increase de exposure to hazards like 100-year floods insyd a complex way.
[[File:Abidjan des Lagune.jpg|thumb|Abidjan, de economic powerhouse of Ivory Coast]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Populations within 100-year floodplains.&lt;ref group=&quot;T1&quot;&gt;In millions of people. The second and third columns include both the effects of population growth and the increased extent of floodplains by that point.&lt;/ref&gt;
!|Country
!|2000
!|2030
!|2060
!|Growth 2000–2060&lt;ref group=&quot;T1&quot;&gt;The increase in area's population and the highest plausible scenario of population growth.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Egypt]] || 7.4 || 13.8 || 20.7 || 0.28
|-
|[[Nigeria]] || 0.1 || 0.3 || 0.9 || 0.84
|-
|[[Senegal]] || 0.4 || 1.1 || 2.7 || 0.76
|-
|[[Benin]] || 0.1 || 0.6 || 1.6 || 1.12
|-
|[[Tanzania]] || 0.2 || 0.9 || 4.3 || 2.3
|-
|[[Somalia]] || 0.2 || 0.6 || 2.7 || 1.7
|-
|[[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]]|| 0.1 || 0.3 || 0.7 || 0.65
|-
|[[Mozambique]] || 0.7 || 1.4 || 2.5 || 0.36
|}
== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== Ext ==
[[Category:Environment of Africa]]
[[Category:Climate change insyd Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>c71vdny89bklepzs4kicok1ovarkze2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100767</id>
      <parentid>100766</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:24:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100767</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19985" sha1="34eygkfxxu2t67lsp12pzijilk98j5p" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Temperature Bar Chart Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png|thumb|upright=1.33|Graph wey dey show temperature change insyd Africa between 1901 den 2021, plus red colour be warmer den blue being colder dan average (De average temperature during 1971–2000 be taken as de reference point for dese changes.)]]

'''Climate change in Africa''' be a serious threat as Africa be one of de most vulnerable regions to de effects of climate change, despite contributing de least to causing am. Climate change be causing increasingly erratic rainfall patterns, more frequent extreme weather events wey dey include droughts, [[Flood|floods]], den rising sea surface temperatures insyd Africa. Dese changes dey threaten chow den water security, biodiversity, public health, den economic development.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book |title=Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=2023-06-22 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-32584-4 |edition=1 |chapter=Africa |pages=1285–1456 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=United Nations |first=UNEP |date=2017 |title=Responding to climate change |url=http://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=UNEP – UN Environment Programme |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa be currently warming faster dan de rest of de world on average.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Meterological Organization |date=2024-09-02 |title=Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs |url=https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Na Climate change dey intensify existing socioeconomic vulnerabilities. Large segments of de African population depend on climate-sensitive livelihoods such as agriculture (55 - 62% of de workforce insyd sub-Saharan Africa)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book |title=Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=2023-06-22 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-32584-4 |edition=1 |pages=1289 |chapter=Africa |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011}}&lt;/ref&gt; den already live insyd poverty, wey dey heighten dema exposure to shocks. Health outcomes worsen as heat stress, vector borne - diseases (such as [[malaria]] den [[Dengue fever|dengue]]), den [[malnutrition]] becam more prevalent. Over half (56%) of de over 2,000 recorded public health incidents insyd Africa between 2001 den 2021 dey connect to climate change.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Africa CDC |url=https://africacdc.org/download/climate-change-and-health-strategic-framework-2025/ |title=Climate Change and Health: Strategic Framework 2025 |date=7 July 2025 |pages=vii}}&lt;/ref&gt; Resources scarcity dey contribute to displacement den conflict, particularly insyd fragile regions. Urban areas, often be characterized by informal settlements, face heightened risks from flooding den extreme heat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

Agriculture be one of de most vulnerable sectors, as most African farmers rely on rainfed crops. Reduced den unpredictable rainfall, combined plus higher temperatures, drives soil moisture loss, desertification (especially insyd de Sahara) den shifts suitable growing areas. Dese changes lower yields of staple crops, wey dey undermine food security den worsening hunger. Livestock health be increasingly compromised by heat stress den shifting disease patterns. Coastal den marine ecosystems face warming seas den rising levels, wich threaten fisheries den densely populated coastal settlements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fonjong |first1=Lotsmart |last2=Matose |first2=Frank |last3=Sonnenfeld |first3=David A. |date=2024-12-01 |title=Climate change in Africa: Impacts, adaptation, and policy responses |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095937802400116X |journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=89 |article-number=102912 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912 |bibcode=2024GEC....8902912F |issn=0959-3780}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De economic toll of climate change be severe. On average African countries face climate-related losses wey dey amount to 2-5% of GDP annually, while adaptation costs insyd sub-Saharan Africa be projected at USD 30-50 billion per year over de next decade. Dis dey threaten development gains den places pressure on governments den international institutions to mobilise [[climate finance]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=World Meteorological Organization |url=https://uneca.org/sites/default/files/ACPC/publication/State-of-the-Climate-in-Africa-2023_en.pdf |title=State of the Climate in Africa: 2023 |date=2024 |isbn=978-92-63-11360-3 |location=Geneva}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Investment Bank |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/finance-in-africa-navigating-the-financial-landscape-in-turbulent-times |title=Finance in Africa - Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times |date=2022-10-19 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5382-2 |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Africa ein climate change adaptation strategies dey focus on building resilience thru climate - smart agriculture, sustainable water management, ecosystem conservation, den strengthening health den infrastructure systems. Dese approaches prioritise enhancing governance, mobilising [[climate finance]] den investment, den fostering community participation to address vulnerability holistically.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tadesse |first=Debay |date=1 December 2010 |title=The impact of climate change in Africa |url=https://issafrica.org/research/papers/the-impact-of-climate-change-in-africa |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Badji |first1=Arfang |last2=Ibanda |first2=Angele |last3=Akello |first3=Sarah |last4=Ekwamu |first4=Adipala |date=2022 |title=Climate change impacts and adaptation strategies in Africa: Selected case studies |url=https://afjrdev.org/index.php/jos/article/view/410 |journal=African Journal of Rural Development |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=209–274 |issn=2415-2838}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ngongolo |first1=Kelvin |last2=Gayo |first2=Leopody |date=2025-05-21 |title=Climate change impacts and mitigation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa's livestock production sector. A brief review |journal=Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice |language=English |volume=15 |article-number=14225 |doi=10.3389/past.2025.14225 |bibcode=2025PRPP...1514225N |doi-access=free |issn=2041-7136}}&lt;/ref&gt; Continental den national frameworks emphasise multi-sectoral coordination, technology adoption, den capacity building to support sustainable development den reduce climate risk.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=African Union |url=https://au.int/en/documents/20220628/african-union-climate-change-and-resilient-development-strategy-and-action-plan |title=African Union Climate Change and Resilient Development Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2032) |date=28 June 2022 |publisher=African Union}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Greenhouse gas emissions==
Africa ein per person greenhouse gas emissions be low compared to oda continents.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/outreach/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FactSheet_Africa.pdf|title=Fact sheet - Africa|accessdate=4 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emissions from land use change be uncertain, especially insyd [[Central Africa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mostefaoui |first1=Mounia |last2=Ciais |first2=Philippe |last3=McGrath |first3=Matthew J. |last4=Peylin |first4=Philippe |last5=Patra |first5=Prabir K. |last6=Ernst |first6=Yolandi |date=2024-01-11 |title=Greenhouse gas emissions and their trends over the last 3 decades across Africa |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/245/2024/ |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=245–275 |doi=10.5194/essd-16-245-2024 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024ESSD...16..245M |issn=1866-3516}}&lt;/ref&gt; De main source of uncertainty dey cam from carbon dioxide fluxes insyd de LULUCF sector (dis acronym dey stand for land use, land-use change, den forestry).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
== Impacts ==
===Temperature den weather changes===
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| total_width       = 300
| image1            = Koppen-Geiger Map v2 Africa 1991–2020.svg
| caption1          = Köppen climate classification map for Africa for 1991–2020
| image2            = Koppen-Geiger Map Africa future.svg
| caption2          = 2071–2100 map under de most intense climate change scenario. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely.&lt;ref name=&quot;HausfatherPeters2020&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825|bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuur2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Schuur |first1=Edward A.G. |last2=Abbott |first2=Benjamin W. |last3=Commane |first3=Roisin |last4=Ernakovich |first4=Jessica |last5=Euskirchen |first5=Eugenie |last6=Hugelius |first6=Gustaf |last7=Grosse |first7=Guido |last8=Jones |first8=Miriam |last9=Koven |first9=Charlie |last10=Leshyk |first10=Victor |last11=Lawrence |first11=David |last12=Loranty |first12=Michael M. |last13=Mauritz |first13=Marguerite |last14=Olefeldt |first14=David |last15=Natali |first15=Susan |last16=Rodenhizer |first16=Heidi |last17=Salmon |first17=Verity |last18=Schädel |first18=Christina |last19=Strauss |first19=Jens |last20=Treat |first20=Claire |last21=Turetsky |first21=Merritt |year=2022 |title=Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |volume=47 |pages=343–371 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847 |quote=&quot;Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement...&quot; |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ARER...47..343S }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Phiddian2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Phiddian |first=Ellen |date=5 April 2022 |title=Explainer: IPCC Scenarios |url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ |website=[[Cosmos (magazine)|Cosmos]] |access-date=30 September 2023 |quote=&quot;The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. [[The Australian Academy of Science]], for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. [[Climate Action Tracker]] predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C. |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920224129/https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

Observed surface temperatures generally increase over Africa since de late 19th century to de early 21st century by about 1°C, buh locally as much as 3°C for minimum temperature insyd de Sahel at de end of de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRD-2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Rural societies in the face of climatic and environmental changes in West Africa |date=2017 |publisher=IRD éditions |isbn=978-2-7099-2424-5 |location=Marseille |oclc=1034784045 |id=Impr. Jouve}}&lt;/ref&gt; De warming of Africa increase by +0.3 C from 1991 to 2021 versus +0.2 during 1961 to 1910. E be estimated dat by 2030, de people of Africa go be exposed to a rise insyd sea level secof an increase insyd temperature. Na dis go then cause agricultural productivity to decrease&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Engel |first=Ulf |title=Yearbook on the African Union Volume 3 (2022) |date=2024 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-68308-2 |editor-last=Engel |editor-first=Ulf |location=Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar}}&lt;/ref&gt;.Observed precipitation trends dey indicate spatial den temporal discrepancies as expected.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins-2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Collins |first1=Jennifer M. |date=15 July 2011 |title=Temperature Variability over Africa |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=24 |issue=14 |pages=3649–3666 |bibcode=2011JCli...24.3649C |doi=10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Niang-2014&quot;&gt;Niang, I.; O. C. Ruppel; M. A. Abdrabo; A. Essel; C. Lennard; J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability''. [https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Barros, V. R.; C. B. Field; D. J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265.&lt;/ref&gt; De observed changes insyd temperature den [[precipitation]] vary regionally.&lt;ref name=&quot;Conway-2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Conway |first1=Declan |last2=Persechino |first2=Aurelie |last3=Ardoin-Bardin |first3=Sandra |last4=Hamandawana |first4=Hamisai |last5=Dieulin |first5=Claudine |last6=Mahé |first6=Gil |date=February 2009 |title=Rainfall and Water Resources Variability in Sub-Saharan Africa during the Twentieth Century |journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=41–59 |bibcode=2009JHyMe..10...41C |doi=10.1175/2008JHM1004.1 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins-2011&quot; /&gt;

Current climate models (as dem summarise insyd de IPCC Sixth Assessment Report) predict increases insyd frequency den intensity of drought den heavy rainfall events.&lt;ref name=&quot;Armstrong-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Armstrong |first1=Andrew |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Hope |first4=Rob |date=2022 |title=Intra-seasonal rainfall and piped water revenue variability in rural Africa |journal=Global Environmental Change |language=en |volume=76 |article-number=102592 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|doi-access=free|bibcode=2022GEC....7602592A }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem sanso predict decreases insyd mean precipitation almost everywhere insyd Africa, plus medium to high confidence. However, local rainfall trends den socio-climatic interactions be likely to manifest insyd mixed patterns. Therefore, de converging impacts of climate change go vary across de continent. Insyd rural areas, rainfall patterns influence water usage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Armstrong-2022&quot; /&gt;

A study insyd 2019 dey predict increased dry spell length during wet seasons den increased extreme rainfall rates insyd Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kendon-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Kendon |first1=Elizabeth J. |last2=Stratton |first2=Rachel A. |last3=Tucker |first3=Simon |last4=Marsham |first4=John H. |last5=Berthou |first5=Ségolène |last6=Rowell |first6=David P. |last7=Senior |first7=Catherine A. |date=2019 |title=Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.1794K |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9 |pmc=6478940 |pmid=31015416 |article-number=1794}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd other words: &quot;both ends of Africa's weather extremes fi get more severe&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Weather Channel-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says |url=https://weather.com/news/climate/news/2019-06-18-africa-extreme-weather-drought-flood |access-date=2022-07-01 |work=The Weather Channel |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De research find say most climate models no go be able to capture de extent of dese changes secof dem no be conviction-permitting at dema coarse grid scales.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kendon-2019&quot; /&gt;
=== Sea level rise ===
[[File:Dar es Salaam (Aerial).jpg|thumb|Aerial view of de Tanzanian capital Dar es Salaam]]
Insyd [[Africa]], future population growth dey amplify risks from sea level rise. Sam 54.2million people dey live insyd de highly exposed low elevation coastal zones (LECZ) around 2000. Dis number fi effectively double to around 110 million people by 2030. By 2060 e fi be around 185 to 230million people, wey dey depend on de extent of population growth. De average regional sea level rise go be around 21cm by 2060. At dat point climate change scenarios go make little difference. Buh local geography den population trends interact to increase de exposure to hazards like 100-year floods insyd a complex way.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6_WGII_Chapter9&quot;&gt;Trisos, C. H., I. O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N. P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 2043–2121 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Abidjan des Lagune.jpg|thumb|Abidjan, de economic powerhouse of Ivory Coast]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Populations within 100-year floodplains.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6_WGII_Chapter9&quot; /&gt;
!|Country
!|2000
!|2030
!|2060
!|Growth 2000–2060
|-
|[[Egypt]] || 7.4 || 13.8 || 20.7 || 0.28
|-
|[[Nigeria]] || 0.1 || 0.3 || 0.9 || 0.84
|-
|[[Senegal]] || 0.4 || 1.1 || 2.7 || 0.76
|-
|[[Benin]] || 0.1 || 0.6 || 1.6 || 1.12
|-
|[[Tanzania]] || 0.2 || 0.9 || 4.3 || 2.3
|-
|[[Somalia]] || 0.2 || 0.6 || 2.7 || 1.7
|-
|[[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]]|| 0.1 || 0.3 || 0.7 || 0.65
|-
|[[Mozambique]] || 0.7 || 1.4 || 2.5 || 0.36
|}
== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://futureclimateafrica.org/ Future Climate For Africa programme]
* [https://www.uneca.org/acpc African Climate Policy Centre] (ACCP) goal is to contribute to poverty reduction through successful mitigation and adaptation to climate change in Africa and to improve the capacity of African countries to participate effectively in multilateral climate negotiations.
* [https://www.amma2050.org/ African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis 2050] (AMMA-2050) aim to address the challenges of understanding how the monsoon will change in future decades, to 2050, and how this information can be most effectively used to support climate-compatible development in the region.
* (CARIAA) builds resilience by supporting collaborative research on climate change adaptation to inform adaptation policy and practice.
* [https://wascal.org/ West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use] (WASCAL) is a research-focused Climate Service Centre designed to help tackle this challenge and thereby enhance the resilience of human and environmental systems to climate change and increased variability in West Africa.

[[Category:Climate change by continent|Africa]]
[[Category:Environment of Africa]]
[[Category:Climate change insyd Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>34eygkfxxu2t67lsp12pzijilk98j5p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Victoria Falls</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27233</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100776</id>
      <parentid>100237</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:48:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100776</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8128" sha1="j8w31q1ys2gjq3zfu44a506gbn3vzym" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Victoria Falls''' (Lozi: ''Mosi-oa-Tunya'', &quot;Thundering Smoke/Smoke that Rises&quot;; Tonga: ''Shungu Namutitima'', &quot;Boiling Water&quot;) be a waterfall on de [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]], wey locate on de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nationalgeographic.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 March 2019 |title=Soar Above One of the Most Awe-Inspiring Waterfalls on Earth |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/2019/03/soar-above-one-most-awe-inspiring-waterfalls-earth |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be one of de world ein largest waterfalls, plus a width of 1,708&amp;nbsp;m (5,604&amp;nbsp;ft). De region around am get a high degree of biodiversity insyd both plants den animals.

Archaeology den oral history dey describe a long record of African knowledge of de site. Although known to sam European geographers before de 19th century, na dem introduce Scottish missionary [[David Livingstone]] to de falls insyd 1855, wey he name dem Victoria Falls after Queen Victoria. Since de mid-20th century, de site be a major tourist destination. Zambia den Zimbabwe both get national parks den tourism infrastructure at de site. Research insyd de late 2010s find say precipitation variability secof [[climate change]] likely be to alter de character of de falls.

== Name origins ==
[[David Livingstone]] be de first European dem record to view de falls on 16 November 1855, from an island now be known as Livingstone Island, one of two land masses insyd de middle of de river, immediately upstream from de falls near de Zambian shore.&lt;ref name=&quot;LTA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Tourism Association, Victoria Falls, Zambia |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/ |access-date=7 August 2018 |website=livingstonetourism.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Livingstone name ein sighting in honour of Queen Victoria, buh de Lozi language name, ''Mosi-oa-Tunya''—&quot;The Smoke That Thunders&quot;—continue in common usage. De World Heritage List officially dey recognise both names.&lt;ref name=&quot;WW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Waterfalls &amp; Water Filters for Filtration of Clean Water |url=http://www.world-waterfalls.com/index.php |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714073724/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/index.php |archive-date=14 July 2007 |access-date=11 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Livingstone sanso cite an older name, ''Seongo'' anaa ''Chongwe'', wich dey mean &quot;The Place of the Rainbow&quot;, as a result of de constant spray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wellington1955&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wellington |first=John H. |url={{google books |id=mFoBAAAAMAAJ |page=392 |keywords=mosi-oa-yunya |plainurl=yes}} |title=Southern Africa: A Geographical Study |publisher=University Press |year=1955 |volume=1 |location=Cambridge |page=392}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De nearby national park insyd Zambia be named ''Mosi-oa-Tunya'', whereas de national park den town on de Zimbabwean shore both be named Victoria Falls.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Medium Term Plan (MTP): January 2010 – December 2015 |url=http://www.kubatana.net/docs/econ/goz_medium_term_plan_100706.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195908/http://www.kubatana.net/docs/econ/goz_medium_term_plan_100706.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=15 May 2013 |publisher=Government of Zimbabwe}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Size ==
Victoria Falls be classified as de largest based on ein combined width of 1,708 metres (5,604 ft)&lt;ref&gt;Southern Africa Places (2009).&lt;/ref&gt; den height of 108 metres (354 ft), wey dey result in de world ein largest sheet of falling water.
[[File:Victoria_Falls_2019_8.webm|thumb|Victoria Falls dem see from Zimbabwe insyd August, 2019.]]

== Gorges ==
[[File:Cataratas_Victoria,_Zambia-Zimbabue,_2018-07-27,_DD_36-43_PAN.jpg|thumb|First Gorge, from de Zambian side]]
De principal gorges be

* First Gorge: de one de river dey fall into at Victoria Falls
* Second Gorge: 250 m (820 ft) south of falls, 2.15 km (1.34 mi) long, dem span by de Victoria Falls Bridge
* Third Gorge: 600 m (2,000 ft) south, 1.95 km (1.21 mi) long, wey dey contain de Victoria Falls Power Station
* Fourth Gorge: 1.15 km (0.71 mi) south, 2.25 km (1.40 mi) long
* Fifth Gorge: 2.25 km (1.40 mi) south, 3.2 km (2.0 mi) long
* Songwe Gorge: 5.3 km (3.3 mi) south, 3.3 km (2.1 mi) dem long name after de small Songwe River wey dey cam from de north-east, den de deepest at 140 m (460 ft), de level of de river insyd dem dey vary by up to 20 m (66 ft) between wet den dry seasons.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum1996&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlUwAQAAIAAJ |title=Spectrum Guide to Zambia |publisher=Camerapix Publishers International |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-86872-012-5 |location=Nairobi |via=Struik Publishers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Formation ==
[[File:Victoria_Falls_National_Park_marker.jpg|thumb|Victoria Falls National Park marker]]
De Upper Zambezi River originally drain south thru present day [[Botswana]] to join de Limpopo River.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |author=Moore, A.E. |author2=Cotterill, F. P. D. |author3=Broderick, T. |author4=Plowes, D. |year=2009 |title=Landscape evolution in Zimbabwe from the Permian to present, with implications for kimberlite prospecting |url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Moore2009_2.pdf |journal=South African Journal of Geology |publisher=Geological Society of South Africa |volume=112 |issue=1 |page=82 |bibcode=2009SAJG..112...65M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.112.1.65}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spaliviero, M. |last2=De Dapper, M. |last3=Maló, S. |date=2014 |title=Flood analysis of the Limpopo River basin through past evolution reconstruction and a geomorphological approach |journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=2027–2039 |bibcode=2014NHESS..14.2027S |doi=10.5194/nhess-14-2027-2014 |hdl=1854/LU-5684262 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A general uplift of de land between Zimbabwe den de Kalahari Desert about 2 million years ago block dis drainage route, den a large paleolake dem know as Lake Makgadikgadi form between de Kalahari den de Batoka Basaltic Plateau of Zimbabwe den Zambia. Na dis lake originally be endorheic wey e get no natural outlet. Under wetter climate conditions about 20,000 years BP, e eventually overflow den begin to drain to de east, wey dey cut de Batoka Gorge thru de basalt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Makgadikgadi Salt Pans |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/92394/makgadikgadi-salt-pans |access-date=16 August 2018 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geological history – Botswana Travel Guide |url=http://www.botswana-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1171 |access-date=15 August 2018 |website=Botswana-travel-guide.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Moore |first=A. |title=The Victoria Falls and gorges, in Africa's Top Geological Sites |date=2016 |publisher=Struik Nature |isbn=978-1-77584-448-8 |editor-last=Viljoen |editor-first=R. |location=Cape Town |pages=16–20 |editor-last2=Anhaeusser |editor-first2=C. |editor-last3=Viljoen |editor-first3=M.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{sister project links|auto=yes}}
* Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Victoria_Falls|&quot;Victoria Falls&quot;]]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 44–45.
* {{cite web |work=UNEP-WCMC |title=Mosi-oa-Tunya |url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/mosi-oa-.html |access-date=23 July 2018 |archive-date=10 May 2008 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080510070551/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/mosi-oa-.html  }}
* {{cite web |work=NASA Earth Observatory |title=Victoria Falls, Zambezi River |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16309 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030927143315/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16309 |archive-date=27 September 2003}}
* {{cite web |work=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Victoria Falls |url=https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&amp;id_site=509}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]]</text>
      <sha1>j8w31q1ys2gjq3zfu44a506gbn3vzym</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100777</id>
      <parentid>100776</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:52:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100777</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8918" sha1="m180yluwmd9s8j0o5elx53uc34hrpp0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Victoria Falls''' (Lozi: ''Mosi-oa-Tunya'', &quot;Thundering Smoke/Smoke that Rises&quot;; Tonga: ''Shungu Namutitima'', &quot;Boiling Water&quot;) be a waterfall on de [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]], wey locate on de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nationalgeographic.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 March 2019 |title=Soar Above One of the Most Awe-Inspiring Waterfalls on Earth |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/2019/03/soar-above-one-most-awe-inspiring-waterfalls-earth |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be one of de world ein largest waterfalls, plus a width of 1,708&amp;nbsp;m (5,604&amp;nbsp;ft). De region around am get a high degree of biodiversity insyd both plants den animals.

Archaeology den oral history dey describe a long record of African knowledge of de site. Although known to sam European geographers before de 19th century, na dem introduce Scottish missionary [[David Livingstone]] to de falls insyd 1855, wey he name dem Victoria Falls after Queen Victoria. Since de mid-20th century, de site be a major tourist destination. Zambia den Zimbabwe both get national parks den tourism infrastructure at de site. Research insyd de late 2010s find say precipitation variability secof [[climate change]] likely be to alter de character of de falls.

== Name origins ==
[[David Livingstone]] be de first European dem record to view de falls on 16 November 1855, from an island now be known as Livingstone Island, one of two land masses insyd de middle of de river, immediately upstream from de falls near de Zambian shore.&lt;ref name=&quot;LTA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Tourism Association, Victoria Falls, Zambia |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/ |access-date=7 August 2018 |website=livingstonetourism.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Livingstone name ein sighting in honour of Queen Victoria, buh de Lozi language name, ''Mosi-oa-Tunya''—&quot;The Smoke That Thunders&quot;—continue in common usage. De World Heritage List officially dey recognise both names.&lt;ref name=&quot;WW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Waterfalls &amp; Water Filters for Filtration of Clean Water |url=http://www.world-waterfalls.com/index.php |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714073724/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/index.php |archive-date=14 July 2007 |access-date=11 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Livingstone sanso cite an older name, ''Seongo'' anaa ''Chongwe'', wich dey mean &quot;The Place of the Rainbow&quot;, as a result of de constant spray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wellington1955&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wellington |first=John H. |url={{google books |id=mFoBAAAAMAAJ |page=392 |keywords=mosi-oa-yunya |plainurl=yes}} |title=Southern Africa: A Geographical Study |publisher=University Press |year=1955 |volume=1 |location=Cambridge |page=392}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De nearby national park insyd Zambia be named ''Mosi-oa-Tunya'', whereas de national park den town on de Zimbabwean shore both be named Victoria Falls.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Medium Term Plan (MTP): January 2010 – December 2015 |url=http://www.kubatana.net/docs/econ/goz_medium_term_plan_100706.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195908/http://www.kubatana.net/docs/econ/goz_medium_term_plan_100706.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=15 May 2013 |publisher=Government of Zimbabwe}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Size ==
Victoria Falls be classified as de largest based on ein combined width of 1,708 metres (5,604 ft)&lt;ref&gt;Southern Africa Places (2009).&lt;/ref&gt; den height of 108 metres (354 ft), wey dey result in de world ein largest sheet of falling water.
[[File:Victoria_Falls_2019_8.webm|thumb|Victoria Falls dem see from Zimbabwe insyd August, 2019.]]

== Gorges ==
[[File:Cataratas_Victoria,_Zambia-Zimbabue,_2018-07-27,_DD_36-43_PAN.jpg|thumb|First Gorge, from de Zambian side]]
De principal gorges be

* First Gorge: de one de river dey fall into at Victoria Falls
* Second Gorge: 250 m (820 ft) south of falls, 2.15 km (1.34 mi) long, dem span by de Victoria Falls Bridge
* Third Gorge: 600 m (2,000 ft) south, 1.95 km (1.21 mi) long, wey dey contain de Victoria Falls Power Station
* Fourth Gorge: 1.15 km (0.71 mi) south, 2.25 km (1.40 mi) long
* Fifth Gorge: 2.25 km (1.40 mi) south, 3.2 km (2.0 mi) long
* Songwe Gorge: 5.3 km (3.3 mi) south, 3.3 km (2.1 mi) dem long name after de small Songwe River wey dey cam from de north-east, den de deepest at 140 m (460 ft), de level of de river insyd dem dey vary by up to 20 m (66 ft) between wet den dry seasons.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum1996&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlUwAQAAIAAJ |title=Spectrum Guide to Zambia |publisher=Camerapix Publishers International |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-86872-012-5 |location=Nairobi |via=Struik Publishers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Formation ==
[[File:Victoria_Falls_National_Park_marker.jpg|thumb|Victoria Falls National Park marker]]
De Upper Zambezi River originally drain south thru present day [[Botswana]] to join de Limpopo River.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |author=Moore, A.E. |author2=Cotterill, F. P. D. |author3=Broderick, T. |author4=Plowes, D. |year=2009 |title=Landscape evolution in Zimbabwe from the Permian to present, with implications for kimberlite prospecting |url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Moore2009_2.pdf |journal=South African Journal of Geology |publisher=Geological Society of South Africa |volume=112 |issue=1 |page=82 |bibcode=2009SAJG..112...65M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.112.1.65}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spaliviero, M. |last2=De Dapper, M. |last3=Maló, S. |date=2014 |title=Flood analysis of the Limpopo River basin through past evolution reconstruction and a geomorphological approach |journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=2027–2039 |bibcode=2014NHESS..14.2027S |doi=10.5194/nhess-14-2027-2014 |hdl=1854/LU-5684262 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A general uplift of de land between Zimbabwe den de Kalahari Desert about 2 million years ago block dis drainage route, den a large paleolake dem know as Lake Makgadikgadi form between de Kalahari den de Batoka Basaltic Plateau of Zimbabwe den Zambia. Na dis lake originally be endorheic wey e get no natural outlet. Under wetter climate conditions about 20,000 years BP, e eventually overflow den begin to drain to de east, wey dey cut de Batoka Gorge thru de basalt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Makgadikgadi Salt Pans |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/92394/makgadikgadi-salt-pans |access-date=16 August 2018 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geological history – Botswana Travel Guide |url=http://www.botswana-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1171 |access-date=15 August 2018 |website=Botswana-travel-guide.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Moore |first=A. |title=The Victoria Falls and gorges, in Africa's Top Geological Sites |date=2016 |publisher=Struik Nature |isbn=978-1-77584-448-8 |editor-last=Viljoen |editor-first=R. |location=Cape Town |pages=16–20 |editor-last2=Anhaeusser |editor-first2=C. |editor-last3=Viljoen |editor-first3=M.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{sister project links|auto=yes}}
* Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Victoria_Falls|&quot;Victoria Falls&quot;]]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 44–45.
* {{cite web |work=UNEP-WCMC |title=Mosi-oa-Tunya |url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/mosi-oa-.html |access-date=23 July 2018 |archive-date=10 May 2008 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080510070551/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/mosi-oa-.html  }}
* {{cite web |work=NASA Earth Observatory |title=Victoria Falls, Zambezi River |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16309 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030927143315/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16309 |archive-date=27 September 2003}}
* {{cite web |work=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Victoria Falls |url=https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&amp;id_site=509}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]]
[[Category:Victoria Falls| ]]
[[Category:Block waterfalls]]
[[Category:Canyons den gorges of Africa]]
[[Category:First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites]]
[[Category:Geography of Matabeleland North Province]]
[[Category:Geography of Southern Province, Zambia]]
[[Category:International waterfalls]]
[[Category:Livingstone, Zambia]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions insyd Matabeleland North Province]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions insyd Southern Province, Zambia]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions insyd Zambia]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions insyd Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of Zambia]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites insyd Zambia]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites insyd Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Zambezi River]]
[[Category:Zambia–Zimbabwe border]]</text>
      <sha1>m180yluwmd9s8j0o5elx53uc34hrpp0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cuanza River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27235</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100808</id>
      <parentid>100268</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T22:42:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100808</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3826" sha1="r7z71iu1d94ciztmnbuxxh6oozp3eub" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Cuanza River''',&lt;ref name=&quot;gov.ao&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=O Perfil de Angola |url=https://governo.gov.ao/ao/angola/o-perfil-de-angola/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924162332/https://governo.gov.ao/ao/angola/o-perfil-de-angola/ |archive-date=24 September 2022 |access-date=18 December 2021 |website=Portal Official do Governo da República de Angola |publisher=Governo de Angola}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem sanso know as de '''Kwanza''', de '''Quanza''', anaa de '''Coanza''', be de longest river insyd [[Angola]]. E dey empty into de [[Atlantic Ocean]] just south of de national capital [[Luanda]].

== Geography ==
De river be navigable for about 150 miles (240 km) from ein mouth, wey locate 60 kilometers (37 mi) south of [[Luanda]]. Ein tributaries dey include de Cutato den Lucala.

== History ==
De river ein navigable lower course be de original route of de Portuguese [[Portuguese Angola|invasion of northern Angola]].

De Capanda Dam insyd Malanje Province be finished insyd 2004, wey dey provide hydroelectric power to de region den dey assist insyd ein irrigation. De Cambambe Dam den de Lauca Dam sanso construct on de river. De Caculo Cabaça Dam be under construction plus estimated completion insyd 2024. De ''Barra do Kwanza'', de mouth of de river, gradually be developed for tourism, wey dey include a golf course.

De Church of Nossa Senhora da Victoria dey stand near de banks of de Cuanza River insyd Massanganu, Province of Cuanza-Norte, [[Angola]].

== Wildlife ==
Rich biodiversity be found insyd de Angolan river, according to research reported on de Science and Development Network website. Angola ein first biodiversity tally of de Cuanza River get so far find 50 fish species. Researchers from de National Fishing Research Institute den de South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity say genetic testing fi reveal new species.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scidev.net/en/sub-suharan-africa/news/sub-saharan-africa-news-in-brief-13-25-march.html &quot;Sub-Saharan Africa news in brief: 13–25 March, 2008&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; Sportfishing dey include tarpon.

== Legacy ==
Angola ein currency, de kwanza, be named after de river.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov.ao&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=O Perfil de Angola |url=https://governo.gov.ao/ao/angola/o-perfil-de-angola/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924162332/https://governo.gov.ao/ao/angola/o-perfil-de-angola/ |archive-date=24 September 2022 |access-date=18 December 2021 |website=Portal Official do Governo da República de Angola |publisher=Governo de Angola}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220924162332/https://governo.gov.ao/ao/angola/o-perfil-de-angola/ &quot;O Perfil de Angola&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Theroux |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hy3Z8PyN5t0C&amp;q=Kwanza+%3D%3D%5D&amp;pg=PT268 |title=The Last Train to Zona Verde: Overland from Cape Town to Angola |date=30 May 2013 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=9780241965139 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; De river sanso de namesake of de provinces of Cuanza Norte (&quot;Cuanza North&quot;) den Cuanza Sul (&quot;Cuanza South&quot;).

== References ==

=== Citations ===

&lt;references /&gt;

=== Bibliography ===

* {{citation |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=1878 |volume=VI |page=81 |editor-last=Baynes |editor-first=Thomas Spencer |display-editors=0 |contribution=[[s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Coanza|Coanza]] |edition=9th |location=New York |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |ref={{harvid|''EB''|1878}}}}.

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world Map of the Cuanza River basin at Water Resources eAtlas]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Angola]]</text>
      <sha1>r7z71iu1d94ciztmnbuxxh6oozp3eub</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100809</id>
      <parentid>100808</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T22:45:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fix reference</comment>
      <origin>100809</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3275" sha1="q37gal7vwj70v6tl97heoglyhskiw4r" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Cuanza River''',&lt;ref name=&quot;gov.ao2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=O Perfil de Angola |url=https://governo.gov.ao/ao/angola/o-perfil-de-angola/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924162332/https://governo.gov.ao/ao/angola/o-perfil-de-angola/ |archive-date=24 September 2022 |access-date=18 December 2021 |website=Portal Official do Governo da República de Angola |publisher=Governo de Angola}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem sanso know as de '''Kwanza''', de '''Quanza''', anaa de '''Coanza''', be de longest river insyd [[Angola]]. E dey empty into de [[Atlantic Ocean]] just south of de national capital [[Luanda]].

== Geography ==
De river be navigable for about 150 miles (240 km) from ein mouth, wey locate 60 kilometers (37 mi) south of [[Luanda]]. Ein tributaries dey include de Cutato den Lucala.

== History ==
De river ein navigable lower course be de original route of de Portuguese [[Portuguese Angola|invasion of northern Angola]].

De Capanda Dam insyd Malanje Province be finished insyd 2004, wey dey provide hydroelectric power to de region den dey assist insyd ein irrigation. De Cambambe Dam den de Lauca Dam sanso construct on de river. De Caculo Cabaça Dam be under construction plus estimated completion insyd 2024. De ''Barra do Kwanza'', de mouth of de river, gradually be developed for tourism, wey dey include a golf course.

De Church of Nossa Senhora da Victoria dey stand near de banks of de Cuanza River insyd Massanganu, Province of Cuanza-Norte, [[Angola]].

== Wildlife ==
Rich biodiversity be found insyd de Angolan river, according to research reported on de Science and Development Network website. Angola ein first biodiversity tally of de Cuanza River get so far find 50 fish species. Researchers from de National Fishing Research Institute den de South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity say genetic testing fi reveal new species.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scidev.net/en/sub-suharan-africa/news/sub-saharan-africa-news-in-brief-13-25-march.html &quot;Sub-Saharan Africa news in brief: 13–25 March, 2008&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; Sportfishing dey include tarpon.

== Legacy ==
Angola ein currency, de kwanza, be named after de river.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov.ao2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Theroux |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hy3Z8PyN5t0C&amp;q=Kwanza+%3D%3D%5D&amp;pg=PT268 |title=The Last Train to Zona Verde: Overland from Cape Town to Angola |date=30 May 2013 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=9780241965139 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; De river sanso de namesake of de provinces of Cuanza Norte (&quot;Cuanza North&quot;) den Cuanza Sul (&quot;Cuanza South&quot;).

== References ==

=== Citations ===

&lt;references /&gt;

=== Bibliography ===

* {{citation |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=1878 |volume=VI |page=81 |editor-last=Baynes |editor-first=Thomas Spencer |display-editors=0 |contribution=[[s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Coanza|Coanza]] |edition=9th |location=New York |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |ref={{harvid|''EB''|1878}}}}.

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world Map of the Cuanza River basin at Water Resources eAtlas]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Angola]]</text>
      <sha1>q37gal7vwj70v6tl97heoglyhskiw4r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Great Fish River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27236</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100811</id>
      <parentid>100283</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T22:52:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100811</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5848" sha1="0p97t4xjah2e7m3xcrtc7eh2nigmscp" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Close_to_great_fish_river790.JPG|thumb|Landscape near de middle course of de Great Fish River]]
De '''Great Fish River''' (dem call ''great'' to distinguish am from de [[Namibia|Namibian]] Fish River) (Afrikaans: ''Groot-Visrivier'')&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Riviere van Suid-Afrika |url=http://myfundi.co.za/a/Riviere_van_Suid-Afrika |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430151102/http://myfundi.co.za/a/Riviere_van_Suid-Afrika |archive-date=2012-04-30 |access-date=2012-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; be a river wey dey run 644 kilometres (400 mi) thru de [[South Africa|South African]] province of de Eastern Cape. De coastal area between Port Elizabeth den de Fish River mouth be known as de ''Sunshine Coast''. Na de Great Fish River originally be named ''Rio do Infante'', after João Infante, de captain of one of de caravels of Bartolomeu Dias. Infante visit de river insyd de late 1480s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Raper |first=Peter Edmund |url=https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames |title=Dictionary of Southern African Place Names |publisher=Human Science Research Council |year=1987 |location=Johannesburg}} (public domain)&lt;/ref&gt;

De name Great Fish be a misnomer, since e be a translation of de Dutch '''Groot Visch Rivier''', wich be de name of a tributary insyd de vicinity of Cradock,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Toit |first=Chris Marais and Julienne du |date=2023-10-11 |title=Cradock II: The Fish, the Show, the Ghosts &amp; the Trekbokke |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2023-10-11-cradock-ii-the-fish-the-show-the-ghosts-the-trekbokke/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wich at ein confluence plus de Little Fish ('''Klein Visch Rivier''') dey form wat be properly called de (Eastern Cape) Fish River.

== Course ==
De Great Fish River dey originate east of Graaff-Reinet den dey run thru Cradock. Further south de Tarka River dey join ein left bank. Thence e dey make a zig-zag turn to Cookhouse, from wer e dey meander down de escarpment east of Grahamstown before ein final near-straight run to ein estuary 8&amp;nbsp;km northeast of Seafield, into de Indian Ocean.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=O'Keeffe |first=J. H. |last2=De Moor |first2=F. C. |date=January 1988 |title=Changes in the physico-chemistry and benthic invertebrates of the great fish river, South Africa, following an interbasin transfer of water |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research &amp; Management |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=39–55 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450020105 |issn=0886-9375}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De river be generally permanent, e get water all year round, although ein headwaters dey rise insyd an arid region, den de natural flow fi be sluggish insyd de dry season beyond de ebb den flow of de tidal reaches; now, water from de Orange River system fi be used to keep up ein flow insyd dry periods. De river be tidal for roughly 20&amp;nbsp;km.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ein main tributaries be de Groot Brak River, de Tarka River den de Kap River on de left side, den de Little Fish River (Afrikaans: ''Klein-Visrivier'') on de right side. De Great Fish River be part of de Fish to Tsitsikama Water Management Area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fish to Tsitsikama WMA 15 |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA15FishTsitsikamma.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630195400/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA15FishTsitsikamma.jpg |archive-date=30 June 2017 |access-date=29 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dams on de basin ==

* Egerton Dam
* Elandsdrift Dam

== Climate ==
At de river mouth, de climate be temperate plus around 650 mm (26 in) of rainfall wey dey fall mainly during spring den autumn. Mean temperatures dey range from 12 to 24 °C (54 to 75 °F) plus extremes as low as 2 °C (36 °F) anaa as high as 40 °C (104 °F).

== Ecology ==
Insyd de 1970s, a major water project bring Orange River water, via de Fish River, for agricultural den industrial use. De tunnel for dis be a major engineering wey dey undertake, plus de intake at Oviston (an acronym, insyd Afrikaans, for Orange-Fish Tunnel). Oviston be on de shores of de Gariep Dam. A hydro-electric generating plant be placed at de Fish River egress, buh be uneconomic wey e no be in use.

Mixing of waters from two watersheds be environmentally disastrous—much of de Fish River ecosystem now be taken over by Orange River flora den fauna.

=== Flora ===
At de river mouth, der be Valley thicket, dune thicket, riparian vegetation den fynbos. De eastern Cape giant cycad, de red den de white milkwood be protected trees. Oda significant species dey include de acacia, white pear, Karoo boer-bean, wild banana, dune poison bush, wild plum, coral tree den small knobwood.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Landscape of the Great Fish River, South Africa |url=https://www.nature-reserve.co.za/great-fish-river-landscape.html |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=www.nature-reserve.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fauna ===
Der be a small population of de endangered Eastern Province rocky (''Sandelia bainsii'') insyd de Kat River, part of de Great Fish river basin.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/19889/all Sandelia bainsii]&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{commons}}
*[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/documents/other/wma/15/fishsundaysispfeb05ap.pdf Fish to Sundays: Internal Strategic Perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307045904/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/documents/other/wma/15/fishsundaysispfeb05ap.pdf |date=7 March 2016 }}
* [https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1196 James MacKinlay diary] at Dartmouth College Library
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Great Fish River| ]]
[[Category:Internal borders of South Africa]]
[[Category:Rivers of de Eastern Cape]]
[[Category:Tributaries of de Orange River]]</text>
      <sha1>0p97t4xjah2e7m3xcrtc7eh2nigmscp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Great Kei River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27237</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100817</id>
      <parentid>100667</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T23:17:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100817</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4542" sha1="tfkt6votlonagbnkcrcoil6zrb8fa38" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Great Kei River''' be a river insyd de Eastern Cape province of [[South Africa]]. E be formed by de confluence of de Black Kei River den White Kei River, northeast of Cathcart. E dey flow for 320 km (199 mi)&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20041227041011/http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/estuary/catch/greatkei.html SA Estuarine Land-cover: Great Kei Catchment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227041011/http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/estuary/catch/greatkei.html|date=2004-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; den dey end insyd de Great Kei Estuary at de Indian Ocean plus de small town Kei Mouth on de west bank. Historically de Great Kei River form de southwestern border of de Transkei region as na e be formerly known as de Nciba River.

== Course ==
[[File:Map_on_wall_at_Kei_Mouth.jpg|left|thumb|Map of Great Kei River from Kei Bridge to Kei Mouth]]
De Great Kei River be a meandering river course wey e be formed by de convergence of de Black Kei River den de White Kei River insyd Enoch Mgijima Local Municipality, north-east of Cathcart den southeast of Queenstown. De Great Kei river dey flow from de junction of de Black den White Kei rivers for approximately 225 kilometers (140 miles) southeastwards along winding courses to de Indian Ocean. E dey terminate at de Great Kei estuary by Kei Mouth, a coastal resort town. Ein longest tributary be de Tsomo insyd de north. De name get ein origins as far back as 1752 wey be based on a Khoisan word for de river wey dey mean 'sand'.

De Great Kei previously form de southwestern border of de Transkei region wich fi be accessed via de 'Pont', one of only two car-transporting river ferries insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Great Kei River |url=https://www.keimouth.co.za/activities/great-kei-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215024108/https://www.keimouth.co.za/activities/great-kei-river/ |archive-date=15 February 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=www.keimouth.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De pont be currently operational den motorists be frequently ferried from de southwestern bank to de northeastern bank into de Wild Coast.
[[File:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png|right|thumb|Map of de Great Kei River during de Frontier wars]]

== Climate ==
De estuaries from de Great Kei river to southern [[Mozambique]] be classified as subtropical. Dese systems be characterized by warm waters of more dan 16 degrees Celsius. De climate be warm den humid almost year-round as a result. Minimum winter temperatures dey range from 12 – 14 degrees Celsius den de area dey receive rainfall thru out de year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Harrison |first=T. D. |date=2002-04-09 |title=Preliminary assessment of the biogeography of fishes in South African estuaries |url=https://connectsci.au/mf/article/53/2/479/58814/Preliminary-assessment-of-the-biogeography-of |journal=Marine and Freshwater Research |language=en |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=479–490 |doi=10.1071/MF01121 |issn=1323-1650}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dams insyd de Great Kei basin ==

* Xonxa Dam insyd de White Kei River (Wit-Kei River).
* Wriggleswade Dam on de Kubusi River
* Bongolo Dam, insyd de Komani River, a tributary of de Klaas Smits River, einself a tributary of de Black Kei River

[[File:Old_road_bridge_on_Great_Kei_River.jpg|right|thumb|De Old road bridge on de Great Kei River]]

== Great Kei Pass ==
De N2 road dey pass thru Komga den Butterworth insyd an area be known as de Great Kei Pass anaa Kei Cuttings. E be a known for ein high prevalence of accidents secof mist den wandering cattle. Dis section of de N2 dey pass across de Great Kei River. De Kei Cuttings dey lie inland from de Kei Mouth, Morgans Bay den Chintsa West.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kei Cuttings in Butterworth, Eastern Cape |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/kei-cuttings.php |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=www.sa-venues.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==

* [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA12MzimvubuKeiskamma.jpg Mizimbuvu to Keiskamma WMA 12]
* [http://www.wildcoast.co.za/node/112 Towns of historical interest in the 'kei]
* [http://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/ecape_04/Kei_summer.pdf BIOMONOTORING OF THE GREAT KEI RIVER SYSTEM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201075056/http://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/ecape_04/Kei_summer.pdf|date=1 February 2022}}
* [https://municipalities.co.za/overview/1005/great-kei-local-municipality Great Kei Local Municipality (EC123)]</text>
      <sha1>tfkt6votlonagbnkcrcoil6zrb8fa38</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100818</id>
      <parentid>100817</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T23:20:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100818</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4775" sha1="e5d5unk2ct8wjc1ru6b83wcn5mtfc6o" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Great Kei River''' be a river insyd de Eastern Cape province of [[South Africa]]. E be formed by de confluence of de Black Kei River den White Kei River, northeast of Cathcart. E dey flow for 320 km (199 mi)&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20041227041011/http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/estuary/catch/greatkei.html SA Estuarine Land-cover: Great Kei Catchment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227041011/http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/estuary/catch/greatkei.html|date=2004-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; den dey end insyd de Great Kei Estuary at de Indian Ocean plus de small town Kei Mouth on de west bank. Historically de Great Kei River form de southwestern border of de Transkei region as na e be formerly known as de Nciba River.

== Course ==
[[File:Map_on_wall_at_Kei_Mouth.jpg|left|thumb|Map of Great Kei River from Kei Bridge to Kei Mouth]]
De Great Kei River be a meandering river course wey e be formed by de convergence of de Black Kei River den de White Kei River insyd Enoch Mgijima Local Municipality, north-east of Cathcart den southeast of Queenstown. De Great Kei river dey flow from de junction of de Black den White Kei rivers for approximately 225 kilometers (140 miles) southeastwards along winding courses to de Indian Ocean. E dey terminate at de Great Kei estuary by Kei Mouth, a coastal resort town. Ein longest tributary be de Tsomo insyd de north. De name get ein origins as far back as 1752 wey be based on a Khoisan word for de river wey dey mean 'sand'.

De Great Kei previously form de southwestern border of de Transkei region wich fi be accessed via de 'Pont', one of only two car-transporting river ferries insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Great Kei River |url=https://www.keimouth.co.za/activities/great-kei-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215024108/https://www.keimouth.co.za/activities/great-kei-river/ |archive-date=15 February 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=www.keimouth.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De pont be currently operational den motorists be frequently ferried from de southwestern bank to de northeastern bank into de Wild Coast.
[[File:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png|right|thumb|Map of de Great Kei River during de Frontier wars]]

== Climate ==
De estuaries from de Great Kei river to southern [[Mozambique]] be classified as subtropical. Dese systems be characterized by warm waters of more dan 16 degrees Celsius. De climate be warm den humid almost year-round as a result. Minimum winter temperatures dey range from 12 – 14 degrees Celsius den de area dey receive rainfall thru out de year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Harrison |first=T. D. |date=2002-04-09 |title=Preliminary assessment of the biogeography of fishes in South African estuaries |url=https://connectsci.au/mf/article/53/2/479/58814/Preliminary-assessment-of-the-biogeography-of |journal=Marine and Freshwater Research |language=en |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=479–490 |doi=10.1071/MF01121 |issn=1323-1650}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dams insyd de Great Kei basin ==

* Xonxa Dam insyd de White Kei River (Wit-Kei River).
* Wriggleswade Dam on de Kubusi River
* Bongolo Dam, insyd de Komani River, a tributary of de Klaas Smits River, einself a tributary of de Black Kei River

[[File:Old_road_bridge_on_Great_Kei_River.jpg|right|thumb|De Old road bridge on de Great Kei River]]

== Great Kei Pass ==
De N2 road dey pass thru Komga den Butterworth insyd an area be known as de Great Kei Pass anaa Kei Cuttings. E be a known for ein high prevalence of accidents secof mist den wandering cattle. Dis section of de N2 dey pass across de Great Kei River. De Kei Cuttings dey lie inland from de Kei Mouth, Morgans Bay den Chintsa West.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kei Cuttings in Butterworth, Eastern Cape |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/kei-cuttings.php |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=www.sa-venues.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
*[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA12MzimvubuKeiskamma.jpg Mizimbuvu to Keiskamma WMA 12]
*[http://www.wildcoast.co.za/node/112 Towns of historical interest in the 'kei]
*[http://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/ecape_04/Kei_summer.pdf BIOMONOTORING OF THE GREAT KEI RIVER SYSTEM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201075056/http://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/ecape_04/Kei_summer.pdf |date=1 February 2022 }}
*[https://municipalities.co.za/overview/1005/great-kei-local-municipality Great Kei Local Municipality (EC123)]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:British military personnel of de 9th Cape Frontier War]]
[[Category:Political history of South Africa]]
[[Category:Rivers of de Eastern Cape]]
[[Category:Internal borders of South Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>e5d5unk2ct8wjc1ru6b83wcn5mtfc6o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Orange River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27238</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100821</id>
      <parentid>100322</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:01:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100821</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6089" sha1="ib0lge3b1npumxrpt4igrkn80d47gte" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Orange River''' (from Afrikaans/Dutch: '''''Oranjerivier''''') be a river insyd Southern Africa. E be de longest river insyd [[South Africa]]. Plus a total length of 2,432 km (1,511 mi), de Orange River Basin dey extend from [[Lesotho]] into South Africa den [[Namibia]] to de north. E dey rise insyd de Drakensberg mountains insyd Lesotho, dey flow westwards thru South Africa to de [[Atlantic Ocean]]. De river dey form part of de international borders between South Africa den Lesotho den between South Africa den Namibia, as well as several provincial borders within South Africa. Except for Upington, e no dey pass thru any major cities. De Orange River dey play an important role insyd de South African economy by providing water for irrigation den hydroelectric power. De river be named de Orange River in honour of de Dutch ruling family, de House of Orange, by de Dutch explorer Robert Jacob Gordon. Oda names include simply de word for river, insyd Khoekhoegowab orthography dem wrep as '''!Garib''', wich be rendered insyd Afrikaans as '''Gariep River''' plus de intrusion of a velar fricative in place of de alveolar click,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Travel |first=Wild Africa |title=Wild Africa Travel: Orange River |url=http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220031736/http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-03 |website=www.wildafricatravel.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''Groote River''' (dem derive from '''Kai !Garib''') anaa '''Senqu River''' (dem use insyd Lesotho), dem derive from '''ǂNū''' &quot;Black&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Orange River Basin |url=https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213081531/https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx |archive-date=13 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-03 |website=www.dwa.gov.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be known insyd isiZulu as '''isAngqu.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Doke |first=C.M |title=Zulu-English Dictionary |publisher=Witwatersrand University Press |year=1972 |isbn=0-85494-027-8 |location=Johannesburg |pages=11 |language=en, zu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
[[File:Orange_River_basin_map.svg|left|thumb|De course den watershed of de Orange River, Caledon River den Vaal River (ǀHaiǃarib). Dis map dey show a conservative border for de watershed. Specifically, de Kalahari basin be excluded, as sam sources say e be endorheic. Sam oda sources wey dey use computational methods show a basin wich dey include parts of [[Botswana]] (den hence of de Kalahari).&lt;ref name=&quot;wri2&quot;&gt;Revenga, C.; Murray, S.; Abramovitz, J. and Hammond, A .&lt;/ref&gt;]]
De Orange dey rise insyd de Drakensberg mountains along de border between South Africa den Lesotho, about 193 km (120 mi) west of de Indian Ocean den at an altitude of over 3,000 m (9,800 ft). De extremity of de Orange River insyd Lesotho be known as de '''Senqu'''. Parts of de Senqu River freeze insyd winter secof de high altitude. Dis dey create droughts downstream, wich mainly dey affect goat den cattle production.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Orange River {{!}} Physical Features &amp; Exploration {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Orange-River|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260506034950/https://www.britannica.com/place/Orange-River|archive-date=2026-05-06|access-date=2026-06-01|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Rosh_Pinah_Orange_River.jpg|thumb|Orange River south of Rosh Pinah]]
[[File:Senqu_River_in_Lesotho.jpg|thumb|Senqu River Near Ha Potomane (Cutting Camp) insyd Quthing, Lesotho]]
[[File:Orange_River_near_Oranjerivier.jpg|thumb|Orange River near Hopetown]]
De Orange River dey then run westward thru South Africa, dey form de south-western boundary of de Free State province. Insyd dis section, de river dey flow first into de Gariep Dam den later into de Vanderkloof Dam. From de border of Lesotho to below de Vanderkloof Dam, de river bed deeply be incised. Further downstream, de land be flatter, den de river be used extensively for irrigation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Orange River {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://sahistory.org.za/place/orange-river |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=sahistory.org.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Catchment den rainfall ===
De total catchment of de Orange River (wey dey include de Vaal) dey extend over 973,000 km2 (376,000 sq mi), i.e. equivalent to about 77% of de land area of South Africa (1,221,037 km2 (471,445 sq mi)). Around 366,000 km2 (141,000 sq mi) (38%), however, be situated outsyd de country insyd Lesotho, Botswana, den Namibia.

=== Tributaries ===

* Vaal River - 1,458 km (906 mi)
* Caledon River - 642 km (399 mi)
* Khubelu River - 144 km (89 mi)

=== Dams ===

* Armenia Dam
* Egmont Dam
* Gariep Dam
* Newberry Dam
* Vanderkloof Dam
* Welbedacht Dam

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.orasecom.org/ Orange-Senqu River Commission (ORASECOM)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727172756/http://www.orasecom.org/ |date=27 July 2013}}
* [http://www.orangesenqurak.org Orange-Senqu River Awareness Kit - knowledge hub for the Orange-Senqu River basin]
* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world |date=13 August 2012 |title=Map of the Orange River basin at Water Resources eAtlas}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061007235833/http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/estuary/catch/orange.html Map of portion of Orange River basin forming part of South Africa]
* [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/148587/seeing-orange-in-the-kalahari &quot;Seeing Orange in the Kalahari&quot;], article and astronaut photo at NASA Earth Observatory, July 18, 2021
* [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/orange/ Information on the Orange River from the South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry]

{{Authority control}}</text>
      <sha1>ib0lge3b1npumxrpt4igrkn80d47gte</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100822</id>
      <parentid>100821</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:03:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add categories</comment>
      <origin>100822</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6682" sha1="niazcu335tc09ul6gd3tgyrnj6btory" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Orange River''' (from Afrikaans/Dutch: '''''Oranjerivier''''') be a river insyd Southern Africa. E be de longest river insyd [[South Africa]]. Plus a total length of 2,432 km (1,511 mi), de Orange River Basin dey extend from [[Lesotho]] into South Africa den [[Namibia]] to de north. E dey rise insyd de Drakensberg mountains insyd Lesotho, dey flow westwards thru South Africa to de [[Atlantic Ocean]]. De river dey form part of de international borders between South Africa den Lesotho den between South Africa den Namibia, as well as several provincial borders within South Africa. Except for Upington, e no dey pass thru any major cities. De Orange River dey play an important role insyd de South African economy by providing water for irrigation den hydroelectric power. De river be named de Orange River in honour of de Dutch ruling family, de House of Orange, by de Dutch explorer Robert Jacob Gordon. Oda names include simply de word for river, insyd Khoekhoegowab orthography dem wrep as '''!Garib''', wich be rendered insyd Afrikaans as '''Gariep River''' plus de intrusion of a velar fricative in place of de alveolar click,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Travel |first=Wild Africa |title=Wild Africa Travel: Orange River |url=http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220031736/http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-03 |website=www.wildafricatravel.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''Groote River''' (dem derive from '''Kai !Garib''') anaa '''Senqu River''' (dem use insyd Lesotho), dem derive from '''ǂNū''' &quot;Black&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Orange River Basin |url=https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213081531/https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx |archive-date=13 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-03 |website=www.dwa.gov.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be known insyd isiZulu as '''isAngqu.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Doke |first=C.M |title=Zulu-English Dictionary |publisher=Witwatersrand University Press |year=1972 |isbn=0-85494-027-8 |location=Johannesburg |pages=11 |language=en, zu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
[[File:Orange_River_basin_map.svg|left|thumb|De course den watershed of de Orange River, Caledon River den Vaal River (ǀHaiǃarib). Dis map dey show a conservative border for de watershed. Specifically, de Kalahari basin be excluded, as sam sources say e be endorheic. Sam oda sources wey dey use computational methods show a basin wich dey include parts of [[Botswana]] (den hence of de Kalahari).&lt;ref name=&quot;wri2&quot;&gt;Revenga, C.; Murray, S.; Abramovitz, J. and Hammond, A .&lt;/ref&gt;]]
De Orange dey rise insyd de Drakensberg mountains along de border between South Africa den Lesotho, about 193 km (120 mi) west of de Indian Ocean den at an altitude of over 3,000 m (9,800 ft). De extremity of de Orange River insyd Lesotho be known as de '''Senqu'''. Parts of de Senqu River freeze insyd winter secof de high altitude. Dis dey create droughts downstream, wich mainly dey affect goat den cattle production.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Orange River {{!}} Physical Features &amp; Exploration {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Orange-River|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260506034950/https://www.britannica.com/place/Orange-River|archive-date=2026-05-06|access-date=2026-06-01|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Rosh_Pinah_Orange_River.jpg|thumb|Orange River south of Rosh Pinah]]
[[File:Senqu_River_in_Lesotho.jpg|thumb|Senqu River Near Ha Potomane (Cutting Camp) insyd Quthing, Lesotho]]
[[File:Orange_River_near_Oranjerivier.jpg|thumb|Orange River near Hopetown]]
De Orange River dey then run westward thru South Africa, dey form de south-western boundary of de Free State province. Insyd dis section, de river dey flow first into de Gariep Dam den later into de Vanderkloof Dam. From de border of Lesotho to below de Vanderkloof Dam, de river bed deeply be incised. Further downstream, de land be flatter, den de river be used extensively for irrigation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Orange River {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://sahistory.org.za/place/orange-river |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=sahistory.org.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Catchment den rainfall ===
De total catchment of de Orange River (wey dey include de Vaal) dey extend over 973,000 km2 (376,000 sq mi), i.e. equivalent to about 77% of de land area of South Africa (1,221,037 km2 (471,445 sq mi)). Around 366,000 km2 (141,000 sq mi) (38%), however, be situated outsyd de country insyd Lesotho, Botswana, den Namibia.

=== Tributaries ===

* Vaal River - 1,458 km (906 mi)
* Caledon River - 642 km (399 mi)
* Khubelu River - 144 km (89 mi)

=== Dams ===

* Armenia Dam
* Egmont Dam
* Gariep Dam
* Newberry Dam
* Vanderkloof Dam
* Welbedacht Dam

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.orasecom.org/ Orange-Senqu River Commission (ORASECOM)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727172756/http://www.orasecom.org/ |date=27 July 2013}}
* [http://www.orangesenqurak.org Orange-Senqu River Awareness Kit - knowledge hub for the Orange-Senqu River basin]
* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world |date=13 August 2012 |title=Map of the Orange River basin at Water Resources eAtlas}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061007235833/http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/estuary/catch/orange.html Map of portion of Orange River basin forming part of South Africa]
* [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/148587/seeing-orange-in-the-kalahari &quot;Seeing Orange in the Kalahari&quot;], article and astronaut photo at NASA Earth Observatory, July 18, 2021
* [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/orange/ Information on the Orange River from the South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry]

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Orange River| ]]
[[Category:Geography of de ǁKharas Region]]
[[Category:Internal borders of South Africa]]
[[Category:International rivers of Africa]]
[[Category:Karoo]]
[[Category:Lesotho–South Africa border]]
[[Category:Namibia–South Africa border]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites insyd Namibia]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites insyd South Africa]]
[[Category:Rivers of Lesotho]]
[[Category:Rivers of Namibia]]
[[Category:Rivers of de Eastern Cape]]
[[Category:Rivers of de Free State (province)]]
[[Category:Rivers of de Northern Cape]]
[[Category:Vaal River]]
[[Category:Border rivers]]</text>
      <sha1>niazcu335tc09ul6gd3tgyrnj6btory</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lake Mweru</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27254</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100795</id>
      <parentid>100472</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T19:17:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100795</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4725" sha1="j3j54mroo7n4irck3bfqd8uet6bg8bn" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;           

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>j3j54mroo7n4irck3bfqd8uet6bg8bn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100800</id>
      <parentid>100795</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T19:21:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100800</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4896" sha1="1tq6rsokwmm8rue2tjbkoqi9wwdipw4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to Arab den Swahili traders (of ivory, copper den slaves) wey use Kilwa Island for de lake top as a base at one time. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>1tq6rsokwmm8rue2tjbkoqi9wwdipw4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100801</id>
      <parentid>100800</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T19:22:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100801</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5110" sha1="ctbqaag3l94hgu9lnf583qm0jj0mffb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to Arab den Swahili traders (of ivory, copper den slaves) wey use Kilwa Island for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from Zanzibar for de Indian Ocean top to Ujiji for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de Lunda, Luba, Yeke anaa Kazembe kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ctbqaag3l94hgu9lnf583qm0jj0mffb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100802</id>
      <parentid>100801</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T19:22:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100802</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5225" sha1="k2nvafm32f3x07tdw9478g2gz1beoth" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to Arab den Swahili traders (of ivory, copper den slaves) wey use Kilwa Island for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from Zanzibar for de Indian Ocean top to Ujiji for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de Lunda, Luba, Yeke anaa Kazembe kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de Atlantic, so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>k2nvafm32f3x07tdw9478g2gz1beoth</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100870</id>
      <parentid>100802</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T05:57:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100870</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5470" sha1="3pbw9zhriw1ot8rninhbktog8vyhbql" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to Arab den Swahili traders (of ivory, copper den slaves) wey use Kilwa Island for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from Zanzibar for de Indian Ocean top to Ujiji for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de Lunda, Luba, Yeke anaa Kazembe kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de Atlantic, so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>3pbw9zhriw1ot8rninhbktog8vyhbql</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100871</id>
      <parentid>100870</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:07:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100871</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5874" sha1="dszs59zr0q8v8xzbwadhrlmj23cmko7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to Arab den Swahili traders (of ivory, copper den slaves) wey use Kilwa Island for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from Zanzibar for de Indian Ocean top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]].   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>dszs59zr0q8v8xzbwadhrlmj23cmko7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100872</id>
      <parentid>100871</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:08:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100872</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6151" sha1="o5on4loly1x6iq035ks2scamjqno7gc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to Arab den Swahili traders (of ivory, copper den slaves) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>o5on4loly1x6iq035ks2scamjqno7gc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100873</id>
      <parentid>100872</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:10:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100873</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6409" sha1="iljbbumxnal4bruwmq23k6et5c1rl0q" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>iljbbumxnal4bruwmq23k6et5c1rl0q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100874</id>
      <parentid>100873</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:11:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100874</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6728" sha1="eub5w3tw8cn8778grs9agh4s71w360f" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt;    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>eub5w3tw8cn8778grs9agh4s71w360f</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100875</id>
      <parentid>100874</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:11:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100875</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6857" sha1="h3hf3ucglk8i1iug2rp39npe46jdfhq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>h3hf3ucglk8i1iug2rp39npe46jdfhq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100876</id>
      <parentid>100875</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:12:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100876</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7068" sha1="3dai233dpjqa73nnrwhplq1w0r0n6yz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[Horace Waller (activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>3dai233dpjqa73nnrwhplq1w0r0n6yz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100877</id>
      <parentid>100876</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:18:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100877</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7245" sha1="8go6rry7e90tyr0a3os4epmxl593squ" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[Horace Waller (activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am.     

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>8go6rry7e90tyr0a3os4epmxl593squ</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100878</id>
      <parentid>100877</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:19:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100878</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7338" sha1="rqtjurl28nf6lpuvetqcb067tzx5gj6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[Horace Waller (activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva.      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>rqtjurl28nf6lpuvetqcb067tzx5gj6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100879</id>
      <parentid>100878</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:19:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100879</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7509" sha1="n5qg75z10q6jpnpkppi0rzgv304q6fa" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[Horace Waller (activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area.       

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>n5qg75z10q6jpnpkppi0rzgv304q6fa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100880</id>
      <parentid>100879</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:20:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100880</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7742" sha1="36xh1rqrn8i5krvdldf5eft8bhvlhgh" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[Horace Waller (activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri.        

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>36xh1rqrn8i5krvdldf5eft8bhvlhgh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100881</id>
      <parentid>100880</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:21:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100881</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7858" sha1="s0wuxl3cutgeyl948xi92h8a5kuy4on" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[Horace Waller (activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]].         

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>s0wuxl3cutgeyl948xi92h8a5kuy4on</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100882</id>
      <parentid>100881</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:21:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100882</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8067" sha1="sqan2ck7s4tuxyxn0eg9krx6215eukp" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[Horace Waller (activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>sqan2ck7s4tuxyxn0eg9krx6215eukp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100883</id>
      <parentid>100882</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:22:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100883</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8071" sha1="j4u82550ope5vd444hd70ri3ldk72jg" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>j4u82550ope5vd444hd70ri3ldk72jg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100884</id>
      <parentid>100883</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:25:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100884</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8336" sha1="r60c1ob7w4e9oe4qi5h85x2pxdmf4ds" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]].  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>r60c1ob7w4e9oe4qi5h85x2pxdmf4ds</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100885</id>
      <parentid>100884</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:25:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100885</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8493" sha1="l8u7lbrr4rfszkyyki986ooa0d0vega" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>l8u7lbrr4rfszkyyki986ooa0d0vega</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100886</id>
      <parentid>100885</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:25:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100886</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8739" sha1="hh12vwi85q21qoiwjj12pcnuboc89hc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>hh12vwi85q21qoiwjj12pcnuboc89hc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100887</id>
      <parentid>100886</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:26:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100887</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8900" sha1="crftjjxy1wil8owu9m4nep7wps9cylr" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>crftjjxy1wil8owu9m4nep7wps9cylr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100888</id>
      <parentid>100887</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:34:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100888</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9559" sha1="4y04803ievmfmuu3mxprgd44mfz37lz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>4y04803ievmfmuu3mxprgd44mfz37lz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100889</id>
      <parentid>100888</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:37:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100889</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9717" sha1="gg7joqr1omortph0ji09pxz2n5ku4qr" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>gg7joqr1omortph0ji09pxz2n5ku4qr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100890</id>
      <parentid>100889</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:38:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100890</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9785" sha1="tdj8w2cx3jg1zgijwg2bh7e93dsp857" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>tdj8w2cx3jg1zgijwg2bh7e93dsp857</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100891</id>
      <parentid>100890</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:38:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100891</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10014" sha1="qa0zvj9pahyeoog2s9biepn8cmwotkn" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>qa0zvj9pahyeoog2s9biepn8cmwotkn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100892</id>
      <parentid>100891</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:41:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100892</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10231" sha1="agwe8ywldah3q895weqc8x8oyrlsuau" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police.     

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>agwe8ywldah3q895weqc8x8oyrlsuau</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100893</id>
      <parentid>100892</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:42:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100893</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10700" sha1="gfyhdditidsmntgp2ce2nib3iftfug6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>gfyhdditidsmntgp2ce2nib3iftfug6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100894</id>
      <parentid>100893</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:46:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100894</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10984" sha1="8ni5fy41v3cygcwn3mx1532z9gs5sgo" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire).      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>8ni5fy41v3cygcwn3mx1532z9gs5sgo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100895</id>
      <parentid>100894</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:46:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100895</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11100" sha1="qsijn4ujcp9jje153bw9oxmr76yss87" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). See de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>qsijn4ujcp9jje153bw9oxmr76yss87</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100896</id>
      <parentid>100895</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:51:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100896</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11536" sha1="e4zo4iu9shzwe4pzw4grzh95styy5lz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). See de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere.       

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>e4zo4iu9shzwe4pzw4grzh95styy5lz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100897</id>
      <parentid>100896</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:51:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100897</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11693" sha1="mcvetntcpfe1pz1a39wnyh7wykqw14x" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). See de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish.        

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>mcvetntcpfe1pz1a39wnyh7wykqw14x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100899</id>
      <parentid>100897</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:52:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100899</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11952" sha1="dtklmt0vis1gwque7snseyv4s1ho78h" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). See de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>dtklmt0vis1gwque7snseyv4s1ho78h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100904</id>
      <parentid>100899</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T08:53:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100904</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12034" sha1="j0io0w6xgj5p8jfqipd4bxtnk7cmb6h" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). See de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>j0io0w6xgj5p8jfqipd4bxtnk7cmb6h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100905</id>
      <parentid>100904</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T08:54:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100905</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12063" sha1="7maw0dxrf119wbffzpxummhiuh74d86" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). See de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>7maw0dxrf119wbffzpxummhiuh74d86</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100906</id>
      <parentid>100905</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T08:54:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100906</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12326" sha1="lrnalju81duxyce9u2ik1err3sev8t3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). See de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>lrnalju81duxyce9u2ik1err3sev8t3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100907</id>
      <parentid>100906</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T08:55:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100907</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12552" sha1="dg6q6otg3f95os6rkkffeegkon4q3wz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). See de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>dg6q6otg3f95os6rkkffeegkon4q3wz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100908</id>
      <parentid>100907</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T08:55:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100908</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12626" sha1="8nlm6pgfowbe0876spqh7amkkspvgpn" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). See de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>8nlm6pgfowbe0876spqh7amkkspvgpn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100909</id>
      <parentid>100908</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T08:56:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100909</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12757" sha1="oztrzupyakkc1b1837s05u1idaqon3z" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). See de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>oztrzupyakkc1b1837s05u1idaqon3z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100910</id>
      <parentid>100909</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T08:56:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100910</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12911" sha1="owg7oiuy1zgityco28l23cy8pa9npi7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). See de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>owg7oiuy1zgityco28l23cy8pa9npi7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100911</id>
      <parentid>100910</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T09:05:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100911</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13249" sha1="qp8luf5czmxjzsz2hwrhhtz6m7s827d" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>qp8luf5czmxjzsz2hwrhhtz6m7s827d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100912</id>
      <parentid>100911</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T09:06:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100912</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13287" sha1="lie4upimif5wqnsntmiu3bhrmhtll24" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>lie4upimif5wqnsntmiu3bhrmhtll24</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100913</id>
      <parentid>100912</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T09:06:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100913</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13430" sha1="2j4tu7l410rwjj8xe2n4y7rc2kfwovb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>2j4tu7l410rwjj8xe2n4y7rc2kfwovb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100914</id>
      <parentid>100913</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T09:07:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100914</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13660" sha1="eiq8pw2znt9a5kn6ypc369ncg2k87kh" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main Luapula Province road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>eiq8pw2znt9a5kn6ypc369ncg2k87kh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100915</id>
      <parentid>100914</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T09:07:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100915</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13812" sha1="62n9ssxjmlrtiq5h922k35cxwvu4b3s" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main Luapula Province road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de Copperbelt mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>62n9ssxjmlrtiq5h922k35cxwvu4b3s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100916</id>
      <parentid>100915</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T09:08:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100916</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13956" sha1="pb0vjefgas9z1egih33094q7y4c3da9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main Luapula Province road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de Copperbelt mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>pb0vjefgas9z1egih33094q7y4c3da9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100917</id>
      <parentid>100916</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T09:09:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100917</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14078" sha1="0mngh10f70acuzmt7vtxwyyr3ufofgt" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>0mngh10f70acuzmt7vtxwyyr3ufofgt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100918</id>
      <parentid>100917</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T10:05:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100918</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14136" sha1="7eigqb3e5c5xfxvmexpr9wtltt61tkv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>7eigqb3e5c5xfxvmexpr9wtltt61tkv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100919</id>
      <parentid>100918</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T10:07:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100919</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14160" sha1="7baz5g6n09mmgntfpjvl99abeicwr8m" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]</text>
      <sha1>7baz5g6n09mmgntfpjvl99abeicwr8m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100920</id>
      <parentid>100919</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T10:08:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100920</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14203" sha1="9dnza400h26af4ssc3ym5n0pq79xm67" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]</text>
      <sha1>9dnza400h26af4ssc3ym5n0pq79xm67</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100921</id>
      <parentid>100920</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T10:10:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100921</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14257" sha1="9mgj9adse2xn5xoltd33fs1vfvvfgf2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>9mgj9adse2xn5xoltd33fs1vfvvfgf2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100922</id>
      <parentid>100921</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T10:11:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100922</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14286" sha1="akaxg1fpsdy9uxbqfbb6vob6sjz71f5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]</text>
      <sha1>akaxg1fpsdy9uxbqfbb6vob6sjz71f5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100923</id>
      <parentid>100922</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T10:12:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100923</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14306" sha1="nuyp4d03p17y9rfl7curwuloh0coq0g" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]</text>
      <sha1>nuyp4d03p17y9rfl7curwuloh0coq0g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100924</id>
      <parentid>100923</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T10:12:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100924</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14331" sha1="09u7ia1n8nclbyxzx7s244odgy8tupx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]</text>
      <sha1>09u7ia1n8nclbyxzx7s244odgy8tupx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100925</id>
      <parentid>100924</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T10:13:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100925</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14352" sha1="hnr2to06d0k0516paqgn96y9facqyls" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
      <sha1>hnr2to06d0k0516paqgn96y9facqyls</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100938</id>
      <parentid>100925</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T11:04:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100938</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14645" sha1="rtgep8vbo4r48pnkk2ta3fdscamld2y" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
      <sha1>rtgep8vbo4r48pnkk2ta3fdscamld2y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100939</id>
      <parentid>100938</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T11:05:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100939</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14776" sha1="0a8yr60kilnnyvlgydidjfwawwn433y" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd).  

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
      <sha1>0a8yr60kilnnyvlgydidjfwawwn433y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100940</id>
      <parentid>100939</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T11:06:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100940</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14976" sha1="ixfohh1wt7dvsxggrh4u7g83gkdwf0u" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
      <sha1>ixfohh1wt7dvsxggrh4u7g83gkdwf0u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100944</id>
      <parentid>100940</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T11:15:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100944</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15294" sha1="d1t59owtt7kyjiu7kqaszvih5zz2hsd" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd.   

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
      <sha1>d1t59owtt7kyjiu7kqaszvih5zz2hsd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100945</id>
      <parentid>100944</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T11:16:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100945</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15488" sha1="ozuzr0dhi7az65ielxv0pppheyt4dw7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]].    

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
      <sha1>ozuzr0dhi7az65ielxv0pppheyt4dw7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100946</id>
      <parentid>100945</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T11:16:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100946</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15741" sha1="b5qjgj8c0osngoqfv6vyo0gu6eed4ik" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd.     

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
      <sha1>b5qjgj8c0osngoqfv6vyo0gu6eed4ik</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100948</id>
      <parentid>100946</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T11:17:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100948</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15857" sha1="m9y493mho19dye4yatn5diulosc8nwo" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year.      

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
      <sha1>m9y493mho19dye4yatn5diulosc8nwo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100949</id>
      <parentid>100948</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T11:19:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100949</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15983" sha1="ds8wp0tm3htt72pxefe1s6tn2qjswcu" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.      

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
      <sha1>ds8wp0tm3htt72pxefe1s6tn2qjswcu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100951</id>
      <parentid>100949</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T11:22:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100951</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16003" sha1="cjxxl8wkw02v35h62yj54d0yeu6yclc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;      

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
      <sha1>cjxxl8wkw02v35h62yj54d0yeu6yclc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100952</id>
      <parentid>100951</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T11:23:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100952</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16241" sha1="nvivuupa7luv2hi6u0s2r6036chmuwj" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;      

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
      <sha1>nvivuupa7luv2hi6u0s2r6036chmuwj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Colony flood canada</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27289</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100797</id>
      <parentid>100683</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T19:18:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100797</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2433" sha1="gn732yw5jr45kdvds6n96ybhyb6ecy9" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Flood-control canal in Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}
De Cocody Flood Canal (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure located insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E forms part of de city's broader flood management system designed to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, situated on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area experiences heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation exceeding 1,800 mm, making flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Abidjan |date=2026-05-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&amp;oldid=1354283212 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid urbanization den informal settlement expansion dey place significant pressure on de commune's drainage systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inadequate drainage capacity den poor waste management have been identified as contributing factors to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==</text>
      <sha1>gn732yw5jr45kdvds6n96ybhyb6ecy9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100799</id>
      <parentid>100797</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T19:19:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add sub-heading</comment>
      <origin>100799</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2467" sha1="08eubus7n0qvfyotmnm2dpk204wl0o7" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Flood-control canal in Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}
De Cocody Flood Canal (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure located insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E forms part of de city's broader flood management system designed to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, situated on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area experiences heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation exceeding 1,800 mm, making flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Abidjan |date=2026-05-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&amp;oldid=1354283212 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid urbanization den informal settlement expansion dey place significant pressure on de commune's drainage systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inadequate drainage capacity den poor waste management have been identified as contributing factors to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Infrastructure den function ==
== References ==</text>
      <sha1>08eubus7n0qvfyotmnm2dpk204wl0o7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100805</id>
      <parentid>100799</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T22:13:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100805</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2902" sha1="ms386qsjeh3c70a04fklfg64azb5618" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Flood-control canal in Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}
De Cocody Flood Canal (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure located insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E forms part of de city's broader flood management system designed to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, situated on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area experiences heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation exceeding 1,800 mm, making flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Abidjan |date=2026-05-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&amp;oldid=1354283212 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid urbanization den informal settlement expansion dey place significant pressure on de commune's drainage systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inadequate drainage capacity den poor waste management have been identified as contributing factors to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Infrastructure den function ==
De canal be design to channel excess stormwater away from residential neighborhoods den major roadways, directing runoff toward de Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na am dey  operates insyd conjunction plus smaller collector drains den retention basins distributed throughout de commune.
== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ms386qsjeh3c70a04fklfg64azb5618</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100806</id>
      <parentid>100805</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T22:21:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100806</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3371" sha1="jzzfqbh5kbsjgkzhgou25vjqg7t9iz2" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Flood-control canal in Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}
De Cocody Flood Canal (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure located insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E forms part of de city's broader flood management system designed to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, situated on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area experiences heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation exceeding 1,800 mm, making flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Abidjan |date=2026-05-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&amp;oldid=1354283212 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid urbanization den informal settlement expansion dey place significant pressure on de commune's drainage systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inadequate drainage capacity den poor waste management have been identified as contributing factors to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Infrastructure den function ==
De canal be design to channel excess stormwater away from residential neighborhoods den major roadways, directing runoff toward de Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na am dey  operates insyd conjunction plus smaller collector drains den retention basins distributed throughout de commune.

De Cocody drainage network has undergone several rehabilitation projects wey dey fund by de Ivorian government den international development partners, including de World Bank, as part of de Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>jzzfqbh5kbsjgkzhgou25vjqg7t9iz2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100835</id>
      <parentid>100806</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:14:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Add sub-heading</comment>
      <origin>100835</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3392" sha1="0ym3ygwlfmblb6w065fag5x631eus4s" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Flood-control canal in Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}
De Cocody Flood Canal (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure located insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E forms part of de city's broader flood management system designed to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, situated on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area experiences heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation exceeding 1,800 mm, making flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Abidjan |date=2026-05-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&amp;oldid=1354283212 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid urbanization den informal settlement expansion dey place significant pressure on de commune's drainage systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inadequate drainage capacity den poor waste management have been identified as contributing factors to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Infrastructure den function ==
De canal be design to channel excess stormwater away from residential neighborhoods den major roadways, directing runoff toward de Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na am dey  operates insyd conjunction plus smaller collector drains den retention basins distributed throughout de commune.

De Cocody drainage network has undergone several rehabilitation projects wey dey fund by de Ivorian government den international development partners, including de World Bank, as part of de Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Flooding issues ==
== References ==</text>
      <sha1>0ym3ygwlfmblb6w065fag5x631eus4s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100836</id>
      <parentid>100835</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:15:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100836</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3582" sha1="8t5i3ixc5b8g6ls8ec49e4y2ctvrkzl" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Flood-control canal in Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}
De Cocody Flood Canal (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure located insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E forms part of de city's broader flood management system designed to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, situated on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area experiences heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation exceeding 1,800 mm, making flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Abidjan |date=2026-05-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&amp;oldid=1354283212 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid urbanization den informal settlement expansion dey place significant pressure on de commune's drainage systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inadequate drainage capacity den poor waste management have been identified as contributing factors to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Infrastructure den function ==
De canal be design to channel excess stormwater away from residential neighborhoods den major roadways, directing runoff toward de Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na am dey  operates insyd conjunction plus smaller collector drains den retention basins distributed throughout de commune.

De Cocody drainage network has undergone several rehabilitation projects wey dey fund by de Ivorian government den international development partners, including de World Bank, as part of de Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Flooding issues ==
Despite de canal's presence, Cocody continues to experience flooding during intense rainfall events. Research den government reports cite several causes, including:&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot; /&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>8t5i3ixc5b8g6ls8ec49e4y2ctvrkzl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100837</id>
      <parentid>100836</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:17:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100837</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3788" sha1="pyqbh41pzitoqe2p28s3b7jiv2g8mjj" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Flood-control canal in Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}
De Cocody Flood Canal (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure located insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E forms part of de city's broader flood management system designed to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, situated on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area experiences heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation exceeding 1,800 mm, making flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Abidjan |date=2026-05-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&amp;oldid=1354283212 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid urbanization den informal settlement expansion dey place significant pressure on de commune's drainage systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inadequate drainage capacity den poor waste management have been identified as contributing factors to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Infrastructure den function ==
De canal be design to channel excess stormwater away from residential neighborhoods den major roadways, directing runoff toward de Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na am dey  operates insyd conjunction plus smaller collector drains den retention basins distributed throughout de commune.

De Cocody drainage network has undergone several rehabilitation projects wey dey fund by de Ivorian government den international development partners, including de World Bank, as part of de Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Flooding issues ==
Despite de canal's presence, Cocody continues to experience flooding during intense rainfall events. Research den government reports cite several causes, including:&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot; /&gt;
* Sedimentation den silt accumulation dey de canal
* Blockage by solid waste den plastic debris
* Encroachment of informal structures on drainage easements
* Insufficient maintenance den cleaning schedules

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>pyqbh41pzitoqe2p28s3b7jiv2g8mjj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100838</id>
      <parentid>100837</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:18:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100838</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4332" sha1="prx6cnrwz8d7veiv020oo5zenhipqha" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Flood-control canal in Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}
De Cocody Flood Canal (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure located insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E forms part of de city's broader flood management system designed to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, situated on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area experiences heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation exceeding 1,800 mm, making flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Abidjan |date=2026-05-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&amp;oldid=1354283212 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid urbanization den informal settlement expansion dey place significant pressure on de commune's drainage systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inadequate drainage capacity den poor waste management have been identified as contributing factors to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Infrastructure den function ==
De canal be design to channel excess stormwater away from residential neighborhoods den major roadways, directing runoff toward de Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na am dey  operates insyd conjunction plus smaller collector drains den retention basins distributed throughout de commune.

De Cocody drainage network has undergone several rehabilitation projects wey dey fund by de Ivorian government den international development partners, including de World Bank, as part of de Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Flooding issues ==
Despite de canal's presence, Cocody continues to experience flooding during intense rainfall events. Research den government reports cite several causes, including:&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot; /&gt;
* Sedimentation den silt accumulation dey de canal
* Blockage by solid waste den plastic debris
* Encroachment of informal structures on drainage easements
* Insufficient maintenance den cleaning schedules
Insyd June 2018, severe flooding insyd Cocody wey cause multiple fatalities den significant property damage, prompting renewed government attention to drainage infrastructure investment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==</text>
      <sha1>prx6cnrwz8d7veiv020oo5zenhipqha</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100839</id>
      <parentid>100838</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:19:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Add sub-heading</comment>
      <origin>100839</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4358" sha1="ntek09rpxwwumvvomq1znnbi5rv1or0" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Flood-control canal in Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}
De Cocody Flood Canal (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure located insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E forms part of de city's broader flood management system designed to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, situated on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area experiences heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation exceeding 1,800 mm, making flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Abidjan |date=2026-05-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&amp;oldid=1354283212 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid urbanization den informal settlement expansion dey place significant pressure on de commune's drainage systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inadequate drainage capacity den poor waste management have been identified as contributing factors to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Infrastructure den function ==
De canal be design to channel excess stormwater away from residential neighborhoods den major roadways, directing runoff toward de Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na am dey  operates insyd conjunction plus smaller collector drains den retention basins distributed throughout de commune.

De Cocody drainage network has undergone several rehabilitation projects wey dey fund by de Ivorian government den international development partners, including de World Bank, as part of de Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Flooding issues ==
Despite de canal's presence, Cocody continues to experience flooding during intense rainfall events. Research den government reports cite several causes, including:&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot; /&gt;
* Sedimentation den silt accumulation dey de canal
* Blockage by solid waste den plastic debris
* Encroachment of informal structures on drainage easements
* Insufficient maintenance den cleaning schedules
Insyd June 2018, severe flooding insyd Cocody wey cause multiple fatalities den significant property damage, prompting renewed government attention to drainage infrastructure investment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Recent developments ==
== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ntek09rpxwwumvvomq1znnbi5rv1or0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100840</id>
      <parentid>100839</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:21:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100840</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5004" sha1="2iis1iv5w152ridbpkve9zhpg1pgtxt" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Flood-control canal in Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}
De Cocody Flood Canal (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure located insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E forms part of de city's broader flood management system designed to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, situated on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area experiences heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation exceeding 1,800 mm, making flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Abidjan |date=2026-05-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&amp;oldid=1354283212 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid urbanization den informal settlement expansion dey place significant pressure on de commune's drainage systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inadequate drainage capacity den poor waste management have been identified as contributing factors to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Infrastructure den function ==
De canal be design to channel excess stormwater away from residential neighborhoods den major roadways, directing runoff toward de Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na am dey  operates insyd conjunction plus smaller collector drains den retention basins distributed throughout de commune.

De Cocody drainage network has undergone several rehabilitation projects wey dey fund by de Ivorian government den international development partners, including de World Bank, as part of de Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Flooding issues ==
Despite de canal's presence, Cocody continues to experience flooding during intense rainfall events. Research den government reports cite several causes, including:&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot; /&gt;
* Sedimentation den silt accumulation dey de canal
* Blockage by solid waste den plastic debris
* Encroachment of informal structures on drainage easements
* Insufficient maintenance den cleaning schedules
Insyd June 2018, severe flooding insyd Cocody wey cause multiple fatalities den significant property damage, prompting renewed government attention to drainage infrastructure investment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Recent developments ==
Insyd 2020, de Ivorian government launch de Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan (Integrated Stormwater Management Project for Abidjan), wich includes de rehabilitation den expansion of de Cocody drainage canal system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement ::  Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project be supported by de Agence Française de Développement (AFD) den aims to reduce flood risk for over 500,000 residents.
== References ==</text>
      <sha1>2iis1iv5w152ridbpkve9zhpg1pgtxt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100841</id>
      <parentid>100840</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:22:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Add sub-heading</comment>
      <origin>100841</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5019" sha1="6b1yaqgqkilbh9kdmxkc4j007i52ery" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Flood-control canal in Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}
De Cocody Flood Canal (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure located insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E forms part of de city's broader flood management system designed to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, situated on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area experiences heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation exceeding 1,800 mm, making flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Abidjan |date=2026-05-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&amp;oldid=1354283212 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid urbanization den informal settlement expansion dey place significant pressure on de commune's drainage systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inadequate drainage capacity den poor waste management have been identified as contributing factors to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Infrastructure den function ==
De canal be design to channel excess stormwater away from residential neighborhoods den major roadways, directing runoff toward de Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na am dey  operates insyd conjunction plus smaller collector drains den retention basins distributed throughout de commune.

De Cocody drainage network has undergone several rehabilitation projects wey dey fund by de Ivorian government den international development partners, including de World Bank, as part of de Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Flooding issues ==
Despite de canal's presence, Cocody continues to experience flooding during intense rainfall events. Research den government reports cite several causes, including:&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot; /&gt;
* Sedimentation den silt accumulation dey de canal
* Blockage by solid waste den plastic debris
* Encroachment of informal structures on drainage easements
* Insufficient maintenance den cleaning schedules
Insyd June 2018, severe flooding insyd Cocody wey cause multiple fatalities den significant property damage, prompting renewed government attention to drainage infrastructure investment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Recent developments ==
Insyd 2020, de Ivorian government launch de Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan (Integrated Stormwater Management Project for Abidjan), wich includes de rehabilitation den expansion of de Cocody drainage canal system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement ::  Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project be supported by de Agence Française de Développement (AFD) den aims to reduce flood risk for over 500,000 residents.
== See Also ==
== References ==</text>
      <sha1>6b1yaqgqkilbh9kdmxkc4j007i52ery</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100842</id>
      <parentid>100841</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:24:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100842</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5067" sha1="2yg8f5xd3u7b5eqwqv8jkjte6snmy56" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Flood-control canal in Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}
De Cocody Flood Canal (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure located insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E forms part of de city's broader flood management system designed to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, situated on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area experiences heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation exceeding 1,800 mm, making flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Abidjan |date=2026-05-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&amp;oldid=1354283212 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid urbanization den informal settlement expansion dey place significant pressure on de commune's drainage systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inadequate drainage capacity den poor waste management have been identified as contributing factors to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Infrastructure den function ==
De canal be design to channel excess stormwater away from residential neighborhoods den major roadways, directing runoff toward de Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na am dey  operates insyd conjunction plus smaller collector drains den retention basins distributed throughout de commune.

De Cocody drainage network has undergone several rehabilitation projects wey dey fund by de Ivorian government den international development partners, including de World Bank, as part of de Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Flooding issues ==
Despite de canal's presence, Cocody continues to experience flooding during intense rainfall events. Research den government reports cite several causes, including:&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot; /&gt;
* Sedimentation den silt accumulation dey de canal
* Blockage by solid waste den plastic debris
* Encroachment of informal structures on drainage easements
* Insufficient maintenance den cleaning schedules
Insyd June 2018, severe flooding insyd Cocody wey cause multiple fatalities den significant property damage, prompting renewed government attention to drainage infrastructure investment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Recent developments ==
Insyd 2020, de Ivorian government launch de Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan (Integrated Stormwater Management Project for Abidjan), wich includes de rehabilitation den expansion of de Cocody drainage canal system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement ::  Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project be supported by de Agence Française de Développement (AFD) den aims to reduce flood risk for over 500,000 residents.
== See Sanso ==
* Geography of Ivory Coast 
* Ébrié Lagoon 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>2yg8f5xd3u7b5eqwqv8jkjte6snmy56</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100843</id>
      <parentid>100842</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:25:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100843</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5119" sha1="qq9qotsjn6zvgsm3qb62o4gyw5sllcc" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Flood-control canal in Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}
De Cocody Flood Canal (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure located insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E forms part of de city's broader flood management system designed to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, situated on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area experiences heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation exceeding 1,800 mm, making flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Abidjan |date=2026-05-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&amp;oldid=1354283212 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid urbanization den informal settlement expansion dey place significant pressure on de commune's drainage systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inadequate drainage capacity den poor waste management have been identified as contributing factors to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Infrastructure den function ==
De canal be design to channel excess stormwater away from residential neighborhoods den major roadways, directing runoff toward de Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na am dey  operates insyd conjunction plus smaller collector drains den retention basins distributed throughout de commune.

De Cocody drainage network has undergone several rehabilitation projects wey dey fund by de Ivorian government den international development partners, including de World Bank, as part of de Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Flooding issues ==
Despite de canal's presence, Cocody continues to experience flooding during intense rainfall events. Research den government reports cite several causes, including:&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot; /&gt;
* Sedimentation den silt accumulation dey de canal
* Blockage by solid waste den plastic debris
* Encroachment of informal structures on drainage easements
* Insufficient maintenance den cleaning schedules
Insyd June 2018, severe flooding insyd Cocody wey cause multiple fatalities den significant property damage, prompting renewed government attention to drainage infrastructure investment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Recent developments ==
Insyd 2020, de Ivorian government launch de Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan (Integrated Stormwater Management Project for Abidjan), wich includes de rehabilitation den expansion of de Cocody drainage canal system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement ::  Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project be supported by de Agence Française de Développement (AFD) den aims to reduce flood risk for over 500,000 residents.
== See Sanso ==
* Geography of Ivory Coast 
* Ébrié Lagoon 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Water insyd Ivory coast]]</text>
      <sha1>qq9qotsjn6zvgsm3qb62o4gyw5sllcc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100844</id>
      <parentid>100843</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:27:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100844</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5140" sha1="co5g4ezj4eagvs0av2dl7spg2grpa4n" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Flood-control canal in Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}
De Cocody Flood Canal (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure located insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E forms part of de city's broader flood management system designed to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, situated on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area experiences heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation exceeding 1,800 mm, making flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Abidjan |date=2026-05-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&amp;oldid=1354283212 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid urbanization den informal settlement expansion dey place significant pressure on de commune's drainage systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inadequate drainage capacity den poor waste management have been identified as contributing factors to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Infrastructure den function ==
De canal be design to channel excess stormwater away from residential neighborhoods den major roadways, directing runoff toward de Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na am dey  operates insyd conjunction plus smaller collector drains den retention basins distributed throughout de commune.

De Cocody drainage network has undergone several rehabilitation projects wey dey fund by de Ivorian government den international development partners, including de World Bank, as part of de Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Flooding issues ==
Despite de canal's presence, Cocody continues to experience flooding during intense rainfall events. Research den government reports cite several causes, including:&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot; /&gt;
* Sedimentation den silt accumulation dey de canal
* Blockage by solid waste den plastic debris
* Encroachment of informal structures on drainage easements
* Insufficient maintenance den cleaning schedules
Insyd June 2018, severe flooding insyd Cocody wey cause multiple fatalities den significant property damage, prompting renewed government attention to drainage infrastructure investment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Recent developments ==
Insyd 2020, de Ivorian government launch de Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan (Integrated Stormwater Management Project for Abidjan), wich includes de rehabilitation den expansion of de Cocody drainage canal system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement ::  Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project be supported by de Agence Française de Développement (AFD) den aims to reduce flood risk for over 500,000 residents.
== See Sanso ==
* Geography of Ivory Coast 
* Ébrié Lagoon 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Water insyd Ivory coast]]
[[Category:Abidjan]]</text>
      <sha1>co5g4ezj4eagvs0av2dl7spg2grpa4n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100845</id>
      <parentid>100844</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:27:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100845</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5160" sha1="d6yc4z8lv20iiggzp7abxyl8vo60eqs" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Flood-control canal in Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}
De Cocody Flood Canal (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure located insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E forms part of de city's broader flood management system designed to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, situated on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area experiences heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation exceeding 1,800 mm, making flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Abidjan |date=2026-05-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&amp;oldid=1354283212 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid urbanization den informal settlement expansion dey place significant pressure on de commune's drainage systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inadequate drainage capacity den poor waste management have been identified as contributing factors to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Infrastructure den function ==
De canal be design to channel excess stormwater away from residential neighborhoods den major roadways, directing runoff toward de Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na am dey  operates insyd conjunction plus smaller collector drains den retention basins distributed throughout de commune.

De Cocody drainage network has undergone several rehabilitation projects wey dey fund by de Ivorian government den international development partners, including de World Bank, as part of de Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Flooding issues ==
Despite de canal's presence, Cocody continues to experience flooding during intense rainfall events. Research den government reports cite several causes, including:&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot; /&gt;
* Sedimentation den silt accumulation dey de canal
* Blockage by solid waste den plastic debris
* Encroachment of informal structures on drainage easements
* Insufficient maintenance den cleaning schedules
Insyd June 2018, severe flooding insyd Cocody wey cause multiple fatalities den significant property damage, prompting renewed government attention to drainage infrastructure investment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Recent developments ==
Insyd 2020, de Ivorian government launch de Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan (Integrated Stormwater Management Project for Abidjan), wich includes de rehabilitation den expansion of de Cocody drainage canal system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement ::  Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project be supported by de Agence Française de Développement (AFD) den aims to reduce flood risk for over 500,000 residents.
== See Sanso ==
* Geography of Ivory Coast 
* Ébrié Lagoon 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Water insyd Ivory coast]]
[[Category:Abidjan]]
[[Category:Cocody]]</text>
      <sha1>d6yc4z8lv20iiggzp7abxyl8vo60eqs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100846</id>
      <parentid>100845</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:28:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100846</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5212" sha1="33blf6g4u8a7cbdc89q9nds06b6xzll" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Flood-control canal in Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}
De Cocody Flood Canal (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure located insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E forms part of de city's broader flood management system designed to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, situated on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area experiences heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation exceeding 1,800 mm, making flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Abidjan |date=2026-05-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&amp;oldid=1354283212 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid urbanization den informal settlement expansion dey place significant pressure on de commune's drainage systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inadequate drainage capacity den poor waste management have been identified as contributing factors to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Infrastructure den function ==
De canal be design to channel excess stormwater away from residential neighborhoods den major roadways, directing runoff toward de Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na am dey  operates insyd conjunction plus smaller collector drains den retention basins distributed throughout de commune.

De Cocody drainage network has undergone several rehabilitation projects wey dey fund by de Ivorian government den international development partners, including de World Bank, as part of de Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Flooding issues ==
Despite de canal's presence, Cocody continues to experience flooding during intense rainfall events. Research den government reports cite several causes, including:&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot; /&gt;
* Sedimentation den silt accumulation dey de canal
* Blockage by solid waste den plastic debris
* Encroachment of informal structures on drainage easements
* Insufficient maintenance den cleaning schedules
Insyd June 2018, severe flooding insyd Cocody wey cause multiple fatalities den significant property damage, prompting renewed government attention to drainage infrastructure investment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Recent developments ==
Insyd 2020, de Ivorian government launch de Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan (Integrated Stormwater Management Project for Abidjan), wich includes de rehabilitation den expansion of de Cocody drainage canal system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement ::  Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project be supported by de Agence Française de Développement (AFD) den aims to reduce flood risk for over 500,000 residents.
== See Sanso ==
* Geography of Ivory Coast 
* Ébrié Lagoon 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Water insyd Ivory coast]]
[[Category:Abidjan]]
[[Category:Cocody]]
[[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Abidjan]]</text>
      <sha1>33blf6g4u8a7cbdc89q9nds06b6xzll</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100847</id>
      <parentid>100846</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:29:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100847</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5233" sha1="pzlfsbkghhshigoe31xijlcmdb3yhou" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Flood-control canal in Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}
De Cocody Flood Canal (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure located insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E forms part of de city's broader flood management system designed to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, situated on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area experiences heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation exceeding 1,800 mm, making flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Abidjan |date=2026-05-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&amp;oldid=1354283212 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid urbanization den informal settlement expansion dey place significant pressure on de commune's drainage systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inadequate drainage capacity den poor waste management have been identified as contributing factors to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Infrastructure den function ==
De canal be design to channel excess stormwater away from residential neighborhoods den major roadways, directing runoff toward de Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na am dey  operates insyd conjunction plus smaller collector drains den retention basins distributed throughout de commune.

De Cocody drainage network has undergone several rehabilitation projects wey dey fund by de Ivorian government den international development partners, including de World Bank, as part of de Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Flooding issues ==
Despite de canal's presence, Cocody continues to experience flooding during intense rainfall events. Research den government reports cite several causes, including:&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot; /&gt;
* Sedimentation den silt accumulation dey de canal
* Blockage by solid waste den plastic debris
* Encroachment of informal structures on drainage easements
* Insufficient maintenance den cleaning schedules
Insyd June 2018, severe flooding insyd Cocody wey cause multiple fatalities den significant property damage, prompting renewed government attention to drainage infrastructure investment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Recent developments ==
Insyd 2020, de Ivorian government launch de Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan (Integrated Stormwater Management Project for Abidjan), wich includes de rehabilitation den expansion of de Cocody drainage canal system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement ::  Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project be supported by de Agence Française de Développement (AFD) den aims to reduce flood risk for over 500,000 residents.
== See Sanso ==
* Geography of Ivory Coast 
* Ébrié Lagoon 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Water insyd Ivory coast]]
[[Category:Abidjan]]
[[Category:Cocody]]
[[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Abidjan]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
      <sha1>pzlfsbkghhshigoe31xijlcmdb3yhou</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100848</id>
      <parentid>100847</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:30:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Add databox</comment>
      <origin>100848</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5245" sha1="9yminqeh2938b09qojfejzdgtl9hz7f" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
{{Short description|Flood-control canal in Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}
De Cocody Flood Canal (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure located insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E forms part of de city's broader flood management system designed to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, situated on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area experiences heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation exceeding 1,800 mm, making flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Abidjan |date=2026-05-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&amp;oldid=1354283212 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid urbanization den informal settlement expansion dey place significant pressure on de commune's drainage systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inadequate drainage capacity den poor waste management have been identified as contributing factors to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Infrastructure den function ==
De canal be design to channel excess stormwater away from residential neighborhoods den major roadways, directing runoff toward de Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na am dey  operates insyd conjunction plus smaller collector drains den retention basins distributed throughout de commune.

De Cocody drainage network has undergone several rehabilitation projects wey dey fund by de Ivorian government den international development partners, including de World Bank, as part of de Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Flooding issues ==
Despite de canal's presence, Cocody continues to experience flooding during intense rainfall events. Research den government reports cite several causes, including:&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot; /&gt;
* Sedimentation den silt accumulation dey de canal
* Blockage by solid waste den plastic debris
* Encroachment of informal structures on drainage easements
* Insufficient maintenance den cleaning schedules
Insyd June 2018, severe flooding insyd Cocody wey cause multiple fatalities den significant property damage, prompting renewed government attention to drainage infrastructure investment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Recent developments ==
Insyd 2020, de Ivorian government launch de Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan (Integrated Stormwater Management Project for Abidjan), wich includes de rehabilitation den expansion of de Cocody drainage canal system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement ::  Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project be supported by de Agence Française de Développement (AFD) den aims to reduce flood risk for over 500,000 residents.
== See Sanso ==
* Geography of Ivory Coast 
* Ébrié Lagoon 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Water insyd Ivory coast]]
[[Category:Abidjan]]
[[Category:Cocody]]
[[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Abidjan]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
      <sha1>9yminqeh2938b09qojfejzdgtl9hz7f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Drainage basins of Africa</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27290</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100691</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T14:15:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100691</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Water pollution by country</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27291</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100692</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T14:15:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100692</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Lake Kivu</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27292</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100695</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T14:52:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100695</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda border</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27293</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100696</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T14:53:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100696</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Lakes of Rwanda</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27294</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100697</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T14:53:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100697</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Limnically active lakes</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27295</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100698</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T14:54:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100698</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:World Heritage Sites insyd de Democratic Republic of the Congo</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27296</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100699</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T14:55:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100699</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:World Heritage Sites insyd Rwanda</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27297</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100700</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T14:55:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100700</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Zambezi River</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27298</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100707</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T15:32:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100707</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Botswana–Zambia border</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27299</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100708</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T15:33:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100708</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Mozambique Channel</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27300</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100709</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T15:34:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100709</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Namibia–Zambia border</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27301</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100710</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T15:34:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100710</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Rivers of Mozambique</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27302</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100711</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T15:34:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100711</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Rivers of Zambia</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27303</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100712</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T15:34:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100712</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Rivers of Zimbabwe</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27304</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100713</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T15:35:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100713</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Tourist attractions insyd Zimbabwe</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27305</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100714</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T15:35:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100714</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Zambezi basin</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27306</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100715</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T15:36:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100715</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Zambia–Zimbabwe border</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27307</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100716</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T15:36:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100716</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sewa river</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27308</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100717</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T16:17:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cornelius Agordome</username>
        <id>28</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created new article</comment>
      <origin>100717</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="255" sha1="t775bdqegukyqjpvc9u0ha1j7nxbf4y" xml:space="preserve">'''Sewa River''' be river wey dey insyd [[:en:Sierra_Leone|Sierra Leone]]. Ein furthest sources be de Bagbe River den Bafi River, wey dey originate from de mountainous areas of de northeastern part of de country, near de border with [[:en:Guinea|Guinea]].</text>
      <sha1>t775bdqegukyqjpvc9u0ha1j7nxbf4y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100722</id>
      <parentid>100717</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T16:50:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cornelius Agordome</username>
        <id>28</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100722</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="916" sha1="h8ff2e588ciec1giap27l7a9jfn8xo0" xml:space="preserve">'''Sewa River''' be river wey dey insyd [[:en:Sierra_Leone|Sierra Leone]]. Ein furthest sources be de Bagbe River den Bafi River, wey dey originate from de mountainous areas of de northeastern part of de country, near de border with [[:en:Guinea|Guinea]].

From de confluence of Bagbe den Bafi insyd de [[:en:Kono_District|Kono District]] Sewa flows 240 km (150 mi) insyd south-southwestern direction den edey drain an area of 19,022 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (7,344 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Close to de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] coast de river dey join Waanje River wey dey form de Kittam River. Kittam River dey flow 48 km (30 mi) westward along de coast den enter chaow lagoons den streams wey dey separate from de sea by [[:en:Turner's_Peninsula|Turner's Peninsula]]. By de island of [[:en:Sherbro_Island|Sherbro]], Kittam dey pour insyd de larger [[:en:Estuary|estuary]] [[:en:Sherbro_Island|Sherbro River]].

==References==</text>
      <sha1>h8ff2e588ciec1giap27l7a9jfn8xo0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100729</id>
      <parentid>100722</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:06:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cornelius Agordome</username>
        <id>28</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added more to the article</comment>
      <origin>100729</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1360" sha1="nu3cg067e8jkdyls2uzmrw8vpb9i5lm" xml:space="preserve">'''Sewa River''' be river wey dey insyd [[:en:Sierra_Leone|Sierra Leone]]. Ein furthest sources be de Bagbe River den Bafi River, wey dey originate from de mountainous areas of de northeastern part of de country, near de border with [[:en:Guinea|Guinea]].

From de confluence of Bagbe den Bafi insyd de [[:en:Kono_District|Kono District]] Sewa flows 240 km (150 mi) insyd south-southwestern direction den edey drain an area of 19,022 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (7,344 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Close to de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] coast de river dey join Waanje River wey dey form de Kittam River. Kittam River dey flow 48 km (30 mi) westward along de coast den enter chaow lagoons den streams wey dey separate from de sea by [[:en:Turner's_Peninsula|Turner's Peninsula]]. By de island of [[:en:Sherbro_Island|Sherbro]], Kittam dey pour insyd de larger [[:en:Estuary|estuary]] [[:en:Sherbro_Island|Sherbro River]].

Sewa River be navigable over shorter distances, but in de middle den upper reaches, rapids den cataracts dey dominate.

De river get great commercial value for Sierra Leone. Dem dey use Sewa ein upper reaches dey pan for [[:en:Diamond|diamonds]] on large scale. 

Closer to de coast [[:en:Rice|rice]] cultivation den de cultivation of [[:en:Piassava|piassava]], dem dey export for de production of [[:en:Besom|besoms]], be de important crops.

==References==</text>
      <sha1>nu3cg067e8jkdyls2uzmrw8vpb9i5lm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100735</id>
      <parentid>100729</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:16:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cornelius Agordome</username>
        <id>28</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added reference</comment>
      <origin>100735</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1547" sha1="8lgq9m8cpl6r7eg54xegvkt035867hz" xml:space="preserve">'''Sewa River''' be river wey dey insyd [[:en:Sierra_Leone|Sierra Leone]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sewa River |date=2024-01-30 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sewa_River&amp;oldid=1200651301 |access-date=2026-06-07 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein furthest sources be de Bagbe River den Bafi River, wey dey originate from de mountainous areas of de northeastern part of de country, near de border with [[:en:Guinea|Guinea]].

From de confluence of Bagbe den Bafi insyd de [[:en:Kono_District|Kono District]] Sewa flows 240 km (150 mi) insyd south-southwestern direction den edey drain an area of 19,022 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (7,344 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Close to de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] coast de river dey join Waanje River wey dey form de Kittam River. Kittam River dey flow 48 km (30 mi) westward along de coast den enter chaow lagoons den streams wey dey separate from de sea by [[:en:Turner's_Peninsula|Turner's Peninsula]]. By de island of [[:en:Sherbro_Island|Sherbro]], Kittam dey pour insyd de larger [[:en:Estuary|estuary]] [[:en:Sherbro_Island|Sherbro River]].

Sewa River be navigable over shorter distances, but in de middle den upper reaches, rapids den cataracts dey dominate.

De river get great commercial value for Sierra Leone. Dem dey use Sewa ein upper reaches dey pan for [[:en:Diamond|diamonds]] on large scale. 

Closer to de coast [[:en:Rice|rice]] cultivation den de cultivation of [[:en:Piassava|piassava]], dem dey export for de production of [[:en:Besom|besoms]], be de important crops.

==References==</text>
      <sha1>8lgq9m8cpl6r7eg54xegvkt035867hz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100738</id>
      <parentid>100735</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:21:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cornelius Agordome</username>
        <id>28</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100738</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1598" sha1="lrru89wgp9tomanqcofuja35no65c69" xml:space="preserve">'''Sewa River''' be river wey dey insyd [[:en:Sierra_Leone|Sierra Leone]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sewa River |date=2024-01-30 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sewa_River&amp;oldid=1200651301 |access-date=2026-06-07 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein furthest sources be de Bagbe River den Bafi River, wey dey originate from de mountainous areas of de northeastern part of de country, near de border with [[:en:Guinea|Guinea]].

From de confluence of Bagbe den Bafi insyd de [[:en:Kono_District|Kono District]] Sewa flows 240 km (150 mi) insyd south-southwestern direction den edey drain an area of 19,022 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (7,344 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Close to de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] coast de river dey join Waanje River wey dey form de Kittam River. Kittam River dey flow 48 km (30 mi) westward along de coast den enter chaow lagoons den streams wey dey separate from de sea by [[:en:Turner's_Peninsula|Turner's Peninsula]]. By de island of [[:en:Sherbro_Island|Sherbro]], Kittam dey pour insyd de larger [[:en:Estuary|estuary]] [[:en:Sherbro_Island|Sherbro River]].

Sewa River be navigable over shorter distances, but in de middle den upper reaches, rapids den cataracts dey dominate.

De river get great commercial value for Sierra Leone. Dem dey use Sewa ein upper reaches dey pan for [[:en:Diamond|diamonds]] on large scale. 

Closer to de coast [[:en:Rice|rice]] cultivation den de cultivation of [[:en:Piassava|piassava]], dem dey export for de production of [[:en:Besom|besoms]], be de important crops.

==References==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Rivers of Sierra Leone]]</text>
      <sha1>lrru89wgp9tomanqcofuja35no65c69</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kouilou-Niari River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27309</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100718</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T16:29:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adabre Samuel</username>
        <id>6299</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the opening section from the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344433364|Kouilou-Niari River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100718</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="259" sha1="qay1lohucfpj31qy16i9wxpvmzvcan1" xml:space="preserve">De '''Kouilou-Niari River'''—sanso be like '''Kwilu''', '''Kwila''', or '''Kwil'''—ebe de most important river wey dey flow to de Atlantic Ocean for de [[Republic of the Congo]] coast. Moreover, e entire drainage area dey complete for  Republic of  Congo.</text>
      <sha1>qay1lohucfpj31qy16i9wxpvmzvcan1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Saint John River (Liberia)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27310</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100719</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T16:37:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Donnarumma Jnr</username>
        <id>6301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305595837|Saint John River (Liberia)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100719</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1324" sha1="kea2dbutt5ijjkfsx81ezo3b7pjzhav" xml:space="preserve">
De '''Saint John River''' be one of de  six main rivers insyd de [[West Africa|West African]] nation for[[Liberia]]. For ein headwaters insyd neighboring [[Guinea]], de river flows generally southwest through Liberia den empties plus de [[Atlantic Ocean]] for Bassa Cove near Edina insyd Grand Bassa County. De 282 km (175 mi) river get a mdrainage basin covering 16,157 km2 (6,238 mi2).

De headwaters for de river Dey insyd de Nimba Range for de Guinea Highlands insyd de country of [[Guinea]] den flow south towards de border plus Liberia. Near Yalata, Guinea E begins to form de border between Guinea den Bong County insyd Liberia.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&amp;ll=6.219743,-9.75174&amp;spn=0.660757,1.757813&amp;t=h&amp;z=10 |access-date=2008-10-27 |publisher=Google Maps}}&lt;/ref&gt; Flowing generally south, eday form de international boundary for around 9.6&amp;nbsp;km (6 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; At Niatande, Liberia, it meets de [[Mani River]] plus enters Liberia, forming de boundary between Bong den Nimba counties.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; De river den flows to de southwest for approximately 15 miles (24 km) before turning for de southeast for a 12-mile (19 km) stretch.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; Near Zahn eday take de smaller [[Yah river]], den turns southwest again.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>kea2dbutt5ijjkfsx81ezo3b7pjzhav</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100724</id>
      <parentid>100719</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T16:54:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Donnarumma Jnr</username>
        <id>6301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305595837|Saint John River (Liberia)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100724</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="396" sha1="n5laoejl76en6zc7i62jsisl714lu7c" xml:space="preserve">
 

De '''Saint John River''' be one of de six main rivers insyd de [[West Africa|West African]] nation for [[Liberia]]. Plus de headwaters den  neighboring [[Guinea]], de river flows generally southwest through Liberia den  empties for de [[Atlantic Ocean]] for Bass-a Cove near Edina den  Grand Bassa County. De 282 km (175 mi) river get ein drainage basin covering 16,157 km2 (6,238 mi2).</text>
      <sha1>n5laoejl76en6zc7i62jsisl714lu7c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100725</id>
      <parentid>100724</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:00:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Donnarumma Jnr</username>
        <id>6301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305595837|Saint John River (Liberia)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100725</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1345" sha1="2igog6xc74gzg27ys3megxneca2bm6f" xml:space="preserve">
 

De '''Saint John River''' be one of de six main rivers insyd de [[West Africa|West African]] nation for [[Liberia]]. Plus de headwaters den  neighboring [[Guinea]], de river flows generally southwest through Liberia den  empties for de [[Atlantic Ocean]] for Bass-a Cove near Edina den  Grand Bassa County. De 282 km (175 mi) river get ein drainage basin covering 16,157 km2 (6,238 mi2).

== Course ==
De headwaters for   de  river Dey insyd de Nimba Range for de Guinea Highlands insyd de country of [[Guinea]] den flow south towards de border plus Liberia. Near Yalata, Guinea it begins to form de border between Guinea den Bong County insyd Liberia.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&amp;ll=6.219743,-9.75174&amp;spn=0.660757,1.757813&amp;t=h&amp;z=10 |access-date=2008-10-27 |publisher=Google Maps}}&lt;/ref&gt; Flowing generally south, eday form de international boundary for around 9.6&amp;nbsp;km (6 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; For Niatande, Liberia, it meets the [[Mani River]] and enters Liberia, forming de boundary between Bong den Nimba counties.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; De river den flows to de southwest for approximately 15 miles (24 km) before turning to de southeast for a 12-mile (19 km) stretch.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; Near Zahn eday take de smaller [[Yah river]], den turns southwest again.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2igog6xc74gzg27ys3megxneca2bm6f</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100728</id>
      <parentid>100725</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:05:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Donnarumma Jnr</username>
        <id>6301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305595837|Saint John River (Liberia)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100728</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2712" sha1="czfaca1mrra7qyyupv8cwmsma5fu71j" xml:space="preserve">
 

De '''Saint John River''' be one of de six main rivers insyd de [[West Africa|West African]] nation for [[Liberia]]. Plus de headwaters den  neighboring [[Guinea]], de river flows generally southwest through Liberia den  empties for de [[Atlantic Ocean]] for Bass-a Cove near Edina den  Grand Bassa County. De 282 km (175 mi) river get ein drainage basin covering 16,157 km2 (6,238 mi2).

== Course ==
De headwaters for   de  river Dey insyd de Nimba Range for de Guinea Highlands insyd de country of [[Guinea]] den flow south towards de border plus Liberia. Near Yalata, Guinea it begins to form de border between Guinea den Bong County insyd Liberia.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&amp;ll=6.219743,-9.75174&amp;spn=0.660757,1.757813&amp;t=h&amp;z=10 |access-date=2008-10-27 |publisher=Google Maps}}&lt;/ref&gt; Flowing generally south, eday form de international boundary for around 9.6&amp;nbsp;km (6 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; For Niatande, Liberia, it meets the [[Mani River]] and enters Liberia, forming de boundary between Bong den Nimba counties.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; De river den flows to de southwest for approximately 15 miles (24 km) before turning to de southeast for a 12-mile (19 km) stretch.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; Near Zahn eday take de smaller [[Yah river]], den turns southwest again.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt;

After about 15 miles (24 km) e begins to form de boundary between Bong den Grand Bassa counties den turns west for about 16&amp;nbsp;km (10 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&amp;ll=6.219743,-9.75174&amp;spn=0.660757,1.757813&amp;t=h&amp;z=10 |access-date=2008-10-27 |publisher=Google Maps}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&amp;ll=6.219743,-9.75174&amp;spn=0.660757,1.757813&amp;t=h&amp;z=10 &quot;Liberia&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; De river den continues to de southwest, den after approximately 30 miles (48 km) Edey enter Grand Bassa County.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; After around 8 miles (13 km) edey turn south for eight miles (13 km) den them flows back to de southwest for approximately 16&amp;nbsp;km (10 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; Near Shoigabli it turns due south for about 9 miles (14 km) edey pass[[Mount Finley (Liberia)|Mount Finley]] den turns more westerly den flows generally southwest for another 14.5&amp;nbsp;km (9 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; Between Zoblum den Alfabli de Saint John widens den flows to de northwest for around 3 miles (4.8 km) before heading west for a mile to Hartford.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; De river den dives to de southwest for its final 10.5&amp;nbsp;km (6.5 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; Here it receives the Mechlin den Benson rivers as it empties into de Atlantic Ocean near Edina denBuchanan.</text>
      <sha1>czfaca1mrra7qyyupv8cwmsma5fu71j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100731</id>
      <parentid>100728</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:07:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Donnarumma Jnr</username>
        <id>6301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305595837|Saint John River (Liberia)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100731</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3812" sha1="iff1loaqg7lbao6o8367uxnhysiejxt" xml:space="preserve">
 

De '''Saint John River''' be one of de six main rivers insyd de [[West Africa|West African]] nation for [[Liberia]]. Plus de headwaters den  neighboring [[Guinea]], de river flows generally southwest through Liberia den  empties for de [[Atlantic Ocean]] for Bass-a Cove near Edina den  Grand Bassa County. De 282 km (175 mi) river get ein drainage basin covering 16,157 km2 (6,238 mi2).

== Course ==
De headwaters for   de  river Dey insyd de Nimba Range for de Guinea Highlands insyd de country of [[Guinea]] den flow south towards de border plus Liberia. Near Yalata, Guinea it begins to form de border between Guinea den Bong County insyd Liberia.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&amp;ll=6.219743,-9.75174&amp;spn=0.660757,1.757813&amp;t=h&amp;z=10 |access-date=2008-10-27 |publisher=Google Maps}}&lt;/ref&gt; Flowing generally south, eday form de international boundary for around 9.6&amp;nbsp;km (6 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; For Niatande, Liberia, it meets the [[Mani River]] and enters Liberia, forming de boundary between Bong den Nimba counties.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; De river den flows to de southwest for approximately 15 miles (24 km) before turning to de southeast for a 12-mile (19 km) stretch.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; Near Zahn eday take de smaller [[Yah river]], den turns southwest again.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt;

After about 15 miles (24 km) e begins to form de boundary between Bong den Grand Bassa counties den turns west for about 16&amp;nbsp;km (10 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&amp;ll=6.219743,-9.75174&amp;spn=0.660757,1.757813&amp;t=h&amp;z=10 |access-date=2008-10-27 |publisher=Google Maps}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&amp;ll=6.219743,-9.75174&amp;spn=0.660757,1.757813&amp;t=h&amp;z=10 &quot;Liberia&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; De river den continues to de southwest, den after approximately 30 miles (48 km) Edey enter Grand Bassa County.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; After around 8 miles (13 km) edey turn south for eight miles (13 km) den them flows back to de southwest for approximately 16&amp;nbsp;km (10 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; Near Shoigabli it turns due south for about 9 miles (14 km) edey pass[[Mount Finley (Liberia)|Mount Finley]] den turns more westerly den flows generally southwest for another 14.5&amp;nbsp;km (9 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; Between Zoblum den Alfabli de Saint John widens den flows to de northwest for around 3 miles (4.8 km) before heading west for a mile to Hartford.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; De river den dives to de southwest for its final 10.5&amp;nbsp;km (6.5 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; Here it receives the Mechlin den Benson rivers as it empties into de Atlantic Ocean near Edina denBuchanan.

The river's drainage basin covers 14,762 square kilometres (5,700 mi2) over both Liberia and Guinea. At 175 miles (282 km) in length, it is one of the six main or major rivers of Liberia.&lt;ref name=&quot;undp&quot; /&gt; There are only 16 rivers in the country total.  The average annual discharge of the St. John is 136.06 m3/s (4,805 cu ft/s) as measured at the inland station of Baila.&lt;ref name=&quot;discharge&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 24, 2008 |title=Liberia; Baila; St. John |url=http://www.sage.wisc.edu/riverdata/scripts/station_table.php?qual=256&amp;filenum=2183 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720121603/http://www.sage.wisc.edu/riverdata/scripts/station_table.php?qual=256&amp;filenum=2183 |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |access-date=2008-10-30 |website=Global River Discharge Database |publisher=Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the wet season in October, flows average 233.49 m3/s (8,246 cu ft/s), while in February during the dry season the flows average 18.95 m3/s (669 cu ft/s) at the same location.&lt;ref name=&quot;discharge&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>iff1loaqg7lbao6o8367uxnhysiejxt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100734</id>
      <parentid>100731</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:15:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Donnarumma Jnr</username>
        <id>6301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305595837|Saint John River (Liberia)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100734</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4364" sha1="iw5xcj6q027zjx2bipjiosjexmqzj5w" xml:space="preserve">
 

De '''Saint John River''' be one of de six main rivers insyd de [[West Africa|West African]] nation for [[Liberia]]. Plus de headwaters den  neighboring [[Guinea]], de river flows generally southwest through Liberia den  empties for de [[Atlantic Ocean]] for Bass-a Cove near Edina den  Grand Bassa County. De 282 km (175 mi) river get ein drainage basin covering 16,157 km2 (6,238 mi2).

== Course ==
De headwaters for   de  river Dey insyd de Nimba Range for de Guinea Highlands insyd de country of [[Guinea]] den flow south towards de border plus Liberia. Near Yalata, Guinea it begins to form de border between Guinea den Bong County insyd Liberia.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&amp;ll=6.219743,-9.75174&amp;spn=0.660757,1.757813&amp;t=h&amp;z=10 |access-date=2008-10-27 |publisher=Google Maps}}&lt;/ref&gt; Flowing generally south, eday form de international boundary for around 9.6&amp;nbsp;km (6 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; For Niatande, Liberia, it meets the [[Mani River]] and enters Liberia, forming de boundary between Bong den Nimba counties.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; De river den flows to de southwest for approximately 15 miles (24 km) before turning to de southeast for a 12-mile (19 km) stretch.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; Near Zahn eday take de smaller [[Yah river]], den turns southwest again.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt;

After about 15 miles (24 km) e begins to form de boundary between Bong den Grand Bassa counties den turns west for about 16&amp;nbsp;km (10 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&amp;ll=6.219743,-9.75174&amp;spn=0.660757,1.757813&amp;t=h&amp;z=10 |access-date=2008-10-27 |publisher=Google Maps}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&amp;ll=6.219743,-9.75174&amp;spn=0.660757,1.757813&amp;t=h&amp;z=10 &quot;Liberia&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; De river den continues to de southwest, den after approximately 30 miles (48 km) Edey enter Grand Bassa County.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; After around 8 miles (13 km) edey turn south for eight miles (13 km) den them flows back to de southwest for approximately 16&amp;nbsp;km (10 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; Near Shoigabli it turns due south for about 9 miles (14 km) edey pass[[Mount Finley (Liberia)|Mount Finley]] den turns more westerly den flows generally southwest for another 14.5&amp;nbsp;km (9 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; Between Zoblum den Alfabli de Saint John widens den flows to de northwest for around 3 miles (4.8 km) before heading west for a mile to Hartford.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; De river den dives to de southwest for its final 10.5&amp;nbsp;km (6.5 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; Here it receives the Mechlin den Benson rivers as it empties into de Atlantic Ocean near Edina denBuchanan.

De river's drainage basin covers 14,762 square kilometres (5,700 mi2) over both Liberia den Guinea. At 175 miles (282 km) insyd length, edey one of de six main or major rivers of Liberia.&lt;ref name=&quot;undp&quot; /&gt; We get only 16 rivers insyd de country total.  De average annual discharge of de St. John is 136.06 m3/s (4,805 cu ft/s) as measured at de inland station of Baila.&lt;ref name=&quot;discharge&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 24, 2008 |title=Liberia; Baila; St. John |url=http://www.sage.wisc.edu/riverdata/scripts/station_table.php?qual=256&amp;filenum=2183 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720121603/http://www.sage.wisc.edu/riverdata/scripts/station_table.php?qual=256&amp;filenum=2183 |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |access-date=2008-10-30 |website=Global River Discharge Database |publisher=Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment}}&lt;/ref&gt; During de wet season insyd  October, flows average 233.49 m3/s (8,246 cu ft/s), while Insyd  February during de  dry season de flows average 18.95 m3/s (669 cu ft/s) at de same location.&lt;ref name=&quot;discharge&quot; /&gt;

De mouth for de river be approximately 60 miles (97 km) south den east of de  [[Saint Paul River]]’s mouth near Monrovia. Flowing generally southwest from its source for de ocean dey contains occasional rapids denwaterfall. Near de ocean de river reaches its widest point of about 1 mile (1.6 km) across den is de location of Factory Island, de largest for de many islands insyd de river.&lt;ref name=&quot;book&quot; /&gt; De river received ein name from Portuguese explorers insyd de 15th Century who spotted de mouth on St. John's feast day.&lt;ref name=&quot;eb&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>iw5xcj6q027zjx2bipjiosjexmqzj5w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100737</id>
      <parentid>100734</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:20:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Donnarumma Jnr</username>
        <id>6301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305595837|Saint John River (Liberia)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100737</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4982" sha1="1h9tk80ulh8cmuy71khj1vn75n55f63" xml:space="preserve">
 

De '''Saint John River''' be one of de six main rivers insyd de [[West Africa|West African]] nation for [[Liberia]]. Plus de headwaters den  neighboring [[Guinea]], de river flows generally southwest through Liberia den  empties for de [[Atlantic Ocean]] for Bass-a Cove near Edina den  Grand Bassa County. De 282 km (175 mi) river get ein drainage basin covering 16,157 km2 (6,238 mi2).

== Course ==
De headwaters for   de  river Dey insyd de Nimba Range for de Guinea Highlands insyd de country of [[Guinea]] den flow south towards de border plus Liberia. Near Yalata, Guinea it begins to form de border between Guinea den Bong County insyd Liberia.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&amp;ll=6.219743,-9.75174&amp;spn=0.660757,1.757813&amp;t=h&amp;z=10 |access-date=2008-10-27 |publisher=Google Maps}}&lt;/ref&gt; Flowing generally south, eday form de international boundary for around 9.6&amp;nbsp;km (6 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; For Niatande, Liberia, it meets the [[Mani River]] and enters Liberia, forming de boundary between Bong den Nimba counties.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; De river den flows to de southwest for approximately 15 miles (24 km) before turning to de southeast for a 12-mile (19 km) stretch.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; Near Zahn eday take de smaller [[Yah river]], den turns southwest again.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt;

After about 15 miles (24 km) e begins to form de boundary between Bong den Grand Bassa counties den turns west for about 16&amp;nbsp;km (10 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&amp;ll=6.219743,-9.75174&amp;spn=0.660757,1.757813&amp;t=h&amp;z=10 |access-date=2008-10-27 |publisher=Google Maps}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&amp;ll=6.219743,-9.75174&amp;spn=0.660757,1.757813&amp;t=h&amp;z=10 &quot;Liberia&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; De river den continues to de southwest, den after approximately 30 miles (48 km) Edey enter Grand Bassa County.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; After around 8 miles (13 km) edey turn south for eight miles (13 km) den them flows back to de southwest for approximately 16&amp;nbsp;km (10 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; Near Shoigabli it turns due south for about 9 miles (14 km) edey pass[[Mount Finley (Liberia)|Mount Finley]] den turns more westerly den flows generally southwest for another 14.5&amp;nbsp;km (9 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; Between Zoblum den Alfabli de Saint John widens den flows to de northwest for around 3 miles (4.8 km) before heading west for a mile to Hartford.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; De river den dives to de southwest for its final 10.5&amp;nbsp;km (6.5 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; Here it receives the Mechlin den Benson rivers as it empties into de Atlantic Ocean near Edina denBuchanan.

De river's drainage basin covers 14,762 square kilometres (5,700 mi2) over both Liberia den Guinea. At 175 miles (282 km) insyd length, edey one of de six main or major rivers of Liberia.&lt;ref name=&quot;undp&quot; /&gt; We get only 16 rivers insyd de country total.  De average annual discharge of de St. John is 136.06 m3/s (4,805 cu ft/s) as measured at de inland station of Baila.&lt;ref name=&quot;discharge&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 24, 2008 |title=Liberia; Baila; St. John |url=http://www.sage.wisc.edu/riverdata/scripts/station_table.php?qual=256&amp;filenum=2183 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720121603/http://www.sage.wisc.edu/riverdata/scripts/station_table.php?qual=256&amp;filenum=2183 |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |access-date=2008-10-30 |website=Global River Discharge Database |publisher=Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment}}&lt;/ref&gt; During de wet season insyd  October, flows average 233.49 m3/s (8,246 cu ft/s), while Insyd  February during de  dry season de flows average 18.95 m3/s (669 cu ft/s) at de same location.&lt;ref name=&quot;discharge&quot; /&gt;

De mouth for de river be approximately 60 miles (97 km) south den east of de  [[Saint Paul River]]’s mouth near Monrovia. Flowing generally southwest from its source for de ocean dey contains occasional rapids denwaterfall. Near de ocean de river reaches its widest point of about 1 mile (1.6 km) across den is de location of Factory Island, de largest for de many islands insyd de river.&lt;ref name=&quot;book&quot; /&gt; De river received ein name from Portuguese explorers insyd de 15th Century who spotted de mouth on St. John's feast day.&lt;ref name=&quot;eb&quot; /&gt;

De Saint John River get variety for aquatic life insyd de along den de shores over de length for de river. Species include de Slender-snouted Crocodile on inland portions for de waterway. Dem get  least 65 species for fish insyd de river, including species for Mastacembelidae, Barbus eburneensis, Chrysichthys johnelsi, Killifish, Electric catfish, Nile perch, den Tilapia among others. Birds also use de riverbanks den islands as nesting grounds, including de Three-cusped Pangolin, Palaearctic, Sandpipers, Greenshanks, Little Ringed Plover, den Water Chevrotain insyd de Kpatawee Wetlands area insyd Bong County.{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>1h9tk80ulh8cmuy71khj1vn75n55f63</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100740</id>
      <parentid>100737</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:23:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Donnarumma Jnr</username>
        <id>6301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305595837|Saint John River (Liberia)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100740</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5001" sha1="mai04m85f6hmiayy2kl1ldy8qcl070r" xml:space="preserve">
 

De '''Saint John River''' be one of de six main rivers insyd de [[West Africa|West African]] nation for [[Liberia]]. Plus de headwaters den  neighboring [[Guinea]], de river flows generally southwest through Liberia den  empties for de [[Atlantic Ocean]] for Bass-a Cove near Edina den  Grand Bassa County. De 282 km (175 mi) river get ein drainage basin covering 16,157 km2 (6,238 mi2).

== Course ==
De headwaters for   de  river Dey insyd de Nimba Range for de Guinea Highlands insyd de country of [[Guinea]] den flow south towards de border plus Liberia. Near Yalata, Guinea it begins to form de border between Guinea den Bong County insyd Liberia.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&amp;ll=6.219743,-9.75174&amp;spn=0.660757,1.757813&amp;t=h&amp;z=10 |access-date=2008-10-27 |publisher=Google Maps}}&lt;/ref&gt; Flowing generally south, eday form de international boundary for around 9.6&amp;nbsp;km (6 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; For Niatande, Liberia, it meets the [[Mani River]] and enters Liberia, forming de boundary between Bong den Nimba counties.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; De river den flows to de southwest for approximately 15 miles (24 km) before turning to de southeast for a 12-mile (19 km) stretch.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; Near Zahn eday take de smaller [[Yah river]], den turns southwest again.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt;

After about 15 miles (24 km) e begins to form de boundary between Bong den Grand Bassa counties den turns west for about 16&amp;nbsp;km (10 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&amp;ll=6.219743,-9.75174&amp;spn=0.660757,1.757813&amp;t=h&amp;z=10 |access-date=2008-10-27 |publisher=Google Maps}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&amp;ll=6.219743,-9.75174&amp;spn=0.660757,1.757813&amp;t=h&amp;z=10 &quot;Liberia&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; De river den continues to de southwest, den after approximately 30 miles (48 km) Edey enter Grand Bassa County.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; After around 8 miles (13 km) edey turn south for eight miles (13 km) den them flows back to de southwest for approximately 16&amp;nbsp;km (10 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; Near Shoigabli it turns due south for about 9 miles (14 km) edey pass[[Mount Finley (Liberia)|Mount Finley]] den turns more westerly den flows generally southwest for another 14.5&amp;nbsp;km (9 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; Between Zoblum den Alfabli de Saint John widens den flows to de northwest for around 3 miles (4.8 km) before heading west for a mile to Hartford.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; De river den dives to de southwest for its final 10.5&amp;nbsp;km (6.5 miles).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot; /&gt; Here it receives the Mechlin den Benson rivers as it empties into de Atlantic Ocean near Edina denBuchanan.

De river's drainage basin covers 14,762 square kilometres (5,700 mi2) over both Liberia den Guinea. At 175 miles (282 km) insyd length, edey one of de six main or major rivers of Liberia.&lt;ref name=&quot;undp&quot; /&gt; We get only 16 rivers insyd de country total.  De average annual discharge of de St. John is 136.06 m3/s (4,805 cu ft/s) as measured at de inland station of Baila.&lt;ref name=&quot;discharge&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 24, 2008 |title=Liberia; Baila; St. John |url=http://www.sage.wisc.edu/riverdata/scripts/station_table.php?qual=256&amp;filenum=2183 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720121603/http://www.sage.wisc.edu/riverdata/scripts/station_table.php?qual=256&amp;filenum=2183 |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |access-date=2008-10-30 |website=Global River Discharge Database |publisher=Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment}}&lt;/ref&gt; During de wet season insyd  October, flows average 233.49 m3/s (8,246 cu ft/s), while Insyd  February during de  dry season de flows average 18.95 m3/s (669 cu ft/s) at de same location.&lt;ref name=&quot;discharge&quot; /&gt;

De mouth for de river be approximately 60 miles (97 km) south den east of de  [[Saint Paul River]]’s mouth near Monrovia. Flowing generally southwest from its source for de ocean dey contains occasional rapids denwaterfall. Near de ocean de river reaches its widest point of about 1 mile (1.6 km) across den is de location of Factory Island, de largest for de many islands insyd de river.&lt;ref name=&quot;book&quot; /&gt; De river received ein name from Portuguese explorers insyd de 15th Century who spotted de mouth on St. John's feast day.&lt;ref name=&quot;eb&quot; /&gt;

De Saint John River get variety for aquatic life insyd de along den de shores over de length for de river. Species include de Slender-snouted Crocodile on inland portions for de waterway. Dem get  least 65 species for fish insyd de river, including species for Mastacembelidae, Barbus eburneensis, Chrysichthys johnelsi, Killifish, Electric catfish, Nile perch, den Tilapia among others. Birds also use de riverbanks den islands as nesting grounds, including de Three-cusped Pangolin, Palaearctic, Sandpipers, Greenshanks, Little Ringed Plover, den Water Chevrotain insyd de Kpatawee Wetlands area insyd Bong County.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>mai04m85f6hmiayy2kl1ldy8qcl070r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Little Scarcies River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27311</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100720</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T16:38:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ebenezer Sasu</username>
        <id>6302</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the opening section from the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1287535660|Little Scarcies River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100720</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1508" sha1="0hdqblphe298z87l9hbj2zczmygq7yg" xml:space="preserve">De '''Little Scarcies River''' be river wey dey west [[Africa]] dat begins ein side [[Guinea]] wey dey flow into [[Sierra Leone]], after wey eday empty go de  [[Atlantic Ocean]]. Eday surround by extensive [[Marsh|marshlands]]. De river wey sanso be  '''Kaba River'''.

De [[Great Scarcies River]] wey Dey flow insyd dey same bay wey de Atlantic Ocean ({{coord|8|54|00|N|13|11|00|W|display=inline}}), just to de north of de mouth wey de Little Scarcies River. Ebe area wey settled by de [[Temne people]] wey migrate from [[Futa Jalon]] go de north.&lt;ref name=&quot;short Fyfe&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Fyfe |first=Christopher |title=A Short History of Sierra Leone |publisher=Longmans |year=1962 |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An earlier alternative form wey de name be '''Scassos''';&lt;ref&gt;Carl Bernhard Wadström, ''An Essay on Colonization, Particularly Applied to the Western Coast of Africa, with Some Free Thoughts on Cultivation and Commerce'' (Darton and Harvey, 1794), p. [[iarchive:essayoncolonizat00wads/page/237|237]].&lt;/ref&gt; de English name wey derived from de Portuguese ''Rio dos Carceres''.&lt;ref&gt;P. E. H. Hair (ed.), ''Hawkins in Guinea, 1567-1568'' (Leipzig: Institut fur Afrikanistik, Universitat Leipzig, 2000; {{ISBN|3932632656}}), p. 57: &quot;The 'Causserus' is River Scarcies, an important waterway NW of the Sierra Leone estuary, whose local name was probably Kase but which became known to the Portuguese as first Rio de Case/Caces and then as Rio dos Carceres; hence, by English corruption, 'Scarcies'.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0hdqblphe298z87l9hbj2zczmygq7yg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ogooué River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27312</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100721</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T16:39:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibnali1</username>
        <id>62</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304136074|Ogooué River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100721</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11188" sha1="ffmmp7j3qfiwdmyt0qcdd29p6dkmq50" xml:space="preserve">
De '''Ogooué''' (anaa '''Ogowe'''), dem sanso know as de Nazareth River, sam 1,200 km (750 mi) long, be de principal river of [[Gabon]] insyd west-central Africa den de fourth largest river insyd Africa by volume of discharge, wey dey trail only de [[Congo River|Congo]], [[Kasai River|Kasai]] den [[Niger River|Niger]]. Ein watershed dey drain nearly de entire country of Gabon, plus sam tributaries wey dey reach into de [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Cameroon]], den [[Equatorial Guinea]].&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=0-89577-087-3 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=275 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==

=== Course ===
De source of de Ogooué River be discovered insyd 1894 by Mary Kingsley, an English explorer wey travel up de banks by steamboat den canoe. De river dey rise insyd de northwest of de Bateke Plateaux near Kengue, [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of Congo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=0-89577-087-3 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=275 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFScheffelWernet1980&quot;&gt;Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; E dey run northwest, den dey enter [[Gabon]] near ''Boumango''. ''Poubara Falls'' be near Maulongo. From Lastoursville up to Ndjole, de Ogooué be non-navigable secof rapids. From de latter city, e dey run west, den dey enter de [[Gulf of Guinea]] near Ozouri, south of Port Gentil. De Ogowe Delta be quite large, about 100 km long den 100 km wide.

=== Delta ===
A 30,000 ha site insyd de delta of de Ogooué River, wey dey include much of Mandji Island, be designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International secof e dey support significant populations of chaw bird species.&lt;ref name=&quot;bli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024 |title=Ogooué delta and Mandji island |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/ogoou%C3%A9-delta-and-mandji-island-iba-gabon |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Basin ===
De Ogooué Basin be 223,000 km2 (86,000 mi2), of wich 189,500 km2 (73,200 mi2) anaa 85 percent dey lie within Gabon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Africa: International River Basin register&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Africa: International River Basin register |url=https://www.cawater-info.net/twinbasinxn/africa_e.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ogooué River Basin area by country:&lt;ref name=&quot;Africa: International River Basin register&quot; /&gt;

Distance from river mouth:&lt;ref name=&quot;PROSPECTION HYDRO-ÉLECTRIQUE GÉNÉRALE DES BASSINS DE L'OGOOUÉ ET DE LA NYANGA2&quot;&gt;{{cite report |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39891005.pdf |title=PROSPECTION HYDRO-ÉLECTRIQUE GÉNÉRALE DES BASSINS DE L'OGOOUÉ ET DE LA NYANGA |date=1966 |publisher=ÉLECTRICITÉ DE FRANCE (EDF) |page=75}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
 !Station
 !River
kilometer

(rkm)
 !Altitude
(m)
|-
|Lambaréné
|183
|12
|-
|Ngounié*
|196
|13
|-
|Abanga*
|242
|20
|-
|Ndjolé
|280
|25
|-
|Okano*
|314
|40
|-
|N'golo*
|359
|72
|-
|Offoué*
|424
|142
|-
|Booué
|451
|161
|-
|Ivindo *
|481
|180
|-
|Dilo*
|503
|182
|-
|Lolo*
|512
|186
|-
|Lassio*
|535
|200
|-
|Lastoursville
|616
|226
|-
|Sébé*
|685
|242
|-
|Leyou*
|696
|243
|-
|Léconi*
|714
|248
|-
|Lékabi*
|725
|249
|-
|Lébombi*
|774
|270
|-
|Mpassa*
|802
|280
|-
|Baniaka*
|871
|426
|}
&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;River insyd confluence

Gauging stations along de Ogooué River:&lt;ref name=&quot;Central West Coast&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eric |first=Tilman |title=Central West Coast |url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&amp;id=192&amp;catid=270&amp;Itemid=179}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
 ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Station
 ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |River kilometer (rkm)
 ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Elevation (m)
 ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Drainage basin
(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) *
|-
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
|''Ogooué Delta''
|0
|0
|225,217.5
|5,148.05
|-
|Lambaréné
|183
|12
|205,228.5
|4,485.4
|-
|Ndjolé
|280
|25
|160,106.9
|3,191.5
|-
|Booué
|451
|161
|130,931.4
|2,746.9
|-
|Lastoursville
|616
|226
|45,767.1
|1,305
|-
|Franceville
|802
|280
|8,570.2
|233.4
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1971–2000
|}

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
 ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Month
 ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average monthly flow 
(m³/s) at delta&lt;ref name=&quot;Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aiguo |first=Dai |last2=Kevin |first2=E. Trenberth |date=2002 |title=Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/hydr/3/6/1525-7541_2002_003_0660_eofdfc_2_0_co_2.xml |journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=660–687 |bibcode=2002JHyMe...3..660D |doi=10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003&lt;0660:EOFDFC&gt;2.0.CO;2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!Dry years
!Normal
!Wet years
|-
|DEC–FEB
|3,744.5
|4,285
|4,826.5
|-
|MAR–MAY
|4,883
|6,336
|7,789
|-
|JUN–AUG
|1,625.3
|1,997
|2,188.7
|-
|SEP–NOV
|6,935
|8,041
|9,147
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; |
|-
|''Average''
|''4,296.7''
|'''''5,142.25'''''
|''5,987.8''
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Ogooué River discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) at Lambaréné gauging station (period from 1929–2017):
 !Water year
 !Min
 !''Mean''
 !Max
 ! rowspan=&quot;41&quot; |
 !Water year
 !Min
 !''Mean''
 !Max
|-
|1929/30
|1,250
|''3,569''
|5,030
|1969/70
|2,193
|''5,386''
|9,533
|-
|1930/31
|1,390
|''4,238''
|6,980
|1970/71
|1,649
|''4,214''
|8,220
|-
|1931/32
|1,590
|''4,259''
|7,580
|1971/72
|1,739
|''3,826''
|6,871
|-
|1932/33
|1,380
|''4,126''
|6,630
|1972/73
|1,720
|''4,199''
|7,100
|-
|1933/34
|2,390
|''5,449''
|10,800
|1973/74
|1,570
|''4,252''
|8,260
|-
|1934/35
|1,850
|''4,888''
|6,690
|1974/75
|1,670
|''4,642''
|8,940
|-
|1935/36
|1,690
|''4,612''
|7,850
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; |1975/76–1979/80: No data
|-
|1936/37
|1,930
|''4,835''
|8,210
|1980/81
|1,550
|''4,290''
|7,820
|-
|1937/38
|1,780
|''4,791''
|7,180
|1981/82
|1,740
|''4,100''
|6,900
|-
|1938/39
|2,170
|''5,905''
|11,300
|1982/83
|1,140
|''3,520''
|8,550
|-
|1939/40
|1,950
|''4,762''
|6,930
|1983/84
|902
|''4,230''
|6,530
|-
|1940/41
|1,740
|''3,936''
|6,460
|1984/85
|2,200
|''4,670''
|7,610
|-
|1941/42
|1,430
|''3,707''
|5,720
|1985/86
|1,610
|''4,060''
|6,800
|-
|1942/43
|1,370
|''4,292''
|6,880
|1986/87
|1,580
|''3,690''
|7,160
|-
|1943/44
|2,330
|''5,874''
|9,450
|1987/88
|1,970
|''4,940''
|8,880
|-
|1944/45
|2,140
|''5,273''
|7,980
|1988/89
|1,780
|''4,700''
|9,810
|-
|1945/46
|1,690
|''4,600''
|8,490
|1989/90
|2,060
|''5,030''
|10,800
|-
|1946/47
|2,340
|''5,861''
|9,310
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; |1990/91–1994/95: No data
|-
|1947/48
|2,120
|''5,545''
|9,780
|1995/96
|1,300
|''4,450''
|8,310
|-
|1948/49
|2,640
|''5,912''
|10,600
|1996/97
|1,320
|''4,216''
|6,510
|-
|1949/50
|1,950
|''5,300''
|9,600
|1997/98
|1,110
|''3,661''
|6,300
|-
|1950/51
|1,640
|''5,280''
|9,470
|1998/99
|1,290
|''3,595''
|7,940
|-
|1951/52
|2,350
|''5,660''
|9,080
|1999/00
|1,280
|''4,798''
|8,350
|-
|1952/53
|2,050
|''4,770''
|7,200
|2000/01
|1,290
|''3,971''
|7,770
|-
|1953/54
|1,300
|''3,597''
|5,690
|2001/02
|1,200
|''4,629''
|8,260
|-
|1954/55
|1,900
|''4,383''
|7,530
|2002/03
|1,570
|''4,722''
|8,030
|-
|1955/56
|1,400
|''4,278''
|8,100
|2003/04
|1,900
|''3,703''
|5,590
|-
|1956/57
|1,660
|''4,252''
|7,420
|2004/05
|1,350
|''3,717''
|6,020
|-
|1957/58
|979
|''3,093''
|5,110
|2005/06
|1,500
|''4,695''
|8,640
|-
|1958/59
|1,580
|''4,179''
|8,250
|2006/07
|1,740
|''4,883''
|8,720
|-
|1959/60
|2,160
|''5,073''
|9,350
|2007/08
|1,640
|''5,112''
|11,170
|-
|1960/61
|2,190
|''5,970''
|11,000
|2008/09
|2,520
|''5,850''
|9,180
|-
|1961/62
|1,910
|''5,227''
|8,210
|2009/10
|1,480
|''3,985''
|7,260
|-
|1962/63
|2,170
|''4,799''
|6,830
|2010/11
|1,510
|''3,690''
|5,790
|-
|1963/64
|1,810
|''4,647''
|8,500
|2011/12
|2,190
|''4,038''
|9,420
|-
|1964/65
|2,100
|''5,074''
|7,510
|2012/13
|960
|''3,931''
|7,270
|-
|1965/66
|2,150
|''5,500''
|9,470
|2013/14
|1,420
|''4,588''
|8,370
|-
|1966/67
|1,600
|''4,482''
|10,100
|2014/15
|1,090
|''3,890''
|6,930
|-
|1967/68
|1,823
|''4,451''
|7,557
|2015/16
|980
|''3,794''
|8,090
|-
|1968/69
|2,093
|''5,020''
|7,607
|2016/17
|1,510
|''3,846''
|6,490
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;Global River Discharge Database&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global River Discharge Database |url=https://sage.nelson.wisc.edu/riverdata/keysearch.php?keyword=Ogoou%C3%A9&amp;submit=Search}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Contrasted Chemical Weathering Rates in Cratonic Basins: The Ogooué and Mbei Rivers, Western Central Africa&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moquet |first=Jean-Sébastien |last2=Bouchez |first2=Julien |last3=Braun |first3=Jean-Jacques |last4=Bogning |first4=Sakaros |last5=Mbonda |first5=Auguste Paulin |last6=Carretier |first6=Sébastien |last7=Regard |first7=Vincent |last8=Bricquet |first8=Jean-Pierre |last9=Paiz |first9=Marie-Claire |last10=Mambela |first10=Emmanuel |last11=Gaillardet |first11=Jérôme |date=2021 |title=Contrasted Chemical Weathering Rates in Cratonic Basins: The Ogooué and Mbei Rivers, Western Central Africa |journal=Frontiers in Water |volume=2 |bibcode=2021FrWat...2.9070M |doi=10.3389/frwa.2020.589070 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Long-term Hydrological Variations of the Ogooue River Basin&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sakaros |first=Bogning Dongue |last2=Frédéric |first2=Frappart |last3=Gil |first3=Mahe |last4=Fernando |first4=Niño |last5=Adrien |first5=Paris |last6=Joëlle |first6=Sihon |last7=Franck |first7=Ghomsi |last8=Fabien |first8=Blarel |last9=Jean-Pierre |first9=Bricquet |last10=Raphaël |first10=Onguéné |last11=Jacques |first11=Etame |last12=Frédérique |first12=Seyler |last13=Marie-Claire |first13=Paiz |last14=Jean-Jacques |first14=Braun |date=2021 |title=Long-term Hydrological Variations of the Ogooue River Basin |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348219681 |journal=Hydrology |volume=105 |bibcode=2021esoar.10505633B |doi=10.1002/essoar.10505633.1 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Tributaries ==
[[File:Ogooué.JPG|thumb|Ogooué River]]
[[File:Fan_women_and_child,_banks_of_the_Ogoway.jpg|thumb|Fan women den kiddie, banks of de Ogoway. From The earth and its inhabitants, Africa (published 1890-1893 [v.1, 1892] )]]
De Ogowe River dey receive water of numerous tributaries wey dey include:

* Abanga, wich dey rise insyd de Cristal Mountains, near Medouneu
* Baniaka
* Dilo
* Iyinda, de most important tributary
* Letili
* Lassio
* Lebombi
* Lekabi
* Lekedi
* Lekoni, wich dey flow across Akieni den Leconi
* Letili
* Leyou
* Lolo
* Mbine
* Ngolo
* Ngounie
* Nke
* Offoue
* Okano, wey ein main tributary be de Lara River
* Mpassa, wich dey flow across Franceville
* Sebe, wich dey flow past Okondja
* Wagny

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ffmmp7j3qfiwdmyt0qcdd29p6dkmq50</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nyanga River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27313</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100723</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T16:54:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dzidedavid</username>
        <id>6300</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the opening section from the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1293986346|Nyanga River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100723</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="752" sha1="gu3blk1qn2u46sadjcpgxw0mliqavn7" xml:space="preserve">De '''Nyanga River''', 600&amp;nbsp;km, (French: ''Rivière Nyanga'') wey be [[river]] dat run thru southern [[Gabon]] den northern [[Republic of the Congo]]. Ebe de second most important river insyd Gabon after de [[Ogooue River|Ogooue]]. Ebe well known for de numerous rapids dat break up be otherwise smooth course.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=0-89577-087-3 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/271 271] |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>gu3blk1qn2u46sadjcpgxw0mliqavn7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lúrio River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27314</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100726</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:01:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saharatu00</username>
        <id>6324</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1236424178|Lúrio River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100726</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1551" sha1="3etikxoejuoh1kwlzq7dpapgjypnb0h" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Rivers_of_northern_Mozambique_OSM.png|thumb|The Lúrio River in northern Mozambique (center, center right)]]
De '''Lúrio''' be river wey dey northeastern [[Mozambique]]. E dey flow for de south of de Ruvuma River and enter inside de sea for south of Pemba Bay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alpers1975&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Alpers |first=Edward A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKYYwVTyOm0C&amp;pg=PA183 |title=Ivory and Slaves: Changing Pattern of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later Nineteenth Century |date=January 1975 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-02689-6 |page=183}}&lt;/ref&gt; De river,  ebe characterised by seasonal flows and lined by swamps.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Coastal East Africa |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/coastal_east_africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210200/http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/coastal_east_africa |archive-date=12 August 2014 |access-date=10 August 2014 |publisher=Feow.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some notable waterfall dey along de river. De Mozambican government dey make plans say dem go build 120-megawatt hydroelectric plant on de river so say ego supply electricity to de surrounding provinces of Nampula den Cabo Delgado.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 April 2014 |title=Mozambican government plans to build hydroelectric plant on Lúrio River |url=http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2014/04/01/mozambican-government-plans-to-build-hydroelectric-plant-on-lurio-river/ |access-date=10 August 2014 |publisher=Macauhub.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>3etikxoejuoh1kwlzq7dpapgjypnb0h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sanaga River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27315</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100727</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:02:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibnali1</username>
        <id>62</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339835805|Sanaga River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100727</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2864" sha1="6rfyo3g6vfj19g8estmql1r5qcube7b" xml:space="preserve">
De '''Sanaga River''' (formerly German: ''Zannaga'') be de largest river insyd [[Cameroon]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;dey locate insyd East Region, Centre Region den Littoral Region. Ein length be about 603 km (375 mi) from de confluence of Djérem den Lom River. De total length of Sanaga-Djérem River system be about 1,067.5 km (663.3 mi). Djérem be de longest source of Sanaga River plus a total length of 464.5 km.

== Course ==
De Sanaga River get ein source at de Adamawa Plateau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Knaap |first=M. van der |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wl4nd5K52FIC&amp;pg=PA11 |title=Status of Fish Stocks and Fisheries of Thirteen Medium-sized African Reservoirs |date=1994 |publisher=Food &amp; Agriculture Org |isbn=9789251035818 |pages=11 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be formed by de confluence of de Djérem den Lom Rivers insyd de north of de East Region. Djérem River get a total length of 464.5 km (288.6 mi) den Lom River a total length of 424.2 km (263.6 mi). Apart from dese originating rivers, de largest tributary of de Sanaga be Mbam River plus a total length of 548 km (341 mi).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Runge |first=Jürgen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ra8Wpm1QoMoC&amp;pg=PA148 |title=Landscape Evolution, Neotectonics and Quaternary Environmental Change in Southern Cameroon: Palaeoecology of Africa Vol. 31, An International Yearbook of Landscape Evolution and Palaeoenvironments |date=2012-05-30 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9780415677356 |pages=148 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Slop_of_the_Sanaga.png|center|400x400px|Slope of Sanaga River]]

== Climate ==
De Sanaga River dey form a boundary between two tropical moist forest ecoregions. De Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests dey lie to de north between de Sanaga River den de Cross River of [[Nigeria]], den de Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests extend south of de river thru southwestern Cameroon den [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]], de [[Republic of the Congo]], Cabinda den de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].

== Hydrology ==
De flow of de river be measured at Edéa insyd m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s:&lt;ref name=&quot;FluCAM3&quot;&gt;[http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/Mon_hydr/25393.pdf PDF about the Hydrology of Cameroon (french)]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dams den reservoirs ==
Beginning at de headwaters, der be 2 dams on de Sanaga River:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Dam
!Nameplate capacity&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(MW)
!Reservoir
!Surface area&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; (km2)
!Total capacity&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
|Song Loulou
|384
|
|
|10
|-
|Edea
|264
|
|
|
|-
|}

== Transport ==
[[File:Photo_Pont_Allemand_d'Edéa.JPG|right|thumb|Edea bridge on de Sanaga]]

* De Camrail railway dey bridge de Sanaga River at Edea.

[[File:Alentour_fleuve_sanaga_09.jpg|thumb|Forest around de Sanaga River]]
[[File:Alentour_fleuve_sanaga_06.jpg|thumb|Around de Sanaga River]]

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>6rfyo3g6vfj19g8estmql1r5qcube7b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nyong River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27316</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100730</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:06:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adabre Samuel</username>
        <id>6299</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the opening section from the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340430766|Nyong River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100730</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="186" sha1="3lpo7lz83qvj5aenv2h4iaj5bexzwn3" xml:space="preserve">'''Nyong River (wey dem dey call am Yong for German time) na river wey dey Cameroon.'''  '''Di river dey flow about 690 kilometres (430 miles) before e go empty inside Gulf of Guinea.'''</text>
      <sha1>3lpo7lz83qvj5aenv2h4iaj5bexzwn3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Corubal River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27317</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100732</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:12:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saharatu00</username>
        <id>6324</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341564072|Corubal River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100732</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="289" sha1="p01l455dmqdfchtejzlc4dach9o7cwx" xml:space="preserve">
De '''Corubal''', wey e sana be '''Rio Corubal''' anaa '''Tomine''',  be river for [[West Africa]], ebe big tributary of de Geba River. For sam short distance, e dey form de international border for [[Guinea]] den [[Guinea-Bissau]]. e get length of approximately 560 kilometres (350 mi).</text>
      <sha1>p01l455dmqdfchtejzlc4dach9o7cwx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100739</id>
      <parentid>100732</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:21:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saharatu00</username>
        <id>6324</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341564072|Corubal River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100739</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="757" sha1="mxid0iv57bq84gzvj3tb7y2l4w8ruap" xml:space="preserve">
De '''Corubal''', wey e sana be '''Rio Corubal''' anaa '''Tomine''',  be river for [[West Africa]], ebe big tributary of de Geba River. For sam short distance, e dey form de international border for [[Guinea]] den [[Guinea-Bissau]]. e get length of approximately 560 kilometres (350 mi).

== Ein History ==
De Corubal form de border between Kaabu den Imamate of Futa Jallon for de late 18th den early 19th centuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mane |first=Mamadou |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/902727591/Mane-M-Le-Kaabu-XIII-XIXe-Une-des-grandes-entite-s-historiques-de-l-espace-mandingue-de-Se-ne-gambie |title=Le Kaabu (XIIIe-XIXe siècle), Une des grandes entités historiques de l’espace mandingue de Sénégambie |access-date=3 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mxid0iv57bq84gzvj3tb7y2l4w8ruap</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100752</id>
      <parentid>100739</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:45:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saharatu00</username>
        <id>6324</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100752</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1212" sha1="n344t7qaqq7s2zbkcql5a4dfga13ufg" xml:space="preserve">
De '''Corubal''', wey e sana be '''Rio Corubal''' anaa '''Tomine''',  be river for [[West Africa]], ebe big tributary of de Geba River. For sam short distance, e dey form de international border for [[Guinea]] den [[Guinea-Bissau]]. e get length of approximately 560 kilometres (350 mi).

== Ein History ==
De Corubal form de border between Kaabu den Imamate of Futa Jallon for de late 18th den early 19th centuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mane |first=Mamadou |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/902727591/Mane-M-Le-Kaabu-XIII-XIXe-Une-des-grandes-entite-s-historiques-de-l-espace-mandingue-de-Se-ne-gambie |title=Le Kaabu (XIIIe-XIXe siècle), Une des grandes entités historiques de l’espace mandingue de Sénégambie |access-date=3 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de [[Portuguese Colonial War]] for February 1969, de Portuguese army, wey dem ran from de territories insyd de [[Boe, Guinea-Bissau|Madina do Boe]] sector, lose 47 soldiers to drowning wey demma overloaded raft tip one side while e dey cross de Corubal. Dem cam know de incident as de [[Cheche Disaster]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cienciahoje.pt/index.php?oid=39816&amp;op=all &quot;Desastre de Cheche: 'Dignificar morte' de antigos combatentes&quot;], CiênciaHoje.&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>n344t7qaqq7s2zbkcql5a4dfga13ufg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100757</id>
      <parentid>100752</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:56:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saharatu00</username>
        <id>6324</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341564072|Corubal River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100757</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3969" sha1="1ku6tv5fy9cendfyl43ojv7bu2lmzbh" xml:space="preserve">
De '''Corubal''', wey e sana be '''Rio Corubal''' anaa '''Tomine''', be river for [[West Africa]], ebe big tributary of de Geba River. For sam short distance, e dey form de international border for [[Guinea]] den [[Guinea-Bissau]]. e get length of approximately 560 kilometres (350 mi).

=== Treaty ===
A protocol agreement called de &quot;Corubal River Agreement&quot; was signed on 21 October 1978 at Conakry by the [[Guinea|Republic of Guinea]] and the [[Guinea-Bissau|Republic of Guinea Bissau]] to develop and manage the Kaliba-Koribal River; the Corubal River is also called the Kaliba. The &quot;Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Gambie&quot; (OMVG) also known as &quot;The Gambia River Basin Development Organization&quot; was also agreed to be established to study and develop management plans for projects on the Gambia River, the Geba River and the Corubal River for power generation, irrigation, flood control, navigation, water quality and infrastructure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hydropolitical Vulnerability And Resilience Along International Waters: Africa&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPXKoHilf8kC&amp;pg=PA92 |title=Hydropolitical Vulnerability And Resilience Along International Waters: Africa |publisher=UNEP/Earthprint |year=2005 |isbn=978-92-807-2575-9 |pages=92– |access-date=3 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dinar2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shlomi Dinar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tx8SoeluyWoC&amp;pg=PA247 |title=International Water Treaties: Negotiation and Cooperation Along Transboundary Rivers |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-415-77208-2 |pages=247– |access-date=3 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The agreement has also recognized the total basin area of the Corubal River of 24000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; with 17500&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (72.71%) in Guinea and the balance 27.02% in Guinea Bissau.&lt;ref name=&quot;Basin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Appendix 1 International Freshwater Agreements, River Basin organizations, and River Basin Commissions of Africa |url=http://www.awiru.co.za/pdf/F_BACK%20UNEP%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110210929/http://www.awiru.co.za/pdf/F_BACK%20UNEP%20Africa.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2015 |access-date=31 January 2013 |website=Corubal |publisher=UNEP Africa |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; OMVG have studied four sites for development as hydro-electric power projects. The projects are, the Sambangalou on the River Gambia, the Fello Sounga and Saltinho Projects on the River Koliba/Corubal, and the Gaoual Project on the River Géba. However, the general agreement does not have any relevant substantive and procedural rules governing cooperation between Guinea and Guinea-Bissau. Hence it has been suggested that recourse should be taken to &quot;The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses“ which  is a global instrument, adopted in 1997, to promote the equitable and sustainable development and management of river basins shared by two or more states. Using the provisions of this convention the existing agreement between the two basin states on development of Corubal River would need to be enlarged making specific provisions for &quot;informing and guiding cooperation, as well as by providing the technical committee with legal guidance for better implementing its activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Watercourses Convention: Applicability And Relevance In West Africa |url=http://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/bibliography/WWF/RA_West_Africa.pdf |access-date=31 January 2013 |publisher=International Water Law organization |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De river's discharge has been observed for 18 years (1977-1994) for Saltinho, located some 200 kilometers from de sea. For de Saltinho amont station, the mean annual discharge observed during de period be 304 m3/s for catchment area wey take cover 23,840 km2, over 90% of de entire watershed of de river. De depth of runoff reached 404&amp;nbsp;mm/yr, which can be considered high.</text>
      <sha1>1ku6tv5fy9cendfyl43ojv7bu2lmzbh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100758</id>
      <parentid>100757</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:57:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saharatu00</username>
        <id>6324</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341564072|Corubal River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100758</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3970" sha1="lhmwd9b9jr8x1hup5kwyo0xn8qtsmn2" xml:space="preserve">
De '''Corubal''', wey e sana be '''Rio Corubal''' anaa '''Tomine''', be river for [[West Africa]], ebe big tributary of de Geba River. For sam short distance, e dey form de international border for [[Guinea]] den [[Guinea-Bissau]]. e get length of approximately 560 kilometres (350 mi).


=== Treaty ===
A protocol agreement called de &quot;Corubal River Agreement&quot; was signed on 21 October 1978 at Conakry by the [[Guinea|Republic of Guinea]] and the [[Guinea-Bissau|Republic of Guinea Bissau]] to develop and manage the Kaliba-Koribal River; the Corubal River is also called the Kaliba. The &quot;Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Gambie&quot; (OMVG) also known as &quot;The Gambia River Basin Development Organization&quot; was also agreed to be established to study and develop management plans for projects on the Gambia River, the Geba River and the Corubal River for power generation, irrigation, flood control, navigation, water quality and infrastructure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hydropolitical Vulnerability And Resilience Along International Waters: Africa&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPXKoHilf8kC&amp;pg=PA92 |title=Hydropolitical Vulnerability And Resilience Along International Waters: Africa |publisher=UNEP/Earthprint |year=2005 |isbn=978-92-807-2575-9 |pages=92– |access-date=3 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dinar2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shlomi Dinar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tx8SoeluyWoC&amp;pg=PA247 |title=International Water Treaties: Negotiation and Cooperation Along Transboundary Rivers |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-415-77208-2 |pages=247– |access-date=3 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The agreement has also recognized the total basin area of the Corubal River of 24000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; with 17500&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (72.71%) in Guinea and the balance 27.02% in Guinea Bissau.&lt;ref name=&quot;Basin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Appendix 1 International Freshwater Agreements, River Basin organizations, and River Basin Commissions of Africa |url=http://www.awiru.co.za/pdf/F_BACK%20UNEP%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110210929/http://www.awiru.co.za/pdf/F_BACK%20UNEP%20Africa.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2015 |access-date=31 January 2013 |website=Corubal |publisher=UNEP Africa |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; OMVG have studied four sites for development as hydro-electric power projects. The projects are, the Sambangalou on the River Gambia, the Fello Sounga and Saltinho Projects on the River Koliba/Corubal, and the Gaoual Project on the River Géba. However, the general agreement does not have any relevant substantive and procedural rules governing cooperation between Guinea and Guinea-Bissau. Hence it has been suggested that recourse should be taken to &quot;The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses“ which  is a global instrument, adopted in 1997, to promote the equitable and sustainable development and management of river basins shared by two or more states. Using the provisions of this convention the existing agreement between the two basin states on development of Corubal River would need to be enlarged making specific provisions for &quot;informing and guiding cooperation, as well as by providing the technical committee with legal guidance for better implementing its activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Watercourses Convention: Applicability And Relevance In West Africa |url=http://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/bibliography/WWF/RA_West_Africa.pdf |access-date=31 January 2013 |publisher=International Water Law organization |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De river's discharge has been observed for 18 years (1977-1994) for Saltinho, located some 200 kilometers from de sea. For de Saltinho amont station, the mean annual discharge observed during de period be 304 m3/s for catchment area wey take cover 23,840 km2, over 90% of de entire watershed of de river. De depth of runoff reached 404&amp;nbsp;mm/yr, which can be considered high.</text>
      <sha1>lhmwd9b9jr8x1hup5kwyo0xn8qtsmn2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100759</id>
      <parentid>100758</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:58:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saharatu00</username>
        <id>6324</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341564072|Corubal River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100759</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3988" sha1="sjepsg0glfcioh6xyqflcssrfscsyts" xml:space="preserve">
De '''Corubal''', wey e sana be '''Rio Corubal''' anaa '''Tomine''', be river for [[West Africa]], ebe big tributary of de Geba River. For sam short distance, e dey form de international border for [[Guinea]] den [[Guinea-Bissau]]. e get length of approximately 560 kilometres (350 mi).

== En History ==


=== Treaty ===
A protocol agreement called de &quot;Corubal River Agreement&quot; was signed on 21 October 1978 at Conakry by the [[Guinea|Republic of Guinea]] and the [[Guinea-Bissau|Republic of Guinea Bissau]] to develop and manage the Kaliba-Koribal River; the Corubal River is also called the Kaliba. The &quot;Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Gambie&quot; (OMVG) also known as &quot;The Gambia River Basin Development Organization&quot; was also agreed to be established to study and develop management plans for projects on the Gambia River, the Geba River and the Corubal River for power generation, irrigation, flood control, navigation, water quality and infrastructure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hydropolitical Vulnerability And Resilience Along International Waters: Africa&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPXKoHilf8kC&amp;pg=PA92 |title=Hydropolitical Vulnerability And Resilience Along International Waters: Africa |publisher=UNEP/Earthprint |year=2005 |isbn=978-92-807-2575-9 |pages=92– |access-date=3 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dinar2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shlomi Dinar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tx8SoeluyWoC&amp;pg=PA247 |title=International Water Treaties: Negotiation and Cooperation Along Transboundary Rivers |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-415-77208-2 |pages=247– |access-date=3 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The agreement has also recognized the total basin area of the Corubal River of 24000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; with 17500&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (72.71%) in Guinea and the balance 27.02% in Guinea Bissau.&lt;ref name=&quot;Basin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Appendix 1 International Freshwater Agreements, River Basin organizations, and River Basin Commissions of Africa |url=http://www.awiru.co.za/pdf/F_BACK%20UNEP%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110210929/http://www.awiru.co.za/pdf/F_BACK%20UNEP%20Africa.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2015 |access-date=31 January 2013 |website=Corubal |publisher=UNEP Africa |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; OMVG have studied four sites for development as hydro-electric power projects. The projects are, the Sambangalou on the River Gambia, the Fello Sounga and Saltinho Projects on the River Koliba/Corubal, and the Gaoual Project on the River Géba. However, the general agreement does not have any relevant substantive and procedural rules governing cooperation between Guinea and Guinea-Bissau. Hence it has been suggested that recourse should be taken to &quot;The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses“ which  is a global instrument, adopted in 1997, to promote the equitable and sustainable development and management of river basins shared by two or more states. Using the provisions of this convention the existing agreement between the two basin states on development of Corubal River would need to be enlarged making specific provisions for &quot;informing and guiding cooperation, as well as by providing the technical committee with legal guidance for better implementing its activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Watercourses Convention: Applicability And Relevance In West Africa |url=http://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/bibliography/WWF/RA_West_Africa.pdf |access-date=31 January 2013 |publisher=International Water Law organization |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De river's discharge has been observed for 18 years (1977-1994) for Saltinho, located some 200 kilometers from de sea. For de Saltinho amont station, the mean annual discharge observed during de period be 304 m3/s for catchment area wey take cover 23,840 km2, over 90% of de entire watershed of de river. De depth of runoff reached 404&amp;nbsp;mm/yr, which can be considered high.</text>
      <sha1>sjepsg0glfcioh6xyqflcssrfscsyts</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100763</id>
      <parentid>100759</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:09:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saharatu00</username>
        <id>6324</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100763</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4431" sha1="e1u6h8lfs7bkgsfl74wpxwxveg6oroj" xml:space="preserve">
De '''Corubal''', wey e sana be '''Rio Corubal''' anaa '''Tomine''', be river for [[West Africa]], ebe big tributary of de Geba River. For sam short distance, e dey form de international border for [[Guinea]] den [[Guinea-Bissau]]. e get length of approximately 560 kilometres (350 mi).

== En History ==

De Corubal formed de border between Kaabu den de Imamate of Futa Jallon insyde de late 18th den early 19th centuries.

During the Portuguese Colonial War in February 1969, the Portuguese army, wey demma ran from territories insyde de Madina do Boe sector, lose 47 soldiers to drowning wen demma overloaded raft fall for one side while crossing de Corubal. The incident became known as the Cheche Disaster. People dem come know de incident as 

=== Treaty ===
A protocol agreement called de &quot;Corubal River Agreement&quot; was signed on 21 October 1978 at Conakry by the [[Guinea|Republic of Guinea]] and the [[Guinea-Bissau|Republic of Guinea Bissau]] to develop and manage the Kaliba-Koribal River; the Corubal River is also called the Kaliba. The &quot;Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Gambie&quot; (OMVG) also known as &quot;The Gambia River Basin Development Organization&quot; was also agreed to be established to study and develop management plans for projects on the Gambia River, the Geba River and the Corubal River for power generation, irrigation, flood control, navigation, water quality and infrastructure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hydropolitical Vulnerability And Resilience Along International Waters: Africa&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPXKoHilf8kC&amp;pg=PA92 |title=Hydropolitical Vulnerability And Resilience Along International Waters: Africa |publisher=UNEP/Earthprint |year=2005 |isbn=978-92-807-2575-9 |pages=92– |access-date=3 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dinar2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shlomi Dinar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tx8SoeluyWoC&amp;pg=PA247 |title=International Water Treaties: Negotiation and Cooperation Along Transboundary Rivers |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-415-77208-2 |pages=247– |access-date=3 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The agreement has also recognized the total basin area of the Corubal River of 24000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; with 17500&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (72.71%) in Guinea and the balance 27.02% in Guinea Bissau.&lt;ref name=&quot;Basin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Appendix 1 International Freshwater Agreements, River Basin organizations, and River Basin Commissions of Africa |url=http://www.awiru.co.za/pdf/F_BACK%20UNEP%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110210929/http://www.awiru.co.za/pdf/F_BACK%20UNEP%20Africa.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2015 |access-date=31 January 2013 |website=Corubal |publisher=UNEP Africa |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; OMVG have studied four sites for development as hydro-electric power projects. The projects are, the Sambangalou on the River Gambia, the Fello Sounga and Saltinho Projects on the River Koliba/Corubal, and the Gaoual Project on the River Géba. However, the general agreement does not have any relevant substantive and procedural rules governing cooperation between Guinea and Guinea-Bissau. Hence it has been suggested that recourse should be taken to &quot;The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses“ which  is a global instrument, adopted in 1997, to promote the equitable and sustainable development and management of river basins shared by two or more states. Using the provisions of this convention the existing agreement between the two basin states on development of Corubal River would need to be enlarged making specific provisions for &quot;informing and guiding cooperation, as well as by providing the technical committee with legal guidance for better implementing its activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Watercourses Convention: Applicability And Relevance In West Africa |url=http://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/bibliography/WWF/RA_West_Africa.pdf |access-date=31 January 2013 |publisher=International Water Law organization |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De river's discharge has been observed for 18 years (1977-1994) for Saltinho, located some 200 kilometers from de sea. For de Saltinho amont station, the mean annual discharge observed during de period be 304 m3/s for catchment area wey take cover 23,840 km2, over 90% of de entire watershed of de river. De depth of runoff reached 404&amp;nbsp;mm/yr, which can be considered high.</text>
      <sha1>e1u6h8lfs7bkgsfl74wpxwxveg6oroj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100787</id>
      <parentid>100763</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:58:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saharatu00</username>
        <id>6324</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100787</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4423" sha1="2tesh72yb2l1jcl5amucvqiyr3lrpqv" xml:space="preserve">
De '''Corubal''', wey e sana be '''Rio Corubal''' anaa '''Tomine''', be river for [[West Africa]], ebe big tributary of de Geba River. For sam short distance, e dey form de international border for [[Guinea]] den [[Guinea-Bissau]]. e get length of approximately 560 kilometres (350 mi).

== En History ==

De Corubal formed de border between Kaabu den de Imamate of Futa Jallon insyde de late 18th den early 19th centuries.

During the Portuguese Colonial War in February 1969, ee Portuguese army, wey demma ran from territories insyde de Madina do Boe sector, lose 47 soldiers to drowning wen demma overloaded raft fall for one side while crossing de Corubal. The incident became known as the Cheche Disaster. People dem come know de incident as 

=== Ein Treaty ===
Sam protocol agreement dem dey call de &quot;Corubal River Agreement&quot; wey dem sign on 21 October 1978 for Conakry by de [[Guinea|Republic of Guinea]] den [[Guinea-Bissau|Republic of Guinea Bissau]] say ego develop den manage de Kaliba-Koribal River; de Corubal River wey e sana be Kaliba. De &quot;Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Gambie&quot; (OMVG) wey e sana be &quot;The Gambia River Basin Development Organization&quot; wey dem sana agree to be established to study den develop management plans for projects on de Gambia River, de Geba River den de Corubal River for power generation, irrigation, flood control, navigation, water quality den infrastructure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hydropolitical Vulnerability And Resilience Along International Waters: Africa&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPXKoHilf8kC&amp;pg=PA92 |title=Hydropolitical Vulnerability And Resilience Along International Waters: Africa |publisher=UNEP/Earthprint |year=2005 |isbn=978-92-807-2575-9 |pages=92– |access-date=3 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dinar2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shlomi Dinar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tx8SoeluyWoC&amp;pg=PA247 |title=International Water Treaties: Negotiation and Cooperation Along Transboundary Rivers |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-415-77208-2 |pages=247– |access-date=3 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; De agreement wey sana dem recognized de total basin area of de Corubal River of 24000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; with 17500&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (72.71%) insyde Guinea den de balance 27.02% insyde Guinea Bissau.&lt;ref name=&quot;Basin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Appendix 1 International Freshwater Agreements, River Basin organizations, and River Basin Commissions of Africa |url=http://www.awiru.co.za/pdf/F_BACK%20UNEP%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110210929/http://www.awiru.co.za/pdf/F_BACK%20UNEP%20Africa.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2015 |access-date=31 January 2013 |website=Corubal |publisher=UNEP Africa |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; OMVG demma study four sites for development as hydro-electric power projects. De projects be, de Sambangalou on de River Gambia, de Fello Sounga den Saltinho Projects on de River Koliba/Corubal, den de Gaoual Project for de River Géba. However, de general agreement nor dey get any relevant substantive den procedural rules governing cooperation between Guinea den Guinea-Bissau. Hence e dey suggested say recourse for be taken to &quot;De United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses“ which be global instrument, adopted in 1997, to promote de equitable den sustainable development den management of river basins shared by two or more states. Using de provisions of this convention de existing agreement between de two basin states wey en dey development of Corubal River would need to be enlarged making specific provisions for &quot;informing and guiding cooperation, as well as by providing de technical committee with legal guidance for better implementing its activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Watercourses Convention: Applicability And Relevance In West Africa |url=http://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/bibliography/WWF/RA_West_Africa.pdf |access-date=31 January 2013 |publisher=International Water Law organization |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De river's discharge has been observed for 18 years (1977-1994) for Saltinho, located some 200 kilometers from de sea. For de Saltinho amont station, the mean annual discharge observed during de period be 304 m3/s for catchment area wey take cover 23,840 km2, over 90% of de entire watershed of de river. De depth of runoff reached 404&amp;nbsp;mm/yr, which can be considered high.</text>
      <sha1>2tesh72yb2l1jcl5amucvqiyr3lrpqv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maningory River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27318</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100733</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:13:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vera Asante 1</username>
        <id>6323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1288090684|Maningory River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100733</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="710" sha1="9laez1eeaudzkn081cmwmizejn98p6e" xml:space="preserve">
'''''Maningory''''' be river wey dey region of Analanjirofo in north-eastern [[Madagascar]] inside. Etake it source in Lake Alaotra&lt;ref name=&quot;LC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Madagascar-GEOGRAPHY |url=http://countrystudies.us/madagascar/7.htm |access-date=27 September 2017 |website=countrystudies.us |publisher=U. S. Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus edey flow into the Indian Ocean wey dey b3nke [[Antakobola]].

De Maningory Falls wey ehave 90 meters dey 20&amp;nbsp;km from Imerimandroso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=En construction |url=http://www.madagascar-guide.com |access-date=11 August 2017 |website=Madagascar-guide.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Maningory_Basin_OSM.png|left|thumb|566x566px|Maningory Basin OSM]]

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>9laez1eeaudzkn081cmwmizejn98p6e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cestos River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27319</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100736</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:19:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dzidedavid</username>
        <id>6300</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the opening section from the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338941530|Cestos River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100736</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1433" sha1="ovfbxh7y7bz7cf8lpgbfdxmly77rm0q" xml:space="preserve">De '''Cestos River''', sanso wey be  '''Nuon''' den '''Nipoué''' river,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Liberia Waterways |url=http://www.tlcafrica.com/tlc_rivers.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205194252/http://www.tlcafrica.com/tlc_rivers.htm |archive-date=5 February 2012 |accessdate=8 August 2014 |publisher=The Liberian Connection}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe river wey dey rise insyd de [[Nimba Range]] for [[Guinea]] den flow south one syd  [[Ivory Coast]] border, den south-west thru tracts wey Liberian [[rain forest]] be empty insyd a [[bay]] for de top  [[Atlantic Ocean]] wey de town wey [[Cestos]] dey locate.  De [[pygmy hippopotamus]] ebe one wey be inhabit land along stretches be de river.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |title=Wetlands International Ramsar Sites Information Service: Liberia |url=http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/LIBERIA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728174712/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/LIBERIA.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-28 |accessdate=2008-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edey form de northern third for de international boundary insyd Liberia den [[Ivory Coast]].

During de [[First Liberian Civil War]], de portion wey de river near de city wey [[Cestos]] be de leading food den mineral extraction region for de [[National Patriotic Front of Liberia]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rivercess Falls to Allied Forces&quot;.  &lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ovfbxh7y7bz7cf8lpgbfdxmly77rm0q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Ibnali1</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>27320</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100741</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:25:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>110</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Congratulations to the Local Winners of Feminism and Folklore 2026 */ new section</comment>
      <origin>100741</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2072" sha1="9ur1g52z62guc6nq707s99ydetgnl16" xml:space="preserve">== Congratulations to the Local Winners of Feminism and Folklore 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|right|350px]]

Dear {{PAGENAME}},

The Feminism and Folklore International Organizing Team is pleased to congratulate the Local Winners of '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]'''.

Local Winners are participants who achieved top rankings within their respective language communities through their valuable contributions to documenting folklore, women's history, culture, traditions, and related knowledge on Wikimedia projects in their local languages.

Your efforts have helped enrich Wikimedia content, preserve cultural heritage, and improve the representation of diverse communities and knowledge systems across the movement. We sincerely appreciate your dedication and contribution to the success of the campaign.

=== Appreciation Form ===

As a token of appreciation to receive prizes, all Local Winners are requested to complete the following form by '''22 June 2026'''.

'''Form link''' - 
[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdGU7vkzANkB8P1k2X-NPwOwqBoTZafzgUZ-23wnVCeW2cj3g/viewform here]

; Deadline
: 22 June 2026

Please ensure that all information provided in the form is accurate and complete. This information will be used for the appreciation process.

=== Thank you ===

We extend our heartfelt thanks to all Local Winners for their outstanding contributions and continued support of free knowledge. Your work has strengthened local-language content and helped make knowledge about folklore and women more accessible to communities around the world.

Congratulations once again on your achievement.

—''Feminism and Folklore International Organizing Team''
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:25, 7 June 2026 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf2026&amp;oldid=30649454 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9ur1g52z62guc6nq707s99ydetgnl16</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Water scarcity</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27321</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100747</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:30:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100747</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Benito River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27322</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100748</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:32:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Donnarumma Jnr</username>
        <id>6301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358232392|Benito River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100748</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1386" sha1="hwhapi9h78fj7is0kyrl0p40p1sy4rh" xml:space="preserve">De '''Benito''' be de river insyd [[Equatorial Guinea]]. It is known locally as de '''Mbini River''', den, at least as edey flows insyd ein westerly part through de Monte Alén National Park, for de '''Uoro River'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bird&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Monte Alen National Park |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6381 |access-date=1 May 2015 |publisher=Birdlife International}}&lt;/ref&gt; De river Dey  rise insyd [[Gabon]] den crosses for  Equatorial Guinea den edey divides de country roughly along de middle, running east den west.for de mouth to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] lies de town of Mbini, as well as large mangrove stands that extend 20 kilometres (12 mi) inland. Only this 20 kilometres (12 mi) portion for  de river Dey  navigable. De river  used to float logs for forestry operations. De cichlid genus ''Benitochromis'' takes de first part of ein name from de Benito River.&lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=https://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=22 November 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]]
[[Category:Articles with short description]]</text>
      <sha1>hwhapi9h78fj7is0kyrl0p40p1sy4rh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100750</id>
      <parentid>100748</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:36:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Donnarumma Jnr</username>
        <id>6301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358232392|Benito River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100750</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1397" sha1="l59xx5ry8x8r14jgabu5xdz7oo1244w" xml:space="preserve">De '''Benito''' be de river insyd [[Equatorial Guinea]]. It is known locally as de '''Mbini River''', den, at least as edey flows insyd ein westerly part through de Monte Alén National Park, for de '''Uoro River'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bird&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Monte Alen National Park |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6381 |access-date=1 May 2015 |publisher=Birdlife International}}&lt;/ref&gt; De river Dey  rise insyd [[Gabon]] den crosses for  Equatorial Guinea den edey divides de country roughly along de middle, running east den west.for de mouth to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] lies de town of Mbini, as well as large mangrove stands that extend 20 kilometres (12 mi) inland. Only this 20 kilometres (12 mi) portion for  de river Dey  navigable. De river  used to float logs for forestry operations. De cichlid genus ''Benitochromis'' takes de first part of ein name from de Benito River.&lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=https://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=22 November 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]]
[[Category:Articles with short description]]</text>
      <sha1>l59xx5ry8x8r14jgabu5xdz7oo1244w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mahavavy Sud River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27323</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100749</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:32:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kewl Sunshine</username>
        <id>45</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1241302270|Mahavavy Sud River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100749</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6177" sha1="q7p87uriplfee8nftx8zcbgtv7kyogk" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |'''Mahavavy Sud River'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Mahavavy-floden_vid_Ambato._Madagaskar_-_SMVK_-_001663.tif|frameless]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Mahavavy_south_Basin_OSM.png|250x250px]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Location
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Country
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Madagascar]]
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Region
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Betsiboka]], [[Boeny]], [[Bongolava]], [[Melaky]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Physical&amp;nbsp;characteristics
|- style=&quot;display:none;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Source
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;location&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Andranofotsibe Massif
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;elevation&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1,000&amp;nbsp;m (3,300&amp;nbsp;ft)
|- style=&quot;display:none&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mouth
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Mozambique Channel, Indian Ocean
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;coordinates&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-inline&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mahavavy_Sud_River&amp;params=15.7963_S_45.7817_E_type:river_region:MG &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;15°47′47″S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;45°46′54″E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xFEFF; / &amp;#xFEFF;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;15.7963°S 45.7817°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xFEFF; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;-15.7963; 45.7817&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;indicator name=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mahavavy_Sud_River&amp;params=15.7963_S_45.7817_E_type:river_region:MG &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;15°47′47″S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;45°46′54″E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &amp;#xfeff;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;15.7963°S 45.7817°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;-15.7963; 45.7817&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/indicator&gt;
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;elevation&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |0&amp;nbsp;m (0&amp;nbsp;ft)
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Length
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |410&amp;nbsp;km (250&amp;nbsp;mi)
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Basin size&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |16,475&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (6,361&amp;nbsp;sq&amp;nbsp;mi)
|- style=&quot;display:none;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Discharge
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;location&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Mahavavy Delta
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;average&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |(Period: 1971–2000)578.4&amp;nbsp;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (20,430&amp;nbsp;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/s)
|- style=&quot;display:none&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Basin&amp;nbsp;features
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;River system&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Mahavavy Sud River
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Tributaries
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;left&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Mahakambana
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;right&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Kiranomena, Manamidona
|}
De '''Mahavavy Sud''', dem also de call am '''Mahavavy South''', dis river dey de western syd for [[Madagascar]]. Ide flow from south de go north wey ide pass de thru de Melaky, Betsiboka, Bongolava den Boeny area. Ein length be 410 km (250 mi), wey ide drain go basin wey ein syz be 16,475 km2 (6,361 mi2). Ide differ from de Mahavavy Nord wey efar like hundreds of kilometers go north.
[[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]]
[[Category:Articles with short description]]</text>
      <sha1>q7p87uriplfee8nftx8zcbgtv7kyogk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100755</id>
      <parentid>100749</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:53:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kewl Sunshine</username>
        <id>45</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1241302270|Mahavavy Sud River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100755</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6557" sha1="r0lw60dunln5b22ldvm8umsi5p697kw" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |'''Mahavavy Sud River'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Mahavavy-floden_vid_Ambato._Madagaskar_-_SMVK_-_001663.tif|frameless]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Mahavavy_south_Basin_OSM.png|250x250px]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Location
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Country
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Madagascar]]
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Region
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Betsiboka]], [[Boeny]], [[Bongolava]], [[Melaky]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Physical&amp;nbsp;characteristics
|- style=&quot;display:none;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Source
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;location&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Andranofotsibe Massif
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;elevation&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1,000&amp;nbsp;m (3,300&amp;nbsp;ft)
|- style=&quot;display:none&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mouth
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Mozambique Channel, Indian Ocean
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;coordinates&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-inline&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mahavavy_Sud_River&amp;params=15.7963_S_45.7817_E_type:river_region:MG &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;15°47′47″S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;45°46′54″E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xFEFF; / &amp;#xFEFF;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;15.7963°S 45.7817°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xFEFF; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;-15.7963; 45.7817&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;indicator name=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mahavavy_Sud_River&amp;params=15.7963_S_45.7817_E_type:river_region:MG &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;15°47′47″S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;45°46′54″E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &amp;#xfeff;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;15.7963°S 45.7817°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;-15.7963; 45.7817&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/indicator&gt;
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;elevation&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |0&amp;nbsp;m (0&amp;nbsp;ft)
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Length
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |410&amp;nbsp;km (250&amp;nbsp;mi)
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Basin size&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |16,475&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (6,361&amp;nbsp;sq&amp;nbsp;mi)
|- style=&quot;display:none;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Discharge
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;location&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Mahavavy Delta
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;average&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |(Period: 1971–2000)578.4&amp;nbsp;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (20,430&amp;nbsp;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/s)
|- style=&quot;display:none&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Basin&amp;nbsp;features
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;River system&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Mahavavy Sud River
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Tributaries
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;left&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Mahakambana
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;right&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Kiranomena, Manamidona
|}
De '''Mahavavy Sud''', dem also de call am '''Mahavavy South''', dis river dey de western syd for [[Madagascar]]. Ide flow from south de go north wey ide pass de thru de Melaky, Betsiboka, Bongolava den Boeny area. Ein length be 410 km (250 mi), wey ide drain go basin wey ein syz be 16,475 km2 (6,361 mi2). Ide differ from de Mahavavy Nord wey efar like hundreds of kilometers go north.

De Mahavavy Sud de rise for de Andranofotsibe Massif go lyk 1000 meters up. Ide flow go south, wey ide join de Kiranomena den Manamidona rivers wey de start for de Famoizankova massif. De river ein first 125 km get steep gradient, lyk 7 meters per kilometer. For Kandreho de river de enter go east den west way den ide join de Mahakambana, wey ide drain de west syd of de flow. 
[[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]]
[[Category:Articles with short description]]</text>
      <sha1>r0lw60dunln5b22ldvm8umsi5p697kw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mangoky River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27324</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100753</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:47:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ebenezer Sasu</username>
        <id>6302</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the opening section from the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1243691040|Mangoky River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100753</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1682" sha1="15d82ocjw5750uvmo8ezjt6jf47sn0n" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Mangoky_delta.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Mangoky River Delta from space, November 1989 &lt;br /&gt;(south wey to de top) ([https://www.nasa.gov NASA])]]
De '''Mangoky River''' wey be 564-kilometer-long (350&amp;nbsp;mi) river ein [[Madagascar]] ein de regions of [[Atsimo-Andrefana]] and [[Anosy]]. 
Edey form ein de [[Mananantanana]] den de[[Matsiatra]]. Another important affluent be de [[Zomandao River]].

Edey rises ein dey [[Central Highlands (Madagascar)|Central Highlands]] of [[Madagascar]] just east wey de city of [[Fianarantsoa]]. De river wey de flow generally ein a westerly direction wey dey commot out of de highlands, crosses de southern extension of de [[Bemaraha Plateau]], reaches de coastal plain den its delta, den enters de [[Mozambique Channel]] north wey de city wey [[Morombe]] at &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{coord|21.316667|S|43.533333|E|display=inline,title}}.

Chaw dey Madagascar wey undergone serious [[deforestation]] during de last 40 years, chiefly wey [[slash-and-burn]] practises by indigenous peoples. Dis loss wey forest has led to extreme [[soil erosion]] ein de Mangoky River basin, ebe evidence wey be chaw [[Sandbar|sandbars]] located insyd de river channel. Silt-laden, greenish-tan [[Lake Ihotry]] is clearly discernible south of de river. Between de lake den de coast is a rather large, whitish area wey sand interspersed with silt-laden ponds. De southern portion wey de delta be dominated by successive barrier island den spit formation. Ein contrast, de northern, protected portion wey de delta be dominated by tidal passes den [[mangrove]] swamps.

[[File:Mangoky_Basin_OSM.png|thumb|Mangoky Bassin]]</text>
      <sha1>15d82ocjw5750uvmo8ezjt6jf47sn0n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Save River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27325</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100754</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:48:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dzidedavid</username>
        <id>6300</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the opening section from the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/923999406|Save River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100754</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="201" sha1="qjakfw4zbbiqolc3hy14ny4q9emb6f5" xml:space="preserve">'''Save River''' fi be:

* [[Save River (Africa)]] - a river insyd Africa
* [[Save (Garonne)]] - a river insyd France
* [[Sava|Sava River]] - a river insyd de Balkans, sanso be Save insyd some sources.</text>
      <sha1>qjakfw4zbbiqolc3hy14ny4q9emb6f5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mahajamba River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27326</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100756</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:55:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Joseph Danyo</username>
        <id>6325</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the opening section from the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1287776285|Mahajamba River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100756</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="452" sha1="2o0q8zx7ix4602dfubcwmailg7wtw5h" xml:space="preserve">De '''Mahajamba be'''  river wey dey for northern [[Madagascar]]. E dey flow through [[Ankarafantsika National Park]]. De river wey dey surround insyd [[Mangrove|mangroves]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradt2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bradt |first=Hilary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTRPnMlOcwgC&amp;pg=PA82 |title=Madagascar: The Bradt Travel Guide |date=17 May 2011 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-341-2 |page=82 |accessdate=8 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2o0q8zx7ix4602dfubcwmailg7wtw5h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mangoro River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27327</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100760</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:00:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ebenezer Sasu</username>
        <id>6302</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the opening section from the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306129711|Mangoro River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100760</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="399" sha1="qjy7l9jkmi2aj7rizkp9it4a972j4hq" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Carte_bassin_Mangoro.svg|left|thumb|bassin be de Mangoro]]
De '''Mangoro River''' wey be largest river wey de east coast of [[Madagascar]] by basin size den water volume, den is 300&amp;nbsp;km ein length.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mangoro River (Madagascar) |url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh88005391.html |accessdate=2013-03-05 |work=LC Linked Data Service (Library of Congress)}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qjy7l9jkmi2aj7rizkp9it4a972j4hq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Licungo River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27328</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100765</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:12:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adabre Samuel</username>
        <id>6299</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the opening section from the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1185827452|Licungo River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100765</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1159" sha1="hqyygot9yed4inyt8shu5g8m3dmzcq2" xml:space="preserve">Licungo be one river for Mozambique we dey pass through Zambezia Province. De river begin north of Gurúè, den e flow go south till e enter di Indian Ocean

After di river comot from Gurué District, e dey form border between Namarroi and Ile. Later, e come form di southern border of Lugela District before e enter Mocuba District. For Mocuba town, Lugela River join Licungo River. Lugela River dey flow come from near the border wey Mozambique get with Malaw After dat, di river come dey form border between Namacurra District and Maganja da Costa District. 

Flooding be problem wey dey happen for dat area plenty times, including di big Mozambique flood wey happen for year 2000. For January 2015, heavy floods cause 64 people die, and di bridge for National Road 1 for Mocuba collapse.

For 2018, di basin become part of one mapping project wey di National Institute for Disaster Management (INGC) start, and di World Food Programme support am.  Dem also assess di basin through di Dutch Risk Reduction team to check flood risks and how to reduce disaster problems

Some farming areas for di basin include di Munda Munda plain and di Sena sugar estates.</text>
      <sha1>hqyygot9yed4inyt8shu5g8m3dmzcq2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Climate change by continent</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27329</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100768</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:25:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100768</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mano River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27330</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100770</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:28:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cornelius Agordome</username>
        <id>28</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created new article</comment>
      <origin>100770</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="922" sha1="okkjjoo87h90czyqyavl303q4pft77g" xml:space="preserve">De '''Mano River''' be river insyd West Africa. Edey rise insyd de Guinea Highlands insyd Liberia den edey form part of de Liberia-Sierra Leone dema border.[https://www.britannica.com/place/Mano-River]

De districts wey de river dey flow include de Parrot's Beak area of Guinea, Liberia's Lofa County den de Kono plus de Kailahun District of Sierra Leone. Diamond mining be major industry insyd dis areas. Control of de area ein wealth den de instability of de national governments for all de three countries cause series of violent conflicts for dis districts insyd de 1990s (Check Sierra Leone Civil War, First Liberian Civil War, Second Liberian Civil War).

Liberia den Sierra Leone found de Mano River Union insyd 1973.&lt;ref&gt;http://wits.worldbank.org/GPTAD/PDF/archive/MRU.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Guinea joined insyd 1980. Dem reactivate am for 2004 as de customs den economic union; Côte d'Ivoire join insyd 2008.

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>okkjjoo87h90czyqyavl303q4pft77g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100774</id>
      <parentid>100770</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:41:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cornelius Agordome</username>
        <id>28</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100774</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="920" sha1="3bha6u02n9ge1ylk65x4tyleqqk8x4k" xml:space="preserve">De '''Mano River''' be river insyd West Africa. Edey rise insyd de Guinea Highlands insyd Liberia den edey form part of de Liberia-Sierra Leone dema border.https://www.britannica.com/place/Mano-River

De districts wey de river dey flow include de Parrot's Beak area of Guinea, Liberia's Lofa County den de Kono plus de Kailahun District of Sierra Leone. Diamond mining be major industry insyd dis areas. Control of de area ein wealth den de instability of de national governments for all de three countries cause series of violent conflicts for dis districts insyd de 1990s (Check Sierra Leone Civil War, First Liberian Civil War, Second Liberian Civil War).

Liberia den Sierra Leone found de Mano River Union insyd 1973.&lt;ref&gt;http://wits.worldbank.org/GPTAD/PDF/archive/MRU.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Guinea joined insyd 1980. Dem reactivate am for 2004 as de customs den economic union; Côte d'Ivoire join insyd 2008.

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>3bha6u02n9ge1ylk65x4tyleqqk8x4k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100775</id>
      <parentid>100774</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:43:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cornelius Agordome</username>
        <id>28</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>100775</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="923" sha1="0j092f0ye0oir24utlf99v0jmrt2u1i" xml:space="preserve">De '''Mano River''' be river insyd West Africa. Edey rise insyd de Guinea Highlands insyd Liberia den edey form part of de Liberia-Sierra Leone dema border. [https://www.britannica.com/place/Mano-River]

De districts wey de river dey flow include de Parrot's Beak area of Guinea, Liberia's Lofa County den de Kono plus de Kailahun District of Sierra Leone. Diamond mining be major industry insyd dis areas. Control of de area ein wealth den de instability of de national governments for all de three countries cause series of violent conflicts for dis districts insyd de 1990s (Check Sierra Leone Civil War, First Liberian Civil War, Second Liberian Civil War).

Liberia den Sierra Leone found de Mano River Union insyd 1973.&lt;ref&gt;http://wits.worldbank.org/GPTAD/PDF/archive/MRU.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Guinea joined insyd 1980. Dem reactivate am for 2004 as de customs den economic union; Côte d'Ivoire join insyd 2008.

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>0j092f0ye0oir24utlf99v0jmrt2u1i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rokel River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27331</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100771</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:28:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vera Asante 1</username>
        <id>6323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353051157|Rokel River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100771</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13133" sha1="56ax5fo74r1wqewfensnr2zdq6cgbqf" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Rokel River&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;nickname&quot; style=&quot;display:inline;font-size:78%&quot;&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist &quot;&gt;
* Seli River
* Pamoronkoh River

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Freetown-aerialview.jpg|frameless]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Freetown at the mouth of the river estuary&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |&lt;mapframe zoom=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; frameless=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; width=&quot;250&quot;&gt;[
{&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Rokel River&quot;,&quot;fill-opacity&quot;:0.1,&quot;stroke&quot;:&quot;#0000ff&quot;,&quot;stroke-width&quot;:2,&quot;fill&quot;:&quot;#606060&quot;},&quot;type&quot;:&quot;ExternalData&quot;,&quot;service&quot;:&quot;geoshape&quot;,&quot;ids&quot;:&quot;Q1781219&quot;},
{&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;stroke-width&quot;:5,&quot;stroke&quot;:&quot;#0000ff&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Rokel River&quot;},&quot;type&quot;:&quot;ExternalData&quot;,&quot;service&quot;:&quot;geoline&quot;,&quot;ids&quot;:&quot;Q1781219&quot;},
{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Feature&quot;,&quot;geometry&quot;:{&quot;coordinates&quot;:[-12.8,8.55],&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;},&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;marker-color&quot;:&quot;#5E74F3&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Rokel River&quot;,&quot;marker-symbol&quot;:&quot;water&quot;}}
]&lt;/mapframe&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Location
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Country
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Sierra Leone]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Physical&amp;nbsp;characteristics
|- style=&quot;display:none;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Source
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;location&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Loma Mountains, Guinea Highlands, [[Sierra Leone]], [[West Africa]]
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;elevation&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |900&amp;nbsp;m (3,000&amp;nbsp;ft)
|- style=&quot;display:none&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mouth
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;location&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Atlantic Ocean]]
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;elevation&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |0&amp;nbsp;m (0&amp;nbsp;ft)
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Length
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |386&amp;nbsp;km (240&amp;nbsp;mi)
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Basin size&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |10,622&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (4,101&amp;nbsp;sq&amp;nbsp;mi)
|- style=&quot;display:none;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Discharge
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;location&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Near mouth
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;average&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |(Period: 1971–2000) 546.9&amp;nbsp;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (19,310&amp;nbsp;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/s)
|- style=&quot;display:none&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Basin&amp;nbsp;features
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;River system&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Rokel River
|}
'''De Rokel River''' (also '''Seli River'''; previously '''Pamoronkoh River''') be de largest river wey de Republic of [[Sierra Leone]] in West Africa inside. De river basin dey measure 10,622 km2 (4,101 mi2) in size, plus de drainage divided by de Gbengbe and Kabala hills and the [[Sula Mountains]]. The estuary which extends over an area of 2,950 km2 (1,140 mi2) became a Ramsar wetland site of importance in 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 December 1999 |title=1014, Sierra Leone River Estuary |url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist_order.pdf |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Ramsar organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Rokel rises in de 900-metre-high (3,000 ft) interior plateau of de Loma Mountains, in de Guinea Highlands of north central Sierra Leone, wey dey flow southwest about  240 miles (390 km) through hill ranges den, together with a smaller, parallel stream called [[Port Loko Creek]], feeds into de Rokel estuary before entering the [[Atlantic Ocean]].[4] De estuary, wey efini join the Bankasoka River, esaana be de Sierra Leone River, be 25 miles (40 km) in length plus  ehas a width of 4–10 miles (6.4–16.1 km). Freetown and Pepel are the two ports located on the shores of the estuary. As the estuary widens and joins the Atlantic its width is about 11 km (6.8 mi). The southern shore is the deepest and forms a natural harbour, which is reported to be the third largest in the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf &quot;Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Mangrove swamps plus de mud flats be de dominant ecosystem (accounting for 19% of the mangrove forest in de country)&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf &quot;Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; wey ebe known around de river's ria.[4] The river basin measures 10,622 square kilometres (4,101 sq mi) in size, with the drainage divided by de Gbengbe and Kabala hills and de Sula Mountains. De Rokel drops 15 metres (49 ft) at de Bumbuna waterfalls.[7] Mangrove species recorded are ''Rhizophora'', ''Avicennia'', ''Laguncularia'', and ''Conocarpus'', which cover an area of 34.23 hectares (84.6 acres).&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot; /&gt; Sierra Leone's capital city of Freetown lies at de entrance to de Sierra Leone River, about 25 miles (40 km) from de port of Pepel.

== Geology ==
Rokel River plus its tributaries be defined as de &quot;Rokel River Group&quot; for geological study. De geological formation in this group is reported to be of de [[Tabe formation]] plus glacial sediments dominating its eastern edge be exposed along de river insyde some stretches; de geological formation noted in the river be granite rocks. De formation be broadly categorized as folded sedimentary rocks. Esaana be reported say demma orogeny belongs to de Pan African thermo-tectonic age of about 550 Ma.[8] Geologically ebe tectonically controlled basin den formations of Precambrian, Infra-Cambrian plus Pleistocene age. De river be hemmed between de Sula Mountains on de southeast plus de grantoid hills of de Gbengbe plus Kabal hills on de west. De notable cascade in de river be known as de Bumbuna water falls where de river drops by 15 metres (49 ft) providing for building a hydroelectric project.[9]

== History ==
John MacCormac, an Irish businessman, settled on Timbo Island insyde 1816 and started exporting African Oak from de Rokel River.&lt;ref name=&quot;DACB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=McCormack, John |url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011223122/http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html |archive-date=11 October 2016 |access-date=10 October 2016 |website=Dictionary of African Christian Biography |publisher=Center for Global Christianity and Mission |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; De trade be quite substantial for a while but eventually e enter decline.
Iron ore and alluvial gold mining began in de late 1920s plus early 1930s, while de Bumbuna Falls hydroelectric project be underway.[7]
De Yalunka people established demma capital, Falaba, wey b3nk3 de source of de Rokel.[11] De estuary, wey  e extends over an area of 2,950 square kilometres (1,140 sq mi), be listed as Ramsar site of wetland importance insyde 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 January 2000 |title=Sierra Leone becomes Ramsar's 118th Contracting Party |url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/sierra-leone-becomes-ramsars-118th-contracting-party |website=ramsar.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; De site is bounded by Cape Point on de western side of de Freetown, by de [[Bunce River]] on one of demma banks, plus de Tagrin Point where areas of de Rokel joins at de southern end of demma mouth.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf &quot;Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyde February 2025, Thomas Mariee completed a 365km solo packraft descent of de Rokel River in 17 days.

== Development ==
De Rokel river flow has been measured at three gauge stations. De reported maximum and minimum discharge at Magbass, one of de three stations, be 1,905 cubic metres (67,300 cu ft) plus 2 cubic metres (71 cu ft) respectively. There are many projects developed in de river basin wey  ederive demma water supply requirements from dis river.[9]

De iron ore mining at Marampa be dependent on pumped water supply from de river. A Rokel River Water Rights Agreement (Ratification) Act be signed with the developers of the mines; the mines are in operation since 1933 to 1975 by Sierra Leone Development Company (DELCO) and Astro Minerals from 1983. De water agreement provides &quot;exclusive and preferential rights to the use of the Rokel waters by special agreement&quot; for a period of 89 years from 1 January 1938. De environmental impacts on the downstream users plus disposal of tailings from de mining operations have not been addressed. De iron extracted has resulted in reduction of de height of one of de ore bearing hills by 24.4 metres (80 ft).[14]

Gold mining in de Sula Mountains plus isyde de Rokel river sediments be an extensive operation undertaken since 1929 insyde de river plus demma tributaries after gold be found in the mountains. Steam sediment studies were carried out for assessing the mineral concentration of arsenic.  De panning operation insyde de river using manual labour be based on paddocking. Dis alluvial gold mining operation be described as environmentally destructive as forest denudation for de purpose of mining caused extensive erosion of de hills plus consequent sedimentation of de river plus demma tributaries.[15]

De Bumbuna Dam dem be developed on de river by building a 93 metres (305 ft) high dam in de narrow reach of de river, wey ecreate a lake wey estretche 30 kilometres (19 mi) upstream.[16] De Magbass Irrigation Project was implemented downstream of de dam. De project implementation be assisted by China for sugarcane cultivation. De project, implemented insyde 1980, is located at Magbass on de banks of de river plus eget an irrigation command of 880 square kilometres (340 sq mi).[17]

== Flora and fauna ==
De flora insyde de estuary consists of mangrove forest. De avifauna in de area consists of 10,000 birds of 36 species (1995 record). Esaana be reported say there be eight winter wader species reported wey eaccounts for 1% of demma world population. De eight species of palaearctic migrant waders recorded be:&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf &quot;Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==

== Bibliography ==

[[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]]
[[Category:Articles with short description]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>56ax5fo74r1wqewfensnr2zdq6cgbqf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Imo River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27332</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100773</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:39:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kewl Sunshine</username>
        <id>45</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356862343|Imo River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100773</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1295" sha1="nuhp08ir4tx6rggvtscfhu9mh4xfk3e" xml:space="preserve">
De '''Imo River''' dey de southeast syd for [[Nigeria]] wey ide flow 240 kilometres (150 mi) go de [[Atlantic Ocean]] insyd. Ein meeting point bola lyk 40 kilometres (25 mi), every year biaa, de river de create 4 cubic kilometres (1.0 mi3)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Land and Water Development Division |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VzqBfdeSjgQC&amp;pg=PA92 |title=Irrigation potential in Africa |publisher=Food &amp; Agriculture Org |year=1997 |isbn=92-5-103966-6 |page=92}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus 26,000 ha (100 sq mi; 64,000 acres of wetland. De waters wey edey flow go de Imo rivers bi de Otamiri and Oramirukwa. Dem clear de Imo River de tym de British colonial administration de rule Nigeria for 1907–1908 den 1911; dem clear am first go Aba den dem go Udo near Umuahia. Eget 830-metre (2,720 ft) bridge for de crossing wey edey Rivers State den Akwa Ibom State.

== Cultural Significance ==
In Akwa Ibom State, the Imo River is known as '''Imoh River''' or '''Inyang Imoh''' which translates to ''River of Wealth'' (Ibibio: Inyang means ''river'' or ''ocean'', and Imoh means ''wealth''). The deity, or Alusi, of the river is the female ''[[Imo (mythology)|Imo]]'', who communities surrounding the river honour as the owner of the river.</text>
      <sha1>nuhp08ir4tx6rggvtscfhu9mh4xfk3e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Block waterfalls</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27333</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100778</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:54:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100778</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Victoria Falls</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27334</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100779</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:54:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100779</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Canyons den gorges of Africa</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27335</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100780</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:55:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100780</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Geography of Matabeleland North Province</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27336</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100781</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:56:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100781</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Geography of Southern Province, Zambia</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27337</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100782</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:56:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100782</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:International waterfalls</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27338</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100783</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:56:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100783</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Livingstone, Zambia</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27339</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100784</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:56:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100784</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Tourist attractions insyd Matabeleland North Province</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27340</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100785</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:57:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100785</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Tourist attractions insyd Southern Province, Zambia</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27341</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100786</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:58:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100786</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Tourist attractions insyd Zambia</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27342</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100788</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:58:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100788</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Waterfalls of Zambia</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27343</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100789</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:59:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100789</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Waterfalls of Zimbabwe</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27344</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100790</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:59:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100790</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:World Heritage Sites insyd Zimbabwe</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27345</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100791</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T18:59:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100791</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:World Heritage Sites insyd Zambia</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27346</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100792</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T19:00:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100792</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mbridge River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27347</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100798</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T19:18:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kewl Sunshine</username>
        <id>45</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358278347|Mbridge River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100798</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="495" sha1="8ulq1j5lih9m6cwc8zdocj7eqdditim" xml:space="preserve">
De '''Mbridge''' or '''Mebridege''' bi river wey edey de north of [[Angola]]. Ein mouf dey de Atlantic Ocean edey nearN'Zeto town for de Zaire Province. Ein start dey nearCuimba city, wey ide share boundary go de Zaire den Uige Provinces. Water wey ide link to am bi de Lufunde, de Lucunga, de Luqueia, den de Lufua.

Dem Construct bridge for de river top near N'Zeto  wey ibi expected say dem go complete am for 2013.

Dem feature de river ein mouf den sand spit for 2008 stamp top for Angola.</text>
      <sha1>8ulq1j5lih9m6cwc8zdocj7eqdditim</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Borehole</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27348</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100803</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T19:42:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
        <id>64</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created an article</comment>
      <origin>100803</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4673" sha1="q7esegsf1dhewluodhqah7k6rid0jb6" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Narrow hole wey dem drill inside ground}}

[[File:Borewell digging.jpg|thumb|Dem dey drill borehole for borewell or tube well]]
[[File:Borewell digging.ogv|thumb|Borehole drilling process]]
[[File:Drilling boreholes for clean water (9084603915).jpg|thumb|Woman for Uganda dey fetch water from borehole plus hand pump]]
[[File:Borehole 01.jpg|thumb|Drilled well for Ghana; borehole itself no dey show]]

A '''borehole''' na narrow hole wey dem drill inside ground. E fit go straight down or sideway. Dem dey construct boreholes for different purposes, like to fetch water, petroleum, natural gas, environmental investigations, mineral exploration, temperature measurement, geothermal work, and underground storage of materials.

== Importance ==

Engineers and environmental consultants dey use the word borehole to describe different kinds of drilled holes during ground investigations and environmental assessments. Dem dey drill these holes to collect soil samples, water samples, rock samples, and to install monitoring equipment for underground studies.

Samples from boreholes dey go laboratory for testing. The tests dey help to know soil and rock properties and also detect any chemicals or contaminants.

When borehole dey serve as water source, dem usually install casing pipes and screens inside am. This one dey stop the hole from collapsing and prevent dirty surface water from entering. E also dey protect pumps from sand and sediment.

Oil and gas wells too dey use similar method, although dem dey more complex.

Scientists dey also use borehole temperature readings at different depths to estimate past surface temperatures over long periods.

Some boreholes get plastic heat exchanger pipes wey fit store heat or cold underground between seasons. This system dey called seasonal thermal energy storage. E fit use gravel or solid rock, and boreholes fit be few or many, with depths from about 150 to 1,000 feet.&lt;ref&gt;Hellström G. (2008). Large-Scale Applications of Ground-Source Heat Pumps in Sweden. IEA HP Annex 29 Workshop, Zurich.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Stiles, Lynn (1998). Underground Thermal Energy Storage in the US.&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==

Borehole drilling get long history. For Han Dynasty period (202 BC–220 AD), Chinese people already dey use deep drilling for mining and other work. Some boreholes reach about 600 metres deep.&lt;ref&gt;Loewe (1968), p. 194.&lt;/ref&gt;

Chinese drilling method involve people wey dey jump on beam to drive drilling tool while animals like buffalo dey rotate the system.&lt;ref&gt;Tom (1989), p. 103.&lt;/ref&gt; This same idea later appear for oil drilling in California during the 1860s.&lt;ref&gt;Tom (1989), p. 103.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hobson (2004), p. 215.&lt;/ref&gt;

Archaeologists find Western Han Dynasty bronze site for Xinglong, Hebei, with mining shafts around 100 metres deep, plus timber supports and iron tools.&lt;ref&gt;Loewe (1968), p. 191.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wang (1982), p. 105.&lt;/ref&gt;

By first century BC, Chinese craftsmen already dey make iron drill bits and fit drill up to about 1,500 metres deep.&lt;ref&gt;Hossain &amp; Al-Majed (2015).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rezende (2007), p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Conner (2005), p. 175.&lt;/ref&gt;

By eleventh century AD, dem fit drill up to about 3,000 feet deep, but e dey take many years to complete one borehole—sometimes nearly ten years.&lt;ref&gt;Tom (1989), p. 103.&lt;/ref&gt;

Europe and Western world no catch up until nineteenth century.&lt;ref&gt;Conner (2005), p. 175.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hobson (2004), p. 215.&lt;/ref&gt;

For many years, the deepest borehole for the world be the Kola Superdeep Borehole for Russia. Later Sakhalin-I well take the record with 12,345 metres.&lt;ref&gt;Sakhalin-1 Project Drills World's Longest Extended-Reach Well.&lt;/ref&gt;

By 2012, Chayvo Z-44 well become the deepest with 12,376 metres.

For 2023, China start new deep borehole projects—one for Sichuan Basin (10,520 m) and another for Tarim Basin (11,100 m).&lt;ref&gt;CNN (2023). China deep drilling report.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;9News (2023).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Methodology ==

Drillers dey use drilling rigs or hand rigs to create boreholes. The method depend on ground type, equipment, and purpose.

For offshore drilling, dem dey use floating rigs or platforms on seabed.

== Hand Digging ==

For many developing countries, some boreholes still dey dig by hand. Workers dey use simple tools like shovel and pickaxe to remove soil layer by layer.

The work dey slow and require teamwork. To prevent collapse and protect water quality, dem dey line boreholes with bricks, stones, or concrete rings.

Sometimes dem dey add concrete slab for bottom and cover top to prevent contamination.&lt;ref&gt;Transformative Borehole Drilling Projects – 2050 Paris (2023).&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>q7esegsf1dhewluodhqah7k6rid0jb6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cross River (Nigeria)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27349</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100804</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T21:04:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibnali1</username>
        <id>62</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358133032|Cross River (Nigeria)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>100804</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5299" sha1="knga4sxv1xohu4banhuffnr4lk9f4d0" xml:space="preserve">
'''Cross River''' (native name: '''Oyono''')&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Reclus, Élisée |author-link=Élisée Reclus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1pAa9idGX0C&amp;pg=PA341 |title=Africa |publisher=Forgotten Books |year=1892 |isbn=1-4400-9130-7 |edition=reprint |volume=3 |page=341}}&lt;/ref&gt; be de main river insyd southeastern [[Nigeria]] den dey give ein name to Cross River State. E dey originate insyd [[Cameroon]], wer e dey take de name of de Manyu River.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=L. Zapfack |last2=J. S. O. Ayeni |last3=S. Besong |last4=M. Mdaihli |date=November 2001 |title=ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TAKAMANDA FOREST RESERVE |url=http://cameroun-foret.com/system/files/18_18_01.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708112712/http://cameroun-foret.com/system/files/18_18_01.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-08 |access-date=2011-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although no be long by African standards ein catchment get high rainfall wey e cam be very wide. Over ein last 80 kilometres (50 mi) to de sea e dey flow thru swampy rainforest plus numerous creeks den dey form an inland delta near ein confluence plus de Calabar River,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maritime Organisation of West and Central Africa, Nigeria |url=http://www.mowca.org/new%20design/member-states/nigeria.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505220021/http://www.mowca.org/new%20design/member-states/nigeria.html |archive-date=2010-05-05 |access-date=2009-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; about 20 kilometres (12 mi) wide den 50 kilometres (31 mi) long between de cities of Oron on de west bank den Calabar, on de east bank, more dan 30 kilometres (19 mi) from de open sea. De delta dey empty into a broad estuary&lt;ref&gt;{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Cross River|volume=7|page=510}}&lt;/ref&gt; wich e dey share plus a few smaller rivers. At ein mouth insyd de [[Atlantic Ocean]], de estuary be 24 kilometres (15 mi) wide. De eastern side of de estuary dey insyd de neighboring country of Cameroon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-12 |title=Cross River {{!}} Nigeria, Map, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cross-River-state-Nigeria |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De major tributary of Cross River be de river Aloma, wey dey cam from Benue State to merge plus Cross River insyd Cross River State. Cross River State be connected plus a major highway to ein sisto state Akwa Ibom. De distance between Oron den Calabar be 21 kilometres (13 mi) by boat den about 200 kilometres (120 mi) by road. De population of de lower Cross River traditionally dey use water transport wey na Calabar get a major seaport, insyd de Calabar River about 10 kilometres (6 mi) from ein confluence plus de Cross River den about 55 kilometres (34 mi) from de sea. De Itu bridge on de Cross River dey along Itu-Calabar highway wey dem report e be one of de landmark achievements of de Gowon administration wen na dem plete am insyd 1975.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Major Rivers in Nigeria (Details and Pictures) – Sea Empowerment and Research |url=https://seaempowerment.org/?p=981 |access-date=2023-09-29 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Кросс-ривер.png|alt=A Map of Cross River|frame|De Cross River, wey dey flow thru Cameroon den Nigeria]]
De Cross River dey form a boundary between two tropical moist forest ecoregions: de Cross-Niger transition forests, wich dey lie west of de river between de Cross den [[Niger River|Niger]] Rivers, den de Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests, wich dey lie to de east between de Cross River den de [[Sanaga River]] of Cameroon. De average annual rainfall dey vary from 1,760 mm insyd de northern part of de state to 3,100 mm insyd de southern part (WSSSRP II 2016).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nkpa M. |first=Ogarekpe |last2=Ekpe A. |first2=Obio |last3=Imokhai T. |first3=Tenebe |last4=Praise God C. |first4=Emenike |last5=Chidozie C. |first5=Nnaji |date=23 Jul 2020 |title=Flood vulnerability assessment of the upper Cross River basin using morphometric analysis |journal=Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1378–1403 |bibcode=2020GNHR...11.1378O |doi=10.1080/19475705.2020.1785954 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Cross_River_state_contingent.jpg|thumb|Dancers insyd Cross river state attire]]
Cross River sanso dey gives ein name to a national park den a family of languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brief History of Cross River National Park |url=https://www.traveldigest.com.ng/index.php/travel-and-tourism-events/item/664-brief-history-of-cross-river-national-park |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=www.traveldigest.com.ng |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De Cross River Region be of great historical importance, e be a) within de likely homeland from wich Bantu speaking people dem migrate across chaw of Sub-Saharan Africa 3000–5000 years ago, b) de location of wer dem create de Nsibidi Script, den c) de location of Calabar, one of de largest centers during de [[Atlantic slave trade]].

== Pollution ==
During sam months of monitoring, dem identify iron, manganese, lead, arsenic, den chromium insyd de water at levels hazardous for drinking; thus, dem pollute de water plus dese heavy metals wey dem no fi be relied on to serve as a potable water supply give Nigerians.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>knga4sxv1xohu4banhuffnr4lk9f4d0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Waterborne diseases</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27350</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100807</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T22:22:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
        <id>64</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created an article</comment>
      <origin>100807</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18722" sha1="9t25s48wiccug46ys5m37wvg01xs8kb" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Disease caused by agents transmitted by water}} {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name            = Waterborne diseases | image           = Groundwater Contamination Latin America Sm.png | alt             = | caption         = Waterborne diseases fit spread through groundwater wey feces pathogens from pit latrines contaminate am. | pronounce       = | width           = 300px | field           = Infectious disease | symptoms        = | complications   = | onset           = | duration        = | types           = | causes          = | risks           = | diagnosis       = | differential    = | prevention      = | treatment       = | medication      = | prognosis       = | frequency       = | deaths          = }}

'''Waterborne diseases''' be diseases wey pathogenic micro-organisms like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic worms dey cause. Dem dey spread through water wey don get contamination. Many of these micro-organisms be intestinal parasites wey fit enter body tissues or circulatory system through the walls of digestive tract.

Some other waterborne diseases dey come from viruses too. Other important types of waterborne diseases dey come from metazoan parasites. Common examples include some nematoda (roundworms), wey fit cause sickness like dracunculiasis or guinea worm disease. Other types of metazoan pathogens include Schistosomatidae, family of blood flukes.

Apart from pathogens, water contamination fit also come from chemical pollutants like volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This one include benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes, wey fit enter water lines through industrial dumping, pipeline leaks, jet fuel spills, or plastic pipes wey heat don damage.

These diseases fit spread when person bath, wash, drink, or chop food wey don touch contaminated water. E dey very common for developing countries wey no get clean water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). Even though diarrhea and vomiting be the most common symptoms, other symptoms include nausea, stomach cramps, fever, and problems for skin, ear, breathing system, or eyes.

When water get VOC contamination, e don link to headaches, nausea, tumor formation, and even increase cancer risk, including leukemia.

So, the best way to prevent waterborne diseases be make people get reliable access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation. This one include better sanitation systems, chlorination, vaccination, and sustainable technology like solar-powered desalination. Infrastructure improvement like changing bad plastic pipes to metal ones for wildfire-prone areas fit also reduce contamination.

Billions of people still no get access to clean water, so prevention be very important. Waterborne diseases dey cause plenty death and disability, especially for developing regions, and e dey also put economic pressure on affected communities. Climate change dey increase risk too because of droughts and flooding wey fit spread contamination and affect vulnerable people badly. Surveillance systems like the ones for United States dey help monitor and prevent disease outbreaks. Historically, improvement in sanitation, filtration, chlorination, and microbiology don help understand and control these diseases.

== Terminology ==
 [[File:Red blood cells infected with malaria.jpg|thumb|Red blood cells of an organism which has contracted malaria, a water borne disease ]]

The term waterborne disease dey mostly refer to infections wey dey spread mainly through contact with or drinking water wey microbes don pollute. Some infections fit still enter water by accident under special conditions. But just because occasional infection happen no mean say we suppose classify am as waterborne disease.

Disease like malaria dem dey sometimes confuse as waterborne because mosquito, wey be vector, get water stage inside their life cycle. Controlling stagnant water fit reduce mosquito population, but that no mean say water dey directly transmit malaria through drinking or contact.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Atangana |first=Abdon |title=Groundwater Pollution |date=2018 |work=Fractional Operators with Constant and Variable Order with Application to Geo-Hydrology |pages=49–72 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128096703000035 |access-date=2026-02-27 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-809670-3.00003-5 |isbn=978-0-12-809670-3 |pmc=7149999}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Another related term be &quot;water-related disease&quot;, wey mean any serious or widespread bad effect on human health like death, disability, sickness, or disorder wey water condition or change in water quantity or quality cause directly or indirectly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcos&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Von Sperling |first=M. |date=2015 |title=Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal |url=https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/72/ |journal=Water Intelligence Online |language=en |volume=6 |doi=10.2166/9781780402086 |issn=1476-1777 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free |article-number=9781780402086}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|47}}

Water-related diseases dey group according to how dem dey spread: water borne, water hygiene, water based, and water related.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcos&quot; /&gt;{{rp|47}} Main way wey waterborne diseases dey spread be when people drink contaminated water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Waterborne illness and disease {{!}} Life Sciences {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Causes ==

No clean water supply, poor sanitation, and poor hygiene (WASH) be major reason why waterborne diseases dey spread inside community. Fecal–oral route be main way wey these diseases dey transmit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2023: partnerships and cooperation for water; facts, figures and action examples |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000384659 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Poverty too dey increase risk for waterborne diseases. For example, how rich or poor community be fit affect their ability to get clean water.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Adelodun B, Ajibade FO, Ighalo JO, Odey G, Ibrahim RG, Kareem KY, Bakare HO, Tiamiyu AO, Ajibade TF, Abdulkadir TS, Adeniran KA, Choi KS|date=October 2020|title=Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: A review|url= |journal=Environmental Research|volume=192|article-number=110309|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2020.110309|pmc=7546968|pmid=33045227}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Less developed countries dey face higher risk of outbreaks, but even developed countries too fit still experience waterborne disease outbreaks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Smith A, Reacher M, Smerdon W, Adak GK, Nichols G, Chalmers RM|date=December 2006|title=Outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales, 1992-2003|url= |journal=Epidemiology and Infection|volume=134|issue=6|pages=1141–9|doi=10.1017/S0950268806006406|pmc=2870523|pmid=16690002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plus, about 1 in 4 people worldwide (around 2.1 billion people) still no get access to safe drinking water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1 in 4 people globally still lack access to safe drinking water – WHO, UNICEF |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/26-08-2025-1-in-4-people-globally-still-lack-access-to-safe-drinking-water---who--unicef |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Socioeconomic factors ===

No proper education inside poor communities be one of the main things wey dey cause waterborne disease problem. When society get better education on any issue, dem fit understand am well and take action solve am locally instead of depending on foreign countries for help.

Plenty countries for [[Middle East]], [[South East Asia]], and [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey suffer these problems because education level no be too advanced in some areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; For example, [[Morocco]] no get enough skilled labour force to fully improve food production and other sectors wey fit boost the economy. Because of this, the [[United States]] and Morocco, together with other agencies, start program called H2O Maghreb. The program dey educate Moroccan people on clean water and sanitation through water treatment simulations. The virtual reality systems no just dey help people learn how to handle emergency situations, but e also dey create jobs for poorer communities to support the economy too.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://doi.org/10.18356/9789210026208 |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2023 |date=2023-03-22 |publisher=United Nations |isbn=978-92-1-002620-8 |doi=10.18356/9789210026208 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Political instability and war too dey increase how waterborne diseases dey spread, apart from lack of education. Countries inside the [[WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean|Eastern Mediterranean Region]] dey face this problem plenty.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; The World Bank classify countries like [[Yemen]] and other Eastern Mediterranean countries as “fragile and conflict-affected states.” Countries like [[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]] had no major cholera outbreak for almost 30 years, but dem still experience outbreak again in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=emhj |title=WHO EMRO - Resurgence of cholera in Lebanon |url=https://www.emro.who.int/in-press/commentaries/resurgence-of-cholera-in-lebanon.html |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=www.emro.who.int |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

War dey destroy important infrastructure like clean water systems and sanitation facilities, and this one create perfect condition for disease spread. Two years ago, World Health Organization change cholera status to Grade 3 global public health emergency. Between 2016 and 2022, Yemen alone record about 2.5 million cholera cases.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ABDEL HAY, Ihab Fouad |title=WHO EMRO - Mitigating the increasing threat of cholera in Yemen and other conflict-affected countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region |url=https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-31-2025/volume-31-issue-7/mitigating-the-increasing-threat-of-cholera-in-yemen-and-other-conflict-affected-countries-in-the-eastern-mediterranean-region.html |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=www.emro.who.int |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; These outbreaks dey closely linked to ongoing conflict for the region.

War also dey damage hospitals and medical facilities, making am hard to treat people wey don catch waterborne diseases. For Eastern Mediterranean Region, some countries no dey deal just with pandemic again, but permanent endemic disease situation instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Balkhy |first=Hanan H. |date=2025-08-04 |title=Mitigating the increasing threat of cholera in Yemen and other conflict-affected countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region |journal=Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=423–425 |doi=10.26719/2025.31.7.423 |issn=1020-3397|doi-access=free |pmid=40832862 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other war-affected areas like [[Gaza war|Gaza]] dey manage very complex water systems wey still dey put water quality at risk and increase chance of disease. Gaza dey get most of their water from underground sources, some from [[Israel]], and dem also get desalination plants around the area.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Water pipeline workers dey try repair damaged systems wey war artillery don destroy, but sometimes dem dey lose their lives during the process.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ebeid |first=Claudine |date=2025-03-13 |title=Water Is Not Political |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2025/03/water-is-not-political/682016/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For comparison, people for United States dey use about 300 litres of water per day, while people for Gaza dey use around 80 litres per day. By 2024, almost all parts of Gaza water system don suffer damage, and this one lead to outbreak of waterborne diseases, including about 600,000 cases of acute diarrhoea and even a 10-month-old baby with polio.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Additionally, a 2022 study published in Nature Communications show say there be link between race and ethnicity and level of contaminants in drinking water for United States between 2000 and 2011. Areas with higher percentage of Hispanic and American Indian populations get higher levels of arsenic and uranium in drinking water, while non-Hispanic White communities get lower exposure. The researchers conclude say inequality for drinking water quality dey vary based on region and population makeup, showing environmental injustice in access to safe water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Martinez-Morata |first=Irene |last2=Bostick |first2=Benjamin C. |last3=Conroy-Ben |first3=Otakuye |last4=Duncan |first4=Dustin T. |last5=Jones |first5=Miranda R. |last6=Spaur |first6=Maya |last7=Patterson |first7=Kevin P. |last8=Prins |first8=Seth J. |last9=Navas-Acien |first9=Ana |last10=Nigra |first10=Anne E. |date=2022-12-03 |title=Nationwide geospatial analysis of county racial and ethnic composition and public drinking water arsenic and uranium |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-35185-6 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=7461 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-35185-6 |issn=2041-1723}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Influence of climate change ===
{{See also|Climate change and infectious diseases}}

Climate change dey affect how bacteria and oda pathogens dey grow and survive for food and water systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Van de Vuurst |first1=Paige |last2=Escobar |first2=Luis E. |date=2023 |title=Climate change and infectious disease: a review of evidence and research trends |journal=Infectious Diseases of Poverty |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=51 |doi=10.1186/s40249-023-01102-2 |hdl=10919/115131 |pmc=10186327 |pmid=37194092 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;IPCC, 2022: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers ... Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability ... doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello20212&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Romanello |first1=Marina |last2=McGushin |first2=Alice |last3=Di Napoli |first3=Claudia |last4=Drummond |first4=Paul |last5=Hughes |first5=Nick |last6=Jamart |first6=Louis |last7=Kennard |first7=Harry |last8=Lampard |first8=Pete |last9=Solano Rodriguez |first9=Baltazar |last10=Arnell |first10=Nigel |last11=Ayeb-Karlsson |first11=Sonja |last12=Belesova |first12=Kristine |last13=Cai |first13=Wenjia |last14=Campbell-Lendrum |first14=Diarmid |last15=Capstick |first15=Stuart |display-authors=40 |date=October 2021 |title=The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future |url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/102413/1/2021%20Report%20of%20the%20Lancet%20Countdown%20revised%20_no%20refs%20ES_clean.pdf |journal=The Lancet |volume=398 |issue=10311 |pages=1619–1662 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E dey also affect waterborne diseases by changing water temperature, water quality, sanitation, and microbial ecology.&lt;ref name=&quot;:162&quot;&gt;Cissé, G., R. McLeman, H. Adams, P. Aldunce, K. Bowen, D. Campbell-Lendrum, S. Clayton, K.L. Ebi, J. Hess, C. Huang, Q. Liu, G. McGregor, J. Semenza, and M.C. Tirado, 2022: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter07.pdf Chapter 7: Health, Wellbeing, and the Changing Structure of Communities ... pp. 1041–1170, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.009.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1107}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello202122&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Romanello |first1=Marina |last2=McGushin |first2=Alice |last3=Di Napoli |first3=Claudia |last4=Drummond |first4=Paul |last5=Hughes |first5=Nick |last6=Jamart |first6=Louis |last7=Kennard |first7=Harry |last8=Lampard |first8=Pete |last9=Solano Rodriguez |first9=Baltazar |last10=Arnell |first10=Nigel |last11=Ayeb-Karlsson |first11=Sonja |last12=Belesova |first12=Kristine |last13=Cai |first13=Wenjia |last14=Campbell-Lendrum |first14=Diarmid |last15=Capstick |first15=Stuart |display-authors=40 |date=October 2021 |title=The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future |journal=The Lancet |volume=398 |issue=10311 |pages=1619–1662 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|12}}

Climate change get big socioeconomic impact on waterborne diseases, especially for informal settlements. Over 60% of Africa urban population dey live areas wey water and sanitation infrastructure no strong well. Drought don cause cholera outbreaks for Nairobi, while flooding dey spread disease organisms through dirty water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Informal settlements and climate change in the ‘last mile of urbanization’ |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/informal-settlements-and-climate-change-in-the-last-mile-of-urbanization/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Warmer water, more flooding, rainfall, and humidity dey help bacteria like Vibrio cholerae grow fast, wey dey cause cholera, plus other organisms wey dey cause gastroenteritis, wound infections, and diarrheal diseases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:162&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1107}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello202122&quot; /&gt;{{rp|12}}&lt;sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;(Levy et al., 2016)2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Levy K, Woster AP, Goldstein RS, Carlton EJ |date=May 2016 |title=Untangling the Impacts of Climate Change on Waterborne Diseases: a Systematic Review of Relationships between Diarrheal Diseases and Temperature, Rainfall, Flooding, and Drought |journal=Environmental Science &amp; Technology |volume=50 |issue=10 |pages=4905–4922 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.5b06186 |pmc=5468171 |pmid=27058059}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;

When water temperature go high, bacteria for drinking water systems fit increase, and people self dey drink more water for hot periods. This combination increase chance say person go swallow pathogen and get infection.&lt;ref name=&quot;(Levy et al., 2016)&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Levy K, Woster AP, Goldstein RS, Carlton EJ |date=May 2016 |title=Untangling the Impacts of Climate Change on Waterborne Diseases: a Systematic Review of Relationships between Diarrheal Diseases and Temperature, Rainfall, Flooding, and Drought |journal=Environmental Science &amp; Technology |volume=50 |issue=10 |pages=4905–4922 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.5b06186 |pmc=5468171 |pmid=27058059}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Heavy rain and flood wey climate change cause fit spoil sanitation systems and drinking water treatment systems. E fit contaminate drinking water sources or food. Flood fit even push dirty water back inside systems, causing backflow wey go spoil groundwater and other drinking water sources.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;(Levy et al., 2016)2&quot; /&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9t25s48wiccug46ys5m37wvg01xs8kb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100810</id>
      <parentid>100807</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T22:52:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
        <id>64</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Influence of climate change */ Added more content</comment>
      <origin>100810</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="48361" sha1="ku9jfeonjypwzm5o6n9p85vymlghl7t" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Disease caused by agents transmitted by water}} {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name            = Waterborne diseases | image           = Groundwater Contamination Latin America Sm.png | alt             = | caption         = Waterborne diseases fit spread through groundwater wey feces pathogens from pit latrines contaminate am. | pronounce       = | width           = 300px | field           = Infectious disease | symptoms        = | complications   = | onset           = | duration        = | types           = | causes          = | risks           = | diagnosis       = | differential    = | prevention      = | treatment       = | medication      = | prognosis       = | frequency       = | deaths          = }}

'''Waterborne diseases''' be diseases wey pathogenic micro-organisms like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic worms dey cause. Dem dey spread through water wey don get contamination. Many of these micro-organisms be intestinal parasites wey fit enter body tissues or circulatory system through the walls of digestive tract.

Some other waterborne diseases dey come from viruses too. Other important types of waterborne diseases dey come from metazoan parasites. Common examples include some nematoda (roundworms), wey fit cause sickness like dracunculiasis or guinea worm disease. Other types of metazoan pathogens include Schistosomatidae, family of blood flukes.

Apart from pathogens, water contamination fit also come from chemical pollutants like volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This one include benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes, wey fit enter water lines through industrial dumping, pipeline leaks, jet fuel spills, or plastic pipes wey heat don damage.

These diseases fit spread when person bath, wash, drink, or chop food wey don touch contaminated water. E dey very common for developing countries wey no get clean water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). Even though diarrhea and vomiting be the most common symptoms, other symptoms include nausea, stomach cramps, fever, and problems for skin, ear, breathing system, or eyes.

When water get VOC contamination, e don link to headaches, nausea, tumor formation, and even increase cancer risk, including leukemia.

So, the best way to prevent waterborne diseases be make people get reliable access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation. This one include better sanitation systems, chlorination, vaccination, and sustainable technology like solar-powered desalination. Infrastructure improvement like changing bad plastic pipes to metal ones for wildfire-prone areas fit also reduce contamination.

Billions of people still no get access to clean water, so prevention be very important. Waterborne diseases dey cause plenty death and disability, especially for developing regions, and e dey also put economic pressure on affected communities. Climate change dey increase risk too because of droughts and flooding wey fit spread contamination and affect vulnerable people badly. Surveillance systems like the ones for United States dey help monitor and prevent disease outbreaks. Historically, improvement in sanitation, filtration, chlorination, and microbiology don help understand and control these diseases.

== Terminology ==
 [[File:Red blood cells infected with malaria.jpg|thumb|Red blood cells of an organism which has contracted malaria, a water borne disease ]]

The term waterborne disease dey mostly refer to infections wey dey spread mainly through contact with or drinking water wey microbes don pollute. Some infections fit still enter water by accident under special conditions. But just because occasional infection happen no mean say we suppose classify am as waterborne disease.

Disease like malaria dem dey sometimes confuse as waterborne because mosquito, wey be vector, get water stage inside their life cycle. Controlling stagnant water fit reduce mosquito population, but that no mean say water dey directly transmit malaria through drinking or contact.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Atangana |first=Abdon |title=Groundwater Pollution |date=2018 |work=Fractional Operators with Constant and Variable Order with Application to Geo-Hydrology |pages=49–72 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128096703000035 |access-date=2026-02-27 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-809670-3.00003-5 |isbn=978-0-12-809670-3 |pmc=7149999}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Another related term be &quot;water-related disease&quot;, wey mean any serious or widespread bad effect on human health like death, disability, sickness, or disorder wey water condition or change in water quantity or quality cause directly or indirectly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcos&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Von Sperling |first=M. |date=2015 |title=Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal |url=https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/72/ |journal=Water Intelligence Online |language=en |volume=6 |doi=10.2166/9781780402086 |issn=1476-1777 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free |article-number=9781780402086}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|47}}

Water-related diseases dey group according to how dem dey spread: water borne, water hygiene, water based, and water related.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcos&quot; /&gt;{{rp|47}} Main way wey waterborne diseases dey spread be when people drink contaminated water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Waterborne illness and disease {{!}} Life Sciences {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Causes ==

No clean water supply, poor sanitation, and poor hygiene (WASH) be major reason why waterborne diseases dey spread inside community. Fecal–oral route be main way wey these diseases dey transmit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2023: partnerships and cooperation for water; facts, figures and action examples |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000384659 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Poverty too dey increase risk for waterborne diseases. For example, how rich or poor community be fit affect their ability to get clean water.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Adelodun B, Ajibade FO, Ighalo JO, Odey G, Ibrahim RG, Kareem KY, Bakare HO, Tiamiyu AO, Ajibade TF, Abdulkadir TS, Adeniran KA, Choi KS|date=October 2020|title=Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: A review|url= |journal=Environmental Research|volume=192|article-number=110309|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2020.110309|pmc=7546968|pmid=33045227}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Less developed countries dey face higher risk of outbreaks, but even developed countries too fit still experience waterborne disease outbreaks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Smith A, Reacher M, Smerdon W, Adak GK, Nichols G, Chalmers RM|date=December 2006|title=Outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales, 1992-2003|url= |journal=Epidemiology and Infection|volume=134|issue=6|pages=1141–9|doi=10.1017/S0950268806006406|pmc=2870523|pmid=16690002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plus, about 1 in 4 people worldwide (around 2.1 billion people) still no get access to safe drinking water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1 in 4 people globally still lack access to safe drinking water – WHO, UNICEF |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/26-08-2025-1-in-4-people-globally-still-lack-access-to-safe-drinking-water---who--unicef |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Socioeconomic factors ===

No proper education inside poor communities be one of the main things wey dey cause waterborne disease problem. When society get better education on any issue, dem fit understand am well and take action solve am locally instead of depending on foreign countries for help.

Plenty countries for [[Middle East]], [[South East Asia]], and [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey suffer these problems because education level no be too advanced in some areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; For example, [[Morocco]] no get enough skilled labour force to fully improve food production and other sectors wey fit boost the economy. Because of this, the [[United States]] and Morocco, together with other agencies, start program called H2O Maghreb. The program dey educate Moroccan people on clean water and sanitation through water treatment simulations. The virtual reality systems no just dey help people learn how to handle emergency situations, but e also dey create jobs for poorer communities to support the economy too.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://doi.org/10.18356/9789210026208 |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2023 |date=2023-03-22 |publisher=United Nations |isbn=978-92-1-002620-8 |doi=10.18356/9789210026208 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Political instability and war too dey increase how waterborne diseases dey spread, apart from lack of education. Countries inside the [[WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean|Eastern Mediterranean Region]] dey face this problem plenty.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; The World Bank classify countries like [[Yemen]] and other Eastern Mediterranean countries as “fragile and conflict-affected states.” Countries like [[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]] had no major cholera outbreak for almost 30 years, but dem still experience outbreak again in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=emhj |title=WHO EMRO - Resurgence of cholera in Lebanon |url=https://www.emro.who.int/in-press/commentaries/resurgence-of-cholera-in-lebanon.html |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=www.emro.who.int |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

War dey destroy important infrastructure like clean water systems and sanitation facilities, and this one create perfect condition for disease spread. Two years ago, World Health Organization change cholera status to Grade 3 global public health emergency. Between 2016 and 2022, Yemen alone record about 2.5 million cholera cases.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ABDEL HAY, Ihab Fouad |title=WHO EMRO - Mitigating the increasing threat of cholera in Yemen and other conflict-affected countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region |url=https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-31-2025/volume-31-issue-7/mitigating-the-increasing-threat-of-cholera-in-yemen-and-other-conflict-affected-countries-in-the-eastern-mediterranean-region.html |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=www.emro.who.int |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; These outbreaks dey closely linked to ongoing conflict for the region.

War also dey damage hospitals and medical facilities, making am hard to treat people wey don catch waterborne diseases. For Eastern Mediterranean Region, some countries no dey deal just with pandemic again, but permanent endemic disease situation instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Balkhy |first=Hanan H. |date=2025-08-04 |title=Mitigating the increasing threat of cholera in Yemen and other conflict-affected countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region |journal=Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=423–425 |doi=10.26719/2025.31.7.423 |issn=1020-3397|doi-access=free |pmid=40832862 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other war-affected areas like [[Gaza war|Gaza]] dey manage very complex water systems wey still dey put water quality at risk and increase chance of disease. Gaza dey get most of their water from underground sources, some from [[Israel]], and dem also get desalination plants around the area.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Water pipeline workers dey try repair damaged systems wey war artillery don destroy, but sometimes dem dey lose their lives during the process.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ebeid |first=Claudine |date=2025-03-13 |title=Water Is Not Political |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2025/03/water-is-not-political/682016/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For comparison, people for United States dey use about 300 litres of water per day, while people for Gaza dey use around 80 litres per day. By 2024, almost all parts of Gaza water system don suffer damage, and this one lead to outbreak of waterborne diseases, including about 600,000 cases of acute diarrhoea and even a 10-month-old baby with polio.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Additionally, a 2022 study published in Nature Communications show say there be link between race and ethnicity and level of contaminants in drinking water for United States between 2000 and 2011. Areas with higher percentage of Hispanic and American Indian populations get higher levels of arsenic and uranium in drinking water, while non-Hispanic White communities get lower exposure. The researchers conclude say inequality for drinking water quality dey vary based on region and population makeup, showing environmental injustice in access to safe water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Martinez-Morata |first=Irene |last2=Bostick |first2=Benjamin C. |last3=Conroy-Ben |first3=Otakuye |last4=Duncan |first4=Dustin T. |last5=Jones |first5=Miranda R. |last6=Spaur |first6=Maya |last7=Patterson |first7=Kevin P. |last8=Prins |first8=Seth J. |last9=Navas-Acien |first9=Ana |last10=Nigra |first10=Anne E. |date=2022-12-03 |title=Nationwide geospatial analysis of county racial and ethnic composition and public drinking water arsenic and uranium |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-35185-6 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=7461 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-35185-6 |issn=2041-1723}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Influence of climate change ===
{{See also|Climate change and infectious diseases}}

Climate change dey affect how bacteria and oda pathogens dey grow and survive for food and water systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Van de Vuurst |first1=Paige |last2=Escobar |first2=Luis E. |date=2023 |title=Climate change and infectious disease: a review of evidence and research trends |journal=Infectious Diseases of Poverty |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=51 |doi=10.1186/s40249-023-01102-2 |hdl=10919/115131 |pmc=10186327 |pmid=37194092 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;IPCC, 2022: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers ... Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability ... doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello20212&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Romanello |first1=Marina |last2=McGushin |first2=Alice |last3=Di Napoli |first3=Claudia |last4=Drummond |first4=Paul |last5=Hughes |first5=Nick |last6=Jamart |first6=Louis |last7=Kennard |first7=Harry |last8=Lampard |first8=Pete |last9=Solano Rodriguez |first9=Baltazar |last10=Arnell |first10=Nigel |last11=Ayeb-Karlsson |first11=Sonja |last12=Belesova |first12=Kristine |last13=Cai |first13=Wenjia |last14=Campbell-Lendrum |first14=Diarmid |last15=Capstick |first15=Stuart |display-authors=40 |date=October 2021 |title=The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future |url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/102413/1/2021%20Report%20of%20the%20Lancet%20Countdown%20revised%20_no%20refs%20ES_clean.pdf |journal=The Lancet |volume=398 |issue=10311 |pages=1619–1662 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E dey also affect waterborne diseases by changing water temperature, water quality, sanitation, and microbial ecology.&lt;ref name=&quot;:162&quot;&gt;Cissé, G., R. McLeman, H. Adams, P. Aldunce, K. Bowen, D. Campbell-Lendrum, S. Clayton, K.L. Ebi, J. Hess, C. Huang, Q. Liu, G. McGregor, J. Semenza, and M.C. Tirado, 2022: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter07.pdf Chapter 7: Health, Wellbeing, and the Changing Structure of Communities ... pp. 1041–1170, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.009.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1107}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello202122&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Romanello |first1=Marina |last2=McGushin |first2=Alice |last3=Di Napoli |first3=Claudia |last4=Drummond |first4=Paul |last5=Hughes |first5=Nick |last6=Jamart |first6=Louis |last7=Kennard |first7=Harry |last8=Lampard |first8=Pete |last9=Solano Rodriguez |first9=Baltazar |last10=Arnell |first10=Nigel |last11=Ayeb-Karlsson |first11=Sonja |last12=Belesova |first12=Kristine |last13=Cai |first13=Wenjia |last14=Campbell-Lendrum |first14=Diarmid |last15=Capstick |first15=Stuart |display-authors=40 |date=October 2021 |title=The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future |journal=The Lancet |volume=398 |issue=10311 |pages=1619–1662 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|12}}

Climate change get big socioeconomic impact on waterborne diseases, especially for informal settlements. Over 60% of Africa urban population dey live areas wey water and sanitation infrastructure no strong well. Drought don cause cholera outbreaks for Nairobi, while flooding dey spread disease organisms through dirty water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Informal settlements and climate change in the ‘last mile of urbanization’ |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/informal-settlements-and-climate-change-in-the-last-mile-of-urbanization/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Warmer water, more flooding, rainfall, and humidity dey help bacteria like Vibrio cholerae grow fast, wey dey cause cholera, plus other organisms wey dey cause gastroenteritis, wound infections, and diarrheal diseases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:162&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1107}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello202122&quot; /&gt;{{rp|12}}&lt;sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;(Levy et al., 2016)2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Levy K, Woster AP, Goldstein RS, Carlton EJ |date=May 2016 |title=Untangling the Impacts of Climate Change on Waterborne Diseases: a Systematic Review of Relationships between Diarrheal Diseases and Temperature, Rainfall, Flooding, and Drought |journal=Environmental Science &amp; Technology |volume=50 |issue=10 |pages=4905–4922 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.5b06186 |pmc=5468171 |pmid=27058059}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;

When water temperature go high, bacteria for drinking water systems fit increase, and people self dey drink more water for hot periods. This combination increase chance say person go swallow pathogen and get infection.&lt;ref name=&quot;(Levy et al., 2016)&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Levy K, Woster AP, Goldstein RS, Carlton EJ |date=May 2016 |title=Untangling the Impacts of Climate Change on Waterborne Diseases: a Systematic Review of Relationships between Diarrheal Diseases and Temperature, Rainfall, Flooding, and Drought |journal=Environmental Science &amp; Technology |volume=50 |issue=10 |pages=4905–4922 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.5b06186 |pmc=5468171 |pmid=27058059}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Heavy rain and flood wey climate change cause fit spoil sanitation systems and drinking water treatment systems. E fit contaminate drinking water sources or food. Flood fit even push dirty water back inside systems, causing backflow wey go spoil groundwater and other drinking water sources.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;(Levy et al., 2016)2&quot; /&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
==Diseases by type of pathogen==

===Protozoa===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Disease and transmission&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality.|others=World Health Organization|year=2017|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|edition=Fourth edition incorporating the first addendum|location=Geneva|oclc=975491910}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Baldursson S, Karanis P|date=December 2011|title=Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks - an update 2004-2010|journal=Water Research|volume=45|issue=20|pages=6603–14|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.013|pmid=22048017|bibcode=2011WatRe..45.6603B }}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Microbial agent
! Sources of agent in water supply
! General symptoms
|-
|[[Acanthamoeba keratitis]] (cleaning of contact lenses with contaminated water)
|[[Acanthamoeba|''Acanthamoeba'' spp.]] (''A. castellanii'' and ''A. polyphaga'')
|widely distributed free-living amoebae found in many types of aquatic environments, including surface water, tap water, swimming pools, and contact lens solutions
|Eye pain, eye redness, blurred vision, sensitivity to light, sensation of something in the eye, and excessive tearing
|-
| [[Amoebiasis]] (hand-to-mouth)
| Protozoan (''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]'') (Cyst-like appearance)
| [[Sewage]], [[water treatment|non-treated drinking water]], [[flies]] in water supply, saliva transfer(if the other person has the disease)
| Abdominal discomfort, [[fatigue (medical)|fatigue]], weight loss, [[diarrhea]], [[bloating]], [[fever]]
|-
| [[Cryptosporidiosis]] (oral)
| Protozoan (''[[Cryptosporidium parvum]]'')
| Collects on water filters and membranes that cannot be [[disinfected]], [[manure|animal manure]], seasonal [[Surface runoff|runoff]] of water.
| [[Flu-like symptoms]], watery diarrhea, loss of appetite, substantial loss of weight, [[bloating]], increased gas, [[nausea]]
|-
| [[Cyclosporiasis]]
| Protozoan parasite (''[[Cyclospora cayetanensis]]'')
| [[Sewage]], [[water treatment|non-treated drinking water]] 
| [[cramps]], nausea, [[vomiting]], muscle aches, fever, and fatigue
|-
| [[Giardiasis]] (fecal-oral) (hand-to-mouth)
| Protozoan (''[[Giardia lamblia]]'') Most common intestinal parasite
| Untreated water, poor disinfection, pipe breaks, leaks, [[groundwater]] contamination, [[campgrounds]] where humans and wildlife use same source of water. [[Beavers]] and [[muskrats]] create [[ponds]] that act as [[reservoirs]] for Giardia.
| Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, [[bloating]], and [[flatulence]]
|-
| [[Microsporidiosis]]
| Protozoan phylum (''[[Microsporidia]]''), but closely related to [[fungi]]
| ''[[Encephalitozoon intestinalis]]'' has been detected in [[groundwater]], the origin of drinking water&lt;ref name=&quot;ewpcw&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Nwachcuku N, Gerba CP|date=June 2004|title=Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all?|url=http://env1.gist.ac.kr/~aeml/paper/papers(pdf)/27-waterborne_pathogens.pdf|journal=Current Opinion in Biotechnology|volume=15|issue=3|pages=175–80|doi=10.1016/j.copbio.2004.04.010|pmc=7134665|pmid=15193323|bibcode=2004COBt...15..175N |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307190853/http://env1.gist.ac.kr/~aeml/paper/papers(pdf)/27-waterborne_pathogens.pdf|archive-date=2008-03-07|access-date=2007-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Diarrhea and [[wasting]] in [[immunocompromised]] individuals.
|-
| [[Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis|Naegleriasis]] ([[primary amebic meningoencephalitis]] [PAM]) (nasal)
| Protozoan (''[[Naegleria fowleri]]'') (Cyst-like appearance)
| [[Watersport]]s, [[Water chlorination|non-chlorinated water]]
| Headache, vomiting, confusion, loss of balance, light sensitivity, [[hallucination]]s, [[fatigue (medical)|fatigue]], weight loss, [[fever]], and coma
|}

===Bacteria===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Disease and transmission&lt;ref name=&quot;swdo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Dziuban EJ, Liang JL, Craun GF, Hill V, Yu PA, Painter J, Moore MR, Calderon RL, Roy SL, Beach MJ|date=December 2006|title=Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water--United States, 2003-2004|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5512a1.htm|url-status=live|journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries|volume=55|issue=12|pages=1–30|pmid=17183230|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029121311/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5512a1.htm|archive-date=29 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mmuawg&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Petrini B|date=October 2006|title=Mycobacterium marinum: ubiquitous agent of waterborne granulomatous skin infections|journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases|volume=25|issue=10|pages=609–13|doi=10.1007/s10096-006-0201-4|pmid=17047903|s2cid=7485002}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Microbial agent
! Sources of agent in water supply
! General symptoms
|-
| [[Botulism]]
| ''[[Clostridium botulinum]]''
| Bacteria can enter an open wound from contaminated water sources. Can enter the gastrointestinal tract through consumption of contaminated [[drinking water]] or (more commonly) food
| Dry mouth, [[blurred vision|blurred]] and/or [[Diplopia|double vision]], difficulty swallowing, muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, slurred speech, [[vomiting]] and sometimes [[diarrhea]]. Death is usually caused by [[respiratory failure]].
|-
| [[Campylobacteriosis]]
| Most commonly caused by ''[[Campylobacter jejuni]]''
| Drinking water contaminated with [[feces]]
| Produces [[dysentery]]-like symptoms along with a [[fever|high fever]]. Usually lasts 2–10 days.
|-
| [[Cholera]]
| Spread by the bacterium ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]''
| Drinking water contaminated with the bacterium
| In severe forms it is known to be one of the most rapidly fatal illnesses known. Symptoms include very watery diarrhea, [[nausea]], [[cramps]], [[nosebleed]], rapid [[pulse]], vomiting, and [[hypovolemic shock]] (in severe cases), at which point death can occur in 12–18 hours.
|-
| [[E. coli|''E. coli'' Infection]]
| Certain strains of ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' (commonly ''E. coli'')
| Water contaminated with the bacteria
| Mostly diarrhea. Can cause death in [[immunocompromised]] individuals, the very young, and the elderly due to [[dehydration]] from prolonged illness.
|-
| [[Mycobacterium marinum|''M. marinum'' infection]]
| ''[[Mycobacterium marinum]]''
| Naturally occurs in water, most cases from exposure in [[swimming pools]] or more frequently [[aquariums]]; rare infection since it mostly infects [[immunocompromised]] individuals
| Symptoms include [[lesions]] typically located on the elbows, knees, and feet (from [[swimming pools]]) or lesions on the hands ([[aquariums]]). Lesions may be painless or painful.
|-
| [[Dysentery]]
| Caused by a number of species in the genera ''[[Shigella]]'' and ''[[Salmonella]]'' with the most common being ''[[Shigella dysenteriae]]''
| Water contaminated with the bacterium
| Frequent passage of [[feces]] with [[blood]] and/or [[mucus]] and in some cases vomiting of blood.
|-
| [[Legionellosis]] (two distinct forms: Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever)
| Caused by bacteria belonging to genus ''[[Legionella]]'' (90% of cases caused by ''[[Legionella pneumophila]]'')
| Legionella is a very common organism that reproduces to high numbers in warm water;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/legionnaires/faq.html|title=Legionnaires' Disease eTool: Facts and FAQs|website=www.osha.gov|access-date=29 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115083526/https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/legionnaires/faq.html|archive-date=15 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; but only causes severe disease when aerosolized.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/about/causes-transmission.html|title=Legionella - Causes and Transmission - Legionnaires - CDC|date=8 December 2017|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=29 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325023304/http://www.cdc.gov/legionella/about/causes-transmission.html|archive-date=25 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Pontiac fever produces milder symptoms resembling acute [[influenza]] without [[pneumonia]]. Legionnaires' disease has severe symptoms such as [[fever]], [[chills]], pneumonia (with cough that sometimes produces [[sputum]]), [[ataxia]], [[Anorexia (symptom)|anorexia]], muscle aches, [[malaise]] and occasionally diarrhea and vomiting
|-
| [[Leptospirosis]]
| Caused by bacterium of genus ''[[Leptospira]]''
| Water contaminated by the animal urine carrying the bacteria
| Begins with [[flu-like symptoms]] then resolves. The second phase then occurs involving [[meningitis]], [[liver]] damage (causes [[jaundice]]), and [[kidney failure]]
|-
| [[Otitis Externa]] (swimmer's ear)
| Caused by a number of [[bacteria]]l and [[fungus|fungal]] species.
| Swimming in water contaminated by the responsible pathogens
| [[Ear canal]] swells, causing pain and tenderness to the touch
|-
| [[Salmonellosis]]
| Caused by many bacteria of genus ''[[Salmonella]]''
| Drinking water contaminated with the bacteria. More common as a [[food borne illness]].
| Symptoms include [[diarrhea]], [[fever]], vomiting, and abdominal cramps
|-
| [[Typhoid fever]]
| [[Salmonella enterica|''Salmonella typhi'']]
| Ingestion of water contaminated with [[feces]] of an infected person
| Characterized by sustained fever up to 40&amp;nbsp;°C (104&amp;nbsp;°F), profuse [[sweating]]; diarrhea, muscle aches, fatigue, and constipation may occur. Symptoms progress to [[delirium]], and the [[spleen]] and [[liver]] enlarge if untreated. In this case, it can last up to four weeks and cause death. Some people with typhoid fever develop a rash called &quot;rose spots&quot;, small red spots on the abdomen and chest.
|-
|  [[Vibrio|Vibrio Illness]]
| ''[[Vibrio vulnificus]]'', ''[[Vibrio alginolyticus]]'', and ''[[Vibrio parahaemolyticus]]''
| Can enter [[wounds]] from contaminated water. Also acquired by drinking contaminated water or eating undercooked [[oysters]].
| Symptoms include abdominal tenderness, agitation, bloody stools, chills, confusion, difficulty paying attention (attention deficit), delirium, fluctuating mood, hallucination, nosebleeds, severe fatigue, slow, sluggish, lethargic feeling, weakness.
|}

===Viruses===
[[File:Hepatitis A virus 01.jpg|alt=Hepatitis A is one of waterborne diseases and its symptoms are only acute. Symptoms include fatigue, fever, etc.|thumb|197x197px|'''Hepatitis A virus'''Hepatitis A is one of waterborne diseases and its symptoms are only acute. Symptoms include fatigue, fever, etc.]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Disease and transmission&lt;ref name=&quot;ewpcw&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ciasuv&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Nwachuku N, Gerba CP, Oswald A, Mashadi FD|date=September 2005|title=Comparative inactivation of adenovirus serotypes by UV light disinfection|url= http://aem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/71/9/5633.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=71|issue=9|pages=5633–6|doi=10.1128/AEM.71.9.5633-5636.2005|pmc=1214670|pmid=16151167|bibcode=2005ApEnM..71.5633N|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926101329/http://aem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/71/9/5633.pdf|archive-date=2007-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Gall AM, Mariñas BJ, Lu Y, Shisler JL|date=June 2015|title=Waterborne Viruses: A Barrier to Safe Drinking Water|journal=PLOS Pathogens|volume=11|issue=6|article-number=e1004867|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1004867|pmc=4482390|pmid=26110535 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis A|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a|access-date=2020-11-19|website=www.who.int|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Viral agent
! Sources of agent in water supply
! General symptoms
|-
| [[Hepatitis A]]
| Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
| Can manifest itself in water (and food)
| Symptoms are only [[acute (medicine)|acute]] (no [[chronic (medicine)|chronic]] stage to the virus) and include [[Fatigue (medical)|Fatigue]], fever, [[malaise]], abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, weight loss, itching, [[jaundice]], and [[depression (mood)|depression]].
|-
|Hepatitis E ([[Fecal–oral route|fecal-oral]])
|[[Hepatitis E virus]] (HEV)
|Enters water through the [[feces]] of infected individuals
|Symptoms of acute [[hepatitis]] (liver disease), including [[fever]], [[fatigue]], loss of appetite, [[nausea]], vomiting, abdominal pain, [[jaundice]], dark urine, clay-colored stool, and joint pain
|-
|Acute gastrointestinal illness [AGI] ([[Fecal–oral route|fecal-oral]]; spread by food, water, person-to-person, and fomites)
|[[Norovirus]]
|Enters water through the [[feces]] of infected individuals
|[[Diarrhea]], vomiting, [[nausea]], stomach pain
|-
| [[Poliomyelitis]] (Polio)
| [[Poliovirus]]
| Enters water through the [[feces]] of infected individuals
| 90–95% of patients show no symptoms, 4–8% have minor symptoms (comparatively) with [[delirium]], [[headache]], [[fever]], and occasional [[seizures]], and [[spastic paralysis]], 1% have symptoms of non-paralytic [[aseptic meningitis]]. The rest have serious symptoms resulting in [[paralysis]] or death
|-
|  [[Polyomavirus|Polyomavirus infection]]
| Two of [[Polyomavirus]]: [[JC virus]] and [[BK virus]]
| Very widespread, can manifest itself in water, ~80% of the population has [[antibodies]] to Polyomavirus
| BK virus produces a mild [[respiratory infection]] and can infect the [[kidneys]] of [[immunosuppressed]] [[Organ transplant|transplant]] patients. JC virus infects the [[respiratory system]], kidneys or can cause [[progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy]] in the [[brain]] (which is fatal).
|}

===Algae===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Disease and transmission&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Westblade LF, Ranganath S, Dunne WM, Burnham CA, Fader R, Ford BA|date=March 2015|title=Infection with a chlorophyllic eukaryote after a traumatic freshwater injury|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=372|issue=10|pages=982–4|doi=10.1056/NEJMc1401816|pmid=25738686|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Microbial agent
!Sources of agent in water supply
!General symptoms
|-
|[[Desmodesmus]] infection
|[[desmodesmus]] armatus
|Naturally occurs in water. Can enter open wounds.
|Similar to fungal infection.
|}

=== Parasitic worms ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Disease and transmission&lt;ref name=&quot;isbn0-697-26071-2&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Janovy J, Schmidt GD, Roberts LS |title=Gerald D. Schmidt &amp; Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of parasitology |publisher=Wm. C. Brown |location=Dubuque, Iowa |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-697-26071-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
!Agent
!Sources of agent in water supply
!General symptoms
|-
|[[Dracunculiasis]] [Guinea worm disease] (ingestion of contaminated water.)
|''[[Dracunculus medinensis]]''
|Female worm emerges from host skin and releases larvae in water.
|Slight [[fever]], itchy [[rash]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], dizziness, followed by formation of painful blister (typically on lower body parts)
|-
|Schistosomiasis [an infection with the parasitic worm [[Schistosoma]]](ingestion or swimming in contaminated water.) &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cleveland Clinic |title=Schistosomiasis |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22631-schistosomiasis}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|''[[Schistosoma]]''
|The worm enters your body through the skin and spreads throughout your body through the blood stream. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
|Rash, itching, flu-like symptoms, stomach pain, muscle aches, loss of appetite, [[Hematemesis|vomiting blood]], and [[Neurological disorder|neurological symptoms]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Disease and transmission
!VOC
!Sources of agent in water supply
!General symptoms
|-
|Leukemia
|Any volatile compounds such as
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=AJPH |url=http://ajph.aphapublications.org/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=American Journal of Public Health |language=en |doi=10.2105/AJPH.80.10.1209}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Water used as dumping grounds of VOCs, causing contamination; pipeline bursts; jet fuel leakage. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Crane-Murdoch |first=Sierra |date=2014-04-05 |title=Looking for Answers in a Town Known for Leukemia |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/04/looking-for-answers-in-a-town-known-for-leukemia/284385/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Headache, fever, nausea, formation of tumors. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
|}
== Prevention == 
Reliable access to clean, no-contaminate [[drinking water]] and proper [[sanitation]] na the main ways wey people fit prevent waterborne diseases. Vaccination too be another way wey fit stop body from catch water-borne diseases&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Burden of disease and cost-effectiveness estimates|url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/burden/en/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213190013/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/burden/en/index.html|archive-date=February 13, 2014|access-date=April 5, 2014|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The aim be to break the [[fecal–oral route]] wey disease dey take spread.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot; /&gt;

[[Solar energy]] don become clean and efficient way wey people dey use now take [[Distillation|distill]] and [[Desalination|desalinate]] water. This method safe for environment because e no dey release plenty carbon dioxide wey fit spoil the planet. In fact, the carbon dioxide emission almost zero when you use solar energy distill or desalinate water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Manimaran |first=Renganathan |title=A comprehensive review of solar-assisted technologies in India for clean water and clean energy |url=https://academic.oup.com/ce/article/9/2/12/7950472#507002734}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Desalination na the process wey dem dey remove salt from water make am fit drink. Because water na [[scarce resource]], meaning say e no dey plenty for everybody for earth to share, research for better sustainable ways to increase amount of [[potable]] water dey very important.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Suresh G. |last2=Bhatnagar |first2=Shilpi |last3=Vardia |first3=Jitendra |last4=Ameta |first4=Suresh C. |date=2006-03-01 |title=Use of photocatalysts in solar desalination |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916406001007 |journal=Desalination |series=Selected paper from the 10th Aachen Membrane Colloquium |volume=189 |issue=1 |pages=287–291 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2005.07.010 |bibcode=2006Desal.189..287P |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Since salt water plenty for earth, the [[solar desalination]] method dey innovative and get potential. E dey work by using [[Solar panel|solar panels]] wey dey collect solar energy from sun, then use am take remove salt from water through process wey dem dey call reverse [[osmosis]]. The solar energy dem convert am to electricity through the solar panels. This electricity then dey push the water under high pressure go through filters wey go block salt but allow water pass.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=How does solar desalination work? |url=https://www.elementalwatermakers.com/knowledge-base/solar-desalination/how-does-solar-desalination-work/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Elemental Water Makers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; This desalination method still dey helpful to society because dem fit use am for remote places. E no need connection to big pipeline system wey normally dey produce plenty carbon emissions. Especially, this method dey work well where salt water dey plenty, sun dey shine well, and fresh drinking water no dey available.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

Other policies and precautions too fit help prevent disease spread through contaminated water. For example, correct amount of chlorine fit dey added to potable water pipes to kill viruses. Normal household precautions like using disinfection wipes and sanitization sprays too dey important, especially for places where clean water use matter pass like bathrooms and kitchens.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Adelodun |first1=Bashir |last2=Ajibade |first2=Fidelis Odedishemi |last3=Ighalo |first3=Joshua O. |last4=Odey |first4=Golden |last5=Ibrahim |first5=Rahmat Gbemisola |last6=Kareem |first6=Kola Yusuff |last7=Bakare |first7=Hashim Olalekan |last8=Tiamiyu |first8=AbdulGafar Olatunji |last9=Ajibade |first9=Temitope F. |last10=Abdulkadir |first10=Taofeeq Sholagberu |last11=Adeniran |first11=Kamoru Akanni |last12=Choi |first12=Kyung Sook |date=January 2021 |title=Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: A review |journal=Environmental Research |volume=192 |article-number=110309 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2020.110309 |issn=1096-0953 |pmc=7546968 |pmid=33045227 |bibcode=2021ER....19210309A }}&lt;/ref&gt; Also, dem don note say plastic pipes fit release benzene and other VOCs enter drinking water when heat damage happen from wildfire. So, installing metal pipes for high-risk areas fit reduce future contamination risk.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Amisha |last2=Whelton |first2=Andrew J. |last3=Isaacson |first3=Kristofer P. |date=2020-12-14 |title=Plastic pipes are polluting drinking water systems after wildfires – it’s a risk in urban fires, too |url=http://theconversation.com/plastic-pipes-are-polluting-drinking-water-systems-after-wildfires-its-a-risk-in-urban-fires-too-150923 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Epidemiology ==

According to the [[World Health Organization]], waterborne diseases dey cause about 3.6% of total global disease burden (DALY – disability-adjusted life years), and e dey lead to around 1.5 million deaths every year. WHO estimate say 58% of this burden, around 842,000 deaths per year, come from lack of safe drinking water, proper sanitation, and hygiene (we dey call am [[WASH]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot; /&gt;

=== United States ===
The [[Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Reporting System|Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Surveillance System (WBDOSS)]] na the main database wey dem dey use track the main causes, faults, water systems, and sources wey dey linked to waterborne disease outbreaks for United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-10-16|title=Waterborne Disease &amp; Outbreak Surveillance Reporting {{!}} Water-related Topics {{!}} Healthy Water {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/surveillance/index.html|access-date=2018-12-07|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 1971, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)]], the [[Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists|Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE)]], and the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)]] don dey run this surveillance system to collect and report data on “waterborne disease and outbreaks wey dey come from recreational water, drinking water, environment, and other unclear water exposures.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Methods for the investigation and prevention of waterborne disease outbreaks; EPA/600/1-90/005A|vauthors=Craun GF|date=2004|publisher=Health Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency|oclc=41657130}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Data from WBDOSS don help EPA to design drinking water regulations, and e still dey guide CDC work on recreational water safety.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

WBDOSS dey depend on correct and complete reports from public health departments for each state, territory, and other US regions about waterborne disease outbreaks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; For 2009, dem move from paper reporting system go electronic system wey dem call [[National Outbreak Reporting System|National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS)]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Every year or every two years, dem dey publish surveillance reports from this data inside CDC reports from 1971 go 1984, and from 1985 onwards, dem dey publish am inside the [[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

WBDOSS and public health workers dey work together to find out the causes of contaminated water wey dey lead to outbreaks and how to control am. Public health teams dey investigate outbreaks, while WBDOSS dey collect and compile the reports.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Society and culture ==

=== Socioeconomic impact ===

Waterborne diseases fit affect the economy in big way. People wey catch waterborne disease normally dey face medical bills and other healthcare costs. This one dey worse for developing countries. On average, one family fit spend about 10% of their monthly household income for each person wey get the sickness.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Schnabel|first=Bastian|title=Drastic consequences of diarrhoeal disease|date=30 March 2009 |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/drastic-consequences-diarrhoeal-disease|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213627/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/drastic-consequences-diarrhoeal-disease|archive-date=2015-09-23|name-list-style=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Socioeconomic impact mean the way waterborne disease dey affect society—like people quality of life, medical care, economy, and even education sustainability.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Adelodun |first1=Bashir |last2=Ajibade |first2=Fidelis Odedishemi |last3=Ighalo |first3=Joshua O. |last4=Odey |first4=Golden |last5=Ibrahim |first5=Rahmat Gbemisola |last6=Kareem |first6=Kola Yusuff |last7=Bakare |first7=Hashim Olalekan |last8=Tiamiyu |first8=AbdulGafar Olatunji |last9=Ajibade |first9=Temitope F. |last10=Abdulkadir |first10=Taofeeq Sholagberu |last11=Adeniran |first11=Kamoru Akanni |last12=Choi |first12=Kyung Sook |date=January 2021 |title=Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: A review |journal=Environmental Research |volume=192 |article-number=110309 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2020.110309 |issn=1096-0953 |pmc=7546968 |pmid=33045227 |bibcode=2021ER....19210309A }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]], wey talk about clean water and proper sanitation for everybody by 2030, na one of the key foundation wey dey support other sustainable development goals for society and economy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tortajada |first=Cecilia |date=2020-04-30 |title=Contributions of recycled wastewater to clean water and sanitation Sustainable Development Goals |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41545-020-0069-3 |journal=npj Clean Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=22 |doi=10.1038/s41545-020-0069-3 |bibcode=2020npjCW...3...22T |issn=2059-7037}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Agriculture industries especially dey suffer pass because cities dey grow fast and dey take plenty water from farming areas. Clean water and sanitation dey very important because without am, there no fit be steady food production. Clean water na wetin dem dey use grow healthy crops wey people go chop. If irrigation water dirty, the food wey go come from am fit carry serious diseases go reach people.

About one-third of cities worldwide depend on freshwater wey agriculture too need. But pressure dey the freshwater system because as urban population dey increase, dem dey demand more water. This demand for freshwater fit increase by about 80% for the next 25 years, and this one dey add more stress on water resources because farming alone dey use about 72% of available freshwater.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

One example of effort to help achieve Sustainable Development Goal 6 be the Adopt-a-River Project for Nairobi, Kenya. The United Nations Environment Programme work with other partners to set traps along Athi River to catch solid waste. Dem still plan to build recycling centres, and industries wey dey dump waste into water sources go also join the program. This project dey help reduce pollution for water wey people go later use for farming irrigation, so e reduce risk of water contamination.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2023 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000384659/PDF/384659eng.pdf.multi |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
Before-before, people dey explain waterborne diseases wrongly under something dem dey call [[miasma theory]]. This theory talk say bad air be the cause wey diseases dey spread.&lt;ref name=&quot;Juuti_20072&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZDbCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA103|title=Environmental History of Water|vauthors=Juuti PS, Katko T, Vuorinen H|date=2007-02-01|publisher=IWA Publishing|isbn=978-1-84339-110-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=ESSAI {{!}} College Publications {{!}} College of DuPage|url=https://dc.cod.edu/essai/|access-date=2020-11-24|website=dc.cod.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

But later on, people begin notice say there be strong link between [[water quality]] and waterborne diseases. This understanding lead to development of different [[water purification]] methods like [[sand filter]]ing and adding chlorine ([[Water chlorination|chlorination]]) to drinking water.

People like founders of [[microscopy]], [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] and [[Robert Hooke]], use the new [[microscope]] wey dem invent that time take observe small tiny particles wey dey inside water for the first time. This discovery help lay foundation for better understanding of waterborne pathogens and how waterborne diseases dey spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Use of the Microscope in Water Filter History|url=http://www.historyofwaterfilters.com/microscope-in-water.html|access-date=2012-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ku9jfeonjypwzm5o6n9p85vymlghl7t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Great Fish River</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27351</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100812</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T22:53:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100812</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Internal borders of South Africa</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27352</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100813</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T22:54:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100813</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Rivers of de Eastern Cape</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27353</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100814</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T22:55:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100814</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Tributaries of de Orange River</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27354</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100815</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T22:57:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100815</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sacred waters</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27355</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100816</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T23:16:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
        <id>64</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I don start one article</comment>
      <origin>100816</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15834" sha1="taesza7wqn8ra1b4mk02lc4or7r4wak" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Sacred waters''' na [[sacred natural site]]s wey dey involve natural water places like [[river]]s, [[lake]]s, [[spring (hydrosphere)|springs]], [[Water reservoir|reservoirs]], and [[ocean]]s. E different from [[holy water]] wey be water wey cleric don bless give am [[sacrament]]al meaning.{{sfnp|Altman|2002|p=131}} These natural water bodies get religious meaning no be because of modern blessing, but because myth or history people don mark am as sacred. Dem dey use sacred waters for cleansing, healing, [[initiations]], and even death rituals.{{sfnp|Altman|2002|p=6}}

People for different religions dey always attach strong meaning to water. For most creation stories, water dey very central in myth, [[cosmological]], and religious teachings.{{sfnp|Altman|2002|pp=3-6,13-20}} Because of this, many groups dey call water “living water” or “water of life”.{{sfnp|Varner|2004|p=19}}{{sfnp|Altman|2002|p=2}}{{sfnp|Strang|2004|p=83}} Meaning say water be thing wey give life and na from am life start. Different cultures dey see some waters more sacred pass others, especially the ones wey dem fit easily access and fit use for ritual.{{sfnp|Altman|2002|p=3}}

== Rivers ==
[[File:Diura Fishing Village.jpg|thumb|The Diura Fishing Village for [[Batanes]] ]]

=== Ganges River ===
Even though all [[rivers in Hinduism]] dey sacred, the [[Ganges River]] (Ganga) get special respect pass. For [[Vedic mythology|Vedic myths]], goddess [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] come down to earth to purify people and help prepare dead bodies.{{sfnp|Alley|2008|p=171}}{{sfnp|Haberman|2006|pp=60-61}}{{sfnp|Narayanan|2001|pp=190-191}} The Ganges for [[India]] na physical form of this goddess. Because people believe say the water pure already and get cleansing power,{{sfnp|Alley|2008|pp=173-174}}{{sfnp|Nelson|2008|p=102}} dem dey go there bath, drink am, give offerings, and even send dead bodies go inside am.

People believe say Ganges fit clean person soul from bad ''[[karma]]'', sins, and even past life impurity.{{sfnp|Nelson|2008|p=102}} Every sunrise, pilgrims dey go down the ''[[ghat]]'' steps go bath, drink, and wash body for the river.{{sfnp|Altman|2002|pp=136-138, 181-183, 196-198}} For Hindu belief, purity and impurity dey move like scale, so anybody fit become pure again or dirty again depending on life.{{sfnp|Lamb|2008|pp=341-346}} These rituals also dey bring people close to [[Hindu deities]] and the Divine.

Ganges na one of the main places wey people dey perform funeral rites for India. People believe say if dead body touch Ganges, e go help the soul liberation.{{sfnp|Altman|2002|p=137}}{{sfnp|McClaymond|2008|p=315}} Normally, dem dey burn body and throw ashes inside river.{{sfnp|Michaels|2004|pp=136-139}} Some families even go send ashes give priest make he do am for river.

[[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]] talk say dirty things like urine, feces, spit, blood or poison no suppose enter water.{{sfnp|Narayanan|2001|pp=183-184}} But nowadays, most of these rules no dey really follow for many parts of Ganges.{{sfnp|Hammer|2007}}

== Lakes and underground water ==

=== Lake Titicaca ===
[[Lake Titicaca]] na very sacred place for [[Inca]] people. Dem believe say Inca empire start from this lake. Myths talk say sun god first come out from Lake Titicaca, so e become sign of life and order. The sun movement dey guide rituals and society structure. The elite class origin tie to this sun emergence story.{{sfnp|Bauer|Seddon|1998|pp=240-246}} Today, pollution for the lake don increase and green algae don grow plenty. People around the lake dey try raise awareness say make dem protect the water.{{sfnp|Holston|2008|p=42}}

=== Chichen Itza ===
The ancient [[Maya civilization|Maya]] people believe say world get three layers: watery underworld, earth, and sky. Water bodies na direct link to underworld spirits. [[Cenote]]s dey very important for dem. The Sacred Cenote for [[Chichen Itza]] get many artifacts and skeleton remains, showing say sacrifice rituals dey happen there.{{sfnp|Bruhns|Stothert|1999|p=209}} Today, looting still dey be problem for the site.

=== Black Mesa ===
The [[Navajo]] and [[Hopi]] people dey see water for [[Black Mesa (Arizona)|Black Mesa]] as sacred. Dem depend on springs and wells for drinking, farming, and animals. Dem dey do ceremonies to honor the water. But mining company [[Peabody Energy]] dey extract water underground for mining, causing water level drop and pollution. This don affect farming and rituals for the area.{{sfnp|Lee|2002}}

==By culture and region==
===Germanic===
{{main|Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism}}
[[File:Tissø udsigt fra Naturpark Åmosen.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Tissø]] for [[Zealand]], wey be religious site for [[Viking Age]]{{sfn|Lund|2010|pp=58}}]]

For [[Germanic cultures]], water places don dey seen as holy since [[Nordic Bronze Age]]. Dem dey use lakes and rivers for religious offerings like objects and gifts to gods.{{sfn|Pevan|2019|p=12}}{{sfn|Gundestrupkedlen}}{{sfn|Looijenga|2003|p=78}} Some people believe say these offerings dey bring good harvest or safe travel. Sometimes dem dey find human bodies for bogs, but e no common.{{sfn|Eriksen|2017|p=343}}

Some water bodies even get names of gods like Tissø wey mean Týr’s lake.{{sfn|Lund|2010|pp=58}} After Christianity enter, some of these traditions stop, but some still continue like holy wells and belief say water fit connect people to spirit world.{{sfn|Lund|2010|pp=15-16,58}}
{{Short description|Sacred natural sites wey involve water}}
{{About||the German film|Sacred Waters (1932 film)|the Swiss film|Sacred Waters (1960 film)}}

'''Sacred waters''' be [[sacred natural site]]s wey involve natural water places like [[river]]s, [[lake]]s, [[spring (hydrosphere)|springs]], [[Water reservoir|reservoirs]], and [[ocean]]s. E different from [[holy water]] wey be water wey cleric don bless give am [[sacrament]]al meaning. These natural water bodies get religious meaning no be because of modern blessing, but because myth or history people don mark am as sacred.{{sfnp|Altman|2002|p=131}} Dem dey use sacred waters for cleansing, healing, [[initiations]], and even death rituals.{{sfnp|Altman|2002|p=6}}

People for different religions dey always give water strong spiritual meaning. For most creation stories, water dey very important inside myth, [[cosmological]], and religious teachings.{{sfnp|Altman|2002|pp=3-6,13-20}} Because of this, many groups dey call water “living water” or “water of life”.{{sfnp|Varner|2004|p=19}}{{sfnp|Altman|2002|p=2}}{{sfnp|Strang|2004|p=83}} Meaning say water na thing wey give life and na from am life start. Different cultures dey see some waters more sacred pass others, especially the ones wey dem fit easily access and use for ritual.{{sfnp|Altman|2002|p=3}}

== Rivers ==
[[File:Diura Fishing Village.jpg|thumb|The Diura Fishing Village for [[Batanes]] ]]

=== New Zealand ===
The [[Whanganui River]] wey be big river for [[North Island]] of [[New Zealand]] get special status because e important to the [[Māori people]] for that area. For March 2017, e become the second natural resource for world (after [[Te Urewera]]) wey dem give am legal identity, meaning say e get rights, responsibilities, and liabilities like legal person.{{Cite journal |last=Robert T.F. Downes |date=2024-07-09 |title=Natural Dialectics: Māori &amp; Sioux Ecosophy Encounters the Rule of Law |url=https://scholarworks.arcadia.edu/agsjournal/vol9/iss1/2/ |journal=The Journal of International Relations, Peace Studies, and Development |volume=9 |issue=1 |issn=2429-2133}}{{Cite journal |last1=Morris |first1=James D K |last2=Ruru |first2=Jacinta |date=2010 |title=Giving Voice to Rivers: Legal Personality as a Vehicle for Recognising Indigenous Peoples' Relationships to Water? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26423181 |journal=Australian Indigenous Law Review |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=49–62 |jstor=26423181 |issn=1835-0186}}

=== African ===
The [[Osun River]] for Nigeria na one example of waterbody wey people dey see as sacred. E important for Yoruba spirituality and e dey represent fertility, love, and beauty. The river get name from deity [[Oshun|Oṣun]], one of the river goddesses for Yorubaland wey people dey respect for protection and healing power. The Osun River pass through [[Osun-Osogbo|Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove]], wey be UNESCO World Heritage site, and every year dem dey do Osun-Osogbo festival wey plenty pilgrims dey attend from inside and outside Nigeria.

Another sacred water for Africa na [[Lake Tana]] for Ethiopia. The lake na source of the [[Blue Nile]] and e important for ancient monastic tradition of the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]]. The lake get islands wey get old monasteries wey dey keep sacred manuscripts, religious items, and old wall paintings.

[[Lake Bosumtwi]] for Ghana, inside [[Ashanti Region]], na sacred lake for the Ashanti people. Dem believe say e be place wey souls dey rest on their journey go afterlife.

== Further examples ==
* {{annotated link|Godavari River}}
* {{annotated link|Holy Brook}}
* {{annotated link|Jordan River}}
* {{annotated link|Krishna River}}
* [[Gosaikunda]] – Lake for Nepal Langtang National Park
* {{annotated link|Lake Guatavita}}
* {{annotated link|Narmada River}}
* {{annotated link|Nile}}
* {{annotated link|Silwan}}, site of a sacred spring ({{Transliteration|ar|Ayn Silwan}})
* {{annotated link|Zamzam Well}}

== See also ==
{{columns-start|num=2}}
{{column}}
* {{annotated link|Holy well}}
* {{annotated link|Living Water}}
* {{annotated link|Misogi}}
* {{annotated link|Temple tank}}
* {{annotated link|Theertham}}
* {{annotated link|Water and religion}}
* {{annotated link|Water rite|Water rites}}
* {{annotated link|Yardna}}
{{columns-end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last=Altman |first=Nathaniel |title=Sacred Water: The Spiritual Source of Life |publisher=HiddenSpring |year=2002 |location=New Jersey}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Alley |first=Kelly D. |year=2008 |title=Images of Waste and Purification on the Banks of the Ganga |journal=City &amp; Society |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=167–182 |doi=10.1525/city.1998.10.1.167}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Bauer |first1=Brian |last2=Seddon |first2=Matthew T. |year=1998 |title=The Sanctuary of Titicaca: Where the Sun Returns to Earth |journal=Latin American Antiquity |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=240–258|doi=10.2307/971730 |jstor=971730 |s2cid=163867549}}
* {{cite book |last1=Brothwell |first1=D. |title=Human Mummies |chapter=European bog bodies: Current state of research and preservation |series=The Man in the Ice |volume=3 |date=1996 |pages=161–172 |doi=10.1007/978-3-7091-6565-2_16 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7091-6565-2_16 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-7091-7352-7 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bruhns |first1=Karen |title=Women in Ancient America |last2=Stothert |first2=Karen E. |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=1999 |location=Oklahoma}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Eriksen |first1=Listen Original Articles Don’t all mothers love their children? Deposited infants as animate objects in the Scandinavian Iron Age Marianne Hem |title=Don't all mothers love their children? Deposited infants as animate objects in the Scandinavian Iron Age |journal=World Archaeology |date=2017 |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=338–356 |doi=10.1080/00438243.2017.1340189 |hdl=10852/65628 |s2cid=197856941 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00438243.2017.1340189?needAccess=true|hdl-access=free }}
* {{Cite book |last=Haberman |first=David L. |title=River of Lover in an Age of Pollution: The Yamuna River of Northern India |publisher=University of California Press |year=2006 |location=Berkeley}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hammer |first=Joshua |year=2007 |title=A Prayer for the Ganges |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=74–82}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Holston |first=M. |year=2008 |title=Joint Action Protects Lake Titicaca |journal=Americas |volume=60 |issue=6 |pages=42–43}}
* {{cite book |last1=Looijenga |first1=Tineke |title=Texts &amp; Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions |chapter=On the Origin of Runes |date=1 January 2003 |pages=78–104 |chapter-url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789047401285/B9789047401285_s006.xml |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/9789047401285_006 |isbn=9789004123960 |s2cid=161898526 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lamb |first=Ramdas |title=Studying Hinduism: Key Concepts and Methods |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |editor-last=Mittal |editor-first=Sushil |location=London |chapter=Sacred |editor-last2=Thursby |editor-first2=Gene}}
* {{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Tanya |year=2002 |title=Hopi and Navajo People Confront Peabody Energy on Sacred Water Destruction |work=The Native Voice: The Women’s Voice}}
* {{cite book |last=Lund|first=Julie|title=Signals of Belief in Early England: Anglo-Saxon Paganism Revisited |date=2010 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=978-1-84217-395-4 |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1cd0nf9.9|chapter=Chapter 3, At the Water's Edge|jstor=j.ctt1cd0nf9.9}}
* {{Cite book |last=McClaymond |first=Kathryn |title=Studying Hinduism: Key Concepts and Methods |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |editor-last=Mittal |editor-first=Sushil |location=London |chapter=Ritual |editor-last2=Gene |editor-first2=Thursby}}
* {{Cite book |last=Michaels |first=Axel |title=Hinduism: Past and Present |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2004 |editor-last=Harshaw |editor-first=Barbara |location=Princeton}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Narayanan |first=Vasudha |year=2001 |title=Water, Wood, and Wisdom: Ecological Perspectives from the Hindu Traditions |journal=Daedalus |volume=130 |issue=4 |pages=179–206 |jstor=20027723 |issn=0011-5266}}
* {{cite thesis |last1=Monikander |first1=Anne |title=Våld och vatten : Våtmarkskult vid Skedemosse under järnåldern |publisher=Stockholm University |date=2010 |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A309712&amp;dswid=1350|language = Swedish}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nelson |first=Lance E. |title=Studying Hinduism: Key Concepts and Methods |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |editor-last=Mittal |editor-first=Sushil |location=London |chapter=Ecology |editor-last2=Thursby |editor-first2=Gene}}
* {{cite thesis |last1=Pevan |first1=Erin Kristine |title=With the wagon-guider, a word do I seek: Examining gender, myth, ceremony, and interment in the social history of wagons in the Viking Age |publisher=Universitet i Oslo |url=https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/70123|date=2019}}
* {{cite book |last=Semple|first=Sarah|title=Signals of Belief in Early England: Anglo-Saxon Paganism Revisited |date=2010 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=978-1-84217-395-4 |chapter=Chapter 2, In the Open Air|jstor=j.ctt1cd0nf9.8 |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1cd0nf9.8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Simek |first1=Rudolf | author-link = Rudolf Simek | translator1-last = Hall | translator-first = Angela |title=A Dictionary of Northern Mythology |date=2008 |publisher=BOYE6 |isbn=9780859915137}}
* {{Cite book |last=Strang |first=Veronica |title=The Meaning of Water |publisher=Berg Publishers |year=2004 |location=New York |author-link=Veronica Strang}}
* {{Cite book |last=Varner |first=Gary R. |title=Water of Life Water of Death: The Folklore and Mythology of Sacred Waters |publisher=PublishAmerica |year=2004 |location=Baltimore}}
* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Gundestrupkedlen}}|title=Gundestrupkedlen, Gundestrup |url=https://samlinger.natmus.dk/do/asset/13955 |website=Nationalmuseets Samlinger Online |access-date=14 June 2023}}
{{Refend}}

{{Religion topics}}
{{Rivers, streams and springs}}

[[Category:Sacred waters| ]]
[[Category:Water and religion]]
[[Category:Holiness]]
[[Category:Religious places]]</text>
      <sha1>taesza7wqn8ra1b4mk02lc4or7r4wak</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Political history of South Africa</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27356</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100819</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T23:20:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100819</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:British military personnel of de 9th Cape Frontier War</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27357</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100820</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T23:20:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100820</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:CS1 Zulu-language sources (zu)</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27358</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100823</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:04:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100823</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Orange River</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27359</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100824</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:05:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100824</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Geography of de ǁKharas Region</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27360</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100825</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:05:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100825</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Karoo</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27361</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100826</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:06:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100826</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Lesotho–South Africa border</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27362</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100827</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:06:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100827</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Namibia–South Africa border</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27363</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100828</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:06:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100828</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Ramsar sites insyd Namibia</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27364</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100829</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:06:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100829</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Ramsar sites insyd South Africa</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27365</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100830</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:09:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100830</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Rivers of Lesotho</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27366</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100831</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:10:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100831</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Rivers of de Free State (province)</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27367</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100832</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:10:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100832</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Rivers of de Northern Cape</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27368</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100833</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:10:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100833</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Vaal River</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27369</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100834</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:10:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>100834</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Livingstone Falls</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27370</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100849</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:39:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dey create fresh article</comment>
      <origin>100849</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="733" sha1="9024vv9dft7g5d2ihpk896l6xqs8723" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Inga03.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataract]] of [[Inga Falls]]]]
[[File:Livingstone Falls.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls as seen by Stanley]]
[[File:Livingstone falls map.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls map]]

'''Livingstone Falls''' (French: ''Chutes Livingstone''; Dutch: ''Livingstonewatervallen''), named for British explorer [[David Livingstone]], are a succession of enormous rapids on de lower course of de [[Congo River]] insyd west equatorial [[Africa]], downstream from Malebo Pool insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].&lt;ref name=Stanley&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>9024vv9dft7g5d2ihpk896l6xqs8723</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100850</id>
      <parentid>100849</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:40:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Add sub-heading</comment>
      <origin>100850</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="748" sha1="8od1h94cg6d4nh64k5omf2m2oobbbdy" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Inga03.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataract]] of [[Inga Falls]]]]
[[File:Livingstone Falls.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls as seen by Stanley]]
[[File:Livingstone falls map.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls map]]

'''Livingstone Falls''' (French: ''Chutes Livingstone''; Dutch: ''Livingstonewatervallen''), named for British explorer [[David Livingstone]], are a succession of enormous rapids on de lower course of de [[Congo River]] insyd west equatorial [[Africa]], downstream from Malebo Pool insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].&lt;ref name=Stanley&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
==Description==
== References ==</text>
      <sha1>8od1h94cg6d4nh64k5omf2m2oobbbdy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100851</id>
      <parentid>100850</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:46:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100851</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2263" sha1="rgyes488ws0xv8uzhyfwxdsl6ttaxkd" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Inga03.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataract]] of [[Inga Falls]]]]
[[File:Livingstone Falls.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls as seen by Stanley]]
[[File:Livingstone falls map.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls map]]

'''Livingstone Falls''' (French: ''Chutes Livingstone''; Dutch: ''Livingstonewatervallen''), named for British explorer [[David Livingstone]], are a succession of enormous rapids on de lower course of de [[Congo River]] insyd west equatorial [[Africa]], downstream from Malebo Pool insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].&lt;ref name=Stanley&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
==Description==
Livingstone Falls consist of a series of rapids dropping {{convert|900|ft|m|order=flip}} insyd {{convert|220|mi|km|order=flip}}. They start downstream of Malebo Pool den end insyd Matadi insyd Bas-Congo. De Congo River get de second largest flow rate insyd de world after de Amazon, wich get no falls anaa rapids (except near its sources). De lowest rapids of Livingstone Falls, therefore, are de world's largest waterfall insyd terms of flow rate — provided one accepts these rapids as being a waterfall.  An interesting aspect of de {{convert|220|mi|km|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} Livingstone Falls be de width of de channel.  De channel be very narrow: insyd several stretches de channel width be less dan {{convert|300|m|ft|sigfig=1}} den for de majority of de length de channel be less dan {{convert|800|m|ft|sigfig=1}} wide.  Dis be an extraordinarily narrow channel since de river flow rate typically exceeds {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}. Investigations insyd 2008 den 2009 showed dat sections between de rapids may be as deep as {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Weisberger |first1=Mindy |title=Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River |url=https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |website=livescience.com |publisher=LiveScience | date = 12 January 2020 | accessdate=14 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; De powerful rapids separate fish populations from one anoda, causing new species to evolve insyd close proximity to one anoda.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;/&gt;
== References ==</text>
      <sha1>rgyes488ws0xv8uzhyfwxdsl6ttaxkd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100852</id>
      <parentid>100851</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:47:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Add sub-heading</comment>
      <origin>100852</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2275" sha1="d5xxip9bkb1pragc75mlfd1uwwv9n8e" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Inga03.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataract]] of [[Inga Falls]]]]
[[File:Livingstone Falls.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls as seen by Stanley]]
[[File:Livingstone falls map.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls map]]

'''Livingstone Falls''' (French: ''Chutes Livingstone''; Dutch: ''Livingstonewatervallen''), named for British explorer [[David Livingstone]], are a succession of enormous rapids on de lower course of de [[Congo River]] insyd west equatorial [[Africa]], downstream from Malebo Pool insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].&lt;ref name=Stanley&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
==Description==
Livingstone Falls consist of a series of rapids dropping {{convert|900|ft|m|order=flip}} insyd {{convert|220|mi|km|order=flip}}. They start downstream of Malebo Pool den end insyd Matadi insyd Bas-Congo. De Congo River get de second largest flow rate insyd de world after de Amazon, wich get no falls anaa rapids (except near its sources). De lowest rapids of Livingstone Falls, therefore, are de world's largest waterfall insyd terms of flow rate — provided one accepts these rapids as being a waterfall.  An interesting aspect of de {{convert|220|mi|km|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} Livingstone Falls be de width of de channel.  De channel be very narrow: insyd several stretches de channel width be less dan {{convert|300|m|ft|sigfig=1}} den for de majority of de length de channel be less dan {{convert|800|m|ft|sigfig=1}} wide.  Dis be an extraordinarily narrow channel since de river flow rate typically exceeds {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}. Investigations insyd 2008 den 2009 showed dat sections between de rapids may be as deep as {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Weisberger |first1=Mindy |title=Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River |url=https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |website=livescience.com |publisher=LiveScience | date = 12 January 2020 | accessdate=14 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; De powerful rapids separate fish populations from one anoda, causing new species to evolve insyd close proximity to one anoda.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;/&gt;
==History==
== References ==</text>
      <sha1>d5xxip9bkb1pragc75mlfd1uwwv9n8e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100853</id>
      <parentid>100852</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:58:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100853</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3768" sha1="nb35alswehekpkrqqb7bgw66k379ga7" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Inga03.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataract]] of [[Inga Falls]]]]
[[File:Livingstone Falls.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls as seen by Stanley]]
[[File:Livingstone falls map.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls map]]

'''Livingstone Falls''' (French: ''Chutes Livingstone''; Dutch: ''Livingstonewatervallen''), named for British explorer [[David Livingstone]], are a succession of enormous rapids on de lower course of de [[Congo River]] insyd west equatorial [[Africa]], downstream from Malebo Pool insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].&lt;ref name=Stanley&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
==Description==
Livingstone Falls consist of a series of rapids dropping {{convert|900|ft|m|order=flip}} insyd {{convert|220|mi|km|order=flip}}. They start downstream of Malebo Pool den end insyd Matadi insyd Bas-Congo. De Congo River get de second largest flow rate insyd de world after de Amazon, wich get no falls anaa rapids (except near its sources). De lowest rapids of Livingstone Falls, therefore, are de world's largest waterfall insyd terms of flow rate — provided one accepts these rapids as being a waterfall.  An interesting aspect of de {{convert|220|mi|km|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} Livingstone Falls be de width of de channel.  De channel be very narrow: insyd several stretches de channel width be less dan {{convert|300|m|ft|sigfig=1}} den for de majority of de length de channel be less dan {{convert|800|m|ft|sigfig=1}} wide.  Dis be an extraordinarily narrow channel since de river flow rate typically exceeds {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}. Investigations insyd 2008 den 2009 showed dat sections between de rapids may be as deep as {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Weisberger |first1=Mindy |title=Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River |url=https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |website=livescience.com |publisher=LiveScience | date = 12 January 2020 | accessdate=14 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; De powerful rapids separate fish populations from one anoda, causing new species to evolve insyd close proximity to one anoda.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;/&gt;
==History==
Although he explored de upper Congo, Livingstone never travelled to dis part of de river den de falls were named insyd ein honour by Henry Morton Stanley.  Stanley described de falls as &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;...de wildest stretch of river dat I have ever seen. Take a strip of sea blown over by a hurricane, four miles insyd length den half a mile insyd breadth, den a pretty accurate conception of its leaping waves may be obtained.  Some of de troughs were 100yards insyd length, den from one to de oda de mad river plunged.  There was first a rush down into de bottom of an immense trough, den then, by its sheer force, de enormous volume would lift itself upward steeply until, gathering itself into a ridge, e suddenly hurled itself 20 anaa 30feet straight upward, before rolling down into anoda trough. If I look up anaa down along dis angry scene, every interval of 50 anaa 100yards of am be  mark by wave-towers - their collapse into foam den spray, de mad clash of watery hills, bounding mounds den heaving billows, while de base of either bank, consisting of a long line of piled boulders of massive size, be bury insyd de tempestuous surf.  De roar be tremendous den deafening.  I fi only compare am to de thunder of an express train through a rock tunnel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot; /&gt;{{rp|261–262}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;Since de falls, wich start plus de Yellala Falls just above Matadi, dey a barrier to navigation on de lower part of de river, de Matadi-Kinshasa Railway dey construct to by-pass dem.
== References ==</text>
      <sha1>nb35alswehekpkrqqb7bgw66k379ga7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100854</id>
      <parentid>100853</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:59:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Add sub-heading</comment>
      <origin>100854</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3844" sha1="tdi0yb53ro75njh9sfkrt8wshsa75fj" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Inga03.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataract]] of [[Inga Falls]]]]
[[File:Livingstone Falls.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls as seen by Stanley]]
[[File:Livingstone falls map.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls map]]

'''Livingstone Falls''' (French: ''Chutes Livingstone''; Dutch: ''Livingstonewatervallen''), named for British explorer [[David Livingstone]], are a succession of enormous rapids on de lower course of de [[Congo River]] insyd west equatorial [[Africa]], downstream from Malebo Pool insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].&lt;ref name=Stanley&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
==Description==
Livingstone Falls consist of a series of rapids dropping {{convert|900|ft|m|order=flip}} insyd {{convert|220|mi|km|order=flip}}. They start downstream of Malebo Pool den end insyd Matadi insyd Bas-Congo. De Congo River get de second largest flow rate insyd de world after de Amazon, wich get no falls anaa rapids (except near its sources). De lowest rapids of Livingstone Falls, therefore, are de world's largest waterfall insyd terms of flow rate — provided one accepts these rapids as being a waterfall.  An interesting aspect of de {{convert|220|mi|km|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} Livingstone Falls be de width of de channel.  De channel be very narrow: insyd several stretches de channel width be less dan {{convert|300|m|ft|sigfig=1}} den for de majority of de length de channel be less dan {{convert|800|m|ft|sigfig=1}} wide.  Dis be an extraordinarily narrow channel since de river flow rate typically exceeds {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}. Investigations insyd 2008 den 2009 showed dat sections between de rapids may be as deep as {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Weisberger |first1=Mindy |title=Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River |url=https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |website=livescience.com |publisher=LiveScience | date = 12 January 2020 | accessdate=14 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; De powerful rapids separate fish populations from one anoda, causing new species to evolve insyd close proximity to one anoda.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;/&gt;
==History==
Although he explored de upper Congo, Livingstone never travelled to dis part of de river den de falls were named insyd ein honour by Henry Morton Stanley.  Stanley described de falls as &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;...de wildest stretch of river dat I have ever seen. Take a strip of sea blown over by a hurricane, four miles insyd length den half a mile insyd breadth, den a pretty accurate conception of its leaping waves may be obtained.  Some of de troughs were 100yards insyd length, den from one to de oda de mad river plunged.  There was first a rush down into de bottom of an immense trough, den then, by its sheer force, de enormous volume would lift itself upward steeply until, gathering itself into a ridge, e suddenly hurled itself 20 anaa 30feet straight upward, before rolling down into anoda trough. If I look up anaa down along dis angry scene, every interval of 50 anaa 100yards of am be  mark by wave-towers - their collapse into foam den spray, de mad clash of watery hills, bounding mounds den heaving billows, while de base of either bank, consisting of a long line of piled boulders of massive size, be bury insyd de tempestuous surf.  De roar be tremendous den deafening.  I fi only compare am to de thunder of an express train through a rock tunnel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot; /&gt;{{rp|261–262}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;Since de falls, wich start plus de Yellala Falls just above Matadi, dey a barrier to navigation on de lower part of de river, de Matadi-Kinshasa Railway dey construct to by-pass dem.
==&quot;Grand Inga&quot; proposed hydroelectric project==
{{main article|Grand Inga}}
== References ==</text>
      <sha1>tdi0yb53ro75njh9sfkrt8wshsa75fj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100855</id>
      <parentid>100854</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T01:06:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100855</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4346" sha1="cmfr83wk8icy1p4dfritr0jlghgup57" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Inga03.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataract]] of [[Inga Falls]]]]
[[File:Livingstone Falls.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls as seen by Stanley]]
[[File:Livingstone falls map.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls map]]

'''Livingstone Falls''' (French: ''Chutes Livingstone''; Dutch: ''Livingstonewatervallen''), named for British explorer [[David Livingstone]], are a succession of enormous rapids on de lower course of de [[Congo River]] insyd west equatorial [[Africa]], downstream from Malebo Pool insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].&lt;ref name=Stanley&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
==Description==
Livingstone Falls consist of a series of rapids dropping {{convert|900|ft|m|order=flip}} insyd {{convert|220|mi|km|order=flip}}. They start downstream of Malebo Pool den end insyd Matadi insyd Bas-Congo. De Congo River get de second largest flow rate insyd de world after de Amazon, wich get no falls anaa rapids (except near its sources). De lowest rapids of Livingstone Falls, therefore, are de world's largest waterfall insyd terms of flow rate — provided one accepts these rapids as being a waterfall.  An interesting aspect of de {{convert|220|mi|km|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} Livingstone Falls be de width of de channel.  De channel be very narrow: insyd several stretches de channel width be less dan {{convert|300|m|ft|sigfig=1}} den for de majority of de length de channel be less dan {{convert|800|m|ft|sigfig=1}} wide.  Dis be an extraordinarily narrow channel since de river flow rate typically exceeds {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}. Investigations insyd 2008 den 2009 showed dat sections between de rapids may be as deep as {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Weisberger |first1=Mindy |title=Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River |url=https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |website=livescience.com |publisher=LiveScience | date = 12 January 2020 | accessdate=14 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; De powerful rapids separate fish populations from one anoda, causing new species to evolve insyd close proximity to one anoda.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;/&gt;
==History==
Although he explored de upper Congo, Livingstone never travelled to dis part of de river den de falls were named insyd ein honour by Henry Morton Stanley.  Stanley described de falls as &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;...de wildest stretch of river dat I have ever seen. Take a strip of sea blown over by a hurricane, four miles insyd length den half a mile insyd breadth, den a pretty accurate conception of its leaping waves may be obtained.  Some of de troughs were 100yards insyd length, den from one to de oda de mad river plunged.  There was first a rush down into de bottom of an immense trough, den then, by its sheer force, de enormous volume would lift itself upward steeply until, gathering itself into a ridge, e suddenly hurled itself 20 anaa 30feet straight upward, before rolling down into anoda trough. If I look up anaa down along dis angry scene, every interval of 50 anaa 100yards of am be  mark by wave-towers - their collapse into foam den spray, de mad clash of watery hills, bounding mounds den heaving billows, while de base of either bank, consisting of a long line of piled boulders of massive size, be bury insyd de tempestuous surf.  De roar be tremendous den deafening.  I fi only compare am to de thunder of an express train through a rock tunnel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot; /&gt;{{rp|261–262}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;Since de falls, wich start plus de Yellala Falls just above Matadi, dey a barrier to navigation on de lower part of de river, de Matadi-Kinshasa Railway dey construct to by-pass dem.
==&quot;Grand Inga&quot; proposed hydroelectric project==
{{main article|Grand Inga}}
Inga Falls on [[Congo River]] be a group of rapids insyd de latter portion of de Livingstone Falls, {{convert|177|mi|km|order=flip}} after de Malebo Pool. De Congo falls about 96 metres within dis set of [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataracts]].  De mean annual flow rate at Inga Falls be about {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}.  Given dis flow rate den de {{convert|96|m|ft|adj=on}} fall, e be possible to calculate dat de Inga Falls alone has a power potential of approximately 40 GW.{{fact|date=January 2020}}
== References ==</text>
      <sha1>cmfr83wk8icy1p4dfritr0jlghgup57</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100856</id>
      <parentid>100855</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T01:11:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100856</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4991" sha1="2qf4q5uliqgw98s4hmglkcyy72jsmng" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Inga03.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataract]] of [[Inga Falls]]]]
[[File:Livingstone Falls.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls as seen by Stanley]]
[[File:Livingstone falls map.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls map]]

'''Livingstone Falls''' (French: ''Chutes Livingstone''; Dutch: ''Livingstonewatervallen''), named for British explorer [[David Livingstone]], are a succession of enormous rapids on de lower course of de [[Congo River]] insyd west equatorial [[Africa]], downstream from Malebo Pool insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].&lt;ref name=Stanley&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
==Description==
Livingstone Falls consist of a series of rapids dropping {{convert|900|ft|m|order=flip}} insyd {{convert|220|mi|km|order=flip}}. They start downstream of Malebo Pool den end insyd Matadi insyd Bas-Congo. De Congo River get de second largest flow rate insyd de world after de Amazon, wich get no falls anaa rapids (except near its sources). De lowest rapids of Livingstone Falls, therefore, are de world's largest waterfall insyd terms of flow rate — provided one accepts these rapids as being a waterfall.  An interesting aspect of de {{convert|220|mi|km|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} Livingstone Falls be de width of de channel.  De channel be very narrow: insyd several stretches de channel width be less dan {{convert|300|m|ft|sigfig=1}} den for de majority of de length de channel be less dan {{convert|800|m|ft|sigfig=1}} wide.  Dis be an extraordinarily narrow channel since de river flow rate typically exceeds {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}. Investigations insyd 2008 den 2009 showed dat sections between de rapids may be as deep as {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Weisberger |first1=Mindy |title=Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River |url=https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |website=livescience.com |publisher=LiveScience | date = 12 January 2020 | accessdate=14 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; De powerful rapids separate fish populations from one anoda, causing new species to evolve insyd close proximity to one anoda.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;/&gt;
==History==
Although he explored de upper Congo, Livingstone never travelled to dis part of de river den de falls were named insyd ein honour by Henry Morton Stanley.  Stanley described de falls as &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;...de wildest stretch of river dat I have ever seen. Take a strip of sea blown over by a hurricane, four miles insyd length den half a mile insyd breadth, den a pretty accurate conception of its leaping waves may be obtained.  Some of de troughs were 100yards insyd length, den from one to de oda de mad river plunged.  There was first a rush down into de bottom of an immense trough, den then, by its sheer force, de enormous volume would lift itself upward steeply until, gathering itself into a ridge, e suddenly hurled itself 20 anaa 30feet straight upward, before rolling down into anoda trough. If I look up anaa down along dis angry scene, every interval of 50 anaa 100yards of am be  mark by wave-towers - their collapse into foam den spray, de mad clash of watery hills, bounding mounds den heaving billows, while de base of either bank, consisting of a long line of piled boulders of massive size, be bury insyd de tempestuous surf.  De roar be tremendous den deafening.  I fi only compare am to de thunder of an express train through a rock tunnel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot; /&gt;{{rp|261–262}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;Since de falls, wich start plus de Yellala Falls just above Matadi, dey a barrier to navigation on de lower part of de river, de Matadi-Kinshasa Railway dey construct to by-pass dem.
==&quot;Grand Inga&quot; proposed hydroelectric project==
{{main article|Grand Inga}}
Inga Falls on [[Congo River]] be a group of rapids insyd de latter portion of de Livingstone Falls, {{convert|177|mi|km|order=flip}} after de Malebo Pool. De Congo falls about 96 metres within dis set of [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataracts]].  De mean annual flow rate at Inga Falls be about {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}.  Given dis flow rate den de {{convert|96|m|ft|adj=on}} fall, e be possible to calculate dat de Inga Falls alone has a power potential of approximately 40 GW.{{fact|date=January 2020}}

Insyd 2014, Inga Falls be de site of two large hydro-electric power plants den be being considered for a much larger hydro-electric power generating station wey dey know as Grand Inga. De Grand Inga project, if completed, would be de largest hydro-electric power generating facility on Earth. De current project scope calls for de use of a flow rate {{convert|26400|m3/s|ft3/s}} at a net head of {{convert|150|m|ft}}; dis be equivalent to a generating capacity of about 38.9GW . Dis hydro-electric generator would be almost double de current world record holder, wich be de Three Gorges facility at 22. GW on de Yangtze River insyd [[China]].

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>2qf4q5uliqgw98s4hmglkcyy72jsmng</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100857</id>
      <parentid>100856</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T01:12:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Add sub-heading</comment>
      <origin>100857</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5004" sha1="coesszkipoozqh9j1scca4jwjmw9rjc" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Inga03.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataract]] of [[Inga Falls]]]]
[[File:Livingstone Falls.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls as seen by Stanley]]
[[File:Livingstone falls map.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls map]]

'''Livingstone Falls''' (French: ''Chutes Livingstone''; Dutch: ''Livingstonewatervallen''), named for British explorer [[David Livingstone]], are a succession of enormous rapids on de lower course of de [[Congo River]] insyd west equatorial [[Africa]], downstream from Malebo Pool insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].&lt;ref name=Stanley&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
==Description==
Livingstone Falls consist of a series of rapids dropping {{convert|900|ft|m|order=flip}} insyd {{convert|220|mi|km|order=flip}}. They start downstream of Malebo Pool den end insyd Matadi insyd Bas-Congo. De Congo River get de second largest flow rate insyd de world after de Amazon, wich get no falls anaa rapids (except near its sources). De lowest rapids of Livingstone Falls, therefore, are de world's largest waterfall insyd terms of flow rate — provided one accepts these rapids as being a waterfall.  An interesting aspect of de {{convert|220|mi|km|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} Livingstone Falls be de width of de channel.  De channel be very narrow: insyd several stretches de channel width be less dan {{convert|300|m|ft|sigfig=1}} den for de majority of de length de channel be less dan {{convert|800|m|ft|sigfig=1}} wide.  Dis be an extraordinarily narrow channel since de river flow rate typically exceeds {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}. Investigations insyd 2008 den 2009 showed dat sections between de rapids may be as deep as {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Weisberger |first1=Mindy |title=Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River |url=https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |website=livescience.com |publisher=LiveScience | date = 12 January 2020 | accessdate=14 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; De powerful rapids separate fish populations from one anoda, causing new species to evolve insyd close proximity to one anoda.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;/&gt;
==History==
Although he explored de upper Congo, Livingstone never travelled to dis part of de river den de falls were named insyd ein honour by Henry Morton Stanley.  Stanley described de falls as &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;...de wildest stretch of river dat I have ever seen. Take a strip of sea blown over by a hurricane, four miles insyd length den half a mile insyd breadth, den a pretty accurate conception of its leaping waves may be obtained.  Some of de troughs were 100yards insyd length, den from one to de oda de mad river plunged.  There was first a rush down into de bottom of an immense trough, den then, by its sheer force, de enormous volume would lift itself upward steeply until, gathering itself into a ridge, e suddenly hurled itself 20 anaa 30feet straight upward, before rolling down into anoda trough. If I look up anaa down along dis angry scene, every interval of 50 anaa 100yards of am be  mark by wave-towers - their collapse into foam den spray, de mad clash of watery hills, bounding mounds den heaving billows, while de base of either bank, consisting of a long line of piled boulders of massive size, be bury insyd de tempestuous surf.  De roar be tremendous den deafening.  I fi only compare am to de thunder of an express train through a rock tunnel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot; /&gt;{{rp|261–262}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;Since de falls, wich start plus de Yellala Falls just above Matadi, dey a barrier to navigation on de lower part of de river, de Matadi-Kinshasa Railway dey construct to by-pass dem.
==&quot;Grand Inga&quot; proposed hydroelectric project==
{{main article|Grand Inga}}
Inga Falls on [[Congo River]] be a group of rapids insyd de latter portion of de Livingstone Falls, {{convert|177|mi|km|order=flip}} after de Malebo Pool. De Congo falls about 96 metres within dis set of [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataracts]].  De mean annual flow rate at Inga Falls be about {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}.  Given dis flow rate den de {{convert|96|m|ft|adj=on}} fall, e be possible to calculate dat de Inga Falls alone has a power potential of approximately 40 GW.{{fact|date=January 2020}}

Insyd 2014, Inga Falls be de site of two large hydro-electric power plants den be being considered for a much larger hydro-electric power generating station wey dey know as Grand Inga. De Grand Inga project, if completed, would be de largest hydro-electric power generating facility on Earth. De current project scope calls for de use of a flow rate {{convert|26400|m3/s|ft3/s}} at a net head of {{convert|150|m|ft}}; dis be equivalent to a generating capacity of about 38.9GW . Dis hydro-electric generator would be almost double de current world record holder, wich be de Three Gorges facility at 22. GW on de Yangtze River insyd [[China]].
==See sanso==
== References ==</text>
      <sha1>coesszkipoozqh9j1scca4jwjmw9rjc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100858</id>
      <parentid>100857</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T01:14:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100858</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5056" sha1="fbf5i6t9do03wyae0iaxxhjarhwgkca" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Inga03.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataract]] of [[Inga Falls]]]]
[[File:Livingstone Falls.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls as seen by Stanley]]
[[File:Livingstone falls map.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls map]]

'''Livingstone Falls''' (French: ''Chutes Livingstone''; Dutch: ''Livingstonewatervallen''), named for British explorer [[David Livingstone]], are a succession of enormous rapids on de lower course of de [[Congo River]] insyd west equatorial [[Africa]], downstream from Malebo Pool insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].&lt;ref name=Stanley&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
==Description==
Livingstone Falls consist of a series of rapids dropping {{convert|900|ft|m|order=flip}} insyd {{convert|220|mi|km|order=flip}}. They start downstream of Malebo Pool den end insyd Matadi insyd Bas-Congo. De Congo River get de second largest flow rate insyd de world after de Amazon, wich get no falls anaa rapids (except near its sources). De lowest rapids of Livingstone Falls, therefore, are de world's largest waterfall insyd terms of flow rate — provided one accepts these rapids as being a waterfall.  An interesting aspect of de {{convert|220|mi|km|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} Livingstone Falls be de width of de channel.  De channel be very narrow: insyd several stretches de channel width be less dan {{convert|300|m|ft|sigfig=1}} den for de majority of de length de channel be less dan {{convert|800|m|ft|sigfig=1}} wide.  Dis be an extraordinarily narrow channel since de river flow rate typically exceeds {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}. Investigations insyd 2008 den 2009 showed dat sections between de rapids may be as deep as {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Weisberger |first1=Mindy |title=Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River |url=https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |website=livescience.com |publisher=LiveScience | date = 12 January 2020 | accessdate=14 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; De powerful rapids separate fish populations from one anoda, causing new species to evolve insyd close proximity to one anoda.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;/&gt;
==History==
Although he explored de upper Congo, Livingstone never travelled to dis part of de river den de falls were named insyd ein honour by Henry Morton Stanley.  Stanley described de falls as &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;...de wildest stretch of river dat I have ever seen. Take a strip of sea blown over by a hurricane, four miles insyd length den half a mile insyd breadth, den a pretty accurate conception of its leaping waves may be obtained.  Some of de troughs were 100yards insyd length, den from one to de oda de mad river plunged.  There was first a rush down into de bottom of an immense trough, den then, by its sheer force, de enormous volume would lift itself upward steeply until, gathering itself into a ridge, e suddenly hurled itself 20 anaa 30feet straight upward, before rolling down into anoda trough. If I look up anaa down along dis angry scene, every interval of 50 anaa 100yards of am be  mark by wave-towers - their collapse into foam den spray, de mad clash of watery hills, bounding mounds den heaving billows, while de base of either bank, consisting of a long line of piled boulders of massive size, be bury insyd de tempestuous surf.  De roar be tremendous den deafening.  I fi only compare am to de thunder of an express train through a rock tunnel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot; /&gt;{{rp|261–262}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;Since de falls, wich start plus de Yellala Falls just above Matadi, dey a barrier to navigation on de lower part of de river, de Matadi-Kinshasa Railway dey construct to by-pass dem.
==&quot;Grand Inga&quot; proposed hydroelectric project==
{{main article|Grand Inga}}
Inga Falls on [[Congo River]] be a group of rapids insyd de latter portion of de Livingstone Falls, {{convert|177|mi|km|order=flip}} after de Malebo Pool. De Congo falls about 96 metres within dis set of [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataracts]].  De mean annual flow rate at Inga Falls be about {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}.  Given dis flow rate den de {{convert|96|m|ft|adj=on}} fall, e be possible to calculate dat de Inga Falls alone has a power potential of approximately 40 GW.{{fact|date=January 2020}}

Insyd 2014, Inga Falls be de site of two large hydro-electric power plants den be being considered for a much larger hydro-electric power generating station wey dey know as Grand Inga. De Grand Inga project, if completed, would be de largest hydro-electric power generating facility on Earth. De current project scope calls for de use of a flow rate {{convert|26400|m3/s|ft3/s}} at a net head of {{convert|150|m|ft}}; dis be equivalent to a generating capacity of about 38.9GW . Dis hydro-electric generator would be almost double de current world record holder, wich be de Three Gorges facility at 22. GW on de Yangtze River insyd [[China]].
==See sanso==
*List of waterfals
*List of waterfalls by flow rate
== References ==</text>
      <sha1>fbf5i6t9do03wyae0iaxxhjarhwgkca</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100859</id>
      <parentid>100858</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T01:15:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100859</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5096" sha1="pe19ysdgwzdm5zwca2zls5zjx8d9xq2" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Inga03.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataract]] of [[Inga Falls]]]]
[[File:Livingstone Falls.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls as seen by Stanley]]
[[File:Livingstone falls map.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls map]]

'''Livingstone Falls''' (French: ''Chutes Livingstone''; Dutch: ''Livingstonewatervallen''), named for British explorer [[David Livingstone]], are a succession of enormous rapids on de lower course of de [[Congo River]] insyd west equatorial [[Africa]], downstream from Malebo Pool insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].&lt;ref name=Stanley&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
==Description==
Livingstone Falls consist of a series of rapids dropping {{convert|900|ft|m|order=flip}} insyd {{convert|220|mi|km|order=flip}}. They start downstream of Malebo Pool den end insyd Matadi insyd Bas-Congo. De Congo River get de second largest flow rate insyd de world after de Amazon, wich get no falls anaa rapids (except near its sources). De lowest rapids of Livingstone Falls, therefore, are de world's largest waterfall insyd terms of flow rate — provided one accepts these rapids as being a waterfall.  An interesting aspect of de {{convert|220|mi|km|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} Livingstone Falls be de width of de channel.  De channel be very narrow: insyd several stretches de channel width be less dan {{convert|300|m|ft|sigfig=1}} den for de majority of de length de channel be less dan {{convert|800|m|ft|sigfig=1}} wide.  Dis be an extraordinarily narrow channel since de river flow rate typically exceeds {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}. Investigations insyd 2008 den 2009 showed dat sections between de rapids may be as deep as {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Weisberger |first1=Mindy |title=Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River |url=https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |website=livescience.com |publisher=LiveScience | date = 12 January 2020 | accessdate=14 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; De powerful rapids separate fish populations from one anoda, causing new species to evolve insyd close proximity to one anoda.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;/&gt;
==History==
Although he explored de upper Congo, Livingstone never travelled to dis part of de river den de falls were named insyd ein honour by Henry Morton Stanley.  Stanley described de falls as &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;...de wildest stretch of river dat I have ever seen. Take a strip of sea blown over by a hurricane, four miles insyd length den half a mile insyd breadth, den a pretty accurate conception of its leaping waves may be obtained.  Some of de troughs were 100yards insyd length, den from one to de oda de mad river plunged.  There was first a rush down into de bottom of an immense trough, den then, by its sheer force, de enormous volume would lift itself upward steeply until, gathering itself into a ridge, e suddenly hurled itself 20 anaa 30feet straight upward, before rolling down into anoda trough. If I look up anaa down along dis angry scene, every interval of 50 anaa 100yards of am be  mark by wave-towers - their collapse into foam den spray, de mad clash of watery hills, bounding mounds den heaving billows, while de base of either bank, consisting of a long line of piled boulders of massive size, be bury insyd de tempestuous surf.  De roar be tremendous den deafening.  I fi only compare am to de thunder of an express train through a rock tunnel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot; /&gt;{{rp|261–262}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;Since de falls, wich start plus de Yellala Falls just above Matadi, dey a barrier to navigation on de lower part of de river, de Matadi-Kinshasa Railway dey construct to by-pass dem.
==&quot;Grand Inga&quot; proposed hydroelectric project==
{{main article|Grand Inga}}
Inga Falls on [[Congo River]] be a group of rapids insyd de latter portion of de Livingstone Falls, {{convert|177|mi|km|order=flip}} after de Malebo Pool. De Congo falls about 96 metres within dis set of [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataracts]].  De mean annual flow rate at Inga Falls be about {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}.  Given dis flow rate den de {{convert|96|m|ft|adj=on}} fall, e be possible to calculate dat de Inga Falls alone has a power potential of approximately 40 GW.{{fact|date=January 2020}}

Insyd 2014, Inga Falls be de site of two large hydro-electric power plants den be being considered for a much larger hydro-electric power generating station wey dey know as Grand Inga. De Grand Inga project, if completed, would be de largest hydro-electric power generating facility on Earth. De current project scope calls for de use of a flow rate {{convert|26400|m3/s|ft3/s}} at a net head of {{convert|150|m|ft}}; dis be equivalent to a generating capacity of about 38.9GW . Dis hydro-electric generator would be almost double de current world record holder, wich be de Three Gorges facility at 22. GW on de Yangtze River insyd [[China]].
==See sanso==
*List of waterfals
*List of waterfalls by flow rate
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Congo River]]</text>
      <sha1>pe19ysdgwzdm5zwca2zls5zjx8d9xq2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100860</id>
      <parentid>100859</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T01:16:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100860</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5127" sha1="pl8chn385fpygsueipa1wmj1iybi8iy" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Inga03.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataract]] of [[Inga Falls]]]]
[[File:Livingstone Falls.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls as seen by Stanley]]
[[File:Livingstone falls map.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls map]]

'''Livingstone Falls''' (French: ''Chutes Livingstone''; Dutch: ''Livingstonewatervallen''), named for British explorer [[David Livingstone]], are a succession of enormous rapids on de lower course of de [[Congo River]] insyd west equatorial [[Africa]], downstream from Malebo Pool insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].&lt;ref name=Stanley&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
==Description==
Livingstone Falls consist of a series of rapids dropping {{convert|900|ft|m|order=flip}} insyd {{convert|220|mi|km|order=flip}}. They start downstream of Malebo Pool den end insyd Matadi insyd Bas-Congo. De Congo River get de second largest flow rate insyd de world after de Amazon, wich get no falls anaa rapids (except near its sources). De lowest rapids of Livingstone Falls, therefore, are de world's largest waterfall insyd terms of flow rate — provided one accepts these rapids as being a waterfall.  An interesting aspect of de {{convert|220|mi|km|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} Livingstone Falls be de width of de channel.  De channel be very narrow: insyd several stretches de channel width be less dan {{convert|300|m|ft|sigfig=1}} den for de majority of de length de channel be less dan {{convert|800|m|ft|sigfig=1}} wide.  Dis be an extraordinarily narrow channel since de river flow rate typically exceeds {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}. Investigations insyd 2008 den 2009 showed dat sections between de rapids may be as deep as {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Weisberger |first1=Mindy |title=Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River |url=https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |website=livescience.com |publisher=LiveScience | date = 12 January 2020 | accessdate=14 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; De powerful rapids separate fish populations from one anoda, causing new species to evolve insyd close proximity to one anoda.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;/&gt;
==History==
Although he explored de upper Congo, Livingstone never travelled to dis part of de river den de falls were named insyd ein honour by Henry Morton Stanley.  Stanley described de falls as &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;...de wildest stretch of river dat I have ever seen. Take a strip of sea blown over by a hurricane, four miles insyd length den half a mile insyd breadth, den a pretty accurate conception of its leaping waves may be obtained.  Some of de troughs were 100yards insyd length, den from one to de oda de mad river plunged.  There was first a rush down into de bottom of an immense trough, den then, by its sheer force, de enormous volume would lift itself upward steeply until, gathering itself into a ridge, e suddenly hurled itself 20 anaa 30feet straight upward, before rolling down into anoda trough. If I look up anaa down along dis angry scene, every interval of 50 anaa 100yards of am be  mark by wave-towers - their collapse into foam den spray, de mad clash of watery hills, bounding mounds den heaving billows, while de base of either bank, consisting of a long line of piled boulders of massive size, be bury insyd de tempestuous surf.  De roar be tremendous den deafening.  I fi only compare am to de thunder of an express train through a rock tunnel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot; /&gt;{{rp|261–262}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;Since de falls, wich start plus de Yellala Falls just above Matadi, dey a barrier to navigation on de lower part of de river, de Matadi-Kinshasa Railway dey construct to by-pass dem.
==&quot;Grand Inga&quot; proposed hydroelectric project==
{{main article|Grand Inga}}
Inga Falls on [[Congo River]] be a group of rapids insyd de latter portion of de Livingstone Falls, {{convert|177|mi|km|order=flip}} after de Malebo Pool. De Congo falls about 96 metres within dis set of [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataracts]].  De mean annual flow rate at Inga Falls be about {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}.  Given dis flow rate den de {{convert|96|m|ft|adj=on}} fall, e be possible to calculate dat de Inga Falls alone has a power potential of approximately 40 GW.{{fact|date=January 2020}}

Insyd 2014, Inga Falls be de site of two large hydro-electric power plants den be being considered for a much larger hydro-electric power generating station wey dey know as Grand Inga. De Grand Inga project, if completed, would be de largest hydro-electric power generating facility on Earth. De current project scope calls for de use of a flow rate {{convert|26400|m3/s|ft3/s}} at a net head of {{convert|150|m|ft}}; dis be equivalent to a generating capacity of about 38.9GW . Dis hydro-electric generator would be almost double de current world record holder, wich be de Three Gorges facility at 22. GW on de Yangtze River insyd [[China]].
==See sanso==
*List of waterfals
*List of waterfalls by flow rate
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:David Livingstone]]</text>
      <sha1>pl8chn385fpygsueipa1wmj1iybi8iy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100861</id>
      <parentid>100860</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T01:18:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100861</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5189" sha1="j97imw0zpagc1gesjn298nt44eszr72" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Inga03.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataract]] of [[Inga Falls]]]]
[[File:Livingstone Falls.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls as seen by Stanley]]
[[File:Livingstone falls map.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls map]]

'''Livingstone Falls''' (French: ''Chutes Livingstone''; Dutch: ''Livingstonewatervallen''), named for British explorer [[David Livingstone]], are a succession of enormous rapids on de lower course of de [[Congo River]] insyd west equatorial [[Africa]], downstream from Malebo Pool insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].&lt;ref name=Stanley&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
==Description==
Livingstone Falls consist of a series of rapids dropping {{convert|900|ft|m|order=flip}} insyd {{convert|220|mi|km|order=flip}}. They start downstream of Malebo Pool den end insyd Matadi insyd Bas-Congo. De Congo River get de second largest flow rate insyd de world after de Amazon, wich get no falls anaa rapids (except near its sources). De lowest rapids of Livingstone Falls, therefore, are de world's largest waterfall insyd terms of flow rate — provided one accepts these rapids as being a waterfall.  An interesting aspect of de {{convert|220|mi|km|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} Livingstone Falls be de width of de channel.  De channel be very narrow: insyd several stretches de channel width be less dan {{convert|300|m|ft|sigfig=1}} den for de majority of de length de channel be less dan {{convert|800|m|ft|sigfig=1}} wide.  Dis be an extraordinarily narrow channel since de river flow rate typically exceeds {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}. Investigations insyd 2008 den 2009 showed dat sections between de rapids may be as deep as {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Weisberger |first1=Mindy |title=Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River |url=https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |website=livescience.com |publisher=LiveScience | date = 12 January 2020 | accessdate=14 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; De powerful rapids separate fish populations from one anoda, causing new species to evolve insyd close proximity to one anoda.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;/&gt;
==History==
Although he explored de upper Congo, Livingstone never travelled to dis part of de river den de falls were named insyd ein honour by Henry Morton Stanley.  Stanley described de falls as &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;...de wildest stretch of river dat I have ever seen. Take a strip of sea blown over by a hurricane, four miles insyd length den half a mile insyd breadth, den a pretty accurate conception of its leaping waves may be obtained.  Some of de troughs were 100yards insyd length, den from one to de oda de mad river plunged.  There was first a rush down into de bottom of an immense trough, den then, by its sheer force, de enormous volume would lift itself upward steeply until, gathering itself into a ridge, e suddenly hurled itself 20 anaa 30feet straight upward, before rolling down into anoda trough. If I look up anaa down along dis angry scene, every interval of 50 anaa 100yards of am be  mark by wave-towers - their collapse into foam den spray, de mad clash of watery hills, bounding mounds den heaving billows, while de base of either bank, consisting of a long line of piled boulders of massive size, be bury insyd de tempestuous surf.  De roar be tremendous den deafening.  I fi only compare am to de thunder of an express train through a rock tunnel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot; /&gt;{{rp|261–262}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;Since de falls, wich start plus de Yellala Falls just above Matadi, dey a barrier to navigation on de lower part of de river, de Matadi-Kinshasa Railway dey construct to by-pass dem.
==&quot;Grand Inga&quot; proposed hydroelectric project==
{{main article|Grand Inga}}
Inga Falls on [[Congo River]] be a group of rapids insyd de latter portion of de Livingstone Falls, {{convert|177|mi|km|order=flip}} after de Malebo Pool. De Congo falls about 96 metres within dis set of [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataracts]].  De mean annual flow rate at Inga Falls be about {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}.  Given dis flow rate den de {{convert|96|m|ft|adj=on}} fall, e be possible to calculate dat de Inga Falls alone has a power potential of approximately 40 GW.{{fact|date=January 2020}}

Insyd 2014, Inga Falls be de site of two large hydro-electric power plants den be being considered for a much larger hydro-electric power generating station wey dey know as Grand Inga. De Grand Inga project, if completed, would be de largest hydro-electric power generating facility on Earth. De current project scope calls for de use of a flow rate {{convert|26400|m3/s|ft3/s}} at a net head of {{convert|150|m|ft}}; dis be equivalent to a generating capacity of about 38.9GW . Dis hydro-electric generator would be almost double de current world record holder, wich be de Three Gorges facility at 22. GW on de Yangtze River insyd [[China]].
==See sanso==
*List of waterfals
*List of waterfalls by flow rate
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:David Livingstone]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of de Democratic Republic of de Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>j97imw0zpagc1gesjn298nt44eszr72</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100862</id>
      <parentid>100861</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T01:18:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100862</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5227" sha1="5utbmkwrp0l197s0zpkca79omnm5a2x" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Inga03.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataract]] of [[Inga Falls]]]]
[[File:Livingstone Falls.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls as seen by Stanley]]
[[File:Livingstone falls map.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls map]]

'''Livingstone Falls''' (French: ''Chutes Livingstone''; Dutch: ''Livingstonewatervallen''), named for British explorer [[David Livingstone]], are a succession of enormous rapids on de lower course of de [[Congo River]] insyd west equatorial [[Africa]], downstream from Malebo Pool insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].&lt;ref name=Stanley&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
==Description==
Livingstone Falls consist of a series of rapids dropping {{convert|900|ft|m|order=flip}} insyd {{convert|220|mi|km|order=flip}}. They start downstream of Malebo Pool den end insyd Matadi insyd Bas-Congo. De Congo River get de second largest flow rate insyd de world after de Amazon, wich get no falls anaa rapids (except near its sources). De lowest rapids of Livingstone Falls, therefore, are de world's largest waterfall insyd terms of flow rate — provided one accepts these rapids as being a waterfall.  An interesting aspect of de {{convert|220|mi|km|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} Livingstone Falls be de width of de channel.  De channel be very narrow: insyd several stretches de channel width be less dan {{convert|300|m|ft|sigfig=1}} den for de majority of de length de channel be less dan {{convert|800|m|ft|sigfig=1}} wide.  Dis be an extraordinarily narrow channel since de river flow rate typically exceeds {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}. Investigations insyd 2008 den 2009 showed dat sections between de rapids may be as deep as {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Weisberger |first1=Mindy |title=Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River |url=https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |website=livescience.com |publisher=LiveScience | date = 12 January 2020 | accessdate=14 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; De powerful rapids separate fish populations from one anoda, causing new species to evolve insyd close proximity to one anoda.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;/&gt;
==History==
Although he explored de upper Congo, Livingstone never travelled to dis part of de river den de falls were named insyd ein honour by Henry Morton Stanley.  Stanley described de falls as &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;...de wildest stretch of river dat I have ever seen. Take a strip of sea blown over by a hurricane, four miles insyd length den half a mile insyd breadth, den a pretty accurate conception of its leaping waves may be obtained.  Some of de troughs were 100yards insyd length, den from one to de oda de mad river plunged.  There was first a rush down into de bottom of an immense trough, den then, by its sheer force, de enormous volume would lift itself upward steeply until, gathering itself into a ridge, e suddenly hurled itself 20 anaa 30feet straight upward, before rolling down into anoda trough. If I look up anaa down along dis angry scene, every interval of 50 anaa 100yards of am be  mark by wave-towers - their collapse into foam den spray, de mad clash of watery hills, bounding mounds den heaving billows, while de base of either bank, consisting of a long line of piled boulders of massive size, be bury insyd de tempestuous surf.  De roar be tremendous den deafening.  I fi only compare am to de thunder of an express train through a rock tunnel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot; /&gt;{{rp|261–262}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;Since de falls, wich start plus de Yellala Falls just above Matadi, dey a barrier to navigation on de lower part of de river, de Matadi-Kinshasa Railway dey construct to by-pass dem.
==&quot;Grand Inga&quot; proposed hydroelectric project==
{{main article|Grand Inga}}
Inga Falls on [[Congo River]] be a group of rapids insyd de latter portion of de Livingstone Falls, {{convert|177|mi|km|order=flip}} after de Malebo Pool. De Congo falls about 96 metres within dis set of [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataracts]].  De mean annual flow rate at Inga Falls be about {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}.  Given dis flow rate den de {{convert|96|m|ft|adj=on}} fall, e be possible to calculate dat de Inga Falls alone has a power potential of approximately 40 GW.{{fact|date=January 2020}}

Insyd 2014, Inga Falls be de site of two large hydro-electric power plants den be being considered for a much larger hydro-electric power generating station wey dey know as Grand Inga. De Grand Inga project, if completed, would be de largest hydro-electric power generating facility on Earth. De current project scope calls for de use of a flow rate {{convert|26400|m3/s|ft3/s}} at a net head of {{convert|150|m|ft}}; dis be equivalent to a generating capacity of about 38.9GW . Dis hydro-electric generator would be almost double de current world record holder, wich be de Three Gorges facility at 22. GW on de Yangtze River insyd [[China]].
==See sanso==
*List of waterfals
*List of waterfalls by flow rate
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:David Livingstone]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of de Democratic Republic of de Congo]]
[[Category:International waterfalls]]</text>
      <sha1>5utbmkwrp0l197s0zpkca79omnm5a2x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100863</id>
      <parentid>100862</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T01:20:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100863</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5278" sha1="ades72eglaugyjhu41sn7vrwmuldo7t" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Inga03.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataract]] of [[Inga Falls]]]]
[[File:Livingstone Falls.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls as seen by Stanley]]
[[File:Livingstone falls map.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls map]]

'''Livingstone Falls''' (French: ''Chutes Livingstone''; Dutch: ''Livingstonewatervallen''), named for British explorer [[David Livingstone]], are a succession of enormous rapids on de lower course of de [[Congo River]] insyd west equatorial [[Africa]], downstream from Malebo Pool insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].&lt;ref name=Stanley&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
==Description==
Livingstone Falls consist of a series of rapids dropping {{convert|900|ft|m|order=flip}} insyd {{convert|220|mi|km|order=flip}}. They start downstream of Malebo Pool den end insyd Matadi insyd Bas-Congo. De Congo River get de second largest flow rate insyd de world after de Amazon, wich get no falls anaa rapids (except near its sources). De lowest rapids of Livingstone Falls, therefore, are de world's largest waterfall insyd terms of flow rate — provided one accepts these rapids as being a waterfall.  An interesting aspect of de {{convert|220|mi|km|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} Livingstone Falls be de width of de channel.  De channel be very narrow: insyd several stretches de channel width be less dan {{convert|300|m|ft|sigfig=1}} den for de majority of de length de channel be less dan {{convert|800|m|ft|sigfig=1}} wide.  Dis be an extraordinarily narrow channel since de river flow rate typically exceeds {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}. Investigations insyd 2008 den 2009 showed dat sections between de rapids may be as deep as {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Weisberger |first1=Mindy |title=Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River |url=https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |website=livescience.com |publisher=LiveScience | date = 12 January 2020 | accessdate=14 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; De powerful rapids separate fish populations from one anoda, causing new species to evolve insyd close proximity to one anoda.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;/&gt;
==History==
Although he explored de upper Congo, Livingstone never travelled to dis part of de river den de falls were named insyd ein honour by Henry Morton Stanley.  Stanley described de falls as &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;...de wildest stretch of river dat I have ever seen. Take a strip of sea blown over by a hurricane, four miles insyd length den half a mile insyd breadth, den a pretty accurate conception of its leaping waves may be obtained.  Some of de troughs were 100yards insyd length, den from one to de oda de mad river plunged.  There was first a rush down into de bottom of an immense trough, den then, by its sheer force, de enormous volume would lift itself upward steeply until, gathering itself into a ridge, e suddenly hurled itself 20 anaa 30feet straight upward, before rolling down into anoda trough. If I look up anaa down along dis angry scene, every interval of 50 anaa 100yards of am be  mark by wave-towers - their collapse into foam den spray, de mad clash of watery hills, bounding mounds den heaving billows, while de base of either bank, consisting of a long line of piled boulders of massive size, be bury insyd de tempestuous surf.  De roar be tremendous den deafening.  I fi only compare am to de thunder of an express train through a rock tunnel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot; /&gt;{{rp|261–262}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;Since de falls, wich start plus de Yellala Falls just above Matadi, dey a barrier to navigation on de lower part of de river, de Matadi-Kinshasa Railway dey construct to by-pass dem.
==&quot;Grand Inga&quot; proposed hydroelectric project==
{{main article|Grand Inga}}
Inga Falls on [[Congo River]] be a group of rapids insyd de latter portion of de Livingstone Falls, {{convert|177|mi|km|order=flip}} after de Malebo Pool. De Congo falls about 96 metres within dis set of [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataracts]].  De mean annual flow rate at Inga Falls be about {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}.  Given dis flow rate den de {{convert|96|m|ft|adj=on}} fall, e be possible to calculate dat de Inga Falls alone has a power potential of approximately 40 GW.{{fact|date=January 2020}}

Insyd 2014, Inga Falls be de site of two large hydro-electric power plants den be being considered for a much larger hydro-electric power generating station wey dey know as Grand Inga. De Grand Inga project, if completed, would be de largest hydro-electric power generating facility on Earth. De current project scope calls for de use of a flow rate {{convert|26400|m3/s|ft3/s}} at a net head of {{convert|150|m|ft}}; dis be equivalent to a generating capacity of about 38.9GW . Dis hydro-electric generator would be almost double de current world record holder, wich be de Three Gorges facility at 22. GW on de Yangtze River insyd [[China]].
==See sanso==
*List of waterfals
*List of waterfalls by flow rate
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:David Livingstone]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of de Democratic Republic of de Congo]]
[[Category:International waterfalls]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of de Republic of de Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>ades72eglaugyjhu41sn7vrwmuldo7t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100864</id>
      <parentid>100863</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T01:21:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100864</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5342" sha1="omldqbmvl8cpz79y02dp2hquelum7e7" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Inga03.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataract]] of [[Inga Falls]]]]
[[File:Livingstone Falls.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls as seen by Stanley]]
[[File:Livingstone falls map.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls map]]

'''Livingstone Falls''' (French: ''Chutes Livingstone''; Dutch: ''Livingstonewatervallen''), named for British explorer [[David Livingstone]], are a succession of enormous rapids on de lower course of de [[Congo River]] insyd west equatorial [[Africa]], downstream from Malebo Pool insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].&lt;ref name=Stanley&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
==Description==
Livingstone Falls consist of a series of rapids dropping {{convert|900|ft|m|order=flip}} insyd {{convert|220|mi|km|order=flip}}. They start downstream of Malebo Pool den end insyd Matadi insyd Bas-Congo. De Congo River get de second largest flow rate insyd de world after de Amazon, wich get no falls anaa rapids (except near its sources). De lowest rapids of Livingstone Falls, therefore, are de world's largest waterfall insyd terms of flow rate — provided one accepts these rapids as being a waterfall.  An interesting aspect of de {{convert|220|mi|km|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} Livingstone Falls be de width of de channel.  De channel be very narrow: insyd several stretches de channel width be less dan {{convert|300|m|ft|sigfig=1}} den for de majority of de length de channel be less dan {{convert|800|m|ft|sigfig=1}} wide.  Dis be an extraordinarily narrow channel since de river flow rate typically exceeds {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}. Investigations insyd 2008 den 2009 showed dat sections between de rapids may be as deep as {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Weisberger |first1=Mindy |title=Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River |url=https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |website=livescience.com |publisher=LiveScience | date = 12 January 2020 | accessdate=14 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; De powerful rapids separate fish populations from one anoda, causing new species to evolve insyd close proximity to one anoda.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;/&gt;
==History==
Although he explored de upper Congo, Livingstone never travelled to dis part of de river den de falls were named insyd ein honour by Henry Morton Stanley.  Stanley described de falls as &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;...de wildest stretch of river dat I have ever seen. Take a strip of sea blown over by a hurricane, four miles insyd length den half a mile insyd breadth, den a pretty accurate conception of its leaping waves may be obtained.  Some of de troughs were 100yards insyd length, den from one to de oda de mad river plunged.  There was first a rush down into de bottom of an immense trough, den then, by its sheer force, de enormous volume would lift itself upward steeply until, gathering itself into a ridge, e suddenly hurled itself 20 anaa 30feet straight upward, before rolling down into anoda trough. If I look up anaa down along dis angry scene, every interval of 50 anaa 100yards of am be  mark by wave-towers - their collapse into foam den spray, de mad clash of watery hills, bounding mounds den heaving billows, while de base of either bank, consisting of a long line of piled boulders of massive size, be bury insyd de tempestuous surf.  De roar be tremendous den deafening.  I fi only compare am to de thunder of an express train through a rock tunnel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot; /&gt;{{rp|261–262}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;Since de falls, wich start plus de Yellala Falls just above Matadi, dey a barrier to navigation on de lower part of de river, de Matadi-Kinshasa Railway dey construct to by-pass dem.
==&quot;Grand Inga&quot; proposed hydroelectric project==
{{main article|Grand Inga}}
Inga Falls on [[Congo River]] be a group of rapids insyd de latter portion of de Livingstone Falls, {{convert|177|mi|km|order=flip}} after de Malebo Pool. De Congo falls about 96 metres within dis set of [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataracts]].  De mean annual flow rate at Inga Falls be about {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}.  Given dis flow rate den de {{convert|96|m|ft|adj=on}} fall, e be possible to calculate dat de Inga Falls alone has a power potential of approximately 40 GW.{{fact|date=January 2020}}

Insyd 2014, Inga Falls be de site of two large hydro-electric power plants den be being considered for a much larger hydro-electric power generating station wey dey know as Grand Inga. De Grand Inga project, if completed, would be de largest hydro-electric power generating facility on Earth. De current project scope calls for de use of a flow rate {{convert|26400|m3/s|ft3/s}} at a net head of {{convert|150|m|ft}}; dis be equivalent to a generating capacity of about 38.9GW . Dis hydro-electric generator would be almost double de current world record holder, wich be de Three Gorges facility at 22. GW on de Yangtze River insyd [[China]].
==See sanso==
*List of waterfals
*List of waterfalls by flow rate
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:David Livingstone]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of de Democratic Republic of de Congo]]
[[Category:International waterfalls]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of de Republic of de Congo]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>omldqbmvl8cpz79y02dp2hquelum7e7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100865</id>
      <parentid>100864</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T01:22:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100865</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5387" sha1="b60rtlypgtceff20gjdl6i5e920aln6" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Inga03.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataract]] of [[Inga Falls]]]]
[[File:Livingstone Falls.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls as seen by Stanley]]
[[File:Livingstone falls map.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls map]]

'''Livingstone Falls''' (French: ''Chutes Livingstone''; Dutch: ''Livingstonewatervallen''), named for British explorer [[David Livingstone]], are a succession of enormous rapids on de lower course of de [[Congo River]] insyd west equatorial [[Africa]], downstream from Malebo Pool insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].&lt;ref name=Stanley&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
==Description==
Livingstone Falls consist of a series of rapids dropping {{convert|900|ft|m|order=flip}} insyd {{convert|220|mi|km|order=flip}}. They start downstream of Malebo Pool den end insyd Matadi insyd Bas-Congo. De Congo River get de second largest flow rate insyd de world after de Amazon, wich get no falls anaa rapids (except near its sources). De lowest rapids of Livingstone Falls, therefore, are de world's largest waterfall insyd terms of flow rate — provided one accepts these rapids as being a waterfall.  An interesting aspect of de {{convert|220|mi|km|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} Livingstone Falls be de width of de channel.  De channel be very narrow: insyd several stretches de channel width be less dan {{convert|300|m|ft|sigfig=1}} den for de majority of de length de channel be less dan {{convert|800|m|ft|sigfig=1}} wide.  Dis be an extraordinarily narrow channel since de river flow rate typically exceeds {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}. Investigations insyd 2008 den 2009 showed dat sections between de rapids may be as deep as {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Weisberger |first1=Mindy |title=Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River |url=https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |website=livescience.com |publisher=LiveScience | date = 12 January 2020 | accessdate=14 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; De powerful rapids separate fish populations from one anoda, causing new species to evolve insyd close proximity to one anoda.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;/&gt;
==History==
Although he explored de upper Congo, Livingstone never travelled to dis part of de river den de falls were named insyd ein honour by Henry Morton Stanley.  Stanley described de falls as &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;...de wildest stretch of river dat I have ever seen. Take a strip of sea blown over by a hurricane, four miles insyd length den half a mile insyd breadth, den a pretty accurate conception of its leaping waves may be obtained.  Some of de troughs were 100yards insyd length, den from one to de oda de mad river plunged.  There was first a rush down into de bottom of an immense trough, den then, by its sheer force, de enormous volume would lift itself upward steeply until, gathering itself into a ridge, e suddenly hurled itself 20 anaa 30feet straight upward, before rolling down into anoda trough. If I look up anaa down along dis angry scene, every interval of 50 anaa 100yards of am be  mark by wave-towers - their collapse into foam den spray, de mad clash of watery hills, bounding mounds den heaving billows, while de base of either bank, consisting of a long line of piled boulders of massive size, be bury insyd de tempestuous surf.  De roar be tremendous den deafening.  I fi only compare am to de thunder of an express train through a rock tunnel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot; /&gt;{{rp|261–262}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;Since de falls, wich start plus de Yellala Falls just above Matadi, dey a barrier to navigation on de lower part of de river, de Matadi-Kinshasa Railway dey construct to by-pass dem.
==&quot;Grand Inga&quot; proposed hydroelectric project==
{{main article|Grand Inga}}
Inga Falls on [[Congo River]] be a group of rapids insyd de latter portion of de Livingstone Falls, {{convert|177|mi|km|order=flip}} after de Malebo Pool. De Congo falls about 96 metres within dis set of [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataracts]].  De mean annual flow rate at Inga Falls be about {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}.  Given dis flow rate den de {{convert|96|m|ft|adj=on}} fall, e be possible to calculate dat de Inga Falls alone has a power potential of approximately 40 GW.{{fact|date=January 2020}}

Insyd 2014, Inga Falls be de site of two large hydro-electric power plants den be being considered for a much larger hydro-electric power generating station wey dey know as Grand Inga. De Grand Inga project, if completed, would be de largest hydro-electric power generating facility on Earth. De current project scope calls for de use of a flow rate {{convert|26400|m3/s|ft3/s}} at a net head of {{convert|150|m|ft}}; dis be equivalent to a generating capacity of about 38.9GW . Dis hydro-electric generator would be almost double de current world record holder, wich be de Three Gorges facility at 22. GW on de Yangtze River insyd [[China]].
==See sanso==
*List of waterfals
*List of waterfalls by flow rate
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:David Livingstone]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of de Democratic Republic of de Congo]]
[[Category:International waterfalls]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of de Republic of de Congo]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Freshwater ecoregions of Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>b60rtlypgtceff20gjdl6i5e920aln6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100866</id>
      <parentid>100865</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T01:23:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100866</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5440" sha1="l1ycmtxwlu1lp7yx9hxfa7m9zcfte0a" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Inga03.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataract]] of [[Inga Falls]]]]
[[File:Livingstone Falls.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls as seen by Stanley]]
[[File:Livingstone falls map.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls map]]

'''Livingstone Falls''' (French: ''Chutes Livingstone''; Dutch: ''Livingstonewatervallen''), named for British explorer [[David Livingstone]], are a succession of enormous rapids on de lower course of de [[Congo River]] insyd west equatorial [[Africa]], downstream from Malebo Pool insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].&lt;ref name=Stanley&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
==Description==
Livingstone Falls consist of a series of rapids dropping {{convert|900|ft|m|order=flip}} insyd {{convert|220|mi|km|order=flip}}. They start downstream of Malebo Pool den end insyd Matadi insyd Bas-Congo. De Congo River get de second largest flow rate insyd de world after de Amazon, wich get no falls anaa rapids (except near its sources). De lowest rapids of Livingstone Falls, therefore, are de world's largest waterfall insyd terms of flow rate — provided one accepts these rapids as being a waterfall.  An interesting aspect of de {{convert|220|mi|km|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} Livingstone Falls be de width of de channel.  De channel be very narrow: insyd several stretches de channel width be less dan {{convert|300|m|ft|sigfig=1}} den for de majority of de length de channel be less dan {{convert|800|m|ft|sigfig=1}} wide.  Dis be an extraordinarily narrow channel since de river flow rate typically exceeds {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}. Investigations insyd 2008 den 2009 showed dat sections between de rapids may be as deep as {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Weisberger |first1=Mindy |title=Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River |url=https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |website=livescience.com |publisher=LiveScience | date = 12 January 2020 | accessdate=14 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; De powerful rapids separate fish populations from one anoda, causing new species to evolve insyd close proximity to one anoda.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;/&gt;
==History==
Although he explored de upper Congo, Livingstone never travelled to dis part of de river den de falls were named insyd ein honour by Henry Morton Stanley.  Stanley described de falls as &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;...de wildest stretch of river dat I have ever seen. Take a strip of sea blown over by a hurricane, four miles insyd length den half a mile insyd breadth, den a pretty accurate conception of its leaping waves may be obtained.  Some of de troughs were 100yards insyd length, den from one to de oda de mad river plunged.  There was first a rush down into de bottom of an immense trough, den then, by its sheer force, de enormous volume would lift itself upward steeply until, gathering itself into a ridge, e suddenly hurled itself 20 anaa 30feet straight upward, before rolling down into anoda trough. If I look up anaa down along dis angry scene, every interval of 50 anaa 100yards of am be  mark by wave-towers - their collapse into foam den spray, de mad clash of watery hills, bounding mounds den heaving billows, while de base of either bank, consisting of a long line of piled boulders of massive size, be bury insyd de tempestuous surf.  De roar be tremendous den deafening.  I fi only compare am to de thunder of an express train through a rock tunnel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot; /&gt;{{rp|261–262}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;Since de falls, wich start plus de Yellala Falls just above Matadi, dey a barrier to navigation on de lower part of de river, de Matadi-Kinshasa Railway dey construct to by-pass dem.
==&quot;Grand Inga&quot; proposed hydroelectric project==
{{main article|Grand Inga}}
Inga Falls on [[Congo River]] be a group of rapids insyd de latter portion of de Livingstone Falls, {{convert|177|mi|km|order=flip}} after de Malebo Pool. De Congo falls about 96 metres within dis set of [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataracts]].  De mean annual flow rate at Inga Falls be about {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}.  Given dis flow rate den de {{convert|96|m|ft|adj=on}} fall, e be possible to calculate dat de Inga Falls alone has a power potential of approximately 40 GW.{{fact|date=January 2020}}

Insyd 2014, Inga Falls be de site of two large hydro-electric power plants den be being considered for a much larger hydro-electric power generating station wey dey know as Grand Inga. De Grand Inga project, if completed, would be de largest hydro-electric power generating facility on Earth. De current project scope calls for de use of a flow rate {{convert|26400|m3/s|ft3/s}} at a net head of {{convert|150|m|ft}}; dis be equivalent to a generating capacity of about 38.9GW . Dis hydro-electric generator would be almost double de current world record holder, wich be de Three Gorges facility at 22. GW on de Yangtze River insyd [[China]].
==See sanso==
*List of waterfals
*List of waterfalls by flow rate
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:David Livingstone]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of de Democratic Republic of de Congo]]
[[Category:International waterfalls]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of de Republic of de Congo]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Freshwater ecoregions of Africa]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of the Republic of the Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>l1ycmtxwlu1lp7yx9hxfa7m9zcfte0a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100867</id>
      <parentid>100866</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T01:24:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100867</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5461" sha1="3eswutlv3rifiamvzeg962ekp1q61q5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Inga03.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataract]] of [[Inga Falls]]]]
[[File:Livingstone Falls.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls as seen by Stanley]]
[[File:Livingstone falls map.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls map]]

'''Livingstone Falls''' (French: ''Chutes Livingstone''; Dutch: ''Livingstonewatervallen''), named for British explorer [[David Livingstone]], are a succession of enormous rapids on de lower course of de [[Congo River]] insyd west equatorial [[Africa]], downstream from Malebo Pool insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].&lt;ref name=Stanley&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
==Description==
Livingstone Falls consist of a series of rapids dropping {{convert|900|ft|m|order=flip}} insyd {{convert|220|mi|km|order=flip}}. They start downstream of Malebo Pool den end insyd Matadi insyd Bas-Congo. De Congo River get de second largest flow rate insyd de world after de Amazon, wich get no falls anaa rapids (except near its sources). De lowest rapids of Livingstone Falls, therefore, are de world's largest waterfall insyd terms of flow rate — provided one accepts these rapids as being a waterfall.  An interesting aspect of de {{convert|220|mi|km|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} Livingstone Falls be de width of de channel.  De channel be very narrow: insyd several stretches de channel width be less dan {{convert|300|m|ft|sigfig=1}} den for de majority of de length de channel be less dan {{convert|800|m|ft|sigfig=1}} wide.  Dis be an extraordinarily narrow channel since de river flow rate typically exceeds {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}. Investigations insyd 2008 den 2009 showed dat sections between de rapids may be as deep as {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Weisberger |first1=Mindy |title=Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River |url=https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |website=livescience.com |publisher=LiveScience | date = 12 January 2020 | accessdate=14 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; De powerful rapids separate fish populations from one anoda, causing new species to evolve insyd close proximity to one anoda.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;/&gt;
==History==
Although he explored de upper Congo, Livingstone never travelled to dis part of de river den de falls were named insyd ein honour by Henry Morton Stanley.  Stanley described de falls as &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;...de wildest stretch of river dat I have ever seen. Take a strip of sea blown over by a hurricane, four miles insyd length den half a mile insyd breadth, den a pretty accurate conception of its leaping waves may be obtained.  Some of de troughs were 100yards insyd length, den from one to de oda de mad river plunged.  There was first a rush down into de bottom of an immense trough, den then, by its sheer force, de enormous volume would lift itself upward steeply until, gathering itself into a ridge, e suddenly hurled itself 20 anaa 30feet straight upward, before rolling down into anoda trough. If I look up anaa down along dis angry scene, every interval of 50 anaa 100yards of am be  mark by wave-towers - their collapse into foam den spray, de mad clash of watery hills, bounding mounds den heaving billows, while de base of either bank, consisting of a long line of piled boulders of massive size, be bury insyd de tempestuous surf.  De roar be tremendous den deafening.  I fi only compare am to de thunder of an express train through a rock tunnel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot; /&gt;{{rp|261–262}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;Since de falls, wich start plus de Yellala Falls just above Matadi, dey a barrier to navigation on de lower part of de river, de Matadi-Kinshasa Railway dey construct to by-pass dem.
==&quot;Grand Inga&quot; proposed hydroelectric project==
{{main article|Grand Inga}}
Inga Falls on [[Congo River]] be a group of rapids insyd de latter portion of de Livingstone Falls, {{convert|177|mi|km|order=flip}} after de Malebo Pool. De Congo falls about 96 metres within dis set of [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataracts]].  De mean annual flow rate at Inga Falls be about {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}.  Given dis flow rate den de {{convert|96|m|ft|adj=on}} fall, e be possible to calculate dat de Inga Falls alone has a power potential of approximately 40 GW.{{fact|date=January 2020}}

Insyd 2014, Inga Falls be de site of two large hydro-electric power plants den be being considered for a much larger hydro-electric power generating station wey dey know as Grand Inga. De Grand Inga project, if completed, would be de largest hydro-electric power generating facility on Earth. De current project scope calls for de use of a flow rate {{convert|26400|m3/s|ft3/s}} at a net head of {{convert|150|m|ft}}; dis be equivalent to a generating capacity of about 38.9GW . Dis hydro-electric generator would be almost double de current world record holder, wich be de Three Gorges facility at 22. GW on de Yangtze River insyd [[China]].
==See sanso==
*List of waterfals
*List of waterfalls by flow rate
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:David Livingstone]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of de Democratic Republic of de Congo]]
[[Category:International waterfalls]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of de Republic of de Congo]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Freshwater ecoregions of Africa]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of the Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
      <sha1>3eswutlv3rifiamvzeg962ekp1q61q5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100868</id>
      <parentid>100867</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T01:24:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Add databox</comment>
      <origin>100868</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5473" sha1="ix1lxs8rhh8g8dr9poy23tosxzc4ht9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Inga03.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataract]] of [[Inga Falls]]]]
[[File:Livingstone Falls.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls as seen by Stanley]]
[[File:Livingstone falls map.jpg|thumb|250px|Livingstone Falls map]]

'''Livingstone Falls''' (French: ''Chutes Livingstone''; Dutch: ''Livingstonewatervallen''), named for British explorer [[David Livingstone]], are a succession of enormous rapids on de lower course of de [[Congo River]] insyd west equatorial [[Africa]], downstream from Malebo Pool insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].&lt;ref name=Stanley&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
==Description==
Livingstone Falls consist of a series of rapids dropping {{convert|900|ft|m|order=flip}} insyd {{convert|220|mi|km|order=flip}}. They start downstream of Malebo Pool den end insyd Matadi insyd Bas-Congo. De Congo River get de second largest flow rate insyd de world after de Amazon, wich get no falls anaa rapids (except near its sources). De lowest rapids of Livingstone Falls, therefore, are de world's largest waterfall insyd terms of flow rate — provided one accepts these rapids as being a waterfall.  An interesting aspect of de {{convert|220|mi|km|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} Livingstone Falls be de width of de channel.  De channel be very narrow: insyd several stretches de channel width be less dan {{convert|300|m|ft|sigfig=1}} den for de majority of de length de channel be less dan {{convert|800|m|ft|sigfig=1}} wide.  Dis be an extraordinarily narrow channel since de river flow rate typically exceeds {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}. Investigations insyd 2008 den 2009 showed dat sections between de rapids may be as deep as {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Weisberger |first1=Mindy |title=Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River |url=https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |website=livescience.com |publisher=LiveScience | date = 12 January 2020 | accessdate=14 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; De powerful rapids separate fish populations from one anoda, causing new species to evolve insyd close proximity to one anoda.&lt;ref name=&quot;weis&quot;/&gt;
==History==
Although he explored de upper Congo, Livingstone never travelled to dis part of de river den de falls were named insyd ein honour by Henry Morton Stanley.  Stanley described de falls as &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;...de wildest stretch of river dat I have ever seen. Take a strip of sea blown over by a hurricane, four miles insyd length den half a mile insyd breadth, den a pretty accurate conception of its leaping waves may be obtained.  Some of de troughs were 100yards insyd length, den from one to de oda de mad river plunged.  There was first a rush down into de bottom of an immense trough, den then, by its sheer force, de enormous volume would lift itself upward steeply until, gathering itself into a ridge, e suddenly hurled itself 20 anaa 30feet straight upward, before rolling down into anoda trough. If I look up anaa down along dis angry scene, every interval of 50 anaa 100yards of am be  mark by wave-towers - their collapse into foam den spray, de mad clash of watery hills, bounding mounds den heaving billows, while de base of either bank, consisting of a long line of piled boulders of massive size, be bury insyd de tempestuous surf.  De roar be tremendous den deafening.  I fi only compare am to de thunder of an express train through a rock tunnel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot; /&gt;{{rp|261–262}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;Since de falls, wich start plus de Yellala Falls just above Matadi, dey a barrier to navigation on de lower part of de river, de Matadi-Kinshasa Railway dey construct to by-pass dem.
==&quot;Grand Inga&quot; proposed hydroelectric project==
{{main article|Grand Inga}}
Inga Falls on [[Congo River]] be a group of rapids insyd de latter portion of de Livingstone Falls, {{convert|177|mi|km|order=flip}} after de Malebo Pool. De Congo falls about 96 metres within dis set of [[Wiktionary:cataract|cataracts]].  De mean annual flow rate at Inga Falls be about {{convert|42000|m3/s|ft3/s}}.  Given dis flow rate den de {{convert|96|m|ft|adj=on}} fall, e be possible to calculate dat de Inga Falls alone has a power potential of approximately 40 GW.{{fact|date=January 2020}}

Insyd 2014, Inga Falls be de site of two large hydro-electric power plants den be being considered for a much larger hydro-electric power generating station wey dey know as Grand Inga. De Grand Inga project, if completed, would be de largest hydro-electric power generating facility on Earth. De current project scope calls for de use of a flow rate {{convert|26400|m3/s|ft3/s}} at a net head of {{convert|150|m|ft}}; dis be equivalent to a generating capacity of about 38.9GW . Dis hydro-electric generator would be almost double de current world record holder, wich be de Three Gorges facility at 22. GW on de Yangtze River insyd [[China]].
==See sanso==
*List of waterfals
*List of waterfalls by flow rate
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:David Livingstone]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of de Democratic Republic of de Congo]]
[[Category:International waterfalls]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of de Republic of de Congo]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Freshwater ecoregions of Africa]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of the Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
      <sha1>ix1lxs8rhh8g8dr9poy23tosxzc4ht9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nile basil initiatives</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27371</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100869</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T04:43:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
        <id>64</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I don start one article</comment>
      <origin>100869</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27297" sha1="lr1ixq624l3a1btalzyif0jtqhny0c1" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Partnership among di countries wey dey share River Nile}}
[[File:The Basin of the Nile River in Egypt to illustrate Sir S.W. Baker's Routes and Discoveries.jpg|thumb|Di Basin of River Nile]]
[[File:Nile River (PSF).png|thumb|Map of River Nile]]

Di '''Nile Basin Initiative (NBI)''' na partnership between di countries wey dey share River Nile. Di initiative dey try make dem develop di river together, share di socioeconomic benefits, and promote peace plus security for di region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=A|first1=Haileslassie|url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4woyikQZoMcC&amp;pg=PA64|title=Institutional](https://books.google.com/books?id=4woyikQZoMcC&amp;pg=PA64|title=Institutional) settings and livelihood strategies in the Blue Nile Basin: implications for upstream/downstream linkages|last2=Fitsum|first2=Hagos|last3=Everisto|first3=Mapedza|last4=W|first4=Sadoff, Claudia|last5=Bekele|first5=Awulachew, Seleshi|last6=S|first6=Gebreselassie|last7=D|first7=Peden|date=2009-02-05|publisher=IWMI|isbn=978-92-9090-700-8|pages=64|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

NBI start with discussions among di countries wey dey share di river, and dem agree on one common vision: “to achieve sustainable socioeconomic development through fair use and benefit from di common Nile Basin water resources.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NBI Background&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=[https://nilebasin.org/?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=13&amp;Itemid=42|title=homepage](https://nilebasin.org/?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=13&amp;Itemid=42|title=homepage) | Nile Basin Initiative|website=nilebasin.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem officially launch am for February 1999&lt;ref name=&quot;NBI Background&quot;/&gt; by di water ministers from nine countries wey share di river: Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Eritrea join as observer.

From di beginning, di World Bank and other international partners support di Nile Basin Initiative. Di World Bank get mandate to support NBI as lead development partner and administrator of di multi-donor Nile Basin Trust Fund.&lt;ref&gt;The World Bank, 2010, pgs. 90-95 {{cite web|url=[http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/sustaining-water-all-changing-climate-world-bank-group-implementation-progress-report](http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/sustaining-water-all-changing-climate-world-bank-group-implementation-progress-report) |title=Sustaining water for all in a changing climate: World Bank Group Implementation Progress Report |access-date=2011-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One of di partners be di &quot;Nile Basin Discourse&quot;, wey describe itself as &quot;a civil society network of organisations wey dey work make projects and programmes under di Nile Basin Initiative get positive impact.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[https://www.nilebasindiscourse.org/](https://www.nilebasindiscourse.org/) Nile Basin Discourse]&lt;/ref&gt;

For May 2010, five upstream countries sign di Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA) to push for more access to River Nile water and establish water-sharing rights among NBI member states. Egypt and Sudan strongly oppose dis move.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC May 14&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8682387.stm](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8682387.stm) |title=East Africa seeks more Nile water from Egypt |work=[[BBC News]] |date=14 May 2010 |access-date=17 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and Tanzania be di first countries wey sign di agreement, and Burundi join for February 2011. Later, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Burundi ratify di agreement between 2013 and 2023. South Sudan also ratify di CFA on 8 July 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;nbi-cfa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://nilebasin.org/about-us/cooperative-framework-agreement](https://nilebasin.org/about-us/cooperative-framework-agreement) |title=Cooperative Framework Agreement {{!}} Content of the CFA |work=Nile Basin Initiative |access-date=17 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indug-20240812&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Musoke |first=Ronald |url=[https://www.independent.co.ug/south-sudan-signs-nile-treaty/](https://www.independent.co.ug/south-sudan-signs-nile-treaty/) |title=South Sudan signs Nile Treaty |work=[[The Independent (Uganda)|The Independent]] |date=12 August 2024 |access-date=17 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

DRC no take side, while Egypt and Sudan refuse to sign because dem say di CFA fit reduce di share of Nile water wey dem dey receive. Even though Egypt and Sudan object, di CFA officially become legally binding among NBI member states on 13 October 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;ap-20241014&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Muhumuza |first=Rodney |url=[https://apnews.com/article/nile-river-accord-egypt-ethiopia-water-sharing-e245661a016bb75d9337d3e45a7753f7](https://apnews.com/article/nile-river-accord-egypt-ethiopia-water-sharing-e245661a016bb75d9337d3e45a7753f7) |title=Nile basin nations say water-sharing accord has come into force without Egypt's backing |work=[[AP News]] |date=14 October 2024 |access-date=17 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Institutional framework ==

Di institutional structure of NBI get three main institutions:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[https://nilebasin.org/?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=30&amp;Itemid=77|title=homepage](https://nilebasin.org/?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=30&amp;Itemid=77|title=homepage) | Nile Basin Initiative|website=nilebasin.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Di '''Nile Council of Ministers''' for Water Affairs dey provide policy direction and make important decisions. Di chairmanship dey rotate every year among member countries. Normally, di country wey host di regular council meeting become di next chair. Since June 2010, di chairperson be '''Asfaw Dingamo''', Ethiopia ein Minister for Water Resources, wey dem elect for di 18th regular meeting for Addis Ababa in June 2010. Before am, Egypt ein Minister for Water Resources and Irrigation, '''Mohamed Nasr el Din Allam''' (2009–10), hold di position after dem elect am for Alexandria in July 2009. Before am too, '''Jose Endundu''' from DRC (2008–09) and Uganda ein Minister for Water and Environment, '''Maria Mutagamba''' (2007–08), serve as chairpersons. Di council dey hold annual meetings plus special emergency meetings when necessary. Some extraordinary meetings happen for Kinshasa in May 2009 and Sharm el-Sheikh in April 2010.

* Di '''NBI Technical Advisory Committee''', wey dem establish for 1998. Dis committee get senior government officials from each member country and dey provide technical advice and support to di Council of Ministers. Each country get one representative plus one alternate member. Dem usually meet two or three times every year.

* Di '''NBI Secretariat''', wey dem establish for 1999, dey provide administrative support to di Council of Ministers and di Technical Advisory Committee. Di Secretariat headquarters dey Entebbe, Uganda, and an Executive Director dey lead am. Di Executive Director position dey rotate every two years. Di Executive Director for dat time be '''Teferra Beyene Asfaw''' from Ethiopia, wey start work for September 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=[http://www.nilebasin.org/newsite/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=141%3Aintroducing-the-nbi-new-executive-director-a-head-of-strategic-planning&amp;catid=40%3Alatest-news&amp;Itemid=84&amp;lang=en](http://www.nilebasin.org/newsite/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=141%3Aintroducing-the-nbi-new-executive-director-a-head-of-strategic-planning&amp;catid=40%3Alatest-news&amp;Itemid=84&amp;lang=en) | title=Nile Basin Initiative - Member States | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222412/http://www.nilebasin.org/newsite/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=141%3Aintroducing-the-nbi-new-executive-director-a-head-of-strategic-planning&amp;catid=40%3Alatest-news&amp;Itemid=84&amp;lang=en](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222412/http://www.nilebasin.org/newsite/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=141%3Aintroducing-the-nbi-new-executive-director-a-head-of-strategic-planning&amp;catid=40%3Alatest-news&amp;Itemid=84&amp;lang=en) | archive-date=2016-03-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two subsidiary programmes dey under di management of:

* Di '''Eastern Nile Regional Technical Office (ENTRO)''', wey dey Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

* Di '''NELSAP Coordinating Unit (NELSAP-CU)''', wey dey Kigali, Rwanda.

Besides dis, different projects under di Shared Vision Program get regional project management units for:

* Cairo – Applied Training
* Addis Ababa – Water Resources Planning
* Dar es Salaam – Power Trade
* Nairobi – Agriculture

Dem all dey work together to support di overall goals of di Nile Basin Initiative.
== Main programs ==

NBI get three main programs: Di Shared Vision Program, di Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Program, and di Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program.

=== Di Shared Vision Program ===

Di Shared Vision Program (SVP), “na one Basin-wide program wey dey focus on building institutions, sharing data and information, giving training, and creating ways for dialogue plus region-wide networks wey people fit use solve problems together, develop together, and create multi-sector and multi-country investment programs to develop water resources in one sustainable way.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

Dem dey finance am through grants and e dey try build trust so investment fit happen smoothly. For 2010, e include these eight projects wey mainly focus on regional training:

* one Applied Training Project wey dey provide training for Integrated Water Resources Management;
* one Confidence-Building and Stakeholder Involvement Project wey “dey work make plenty stakeholders join, from policy makers and decision makers, to small business men and women, fishermen, farmers, religious groups and youth groups”;
* one Regional Power Trade Project;
* one Transboundary Environmental Action Project wey “dey provide training for environmental management and monitoring, water quality monitoring, and wetlands conservation”;
* one Efficient Water Use for Agriculture Project;
* one Water Resources Management Project;
* one Socio-economic and Benefits Sharing Project wey dey build “network of professionals from economic planning and research institutions, technical experts from public and private sectors, academics, sociologists, and representatives from civic groups and NGOs”;
* one Shared Vision Coordination Project.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/EXTREGINI/EXTAFRNILEBASINI/0,,contentMDK:21175378~menuPK:3427090~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:2959951,00.html Shared Vision Projects], retrieved on October 24, 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Di Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Program ===

Di '''Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Program''' (ENSAP) “dey seek to develop di water resources for di Eastern Nile Basin in one sustainable and fair way so prosperity, security and peace go dey for all di people.” E dey under di management of di Eastern Nile Technical Regional Office (ENTRO) for Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Dem divide am into fast-track investments and long-term multi-purpose investments.

==== Fast-track investments ====

For early 2008, dis track get four projects:&lt;ref name=&quot;ENSAP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/home|title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty and Sustainability|website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di Regional '''Watershed Management Project''' dey try establish sustainable management of watersheds for Tekeze, Atbara, Mareb, Abbay/Blue Nile and Baro/Akobo/Sobat rivers for Ethiopia and Sudan. Di first project areas include Lake Nasser/Nubia for Egypt; Jamma, Reb and Gumara sub-basins plus watershed management for Tana-Beles as part of di Tana-Beles Integrated Water Resources Development Project for Ethiopia; and lower Atbara, Ingessena Mountains and areas around Dinder National Park for Sudan.

Di '''Ethiopia Power Export Project''' (formerly Ethiopia-Sudan Interconnection Project) go connect Ethiopia and Sudan power grids to make cross-border energy trade easy and improve existing and planned electricity generation. E dey target di serious electricity shortage for both countries. World Bank provide US$41 million credit for Ethiopia investments approved for 2007. Sudan government dey fund activities inside Sudan.

Di Regional '''Irrigation and Drainage Project''' dey aim to develop and expand irrigated agriculture and improve productivity through better use of water. E get three national sub-projects:

* Egypt West Delta Water Conservation and Irrigation Rehabilitation Project supported by US$145 million World Bank loan approved in 2007.
* Ethiopia Irrigation and Drainage Project supported by US$100 million World Bank subsidized credit approved in 2007, including investments for Reb and Magech drainage areas in Amhara Region (Lake Tana basin).
* Sudan Upper Atbara Irrigation Project.

Di '''Flood Preparedness and Early Warning Project''', one US$4 million project approved for 2007 and expected to run for three years, dey focus on building flood forecasting capacity and flood emergency preparedness and response. E include:

* improving how flood warning information dey reach communities at risk;
* strengthening institutions and systems wey dey alert communities;
* creating community-based plans to reduce flood damage and protect environmental benefits;
* providing public education programs;
* developing regional and local emergency preparedness and response plans.

==== Multi-purpose track ====

Di multi-purpose track get series of studies wey go help develop common analytical tools and one coordinated investment plan called di Joint Multipurpose Program.&lt;ref name=&quot;ENSAP&quot;/&gt;

===== Development of common analytical tools =====

Dem go develop common analytical tools for power sector, watershed management and irrigation/drainage, all connected through one overall planning model.

* Di '''Watershed Management Cooperative Regional Assessment''' dey considered by World Bank as one important foundation for future regional watershed investments. Di study go create shared information base to assess effects of different land management actions across di region. E go include transboundary analysis of di Eastern Nile watershed system and livelihoods, plus how benefits dey spread among di three countries under different watershed management options.

* Di '''Eastern Nile Power Trade Investment Project''' be part of efforts to promote regional power trade through coordinated planning and development of power projects and transmission links among di three Eastern Nile countries. Di study go assess di possibility of one Eastern Nile power market, power generation options, transmission connection sites and power trading arrangements.

* Di '''Irrigation and Drainage Cooperative Regional Assessment''' include regional studies on irrigation and development opportunities plus engineering studies of selected sites. E dey seek develop guidelines for selecting regional projects, calculate benefits and costs from national and regional perspectives, and explore institutional and legal reforms to improve regional cooperation.

* Di '''Eastern Nile Planning Model''' Project dey intended to help Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan identify, prepare and implement cooperative development projects wey go benefit all three countries.

===== Joint Multipurpose Program =====

Di Joint Multipurpose Program (JMP) be long-term program with 25–30 year horizon. E include coordinated investments for sustainable development and management of shared Eastern Nile waters, including Abbay (Blue Nile), Tekeze (Setit)-Atbara, Baro-Akobo-Sobat, parts of White Nile and Main Nile. Di first investments under di program likely go include:&lt;ref name=&quot;ENSAP&quot;/&gt;

* '''Watershed and environmental management''', including reforestation, river bank erosion control and creation of alternative livelihoods.
* '''Connecting river and power systems''' through infrastructure backbone including regional power grid and increased water storage for flood control, hydropower, irrigation and water conservation. Other benefits fit include better inland navigation, more productive fisheries and enough water flow to maintain important ecosystems.
* '''Improving agricultural production''' through expanded irrigation, investments in agribusiness, marketing and agricultural support services. Better watershed management go also support rainwater harvesting, livestock productivity and fisheries development.
* '''Complementary investments to support growth and regional integration''', including telecommunications, transport, industry, tourism and credit systems.
* '''Establishing institutions for joint action''', including innovative financing methods, shared information systems and better public communication and transparency.

=== Di Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program ===

Di Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program (NELSAP) “be investment program under di Nile Basin Initiative (NBI). E mission be to help reduce poverty, promote economic growth and reverse environmental degradation.” NELSAP programs dey under two broad areas: Natural Resources Management and Development, and Power Development and Trade.&lt;ref name=&quot;ENSAP&quot;/&gt;

==== Natural Resources Management and Development ====

Dis area include these projects:&lt;ref name=&quot;ENSAP&quot;/&gt;

* Di Kagera Transboundary Integrated Water Resources Management and Development Project start for December 2005. Burundi, Tanzania, Rwanda and Uganda all dey share am.
* Di Mara Transboundary Integrated Water Resources Management and Development Project for Mara and Serengeti national parks start for January 2006. Tanzania and Kenya dey share am.
* Di Sio-Malaba-Malakisi Transboundary Integrated Water Resources Management and Development Project, shared by Kenya and Uganda, dey focus on development and reducing conflicts among communities wey dey use water resources from di three sub-basins fed by Mount Elgon. E start for January 2006.
* Di Lake Edward and Lake Albert Fisheries Pilot Project for Uganda and Democratic Republic of Congo include small community investments to protect water catchment areas, build roads and provide drinking water and sanitation. E start for June 2005 and African Development Bank dey support am financially.
* Di Abatement of di Water Hyacinth on di Kagera River Project, part of di Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project, in partnership with Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda.

==== Power Development and Trade ====

Dis area dey focus on planning and preparing major investment projects like Transmission Interconnection Project and Regional Rusumo Falls Hydro-electric and Multi-purpose Project. Dem conduct feasibility studies and assessments.

For December 2005, di six NELSAP Ministers responsible for Electricity Affairs adopt one Indicative Power Master Plan for di region. Di plan include di best evaluated power generation and transmission projects for di next 20 years, including social and environmental concerns.

Di Regional Rusumo Falls Hydroelectric and Multipurpose Project on Kagera River expected to be one dam plus run-of-the-river hydropower plant wey go benefit Burundi, Rwanda and Tanzania. Di project be one of di best power options identified through NELSAP assessment. Di hydropower component go get approximately 60–80 megawatts installed capacity. Around 3,000 people fit need relocation around di project area.&lt;ref name=&quot;ENSAP&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/ADB_ADMIN_PG/DOCUMENTS/OPERATIONSINFORMATION/RUSUMO%20FALLS%20%20POWER%20TRANSMISSION%20LINES%20STUDY.PDF AfDB:Study on Power Transmission Lines related to the Rusomo Falls Hydropower Station]{{dead link|date=October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di NELSAP Transmission Interconnection feasibility studies include detailed designs for four important transmission lines between Burundi, DRC, Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda, with direct support from African Development Bank. Total estimated cost be about US$160 million.

== Funding ==

Di Nile Basin Initiative dey receive support from NBI member countries and international financial institutions such as World Bank, Global Environmental Facility and African Development Bank, plus other donors. For 2003, one World Bank-managed multi-donor trust fund start to coordinate donor contributions.

Donors wey contribute through Nile Basin Trust Fund up to early 2008 include Canada, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and United Kingdom. Other donors include Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Estonia, European Union and various UN agencies such as UNDP and FAO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=43&amp;Itemid=97|title=homepage &amp;#124; Nile Basin Initiative|website=nilebasin.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By early 2008, donors don contribute over US$130 million from original pledge of US$150 million. Nile Basin governments themselves contribute US$14.4 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=46&amp;Itemid=98|title=homepage &amp;#124; Nile Basin Initiative|website=nilebasin.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Initiative by upstream countries to form a Nile River Basin Commission ==

For May 2010, five upstream countries sign agreement to seek more water from River Nile and establish water-sharing rights among NBI states. Egypt and Sudan strongly oppose di move.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC May 14&quot;/&gt;

Di Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA), wey dem negotiate for years under NBI, open for signature for one year.&lt;ref name=&quot;News Dire&quot;&gt;NewsDire - Ethiopian News Service:{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20100522085929/http://www.newsdire.com/news/802-ethiopia-agreement-on-the-nile-river-basin-cooperative-framework.html Ethiopia: Agreement on the Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework]}}, 16 May 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania sign di agreement. Ethiopia ratify am for 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=Ethiopia Ratifies River Nile Treaty amid Egypt Tension | publisher=BBC News | date=June 13, 2013 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22894294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

DR Congo no sign am, while Egypt and Sudan refuse. One Egyptian government spokesman talk for May 2010 say, “Egypt no go join or sign any agreement wey go affect ein share.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=GERD &amp; Ethiopian Water Resources: Is it an 'Aspiration for Hydropower' or 'Hegemony for Water Power'?! - Opinion - Ahram Online | url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/4/372290/Opinion/GERD--Ethiopian-Water-Resources-Is-it-an-Aspiratio.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617062235/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/4/372290/Opinion/GERD--Ethiopian-Water-Resources-Is-it-an-Aspiratio.aspx | access-date=2025-05-25 | archive-date=2020-06-17 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Egypt especially object to Article 14(b) on water security. Egypt and Sudan want stronger wording to protect existing water uses and rights.&lt;ref name=&quot;All Africa February 2009&quot;&gt;AllAfrica.com:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200902230029.html Rift Widens as Egypt, Sudan Delay Signing Nile Basin Pact], 23 February 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Former Egyptian Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation, Mahmoud Abu-Zeid, describe di agreement as positive beginning because countries agree on more than 95% of di articles.&lt;ref&gt;Ashenafi Abedje, Voice of America:[https://www.voanews.com/a/nile-series-overview-11march11-118252974/157711.html Nile River Countries Consider Cooperative Framework Agreement], March 18, 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

After years of negotiations and cooperation, Nile Basin countries gradually strengthen relations with Egypt through trade and diplomatic engagements.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/09/burundi-speaks-egypt-gerd-crisis | title=Burundi speaks up for Egypt in GERD crisis - Al-Monitor: The Middle Eastʼs leading independent news source since 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/04/egypt-strengthens-ties-rwanda-amid-nile-dam-crisis | title=Egypt strengthens ties with Rwanda amid Nile dam crisis - Al-Monitor: The Middle Eastʼs leading independent news source since 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/egypt-seeks-kenya-s-support-in-row-with-ethiopia-over-dam--2460896 | title=Egypt seeks Kenya's help in row with Ethiopia over Nile dam | date=8 October 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2020/09/egypt-congo-africa-support-ethiopia-nile-dam-dispute.html | title=Congo backs Egypt in Nile dam dispute - Al-Monitor: The Middle Eastʼs leading independent news source since 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/06/egypt-boosts-ties-tanzania-amid-ongoing-nile-dam-dispute | title=Egypt boosts ties with Tanzania amid ongoing Nile dam dispute | website=www.al-monitor.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/04/egypt-uganda-agree-share-military-intelligence | title=Egypt, Uganda agree to share military intelligence - Al-Monitor: The Middle Eastʼs leading independent news source since 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Once di agreement become effective, e transform NBI into permanent Nile River Basin Commission.

Di agreement was ratified by Ethiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Burundi and South Sudan between 2013 and 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;nbi-cfa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indug-20240812&quot; /&gt;

Despite different objections, CFA officially become legally binding among NBI states on 13 October 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;ap-20241014&quot; /&gt;

== See also ==

* Water politics in the Nile Basin
* United Nations Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080509091649/http://www.nilebasin.org/ Nilebasin.org: '''The Nile Basin Initiative''']
* [https://www.nilebasindiscourse.org/ Nilebasindiscourse.org: Nile Basin Discourse website]
* [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/EXTREGINI/EXTAFRNILEBASINI/0,,contentMDK:21066483~pagePK:64168427~piPK:64168435~theSitePK:2959951,00.html Worldbank.org: The World Bank plus The Nile Basin Initiative]
* [https://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTAFRNILEBASINI/Resources/Eastern_Nile_map.pdf Worldbank.org: Map of Eastern Nile Region]
* [https://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTWAT/Resources/4602122-1213366294492/5106220-1234469721549/33.1_River_Basin_Management.pdf Worldbank.org: Presentation about The Nile Basin Initiative for World Bank Water Week] — ''(February 2009)''
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/sustaining-water-all-changing-climate-world-bank-group-implementation-progress-report/ Worldbank.org: Sustaining Water for Everybody for Changing Climate (2010)] — ''special case study about water resources for Nigeria (pages 90–95)''
== References ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Water politics for Nile Basin]]
[[Category:International organizations wey dey Africa]]
[[Category:River regulation for Burundi]]
[[Category:River regulation for Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:River regulation for Egypt]]
[[Category:River regulation for Eritrea]]
[[Category:River regulation for Ethiopia]]
[[Category:River regulation for Kenya]]
[[Category:River regulation for Rwanda]]
[[Category:River regulation for South Sudan]]
[[Category:River regulation for Sudan]]
[[Category:River regulation for Tanzania]]
[[Category:River regulation for Uganda]]</text>
      <sha1>lr1ixq624l3a1btalzyif0jtqhny0c1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Water resources</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27372</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100898</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:51:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
        <id>64</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I don start one article</comment>
      <origin>100898</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3314" sha1="q1apa312rit2mh64ye9rr7ceatoq7s7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Water resources''' be natural water resources wey fit help human beings. People fit use am as source of drinking [[Water|water]] or water for irrigation. These resources fit be freshwater wey come from nature, or water wey dem produce from other sources like reclaimed water (wastewater) or desalinated water (seawater).

About 97% of all water for Earth be salt water, and only 3% be freshwater. Small more than two-thirds of this freshwater dey frozen inside glaciers and polar ice caps.&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS dist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html|title=Earth's water distribution|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2009-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; The freshwater wey no freeze dey mostly underground as groundwater, while only small part dey on top ground or inside atmosphere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource| publisher=GreenFacts Website | access-date=2008-01-31 | url= http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Natural sources of freshwater include frozen water, groundwater, surface water, and water wey dey flow under rivers. People dey use water resources for agriculture, household activities, and industrial work.

Many problems dey threaten water resources. These include water scarcity, water pollution, water conflicts, and climate change. Freshwater be renewable resource in principle. However, groundwater supplies around the world dey reduce steadily. Groundwater depletion, or overdrafting, dey happen for places like Asia, South America, and North America.

== Natural sources of freshwater ==

Natural sources of freshwater include surface water, under-river flow, groundwater, and frozen water.

=== Surface water ===
Surface water be water wey dey rivers, lakes, or freshwater wetlands. Nature dey refill surface water through rainfall, and e dey lose water naturally through discharge into oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge.

The only natural water input for any surface water system be rainfall wey fall inside the watershed. The total amount of water inside the system at any time depend on many other factors too. These factors include:

* How much water lakes, wetlands, and reservoirs fit store.
* How permeable the soil under these water bodies be.
* The runoff characteristics of the land inside the watershed.
* The timing of rainfall.
* Local evaporation rates.

All these factors affect how water dey enter and leave the system.

Human activities fit also change these conditions. People often increase water storage by building reservoirs, and reduce storage by draining wetlands. People also increase runoff quantity and speed when dem pave land surfaces or direct stream flow through channels.

Natural surface water fit increase if water from another watershed enter through canals or pipelines.

Brazil get one of the biggest freshwater supplies for the world, followed by Russia and Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwater.org/data.html |title=The World's Water 2006–2007 Tables, Pacific Institute |publisher=Worldwater.org |access-date=2009-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;85px&quot;&gt;
Image:Sinclair Wetlands.jpg|''Panorama view of natural wetland (Sinclair Wetlands, New Zealand)''
&lt;/gallery&gt;</text>
      <sha1>q1apa312rit2mh64ye9rr7ceatoq7s7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100900</id>
      <parentid>100898</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T07:33:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
        <id>64</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added more content</comment>
      <origin>100900</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21670" sha1="367d69amzti4agmezm359pznk0pnv4b" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Water resources''' be natural water resources wey fit help human beings. People fit use am as source of drinking [[Water|water]] or water for irrigation. These resources fit be freshwater wey come from nature, or water wey dem produce from other sources like reclaimed water (wastewater) or desalinated water (seawater).

About 97% of all water for Earth be salt water, and only 3% be freshwater. Small more than two-thirds of this freshwater dey frozen inside glaciers and polar ice caps.&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS dist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html|title=Earth's water distribution|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2009-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; The freshwater wey no freeze dey mostly underground as groundwater, while only small part dey on top ground or inside atmosphere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource| publisher=GreenFacts Website | access-date=2008-01-31 | url= http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Natural sources of freshwater include frozen water, groundwater, surface water, and water wey dey flow under rivers. People dey use water resources for agriculture, household activities, and industrial work.

Many problems dey threaten water resources. These include water scarcity, water pollution, water conflicts, and climate change. Freshwater be renewable resource in principle. However, groundwater supplies around the world dey reduce steadily. Groundwater depletion, or overdrafting, dey happen for places like Asia, South America, and North America.

== Natural sources of freshwater ==

Natural sources of freshwater include surface water, under-river flow, groundwater, and frozen water.

=== Surface water ===
Surface water be water wey dey rivers, lakes, or freshwater wetlands. Nature dey refill surface water through rainfall, and e dey lose water naturally through discharge into oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge.

The only natural water input for any surface water system be rainfall wey fall inside the watershed. The total amount of water inside the system at any time depend on many other factors too. These factors include:

* How much water lakes, wetlands, and reservoirs fit store.
* How permeable the soil under these water bodies be.
* The runoff characteristics of the land inside the watershed.
* The timing of rainfall.
* Local evaporation rates.

All these factors affect how water dey enter and leave the system.

Human activities fit also change these conditions. People often increase water storage by building reservoirs, and reduce storage by draining wetlands. People also increase runoff quantity and speed when dem pave land surfaces or direct stream flow through channels.

Natural surface water fit increase if water from another watershed enter through canals or pipelines.

Brazil get one of the biggest freshwater supplies for the world, followed by Russia and Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwater.org/data.html |title=The World's Water 2006–2007 Tables, Pacific Institute |publisher=Worldwater.org |access-date=2009-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;85px&quot;&gt;
Image:Sinclair Wetlands.jpg|''Panorama view of natural wetland (Sinclair Wetlands, New Zealand)''
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==== Water wey dey come from glaciers ====

Glacier runoff na surface water. The Himalayas, wey people dey call “The Roof of the World”, get some of the biggest and rough high-altitude areas for Earth, plus the largest area of glaciers and permafrost outside the polar regions.

Ten big rivers for Asia dey start from there, and more than one billion people dey depend on them for their livelihood. But matter dey complex because temperature for the area dey rise faster pass global average.

For Nepal, temperature don rise about 0.6 degrees Celsius inside the last ten years, while globally, Earth don warm about 0.7 degrees Celsius over the last 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://pulitzercenter.org/showproject.cfm?id=106 Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723050437/http://pulitzercenter.org/showproject.cfm?id=106|date=July 23, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Groundwater ===

[[File:Groundwater flow.svg|300px|thumb|How groundwater dey move underground over time]]
==== Water wey dey come from under river flow ====

As river dey flow, the total water wey e carry downriver no be only the water wey you fit see for surface. E also include big amount of water wey dey pass inside rocks and soil under the river and the floodplain. That underground part of river water dem dey call am **hyporheic zone**.

For many rivers wey dey inside big valleys, this hidden water fit even pass the visible river water wey people dey see on top. The hyporheic zone dey work like connection point between surface water and groundwater from aquifers. E dey allow water exchange go and come between river water and underground water systems, whether the aquifer full or e don reduce.

This thing dey very important especially for places like **karst areas**, where land get holes, caves, and underground rivers wey dey common.

== Artificial sources of water wey people fit use ==

There are some artificial ways wey people dey produce fresh water. One be treated wastewater, wey dem also dey call reclaimed water. Another one be atmospheric water generators.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Shafeian |first1=Nafise |last2=Ranjbar |first2=A.A. |last3=Gorji |first3=Tahereh B. |title=Progress in atmospheric water generation systems: A review |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |date=June 2022 |volume=161 |article-number=112325 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2022.112325 |bibcode=2022RSERv.16112325S |s2cid=247689027 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Jarimi |first1=Hasila |last2=Powell |first2=Richard |last3=Riffat |first3=Saffa |title=Review of sustainable methods for atmospheric water harvesting |journal=International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies |date=18 May 2020 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=253–276 |doi=10.1093/ijlct/ctz072|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Raveesh |first1=G. |last2=Goyal |first2=R. |last3=Tyagi |first3=S.K. |title=Advances in atmospheric water generation technologies |journal=Energy Conversion and Management |date=July 2021 |volume=239 |article-number=114226 |doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114226|bibcode=2021ECM...23914226R |s2cid=236264708 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Another important source be desalinated seawater. But e important make we always consider the economic side and environmental effects of these technologies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=van Vliet|first1=Michelle T H|last2=Jones|first2=Edward R|last3=Flörke|first3=Martina|last4=Franssen|first4=Wietse H P|last5=Hanasaki|first5=Naota|last6=Wada|first6=Yoshihide|last7=Yearsley|first7=John R|date=2021-02-01|title=Global water scarcity including surface water quality and expansions of clean water technologies|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=16|issue=2|page=024020|bibcode=2021ERL....16b4020V|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/abbfc3|issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wastewater reuse ===

=== Desalinated water ===

=== Research about other options ===

[[File:Schematic_illustration_of_a_proposed_approach_for_capturing_moisture_above_the_ocean_surface_and_transporting_it_to_proximal_land_for_improving_water_security.webp|thumb|Schematic illustration of one proposed method to collect moisture above ocean surface and carry am go nearby land to improve water security&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=McDonald |first1=Bob |title=Water, water, everywhere — and maybe here's how to make it drinkable |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/quirks/water-water-everywhere-and-maybe-here-s-how-to-make-it-drinkable-1.6703854 |access-date=17 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;10.1038/s41598-022-24314-2&quot; /&gt;

Another 2021 study also suggest portable solar-powered atmospheric water harvesting machines. But dem warn say if people dey depend too much on this kind off-grid system, e fit slow down development of proper pipe water infrastructure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Yirka |first1=Bob |title=Model suggests a billion people could get safe drinking water from hypothetical harvesting device |language=en |work=Tech Xplore |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-10-billion-people-safe-hypothetical-harvesting.html |access-date=15 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=13 November 2021 |title=Solar-powered harvesters could produce clean water for one billion people |work=Physics World |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/solar-powered-harvesters-could-produce-clean-water-for-one-billion-people/ |access-date=15 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lord |first1=Jackson |last2=Thomas |first2=Ashley |last3=Treat |first3=Neil |last4=Forkin |first4=Matthew |last5=Bain |first5=Robert |last6=Dulac |first6=Pierre |last7=Behroozi |first7=Cyrus H. |last8=Mamutov |first8=Tilek |last9=Fongheiser |first9=Jillia |last10=Kobilansky |first10=Nicole |last11=Washburn |first11=Shane |last12=Truesdell |first12=Claudia |last13=Lee |first13=Clare |last14=Schmaelzle |first14=Philipp H. |date=October 2021 |title=Global potential for harvesting drinking water from air using solar energy |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=598 |issue=7882 |pages=611–617 |bibcode=2021Natur.598..611L |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03900-w |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=8550973 |pmid=34707305}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Water usage ==

[[File:Total Renewable Freshwater Resources in mm per year By WaterGAP Average 1961-1990.jpg|thumb|Total renewable freshwater resources for world, measured in mm per year (1 mm equal to 1 liter water per square meter), average 1961–1990. Map resolution be 0.5° longitude by 0.5° latitude. Computed by global freshwater model WaterGAP.]]
[[File:Spatial variability of water yield along the delineated near-offshore region of 200 km across the world.webp|thumb|Map wey show water stress and how water dey spread across near-coastal regions around the world&lt;ref name=&quot;10.1038/s41598-022-24314-2&quot; /&gt;]]

The total amount of water wey dey available at any time be very important. Some users of water no need am all the time. For example, farms dey need plenty water during planting season, but no need am for dry season. Other users like power plants need water steady for cooling.

In long term, the average rainfall inside a watershed be the maximum limit for how much natural surface water people fit use from that area.
Here is the Ghanaian Pidgin rewrite (full, natural style, and keeping references, images, and structure):
=== Agriculture and other irrigatio ===
=== Industries ===
E dey estimated say about 22% of water wey di whole world dey use go industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;WBCSD Water Facts &amp; Trends&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=[http://www.wbcsd.org/includes/getTarget.asp?type=d&amp;id=MTYyNTA](http://www.wbcsd.org/includes/getTarget.asp?type=d&amp;id=MTYyNTA) |title=WBCSD Water Facts &amp; Trends |access-date=2009-03-12 |archive-date=2012-03-01 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120301011840/http://www.wbcsd.org/includes/getTarget.asp?type=d&amp;id=MTYyNTA](https://web.archive.org/web/20120301011840/http://www.wbcsd.org/includes/getTarget.asp?type=d&amp;id=MTYyNTA) }}&lt;/ref&gt; Major industries wey dey use water plenty include hydroelectric dams, thermoelectric power plants wey dey use water for cooling, ore and oil refineries wey dey use water for chemical processes, and manufacturing plants wey dey use water as solvent. Water wey dem dey take out fit be very high for some industries, but wetin dem dey actually consume normally dey lower pass agriculture own.

Dem dey use water also for renewable power generation. Hydroelectric power dey take energy from water wey dey flow down, dey turn turbine wey dey connected to generator. This hydroelectricity na cheap, clean and renewable energy source. One important thing be say hydroelectric power fit even follow load demand (load following), unlike many renewable sources wey no dey stable all time. At the end, the energy for hydroelectric plant dey come from sun. Sun heat dey make water evaporate, e later condense as rain for high places, then e flow come down. Pumped-storage hydroelectric plants too dey, wey dey use electricity from grid pump water go up when demand low, then dem dey use am produce electricity when demand high.

Thermoelectric power plants wey dey use cooling towers dey consume plenty water, almost same as wetin dem withdraw, because most of the water dey evaporate during cooling. But the withdrawal still dey lower than once-through cooling systems.

Water also dey used for many big industrial processes like thermoelectric power production, oil refining, fertilizer production, chemical plant operations, and natural gas extraction from shale rock. When dem discharge untreated industrial water, e cause pollution. This pollution fit include chemicals inside water and even increase water temperature (thermal pollution).

---

=== Drinking water and domestic use (households) ===

[[File:Drinking water.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Drinking water]]

E dey estimated say about 8% of global water use dey go domestic use.&lt;ref name=&quot;WBCSD Water Facts &amp; Trends&quot; /&gt; This one include drinking water, bathing, cooking, toilet flushing, cleaning, laundry and gardening. Basic household water need dem estimate by Peter Gleick to be around 50 liters per person per day, no include garden water.

Drinking water na water wey clean reach so that person fit drink am or use am without fear of sickness now or later. People dey call am potable water. For most developed countries, water wey dem dey supply for home, business and industry dey meet drinking standard, even though only small part of am people dey actually drink or use for cooking.

In 2017, about 844 million people still no get even basic drinking water service.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=WHO|first1=UNICEF|url=[https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2805|title=Progress](https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2805|title=Progress) on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines.|year=2017|isbn=978-92-4-151289-3|location=Geneva|oclc=1010983346}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|3}} From that number, 159 million people dey drink directly from surface water like rivers and lakes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}} One out of every eight people for world no get access to safe water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-11-09|title=Global WASH Fast Facts {{!}} Global Water, Sanitation and Hygiene {{!}} Healthy Water {{!}} CDC|url=[https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/global/wash_statistics.html|access-date=2019-04-09|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}](https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/global/wash_statistics.html|access-date=2019-04-09|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}})&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Water Aid|title=Water|url=[http://www.wateraid.org/uk/what_we_do/the_need/5899.asp?gclid=CMvwnO7B164CFUcRfAodFkdffg|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416024534/http://www.wateraid.org/uk/what_we_do/the_need/5899.asp?gclid=CMvwnO7B164CFUcRfAodFkdffg|archive-date=16](http://www.wateraid.org/uk/what_we_do/the_need/5899.asp?gclid=CMvwnO7B164CFUcRfAodFkdffg|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416024534/http://www.wateraid.org/uk/what_we_do/the_need/5899.asp?gclid=CMvwnO7B164CFUcRfAodFkdffg|archive-date=16) April 2013|access-date=17 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dirty or unsafe drinking water dey cause around 1.2 million deaths every year according to World Bank.&lt;ref&gt;Nordquist, Jennifer DJ, and Dan Katz. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund Should Do Less to Achieve More. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 2024. p. 7. [[http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep57256](http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep57256) JSTOR website] Retrieved 24 Apr. 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Challenges and threats

=== Water scarcity ===
=== Water pollution ===

[[File:Water pollution.jpg|thumb|Polluted water]]

{{excerpt|water pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}}

=== Water conflict ===
=== Climate change ===
=== Groundwater overdrafting ===
The world supply of groundwater dey reduce small small. Groundwater depletion (overdrafting) dey happen for places like Asia, South America and North America. Still, scientists no too sure how nature dey replace am and whether ecosystems dey sa
== Water resource management ==
[[File:Global Values of Water Resources and Water Use.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|Global values of water resources and human water use (excluding Antarctica). Water resources 1961–90, water use around 2000. Computed by the global freshwater model WaterGAP.]]

Water resource management na the way we dey plan, develop, distribute and manage water resources so that we fit use am well well. E dey part of water cycle management.

This water management work go need dey change as new problems dey come like climate change and how past decisions dey affect water today. Because of climate change, new situations go dey show wey nobody don face before, so management go need new ways like people participation and adaptive systems to make decision better.

Ideally, water management suppose consider all the different demands for water and share am in fair way so all uses go benefit. But for real life, e hard make this happen, so decision makers dey prioritize sustainability, fairness and efficiency to balance everything.

One big worry for future water management be how to make sure water supply go last long (sustainability).

[[Sustainable Development Goal 6]] get target for water management: “Target 6.5: By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [[https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation](https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation) &quot;Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals.&quot; (SDG 6)] SDG-Tracker.org&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313)&lt;/ref&gt;

---

=== Sustainable water management ===

Right now, only about 0.08% of all fresh water for world dey easily accessible. But demand for water dey increase every day for drinking, farming, industry and even leisure.

Because water wey available small, managing fresh water well from natural sources don become big global challenge.

Most water management work dey focus on how to use water well and reduce damage to environment. Water dey seen as part of ecosystem, and this idea dey follow integrated water resource management principles from 1992 Dublin Conference.

Sustainable water management need full approach called Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM), based on Dublin Principles:

1. Fresh water na limited and sensitive resource wey important for life and environment
2. Water management suppose involve people, leaders and planners
3. Women get key role for water management and protection
4. Water get economic value and suppose be treated as valuable resource

Since 1992, these principles don influence water laws and policies worldwide.

Another challenge be say many rivers and lakes cross borders between countries, so water sharing sometimes cause conflict or disagreement.

=== Integrated water resources management ===
Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) na system wey dey promote how water, land and related resources suppose dey managed together so that economic benefit and social benefit go balance well without destroying ecosystem.

Some scholars explain say water security na the goal, while IWRM na the process wey help reach that goal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sadoff |first1=Claudia |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science |last2=Grey |first2=David |last3=Borgomeo |first3=Edoardo |year=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

IWRM start to gain global attention around late 1900s and early 2000s, although traditional water management systems don exist for long time before.

The idea really grow after 1992 Dublin Conference and Rio Conference.

IWRM rest on three main principles:

1. Social equity – everybody suppose get fair access to water
2. Economic efficiency – water use suppose give maximum benefit
3. Environmental sustainability – ecosystem suppose dey protected

This system dey use knowledge from different fields and involve many stakeholders to solve water problems in fair and sustainable way.

IWRM also support Sustainable Development Goals because e connect water, energy and food systems together.
=== Managing water in urban settings ===
[[File:Urban Water Cycle - EPA 2004.png|thumb|Typical urban water cycle showing drinking water purification and sewage treatment]]
== By country ==
Different countries dey manage water resources in different ways. For example, for United States, US Geological Survey dey monitor water resources, research groundwater quality and give public information.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water Resources |url=[https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources](https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources) |access-date=2021-09-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Water management systems for different countries dey explained below:

== See also ==
* List of countries by freshwater withdrawal
* List of countries by total renewable water resources
* Socio-hydrology
* Virtual water
* Water resources law
* Water rights
* Water storage

== External links ==
* Renewable water resources in the world by country
* Portal to international hydrology and water resources
* Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>367d69amzti4agmezm359pznk0pnv4b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pool Department</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27373</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100926</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T10:22:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create a fresh article</comment>
      <origin>100926</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="885" sha1="izf37ev3sf56eiuakvgqiv36p0iryht" xml:space="preserve">'''Na Pool''' ({{langx|kg|Mpumbu, Nsundi, Mbula Ntangu}}&lt;ref&gt;William Graham Lister Randles, ''L’ancien royaume du Congo des origines à la fin du XIXe siècle'', Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013, p. 44&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Jean Félix YEKOKA, ''L’HOMME ET SA TERRE AU PAYS DE BOKO-SONGHO DU XVIIe AU DEBUT DU XXIe SIECLES'', UNIVERSITE MARIEN NGOUABI - FACULTE DES LETTRES ET DES SCIENCES HUMAINES FORMATION DOCTORALE « HISTOIRE ET CIVILISATIONS AFRICAINES » (HCA), 2013, p. 36 &lt;/ref&gt;) be a department of de [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of de Congo]] insyd de southeastern part of de country. E borders de departments of Bouenza Lékoumou, den Plateaux. Internationally, e borders de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]]. E sanso surrounds de commune district of de national capital, Brazzaville.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>izf37ev3sf56eiuakvgqiv36p0iryht</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100927</id>
      <parentid>100926</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T10:28:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100927</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2213" sha1="kdvw3p9xq94tmmfqhnbmrg44svbiv0y" xml:space="preserve">'''Na Pool''' ({{langx|kg|Mpumbu, Nsundi, Mbula Ntangu}}&lt;ref&gt;William Graham Lister Randles, ''L’ancien royaume du Congo des origines à la fin du XIXe siècle'', Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013, p. 44&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Jean Félix YEKOKA, ''L’HOMME ET SA TERRE AU PAYS DE BOKO-SONGHO DU XVIIe AU DEBUT DU XXIe SIECLES'', UNIVERSITE MARIEN NGOUABI - FACULTE DES LETTRES ET DES SCIENCES HUMAINES FORMATION DOCTORALE « HISTOIRE ET CIVILISATIONS AFRICAINES » (HCA), 2013, p. 36 &lt;/ref&gt;) be a department of de [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of de Congo]] insyd de southeastern part of de country. E borders de departments of Bouenza Lékoumou, den Plateaux. Internationally, e borders de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]]. E sanso surrounds de commune district of de national capital, Brazzaville.  

De regional capital be Kinkala. Main towns include Boko, Kindamba, den Mindouli. Insyd de early 2000s, de Pool region be de home of a low-level insurgency wey lead by Pasteur Ntumi. De inhabitants of dis department are de Kongo, de Téké den de Native population (Pygmies).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01279960/document |title= Une zone enclavée en situation post-confit: le district de Kindamba (Pool, République du Congo). Diagnostic territorial dans en vue d'un Projet d'appui au Développement Communautaire |language=fr |date=2011|website=HAL OPEN SCIENCE |author1= Elisabeth Dorier|author2=Rodrigue Kinouani|author3=Erwan Morand|author4=Damien Rouquier|author5=Quentin Fleuret}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170329152251/http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |url-status= usurped |archive-date= March 29, 2017 |title= LES PEUPLES AUTOCHTONES DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : DISCRIMINATION ET ESCLAVAGE |language=fr|date=2011|website=GITPA.ORG |author1= Roger BOUKA OWOKO|author2= Roch Euloge N’ZOBO|author3=OBSERVATOIRE CONGOLAIS DES DROITS DE L’HOMME (OCDH)|author4=UNION EUROPÉENNE}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==</text>
      <sha1>kdvw3p9xq94tmmfqhnbmrg44svbiv0y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100928</id>
      <parentid>100927</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T10:33:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100928</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2331" sha1="trf5fjauk1afmv7gd5rcjr92zei93f5" xml:space="preserve">'''Na Pool''' ({{langx|kg|Mpumbu, Nsundi, Mbula Ntangu}}&lt;ref&gt;William Graham Lister Randles, ''L’ancien royaume du Congo des origines à la fin du XIXe siècle'', Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013, p. 44&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Jean Félix YEKOKA, ''L’HOMME ET SA TERRE AU PAYS DE BOKO-SONGHO DU XVIIe AU DEBUT DU XXIe SIECLES'', UNIVERSITE MARIEN NGOUABI - FACULTE DES LETTRES ET DES SCIENCES HUMAINES FORMATION DOCTORALE « HISTOIRE ET CIVILISATIONS AFRICAINES » (HCA), 2013, p. 36 &lt;/ref&gt;) be a department of de [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of de Congo]] insyd de southeastern part of de country. E borders de departments of Bouenza Lékoumou, den Plateaux. Internationally, e borders de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]]. E sanso surrounds de commune district of de national capital, Brazzaville.  

De regional capital be Kinkala. Main towns include Boko, Kindamba, den Mindouli. Insyd de early 2000s, de Pool region be de home of a low-level insurgency wey lead by Pasteur Ntumi. De inhabitants of dis department are de Kongo, de Téké den de Native population (Pygmies).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01279960/document |title= Une zone enclavée en situation post-confit: le district de Kindamba (Pool, République du Congo). Diagnostic territorial dans en vue d'un Projet d'appui au Développement Communautaire |language=fr |date=2011|website=HAL OPEN SCIENCE |author1= Elisabeth Dorier|author2=Rodrigue Kinouani|author3=Erwan Morand|author4=Damien Rouquier|author5=Quentin Fleuret}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170329152251/http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |url-status= usurped |archive-date= March 29, 2017 |title= LES PEUPLES AUTOCHTONES DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : DISCRIMINATION ET ESCLAVAGE |language=fr|date=2011|website=GITPA.ORG |author1= Roger BOUKA OWOKO|author2= Roch Euloge N’ZOBO|author3=OBSERVATOIRE CONGOLAIS DES DROITS DE L’HOMME (OCDH)|author4=UNION EUROPÉENNE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De region be named after de Pool Malebo (formerly Stanley Pool), a particularly wide stretch of de [[Congo River]].

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>trf5fjauk1afmv7gd5rcjr92zei93f5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100929</id>
      <parentid>100928</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T10:34:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve am</comment>
      <origin>100929</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2396" sha1="rpp61fxxnjhfegcg8j6vz926ht9j42c" xml:space="preserve">'''Na Pool''' ({{langx|kg|Mpumbu, Nsundi, Mbula Ntangu}}&lt;ref&gt;William Graham Lister Randles, ''L’ancien royaume du Congo des origines à la fin du XIXe siècle'', Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013, p. 44&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Jean Félix YEKOKA, ''L’HOMME ET SA TERRE AU PAYS DE BOKO-SONGHO DU XVIIe AU DEBUT DU XXIe SIECLES'', UNIVERSITE MARIEN NGOUABI - FACULTE DES LETTRES ET DES SCIENCES HUMAINES FORMATION DOCTORALE « HISTOIRE ET CIVILISATIONS AFRICAINES » (HCA), 2013, p. 36 &lt;/ref&gt;) be a department of de [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of de Congo]] insyd de southeastern part of de country. E borders de departments of Bouenza Lékoumou, den Plateaux. Internationally, e borders de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]]. E sanso surrounds de commune district of de national capital, Brazzaville.  

De regional capital be Kinkala. Main towns include Boko, Kindamba, den Mindouli. Insyd de early 2000s, de Pool region be de home of a low-level insurgency wey lead by Pasteur Ntumi. De inhabitants of dis department are de Kongo, de Téké den de Native population (Pygmies).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01279960/document |title= Une zone enclavée en situation post-confit: le district de Kindamba (Pool, République du Congo). Diagnostic territorial dans en vue d'un Projet d'appui au Développement Communautaire |language=fr |date=2011|website=HAL OPEN SCIENCE |author1= Elisabeth Dorier|author2=Rodrigue Kinouani|author3=Erwan Morand|author4=Damien Rouquier|author5=Quentin Fleuret}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170329152251/http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |url-status= usurped |archive-date= March 29, 2017 |title= LES PEUPLES AUTOCHTONES DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : DISCRIMINATION ET ESCLAVAGE |language=fr|date=2011|website=GITPA.ORG |author1= Roger BOUKA OWOKO|author2= Roch Euloge N’ZOBO|author3=OBSERVATOIRE CONGOLAIS DES DROITS DE L’HOMME (OCDH)|author4=UNION EUROPÉENNE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De region be named after de Pool Malebo (formerly Stanley Pool), a particularly wide stretch of de [[Congo River]].
[[Image:Pool districts.png|thumb|right|250px|Districts of Pool]]

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>rpp61fxxnjhfegcg8j6vz926ht9j42c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100930</id>
      <parentid>100929</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T10:35:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Add sub-heading</comment>
      <origin>100930</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2478" sha1="j44n2yohpm72r1brjw4nios7occibh3" xml:space="preserve">'''Na Pool''' ({{langx|kg|Mpumbu, Nsundi, Mbula Ntangu}}&lt;ref&gt;William Graham Lister Randles, ''L’ancien royaume du Congo des origines à la fin du XIXe siècle'', Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013, p. 44&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Jean Félix YEKOKA, ''L’HOMME ET SA TERRE AU PAYS DE BOKO-SONGHO DU XVIIe AU DEBUT DU XXIe SIECLES'', UNIVERSITE MARIEN NGOUABI - FACULTE DES LETTRES ET DES SCIENCES HUMAINES FORMATION DOCTORALE « HISTOIRE ET CIVILISATIONS AFRICAINES » (HCA), 2013, p. 36 &lt;/ref&gt;) be a department of de [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of de Congo]] insyd de southeastern part of de country. E borders de departments of Bouenza Lékoumou, den Plateaux. Internationally, e borders de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]]. E sanso surrounds de commune district of de national capital, Brazzaville.  

De regional capital be Kinkala. Main towns include Boko, Kindamba, den Mindouli. Insyd de early 2000s, de Pool region be de home of a low-level insurgency wey lead by Pasteur Ntumi. De inhabitants of dis department are de Kongo, de Téké den de Native population (Pygmies).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01279960/document |title= Une zone enclavée en situation post-confit: le district de Kindamba (Pool, République du Congo). Diagnostic territorial dans en vue d'un Projet d'appui au Développement Communautaire |language=fr |date=2011|website=HAL OPEN SCIENCE |author1= Elisabeth Dorier|author2=Rodrigue Kinouani|author3=Erwan Morand|author4=Damien Rouquier|author5=Quentin Fleuret}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170329152251/http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |url-status= usurped |archive-date= March 29, 2017 |title= LES PEUPLES AUTOCHTONES DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : DISCRIMINATION ET ESCLAVAGE |language=fr|date=2011|website=GITPA.ORG |author1= Roger BOUKA OWOKO|author2= Roch Euloge N’ZOBO|author3=OBSERVATOIRE CONGOLAIS DES DROITS DE L’HOMME (OCDH)|author4=UNION EUROPÉENNE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De region be named after de Pool Malebo (formerly Stanley Pool), a particularly wide stretch of de [[Congo River]].
[[Image:Pool districts.png|thumb|right|250px|Districts of Pool]]
== Administrative divisions ==
Pool Department be divided into thirteen districts:
== References ==</text>
      <sha1>j44n2yohpm72r1brjw4nios7occibh3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100931</id>
      <parentid>100930</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T10:42:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100931</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2733" sha1="m6zlts5sj6e66gu38136ot6puhuwqwx" xml:space="preserve">'''Na Pool''' ({{langx|kg|Mpumbu, Nsundi, Mbula Ntangu}}&lt;ref&gt;William Graham Lister Randles, ''L’ancien royaume du Congo des origines à la fin du XIXe siècle'', Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013, p. 44&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Jean Félix YEKOKA, ''L’HOMME ET SA TERRE AU PAYS DE BOKO-SONGHO DU XVIIe AU DEBUT DU XXIe SIECLES'', UNIVERSITE MARIEN NGOUABI - FACULTE DES LETTRES ET DES SCIENCES HUMAINES FORMATION DOCTORALE « HISTOIRE ET CIVILISATIONS AFRICAINES » (HCA), 2013, p. 36 &lt;/ref&gt;) be a department of de [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of de Congo]] insyd de southeastern part of de country. E borders de departments of Bouenza Lékoumou, den Plateaux. Internationally, e borders de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]]. E sanso surrounds de commune district of de national capital, Brazzaville.  

De regional capital be Kinkala. Main towns include Boko, Kindamba, den Mindouli. Insyd de early 2000s, de Pool region be de home of a low-level insurgency wey lead by Pasteur Ntumi. De inhabitants of dis department are de Kongo, de Téké den de Native population (Pygmies).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01279960/document |title= Une zone enclavée en situation post-confit: le district de Kindamba (Pool, République du Congo). Diagnostic territorial dans en vue d'un Projet d'appui au Développement Communautaire |language=fr |date=2011|website=HAL OPEN SCIENCE |author1= Elisabeth Dorier|author2=Rodrigue Kinouani|author3=Erwan Morand|author4=Damien Rouquier|author5=Quentin Fleuret}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170329152251/http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |url-status= usurped |archive-date= March 29, 2017 |title= LES PEUPLES AUTOCHTONES DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : DISCRIMINATION ET ESCLAVAGE |language=fr|date=2011|website=GITPA.ORG |author1= Roger BOUKA OWOKO|author2= Roch Euloge N’ZOBO|author3=OBSERVATOIRE CONGOLAIS DES DROITS DE L’HOMME (OCDH)|author4=UNION EUROPÉENNE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De region be named after de Pool Malebo (formerly Stanley Pool), a particularly wide stretch of de [[Congo River]].
[[Image:Pool districts.png|thumb|right|250px|Districts of Pool]]
== Administrative divisions ==
Pool Department be divided into thirteen districts:
# Kinkala District
# Boko District
# Mindouli District
# Kindamba District
# Goma Tsé-Tsé District
# Mayama District
# Ngabé District
# Mbanza-Ndounga District 
# Louingui District
# Loumo District
# Ignié District
# Vindza District
# Kimba District

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>m6zlts5sj6e66gu38136ot6puhuwqwx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100932</id>
      <parentid>100931</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T10:43:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100932</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2777" sha1="2bxgoookabyzq6vsl0iicm6pfqo0n3m" xml:space="preserve">'''Na Pool''' ({{langx|kg|Mpumbu, Nsundi, Mbula Ntangu}}&lt;ref&gt;William Graham Lister Randles, ''L’ancien royaume du Congo des origines à la fin du XIXe siècle'', Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013, p. 44&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Jean Félix YEKOKA, ''L’HOMME ET SA TERRE AU PAYS DE BOKO-SONGHO DU XVIIe AU DEBUT DU XXIe SIECLES'', UNIVERSITE MARIEN NGOUABI - FACULTE DES LETTRES ET DES SCIENCES HUMAINES FORMATION DOCTORALE « HISTOIRE ET CIVILISATIONS AFRICAINES » (HCA), 2013, p. 36 &lt;/ref&gt;) be a department of de [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of de Congo]] insyd de southeastern part of de country. E borders de departments of Bouenza Lékoumou, den Plateaux. Internationally, e borders de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]]. E sanso surrounds de commune district of de national capital, Brazzaville.  

De regional capital be Kinkala. Main towns include Boko, Kindamba, den Mindouli. Insyd de early 2000s, de Pool region be de home of a low-level insurgency wey lead by Pasteur Ntumi. De inhabitants of dis department are de Kongo, de Téké den de Native population (Pygmies).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01279960/document |title= Une zone enclavée en situation post-confit: le district de Kindamba (Pool, République du Congo). Diagnostic territorial dans en vue d'un Projet d'appui au Développement Communautaire |language=fr |date=2011|website=HAL OPEN SCIENCE |author1= Elisabeth Dorier|author2=Rodrigue Kinouani|author3=Erwan Morand|author4=Damien Rouquier|author5=Quentin Fleuret}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170329152251/http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |url-status= usurped |archive-date= March 29, 2017 |title= LES PEUPLES AUTOCHTONES DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : DISCRIMINATION ET ESCLAVAGE |language=fr|date=2011|website=GITPA.ORG |author1= Roger BOUKA OWOKO|author2= Roch Euloge N’ZOBO|author3=OBSERVATOIRE CONGOLAIS DES DROITS DE L’HOMME (OCDH)|author4=UNION EUROPÉENNE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De region be named after de Pool Malebo (formerly Stanley Pool), a particularly wide stretch of de [[Congo River]].
[[Image:Pool districts.png|thumb|right|250px|Districts of Pool]]
== Administrative divisions ==
Pool Department be divided into thirteen districts:
# Kinkala District
# Boko District
# Mindouli District
# Kindamba District
# Goma Tsé-Tsé District
# Mayama District
# Ngabé District
# Mbanza-Ndounga District 
# Louingui District
# Loumo District
# Ignié District
# Vindza District
# Kimba District

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Pool Department]]</text>
      <sha1>2bxgoookabyzq6vsl0iicm6pfqo0n3m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100933</id>
      <parentid>100932</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T10:45:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100933</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2829" sha1="iao8tcmkj48m6ia6x2mabyx3hlnr931" xml:space="preserve">'''Na Pool''' ({{langx|kg|Mpumbu, Nsundi, Mbula Ntangu}}&lt;ref&gt;William Graham Lister Randles, ''L’ancien royaume du Congo des origines à la fin du XIXe siècle'', Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013, p. 44&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Jean Félix YEKOKA, ''L’HOMME ET SA TERRE AU PAYS DE BOKO-SONGHO DU XVIIe AU DEBUT DU XXIe SIECLES'', UNIVERSITE MARIEN NGOUABI - FACULTE DES LETTRES ET DES SCIENCES HUMAINES FORMATION DOCTORALE « HISTOIRE ET CIVILISATIONS AFRICAINES » (HCA), 2013, p. 36 &lt;/ref&gt;) be a department of de [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of de Congo]] insyd de southeastern part of de country. E borders de departments of Bouenza Lékoumou, den Plateaux. Internationally, e borders de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]]. E sanso surrounds de commune district of de national capital, Brazzaville.  

De regional capital be Kinkala. Main towns include Boko, Kindamba, den Mindouli. Insyd de early 2000s, de Pool region be de home of a low-level insurgency wey lead by Pasteur Ntumi. De inhabitants of dis department are de Kongo, de Téké den de Native population (Pygmies).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01279960/document |title= Une zone enclavée en situation post-confit: le district de Kindamba (Pool, République du Congo). Diagnostic territorial dans en vue d'un Projet d'appui au Développement Communautaire |language=fr |date=2011|website=HAL OPEN SCIENCE |author1= Elisabeth Dorier|author2=Rodrigue Kinouani|author3=Erwan Morand|author4=Damien Rouquier|author5=Quentin Fleuret}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170329152251/http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |url-status= usurped |archive-date= March 29, 2017 |title= LES PEUPLES AUTOCHTONES DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : DISCRIMINATION ET ESCLAVAGE |language=fr|date=2011|website=GITPA.ORG |author1= Roger BOUKA OWOKO|author2= Roch Euloge N’ZOBO|author3=OBSERVATOIRE CONGOLAIS DES DROITS DE L’HOMME (OCDH)|author4=UNION EUROPÉENNE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De region be named after de Pool Malebo (formerly Stanley Pool), a particularly wide stretch of de [[Congo River]].
[[Image:Pool districts.png|thumb|right|250px|Districts of Pool]]
== Administrative divisions ==
Pool Department be divided into thirteen districts:
# Kinkala District
# Boko District
# Mindouli District
# Kindamba District
# Goma Tsé-Tsé District
# Mayama District
# Ngabé District
# Mbanza-Ndounga District 
# Louingui District
# Loumo District
# Ignié District
# Vindza District
# Kimba District

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Pool Department]]
[[Category:Departments of de Republic of de Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>iao8tcmkj48m6ia6x2mabyx3hlnr931</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100934</id>
      <parentid>100933</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T10:46:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100934</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2879" sha1="6kchlb2v2gwqr2bqnuab0k2nuap909g" xml:space="preserve">'''Na Pool''' ({{langx|kg|Mpumbu, Nsundi, Mbula Ntangu}}&lt;ref&gt;William Graham Lister Randles, ''L’ancien royaume du Congo des origines à la fin du XIXe siècle'', Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013, p. 44&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Jean Félix YEKOKA, ''L’HOMME ET SA TERRE AU PAYS DE BOKO-SONGHO DU XVIIe AU DEBUT DU XXIe SIECLES'', UNIVERSITE MARIEN NGOUABI - FACULTE DES LETTRES ET DES SCIENCES HUMAINES FORMATION DOCTORALE « HISTOIRE ET CIVILISATIONS AFRICAINES » (HCA), 2013, p. 36 &lt;/ref&gt;) be a department of de [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of de Congo]] insyd de southeastern part of de country. E borders de departments of Bouenza Lékoumou, den Plateaux. Internationally, e borders de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]]. E sanso surrounds de commune district of de national capital, Brazzaville.  

De regional capital be Kinkala. Main towns include Boko, Kindamba, den Mindouli. Insyd de early 2000s, de Pool region be de home of a low-level insurgency wey lead by Pasteur Ntumi. De inhabitants of dis department are de Kongo, de Téké den de Native population (Pygmies).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01279960/document |title= Une zone enclavée en situation post-confit: le district de Kindamba (Pool, République du Congo). Diagnostic territorial dans en vue d'un Projet d'appui au Développement Communautaire |language=fr |date=2011|website=HAL OPEN SCIENCE |author1= Elisabeth Dorier|author2=Rodrigue Kinouani|author3=Erwan Morand|author4=Damien Rouquier|author5=Quentin Fleuret}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170329152251/http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |url-status= usurped |archive-date= March 29, 2017 |title= LES PEUPLES AUTOCHTONES DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : DISCRIMINATION ET ESCLAVAGE |language=fr|date=2011|website=GITPA.ORG |author1= Roger BOUKA OWOKO|author2= Roch Euloge N’ZOBO|author3=OBSERVATOIRE CONGOLAIS DES DROITS DE L’HOMME (OCDH)|author4=UNION EUROPÉENNE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De region be named after de Pool Malebo (formerly Stanley Pool), a particularly wide stretch of de [[Congo River]].
[[Image:Pool districts.png|thumb|right|250px|Districts of Pool]]
== Administrative divisions ==
Pool Department be divided into thirteen districts:
# Kinkala District
# Boko District
# Mindouli District
# Kindamba District
# Goma Tsé-Tsé District
# Mayama District
# Ngabé District
# Mbanza-Ndounga District 
# Louingui District
# Loumo District
# Ignié District
# Vindza District
# Kimba District

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Pool Department]]
[[Category:Departments of de Republic of de Congo]]
[[Category:Republic of de Congo geography stubs]]</text>
      <sha1>6kchlb2v2gwqr2bqnuab0k2nuap909g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100935</id>
      <parentid>100934</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T10:47:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100935</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2904" sha1="dk57shbp2n41hmpimpbfudiqvnhhoty" xml:space="preserve">'''Na Pool''' ({{langx|kg|Mpumbu, Nsundi, Mbula Ntangu}}&lt;ref&gt;William Graham Lister Randles, ''L’ancien royaume du Congo des origines à la fin du XIXe siècle'', Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013, p. 44&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Jean Félix YEKOKA, ''L’HOMME ET SA TERRE AU PAYS DE BOKO-SONGHO DU XVIIe AU DEBUT DU XXIe SIECLES'', UNIVERSITE MARIEN NGOUABI - FACULTE DES LETTRES ET DES SCIENCES HUMAINES FORMATION DOCTORALE « HISTOIRE ET CIVILISATIONS AFRICAINES » (HCA), 2013, p. 36 &lt;/ref&gt;) be a department of de [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of de Congo]] insyd de southeastern part of de country. E borders de departments of Bouenza Lékoumou, den Plateaux. Internationally, e borders de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]]. E sanso surrounds de commune district of de national capital, Brazzaville.  

De regional capital be Kinkala. Main towns include Boko, Kindamba, den Mindouli. Insyd de early 2000s, de Pool region be de home of a low-level insurgency wey lead by Pasteur Ntumi. De inhabitants of dis department are de Kongo, de Téké den de Native population (Pygmies).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01279960/document |title= Une zone enclavée en situation post-confit: le district de Kindamba (Pool, République du Congo). Diagnostic territorial dans en vue d'un Projet d'appui au Développement Communautaire |language=fr |date=2011|website=HAL OPEN SCIENCE |author1= Elisabeth Dorier|author2=Rodrigue Kinouani|author3=Erwan Morand|author4=Damien Rouquier|author5=Quentin Fleuret}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170329152251/http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |url-status= usurped |archive-date= March 29, 2017 |title= LES PEUPLES AUTOCHTONES DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : DISCRIMINATION ET ESCLAVAGE |language=fr|date=2011|website=GITPA.ORG |author1= Roger BOUKA OWOKO|author2= Roch Euloge N’ZOBO|author3=OBSERVATOIRE CONGOLAIS DES DROITS DE L’HOMME (OCDH)|author4=UNION EUROPÉENNE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De region be named after de Pool Malebo (formerly Stanley Pool), a particularly wide stretch of de [[Congo River]].
[[Image:Pool districts.png|thumb|right|250px|Districts of Pool]]
== Administrative divisions ==
Pool Department be divided into thirteen districts:
# Kinkala District
# Boko District
# Mindouli District
# Kindamba District
# Goma Tsé-Tsé District
# Mayama District
# Ngabé District
# Mbanza-Ndounga District 
# Louingui District
# Loumo District
# Ignié District
# Vindza District
# Kimba District

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Pool Department]]
[[Category:Departments of de Republic of de Congo]]
[[Category:Republic of de Congo geography stubs]]
[[Category:Congo River]]</text>
      <sha1>dk57shbp2n41hmpimpbfudiqvnhhoty</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100936</id>
      <parentid>100935</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T10:48:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100936</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2925" sha1="hkdbrcs45ijtn7750lee1yxpz1b69c2" xml:space="preserve">'''Na Pool''' ({{langx|kg|Mpumbu, Nsundi, Mbula Ntangu}}&lt;ref&gt;William Graham Lister Randles, ''L’ancien royaume du Congo des origines à la fin du XIXe siècle'', Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013, p. 44&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Jean Félix YEKOKA, ''L’HOMME ET SA TERRE AU PAYS DE BOKO-SONGHO DU XVIIe AU DEBUT DU XXIe SIECLES'', UNIVERSITE MARIEN NGOUABI - FACULTE DES LETTRES ET DES SCIENCES HUMAINES FORMATION DOCTORALE « HISTOIRE ET CIVILISATIONS AFRICAINES » (HCA), 2013, p. 36 &lt;/ref&gt;) be a department of de [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of de Congo]] insyd de southeastern part of de country. E borders de departments of Bouenza Lékoumou, den Plateaux. Internationally, e borders de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]]. E sanso surrounds de commune district of de national capital, Brazzaville.  

De regional capital be Kinkala. Main towns include Boko, Kindamba, den Mindouli. Insyd de early 2000s, de Pool region be de home of a low-level insurgency wey lead by Pasteur Ntumi. De inhabitants of dis department are de Kongo, de Téké den de Native population (Pygmies).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01279960/document |title= Une zone enclavée en situation post-confit: le district de Kindamba (Pool, République du Congo). Diagnostic territorial dans en vue d'un Projet d'appui au Développement Communautaire |language=fr |date=2011|website=HAL OPEN SCIENCE |author1= Elisabeth Dorier|author2=Rodrigue Kinouani|author3=Erwan Morand|author4=Damien Rouquier|author5=Quentin Fleuret}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170329152251/http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |url-status= usurped |archive-date= March 29, 2017 |title= LES PEUPLES AUTOCHTONES DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : DISCRIMINATION ET ESCLAVAGE |language=fr|date=2011|website=GITPA.ORG |author1= Roger BOUKA OWOKO|author2= Roch Euloge N’ZOBO|author3=OBSERVATOIRE CONGOLAIS DES DROITS DE L’HOMME (OCDH)|author4=UNION EUROPÉENNE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De region be named after de Pool Malebo (formerly Stanley Pool), a particularly wide stretch of de [[Congo River]].
[[Image:Pool districts.png|thumb|right|250px|Districts of Pool]]
== Administrative divisions ==
Pool Department be divided into thirteen districts:
# Kinkala District
# Boko District
# Mindouli District
# Kindamba District
# Goma Tsé-Tsé District
# Mayama District
# Ngabé District
# Mbanza-Ndounga District 
# Louingui District
# Loumo District
# Ignié District
# Vindza District
# Kimba District

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Pool Department]]
[[Category:Departments of de Republic of de Congo]]
[[Category:Republic of de Congo geography stubs]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
      <sha1>hkdbrcs45ijtn7750lee1yxpz1b69c2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100937</id>
      <parentid>100936</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T10:51:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Add databox</comment>
      <origin>100937</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2937" sha1="tg971ift8ps4z0z9w2tyv25fgholmj4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Na Pool''' ({{langx|kg|Mpumbu, Nsundi, Mbula Ntangu}}&lt;ref&gt;William Graham Lister Randles, ''L’ancien royaume du Congo des origines à la fin du XIXe siècle'', Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013, p. 44&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Jean Félix YEKOKA, ''L’HOMME ET SA TERRE AU PAYS DE BOKO-SONGHO DU XVIIe AU DEBUT DU XXIe SIECLES'', UNIVERSITE MARIEN NGOUABI - FACULTE DES LETTRES ET DES SCIENCES HUMAINES FORMATION DOCTORALE « HISTOIRE ET CIVILISATIONS AFRICAINES » (HCA), 2013, p. 36 &lt;/ref&gt;) be a department of de [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of de Congo]] insyd de southeastern part of de country. E borders de departments of Bouenza Lékoumou, den Plateaux. Internationally, e borders de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]]. E sanso surrounds de commune district of de national capital, Brazzaville.  

De regional capital be Kinkala. Main towns include Boko, Kindamba, den Mindouli. Insyd de early 2000s, de Pool region be de home of a low-level insurgency wey lead by Pasteur Ntumi. De inhabitants of dis department are de Kongo, de Téké den de Native population (Pygmies).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01279960/document |title= Une zone enclavée en situation post-confit: le district de Kindamba (Pool, République du Congo). Diagnostic territorial dans en vue d'un Projet d'appui au Développement Communautaire |language=fr |date=2011|website=HAL OPEN SCIENCE |author1= Elisabeth Dorier|author2=Rodrigue Kinouani|author3=Erwan Morand|author4=Damien Rouquier|author5=Quentin Fleuret}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170329152251/http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |url-status= usurped |archive-date= March 29, 2017 |title= LES PEUPLES AUTOCHTONES DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : DISCRIMINATION ET ESCLAVAGE |language=fr|date=2011|website=GITPA.ORG |author1= Roger BOUKA OWOKO|author2= Roch Euloge N’ZOBO|author3=OBSERVATOIRE CONGOLAIS DES DROITS DE L’HOMME (OCDH)|author4=UNION EUROPÉENNE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De region be named after de Pool Malebo (formerly Stanley Pool), a particularly wide stretch of de [[Congo River]].
[[Image:Pool districts.png|thumb|right|250px|Districts of Pool]]
== Administrative divisions ==
Pool Department be divided into thirteen districts:
# Kinkala District
# Boko District
# Mindouli District
# Kindamba District
# Goma Tsé-Tsé District
# Mayama District
# Ngabé District
# Mbanza-Ndounga District 
# Louingui District
# Loumo District
# Ignié District
# Vindza District
# Kimba District

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Pool Department]]
[[Category:Departments of de Republic of de Congo]]
[[Category:Republic of de Congo geography stubs]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
      <sha1>tg971ift8ps4z0z9w2tyv25fgholmj4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lake Kariba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27374</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100941</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T11:07:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create a fresh article</comment>
      <origin>100941</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="386" sha1="huegi6pcyk32tgrm9g6v1tfms4mu7ws" xml:space="preserve">'''Na Lake Kariba''' be de world's largest artificial lake den reservoir by volume. E lies {{convert|1300|km|mi}} upstream from de mouth of de Zambezi river on de Indian Ocean, along de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. Lake Kariba was filled between 1958 den 1963 following de completion of de Kariba Dam at its northeastern end, flooding de Kariba Gorge on de Zambezi River.</text>
      <sha1>huegi6pcyk32tgrm9g6v1tfms4mu7ws</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100942</id>
      <parentid>100941</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T11:11:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100942</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="655" sha1="o9c3b0728qrvttgpk0glccdja2i9dxi" xml:space="preserve">'''Na Lake Kariba''' be de world's largest artificial lake den reservoir by volume. E lies {{convert|1300|km|mi}} upstream from de mouth of de Zambezi river on de Indian Ocean, along de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. Lake Kariba was filled between 1958 den 1963 following de completion of de Kariba Dam at its northeastern end, flooding de Kariba Gorge on de Zambezi River.

De Zimbabwean town of Kariba dey build for construction workers on de lake's dam , while some oda settlements such as Binga village den Mlibizi insyd Zimbabwe den Siavonga den Sinazongwe  insyd Zambia have expanded to house people displaced by de damming of de river.</text>
      <sha1>o9c3b0728qrvttgpk0glccdja2i9dxi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100943</id>
      <parentid>100942</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T11:11:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add sub-heading</comment>
      <origin>100943</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="684" sha1="2x3sxxxoowfqlqud0odroug3p19k20c" xml:space="preserve">'''Na Lake Kariba''' be de world's largest artificial lake den reservoir by volume. E lies {{convert|1300|km|mi}} upstream from de mouth of de Zambezi river on de Indian Ocean, along de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. Lake Kariba was filled between 1958 den 1963 following de completion of de Kariba Dam at its northeastern end, flooding de Kariba Gorge on de Zambezi River.

De Zimbabwean town of Kariba dey build for construction workers on de lake's dam , while some oda settlements such as Binga village den Mlibizi insyd Zimbabwe den Siavonga den Sinazongwe  insyd Zambia have expanded to house people displaced by de damming of de river.
==Physical characteristics==</text>
      <sha1>2x3sxxxoowfqlqud0odroug3p19k20c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100947</id>
      <parentid>100943</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T11:17:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100947</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2019" sha1="tvk0kx9ac6mx8322tl1z7j9ob5fe3wz" xml:space="preserve">'''Na Lake Kariba''' be de world's largest artificial lake den reservoir by volume. E lies {{convert|1300|km|mi}} upstream from de mouth of de Zambezi river on de Indian Ocean, along de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. Lake Kariba was filled between 1958 den 1963 following de completion of de Kariba Dam at its northeastern end, flooding de Kariba Gorge on de Zambezi River.

De Zimbabwean town of Kariba dey build for construction workers on de lake's dam , while some oda settlements such as Binga village den Mlibizi insyd Zimbabwe den Siavonga den Sinazongwe  insyd Zambia have expanded to house people displaced by de damming of de river.
==Physical characteristics==
Lake Kariba be over {{convert|223|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den up to {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=off}} insyd width. E covers an area of {{convert|5,580|km2|mi2|abbr=off}} den its storage capacity be {{convert|185|km3|mi3|abbr=off}}. De mean depth of de lake be {{convert|29|m|ft|abbr=off}}; de maximum depth be {{convert|97|m|ft|abbr=off}}. E be de world's largest man-made reservoir by volume, four times as large as de Three Gorges Dam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044719/Kariba
|title=Kariba
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
|access-date=2007-07-31
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; De enormous mass of water{{efn|(approximately 180,000,000,000,000 kilograms, or 180 petagrams [180 billion tons])}} be believed to have caused induced seismicity insyd de seismically active region, including over 20 earthquakes of greater dan 5 magnitude on de Richter scale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Scholz |first1=C. H. |last2=Koczynski |first2=T. A. |last3=Hutchins |first3=D. G. |title=Evidence for Incipient Rifting in Southern Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=1 January 1976 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=135–144 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb00278.x |bibcode=1976GeoJ...44..135S |url=https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/44/1/135/1914105/44-1-135.pdf|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tvk0kx9ac6mx8322tl1z7j9ob5fe3wz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100950</id>
      <parentid>100947</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T11:21:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100950</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2209" sha1="fq3l0g7irrhllhbj1y7jpsk86bc4mk2" xml:space="preserve">'''Na Lake Kariba''' be de world's largest artificial lake den reservoir by volume. E lies {{convert|1300|km|mi}} upstream from de mouth of de Zambezi river on de Indian Ocean, along de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. Lake Kariba was filled between 1958 den 1963 following de completion of de Kariba Dam at its northeastern end, flooding de Kariba Gorge on de Zambezi River.

De Zimbabwean town of Kariba dey build for construction workers on de lake's dam , while some oda settlements such as Binga village den Mlibizi insyd Zimbabwe den Siavonga den Sinazongwe  insyd Zambia have expanded to house people displaced by de damming of de river.
==Physical characteristics==
Lake Kariba be over {{convert|223|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den up to {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=off}} insyd width. E covers an area of {{convert|5,580|km2|mi2|abbr=off}} den its storage capacity be {{convert|185|km3|mi3|abbr=off}}. De mean depth of de lake be {{convert|29|m|ft|abbr=off}}; de maximum depth be {{convert|97|m|ft|abbr=off}}. E be de world's largest man-made reservoir by volume, four times as large as de Three Gorges Dam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044719/Kariba
|title=Kariba
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
|access-date=2007-07-31
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; De enormous mass of water{{efn|(approximately 180,000,000,000,000 kilograms, or 180 petagrams [180 billion tons])}} be believed to have caused induced seismicity insyd de seismically active region, including over 20 earthquakes of greater dan 5 magnitude on de Richter scale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Scholz |first1=C. H. |last2=Koczynski |first2=T. A. |last3=Hutchins |first3=D. G. |title=Evidence for Incipient Rifting in Southern Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=1 January 1976 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=135–144 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb00278.x |bibcode=1976GeoJ...44..135S |url=https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/44/1/135/1914105/44-1-135.pdf|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De lake get several islands, including Maaze Island, Mashape Island, Chete Island, Sekula Island, Sampa Karuma, Fothergill, Spurwing,Snake Island, Antelope Island, Bed Island, den Chikanka.
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fq3l0g7irrhllhbj1y7jpsk86bc4mk2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100953</id>
      <parentid>100950</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T11:51:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Add sub-heading</comment>
      <origin>100953</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2221" sha1="nxcebwwl2bay88mns6yogqwz09z8riv" xml:space="preserve">'''Na Lake Kariba''' be de world's largest artificial lake den reservoir by volume. E lies {{convert|1300|km|mi}} upstream from de mouth of de Zambezi river on de Indian Ocean, along de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. Lake Kariba was filled between 1958 den 1963 following de completion of de Kariba Dam at its northeastern end, flooding de Kariba Gorge on de Zambezi River.

De Zimbabwean town of Kariba dey build for construction workers on de lake's dam , while some oda settlements such as Binga village den Mlibizi insyd Zimbabwe den Siavonga den Sinazongwe  insyd Zambia have expanded to house people displaced by de damming of de river.
==Physical characteristics==
Lake Kariba be over {{convert|223|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den up to {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=off}} insyd width. E covers an area of {{convert|5,580|km2|mi2|abbr=off}} den its storage capacity be {{convert|185|km3|mi3|abbr=off}}. De mean depth of de lake be {{convert|29|m|ft|abbr=off}}; de maximum depth be {{convert|97|m|ft|abbr=off}}. E be de world's largest man-made reservoir by volume, four times as large as de Three Gorges Dam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044719/Kariba
|title=Kariba
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
|access-date=2007-07-31
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; De enormous mass of water{{efn|(approximately 180,000,000,000,000 kilograms, or 180 petagrams [180 billion tons])}} be believed to have caused induced seismicity insyd de seismically active region, including over 20 earthquakes of greater dan 5 magnitude on de Richter scale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Scholz |first1=C. H. |last2=Koczynski |first2=T. A. |last3=Hutchins |first3=D. G. |title=Evidence for Incipient Rifting in Southern Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=1 January 1976 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=135–144 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb00278.x |bibcode=1976GeoJ...44..135S |url=https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/44/1/135/1914105/44-1-135.pdf|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De lake get several islands, including Maaze Island, Mashape Island, Chete Island, Sekula Island, Sampa Karuma, Fothergill, Spurwing,Snake Island, Antelope Island, Bed Island, den Chikanka.
==Ecology==
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nxcebwwl2bay88mns6yogqwz09z8riv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100954</id>
      <parentid>100953</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T11:58:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100954</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2768" sha1="sn5zxy35yfc43moijnn3ziuoj5ofwit" xml:space="preserve">'''Na Lake Kariba''' be de world's largest artificial lake den reservoir by volume. E lies {{convert|1300|km|mi}} upstream from de mouth of de Zambezi river on de Indian Ocean, along de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. Lake Kariba was filled between 1958 den 1963 following de completion of de Kariba Dam at its northeastern end, flooding de Kariba Gorge on de Zambezi River.

De Zimbabwean town of Kariba dey build for construction workers on de lake's dam , while some oda settlements such as Binga village den Mlibizi insyd Zimbabwe den Siavonga den Sinazongwe  insyd Zambia have expanded to house people displaced by de damming of de river.
==Physical characteristics==
Lake Kariba be over {{convert|223|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den up to {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=off}} insyd width. E covers an area of {{convert|5,580|km2|mi2|abbr=off}} den its storage capacity be {{convert|185|km3|mi3|abbr=off}}. De mean depth of de lake be {{convert|29|m|ft|abbr=off}}; de maximum depth be {{convert|97|m|ft|abbr=off}}. E be de world's largest man-made reservoir by volume, four times as large as de Three Gorges Dam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044719/Kariba
|title=Kariba
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
|access-date=2007-07-31
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; De enormous mass of water{{efn|(approximately 180,000,000,000,000 kilograms, or 180 petagrams [180 billion tons])}} be believed to have caused induced seismicity insyd de seismically active region, including over 20 earthquakes of greater dan 5 magnitude on de Richter scale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Scholz |first1=C. H. |last2=Koczynski |first2=T. A. |last3=Hutchins |first3=D. G. |title=Evidence for Incipient Rifting in Southern Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=1 January 1976 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=135–144 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb00278.x |bibcode=1976GeoJ...44..135S |url=https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/44/1/135/1914105/44-1-135.pdf|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De lake get several islands, including Maaze Island, Mashape Island, Chete Island, Sekula Island, Sampa Karuma, Fothergill, Spurwing,Snake Island, Antelope Island, Bed Island, den Chikanka.
==Ecology==
[[File:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kariba Dam]]]]
During de filling-up phase of de lake, de water was high insyd nutrients coming from decomposing, inundated vegetation, creating a thick layer of fertile soil on land dat became de lake bed. As a result, de ecology of Lake Kariba be vibrant. A number of fish species have been introduced to de lake, notably de sardine-like Kapenta  (transported from [[Lake Tanganyika]]), wich now supports a thriving commercial fishery. Oda inhabitants of Lake Kariba include Nile crocodiles den hippopotamuses.
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sn5zxy35yfc43moijnn3ziuoj5ofwit</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>