2012 Summer Olympics

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    <title>2012 Summer Olympics</title>
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De '''2012 Summer Olympics''', officially de '''Games of the XXX Olympiad''' wey dem sanso know am as '''London 2012''', na ebe international multi-sport event dem hold from 27 July to 12 August 2012 insyd London, England, United Kingdom. De first event, de group stage insyd women's football, begin for 25 July for de Millennium Stadium insyd Cardiff, Wales, follow by de opening ceremony for 27 July.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080801100305/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/london/index_uk.asp &quot;London 2012&quot;]. ''olympic.org''. International Olympic Committee. Archived from [http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/london/index_uk.asp the original] on 1 August 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160111234444/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/2012/schedule-results/list/football/20120725 &quot;Olympics Schedule &amp; Results – Wednesday 25 July, Football&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. Archived from [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/2012/schedule-results/list/football/20120725 the original] on 11 January 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Na der be 10,518 athletes wey komot 206 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) wey participate insyd de 2012 Olympics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120718221053/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/2012/countries &quot;Olympics – Countries&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. Archived from [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/2012/countries the original] on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012. &lt;q&gt;From the 27th of July 2012 – 204 countries will send more than 10,000 athletes to compete in 300 events&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Dey follow bid head by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe den de then-London mayor Ken Livingstone, na dem select London as de host city for de 117th IOC Session insyd Singapore for 6 July 2005, dem defeat bids from Moscow, New York City, Madrid, den Paris.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091005010107/http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Games/All-Future-Olympic-Games/Summer/London-2012 &quot;London 2012: Election&quot;]. ''olympic.org''. International Olympic Committee. Archived from [http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Games/All-Future-Olympic-Games/Summer/London-2012 the original] on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; London cam turn de first city make e host de modern Olympics three times,&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4654821.stm &quot;Coe promises Olympics to remember&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 6 July 2005. [http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110609063729/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4654821.stm Archived] from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; dem previously host de Summer Games insyd 1908 den 1948.&lt;ref&gt;Barden, Mark (26 April 2008). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/7361921.stm &quot;London's first Olympics&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080501025441/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/7361921.stm Archived] from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Greenberg, Stan (3 March 2011). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/olympics_1948_gallery.shtml &quot;The 1948 London Olympics Gallery&quot;]. ''BBC History''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080718202435/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/olympics_1948_gallery.shtml Archived] from the original on 18 July 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Construction give de Games involve considerable redevelopment, plus emphasis for sustainability top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091018073244/http://www.london2012.com/plans/sustainability/getting-ready/index.php &quot;Building a sustainable Games&quot;]. London 2012. Archived from [http://www.london2012.com/plans/sustainability/getting-ready/index.php the original] on 18 October 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de main focus be fresh 200-hectare (490-acre) Olympic Park, dem construct am for former industrial site insyd Stratford, East London.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120424194043/http://www.newham.gov.uk/2012Games/AboutThe2012Games/TheOlympicPark.htm &quot;Newham London: The Olympic Park&quot;]. London Borough of Newham. Archived from [http://www.newham.gov.uk/2012Games/AboutThe2012Games/TheOlympicPark.htm the original] on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; De Games sanso use venues wey already exist before de bid.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120722094808/http://www.london2012.com/mm/Document/Publications/CandidateFile/01/24/07/59/questionnaire-response-english.pdf &quot;Response to the questionnaire for cities applying to become Candidate cities to host the Games of the XXX Olympiad and the Paralympic Games in 2012&quot;] (PDF). London 2012. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20120722094808/http://www.london2012.com/mm/Document/Publications/CandidateFile/01/24/07/59/questionnaire-response-english.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

De United States top de medal table, dem win de most gold medals (48) den de highest number of medals overall (104). China fini second plus total of 91 medals (38 gold) wey Great Britain cam third plus 65 medals overall (29 gold). Michael Phelps of de United States cam turn de most decorated Olympic athlete of all time for de time, he win ein 22nd medal.&lt;ref&gt;McCrae, Donald (1 August 2012). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/jul/31/london-2012-michael-phelps-olympian &quot;Michael Phelps becomes the greatest Olympian&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. London. p. 1. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193643/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/jul/31/london-2012-michael-phelps-olympian Archived] from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Saudi Arabia, Qatar den Brunei enter female athletes for de first time, dey mean say every currently eligible country now send female competitor for at least one Olympic Games.&lt;ref&gt;Magnay, Jacquelin (11 August 2012). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/9468113/London-2012-Olympics-diary-three-countries-have-failed-to-send-any-female-athletes.html &quot;London 2012 Olympics diary: three countries have failed to send any female athletes&quot;]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. London. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813231039/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/9468113/London-2012-Olympics-diary-three-countries-have-failed-to-send-any-female-athletes.html Archived] from the original on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem include women's boxing for de first time, den de 2012 Games cam turn de first for wich na every sport get female competitors.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/19096530 &quot;London 2012 international digest – Day Six&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 2 August 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120805011840/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/19096530 Archived] from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120715100639/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/olympics/2012/07/12/saudi-arabia-women-london-olympics.ap/index.html &quot;Saudis to send two women to London, make history&quot;]. ''SI.com''. Associated Press. 12 July 2012. Archived from [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/olympics/2012/07/12/saudi-arabia-women-london-olympics.ap/index.html the original] on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-xpm-2012-jul-27-la-ed-olympics-women-20120727-story.html &quot;An Olympic moment for women&quot;]. ''L.A. Times Archives''. 27 July 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190917161757/https://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-xpm-2012-jul-27-la-ed-olympics-women-20120727-story.html Archived] from the original on 17 September 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

De Games receive considerable praise for dema organisation, plus de volunteers, de British military den public enthusiasm commend particularly highly.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19233495 &quot;London 2012: IOC chief Jacques Rogge 'very happy' with Games&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 12 August 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813101505/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19233495 Archived] from the original on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Waldram, Hannah (12 August 2012). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/london-2012-olympics-blog/2012/aug/12/has-olympics-changed-london-2012 &quot;Has the Olympics changed London?&quot;]. ''The Guardian (London 2012 Olympics blog)''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193544/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/london-2012-olympics-blog/2012/aug/12/has-olympics-changed-london-2012 Archived] from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Scanlan, Wayne (10 August 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120816063024/https://calgaryherald.com/sports/2012-summer-games/Buoyed+record+medal+haul+suprisingly+sunny/7072134/story.html &quot;Buoyed by a record medal haul – and surprisingly sunny skies – the British have embraced the Olympics, turning out to live sites in droves to cheer on Team GB&quot;]. ''Calgary Herald''. London. Archived from [https://calgaryherald.com/sports/2012-summer-games/Buoyed+record+medal+haul+suprisingly+sunny/7072134/story.html the original] on 16 August 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem describe de Games as &quot;happy and glorious&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;[https://olympics.com/en/news/happy-and-glorious-london-bids-farewell-to-the-games &quot;&quot;Happy and Glorious&quot;: London bids farewell to the Games&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; De opening ceremony, Academy Award winner Danny Boyle direct am, receive widespread acclaim.&lt;ref&gt;Goldsmith, Harvey; Phillips, Arlene; Quantick, David; Brown, Mick; Beard, Mary (29 July 2012). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/9434563/London-2012-the-experts-view-of-the-Olympic-opening-ceremony.html &quot;London 2012: the experts' view of the Olympic opening ceremony&quot;.] ''The Sunday Telegraph''. London. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813183157/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/9434563/London-2012-the-experts-view-of-the-Olympic-opening-ceremony.html Archived] from the original on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Topping, Alexandra (28 July 2012). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/jul/27/olympics-opening-ceremony-view-from-abroad &quot;Olympics opening ceremony: the view from abroad&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. London. p. 2. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131105042926/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/jul/27/olympics-opening-ceremony-view-from-abroad Archived] from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dese be de final Olympic Games under de IOC presidency of Belgian Jacques Rogge, wey na German Thomas Bach succeed am de next year.

== Bidding process ==

Na dem choose London over Birmingham make e represent Great Britain ein bid by de British Olympic Association.

By 15 July 2003—de deadline for interested cities make dem submit bids to de International Olympic Committee (IOC)—na nine cities submit bids make dem host de 2012 Summer Olympics: Havana, Istanbul, Leipzig, London, Madrid, Moscow, New York City, Paris, den Rio de Janeiro.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/3068323.stm &quot;Olympic bids: The rivals&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 15 July 2003. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090210040857/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/3068323.stm Archived] from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 3 August 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For 18 May 2004, as result of scored technical evaluation, de IOC reduce de number of cities to five: London, Madrid, Moscow, New York den Paris.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/3725157.stm &quot;London bid team delighted&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 18 May 2004. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060313040837/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/3725157.stm Archived] from the original on 13 March 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; All five submit dema candidate files by 19 November 2004 wey de IOC inspection team visit dem during February den March 2005. Na de Paris bid suffer two setbacks during de IOC inspection visit: number of strikes den demonstrations coincide plus de visits, den report say key member of de bid team, Guy Drut, go face charges over alleged corrupt party political finances.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20061020064434/http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&amp;id=1110389129 &quot;Day One Of Paris 2012 Inspection By IOC&quot;]. ''GamesBids.com''. Archived from [http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&amp;id=1110389129 the original] on 20 October 2006. Retrieved 9 March 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;

Thru out de process, na dem widely see Paris as de favourite, particularly as na dis be ein third bid for recent years insyd. Na dem initially see London as e dey lag behind Paris by considerable margin.&lt;ref&gt;Oliver, Mark (6 July 2005). [https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jul/06/olympics2012.olympicgames1 &quot;London wins 2012 Olympics&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192648/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jul/06/olympics2012.olympicgames1 Archived] from the original on 2 January 2014. &lt;q&gt;The IOC president, Jacques Rogge, announced the result at 1248BST – around an hour after it had been decided in secret.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ein position begin dey improve after de appointment of Lord Coe as de new chair of de London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) for 19 May 2004.&lt;ref&gt;Payne, Michael. [https://archive.today/20121212085630/http://bsr.london.edu/lbs-article/673/index.html &quot;How London really won the games&quot;]. ''London Business School''. Archived from [http://bsr.london.edu/lbs-article/673/index.html the original] on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd late August 2004, reports predict tie between London den Paris.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20041107021325/http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&amp;id=1093970849 &quot;London And Paris Tie In 2012 Bid&quot;]. ''GamesBids.com''. Archived from [http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&amp;id=1093970849 the original] on 7 November 2004. Retrieved 31 August 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 6 June 2005, de IOC release ein evaluation reports for de five candidate cities. Na dem no contain any scores anaa rankings, buh na dem consider de report give Paris de most positive. Na London be close behind, e close chaw of de gap dem observe by de initial evaluation insyd 2004. New York den Madrid sanso receive very positive evaluations.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060418052415/http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&amp;id=1118060827 &quot;Paris, London and New York Get Glowing IOC Reports&quot;]. ''GamesBids.com''. Archived from [http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&amp;id=1118060827 the original] on 18 April 2006. Retrieved 6 June 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; For 1 July 2005, wen dem biz am who go win, Jacques Rogge say, &quot;I cannot predict it since I don't know how the IOC members will vote. But my gut feeling tells me that it will be very close. Perhaps it will come down to a difference of say ten votes, or maybe less.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120118194440/http://www.sailing.org/news/12257.php &quot;Rogge Arrives in Singapore&quot;]. ''sailing.org''. International Sailing Federation. 1 July 2005. Archived from [http://www.sailing.org/news/12257.php the original] on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 6 July 2005, na dem announce de final selection for de 117th IOC Session insyd Singapore. Na Moscow be de first city make dem eliminate, follow by New York den Madrid. Na de final two contenders be London den Paris. At de end of de fourth round of voting, London win de right make e host de 2012 Games plus 54 votes to 50.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/front_page/4655555.stm &quot;London beats Paris to 2012 Games&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 6 July 2005. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170725072233/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/front_page/4655555.stm Archived] from the original on 25 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na de celebrations insyd London be short-lived, ebe overshadow by bombings for London ein transport system less dan 24 hours after de announcement.&lt;ref&gt;Culf, Andrew (6 July 2005). [https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/sep/02/london.Olympics2012 &quot;The party that never was: capital marks the games at last&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. London. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081002091306/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/sep/02/london.Olympics2012 Archived] from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; 12 years later, na dem later choose Paris as de host of de [[2024 Summer Olympics|2024 games]] insyd 2017.&lt;ref&gt;[https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-makes-historic-decision-by-simultaneously-awarding-olympic-games-2024-to-paris-and-2028-to-los-angeles &quot;IOC makes historic decision by simultaneously awarding Olympic Games 2024 to Paris and 2028 to Los Angeles&quot;]. ''Olympics''. 13 September 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+'''2012 host city election – ballot results'''
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |City
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Country
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Round
|-
!1
!2
!3
!4
|-
|'''London'''
| '''Great Britain'''
|'''22'''
|27
|'''39'''
|'''54'''
|-
|Paris
|France
|21
|25
|33
|50
|-
|Madrid
|Spain
|20
|'''32'''
|31
|—
|-
|New York City
|United States
|19
|17
|—
|—
|-
|Moscow
|Russia
|15
|—
|—
|—
|-
|
|'''Total ballots'''
|97
|101
|103
|104
|}

== Development den preparations ==

Na dem create de London Organising Committee of de Olympic Games (LOCOG) make e oversee de staging of de Games, wey dem hold ein first board meeting for 3 October 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120119122828/http://www.lda.gov.uk/news-and-events/media-centre/press-releases/2005/locog-formally-established-at-first-meeting-of-london-2012-transition-board.aspx &quot;LOCOG formally established at first meeting of London 2012 Transition Board&quot;]. ''London Development Agency'' (Press release). 3 October 2005. Archived from [http://www.lda.gov.uk/news-and-events/media-centre/press-releases/2005/locog-formally-established-at-first-meeting-of-london-2012-transition-board.aspx the original] on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; De committee, chair by Lord Coe, na he be in charge of implementing den staging de Games, while de Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA), dem establish insyd April 2006, na ebe in charge of construction of de venues den infrastructure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120227155513/https://www.london2012.com/news/2006/07/lemley-chairs-first-oda-board-meeting.php &quot;Lemley chairs first ODA board meeting&quot;] (Press release). London 2012. Archived from [http://www.london2012.com/news/2006/07/lemley-chairs-first-oda-board-meeting.php the original] on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

De Government Olympic Executive (GOE), unit within de Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS), na ebe de lead government body for coordinating de London 2012 Olympics. E focus for oversight of de Games, cross-programme management, den de London 2012 Olympic Legacy before den after de Games wey go benefit London den de wider United Kingdom. Na de organisation sanso be responsible for de supervision of de £9.3 billion of public sector funding.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.culture.gov.uk/what_we_do/2012_olympic_games_and_paralympic_games/default.aspx &quot;2012 Olympic Games &amp; Paralympic Games&quot;]. Department for Culture, Media and Sport. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111026041400/http://www.culture.gov.uk/what_we_do/2012_olympic_games_and_paralympic_games/default.aspx Archived] from the original on 26 October 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd August 2011, security concerns arise wey dey surround de hosting of de Olympic Games insyd London, dey follow de 2011 England riots.&lt;ref&gt;Macur, Juliet; Pfanner, Eric (9 August 2011). [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/10/sports/london-rioting-prompts-fears-over-soccer-matches-and-the-olympics.html &quot;London Rioting Prompts Fears Over Soccer and Olympics&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120306212647/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/10/sports/london-rioting-prompts-fears-over-soccer-matches-and-the-olympics.html Archived] from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Sam countries express safety concerns,&lt;ref&gt;Foster, Peter (9 August 2011). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8690809/London-riots-China-raises-questions-over-safety-of-2012-Olympic-Games.html &quot;London riots: China raises questions over safety of 2012 Olympic Games&quot;]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. London. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811044036/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8690809/London-riots-China-raises-questions-over-safety-of-2012-Olympic-Games.html Archived] from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; despite de IOC ein assurance say de riots no go affect de Games.&lt;ref&gt;Jackson, Jamie (9 August 2011). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/aug/09/london-riots-2012-olympics &quot;London riots will not affect 2012 Olympic security, says IOC&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. London. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193520/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/aug/09/london-riots-2012-olympics Archived] from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; De IOC ein Coordination Commission for de 2012 Games plete ein tenth den final visit to London insyd March 2012. Ein members conclude say &quot;London is ready to host the world this summer&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.olympic.org/news?articlenewsgroup=-1&amp;articleid=159094 &quot;London is ready to host the Olympic Games as excitement builds&quot;]. Olympic.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120815025657/http://www.olympic.org/news?articlenewsgroup=-1&amp;articleid=159094 Archived] from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Venues ===
[[File:London_Queen_Elizabeth_Olympic_Park.jpg|thumb|De Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park]]
De 2012 Olympic den Paralympic Games use mixture of fresh venues, existing den historic facilities, den temporary facilities, sam of dem dey well-known locations such as Hyde Park den Horse Guards Parade. After de Games, dem go reuse sam of de fresh facilities insyd dema Olympic form, while dem go resize anaa relocate odas.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111007091359/http://excel-london.co.uk/mediacentre/pressoffice/london2012 &quot;London 2012&quot;]. ''ExCel-London.co.uk''. 6 July 2005. Archived from [http://www.excel-london.co.uk/mediacentre/pressoffice/london2012 the original] on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dem divide de majority of venues into three zones within Greater London: de Olympic Zone, de River Zone den de Central Zone. For addition na der be few venues dat, by necessity, na dem be outsyd de boundaries of Greater London, such as de Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy sam 125 (201 km) southwest of London, wich host de sailing events. Na dem stage de football tournament for several grounds around de UK.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120304063707/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/7758646.stm &quot;Olympics 2012 venue guide&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 3 December 2008. Archived from [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/7758646.stm the original] on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Work begin for de Park top insyd December 2006, wen na dem pull down a sports hall insyd Eton Manor.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/6179069.stm &quot;Work begins on 2012 Olympic Park&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 14 December 2006. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070112232122/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/6179069.stm Archived] from the original on 12 January 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem plete de athletes dema village insyd Portland for September 2011 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-dorset-14896476 &quot;Osprey Quay Olympic village topping out ceremony&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 13 September 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110919010332/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-dorset-14896476 Archived] from the original on 19 September 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:London_Olympic_Stadium_West_Ham.jpg|thumb|London Olympic Stadium ]]
Insyd November 2004, na dem reveal de 200-hectare (500-acre) Olympic Park plans.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/3990319.stm &quot;London reveals Olympic Park plans&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 8 November 2004. [https://web.archive.org/web/20051029094314/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/3990319.stm Archived] from the original on 29 October 2005. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem approve de plans give de site insyd September 2004 by Tower Hamlets, Newham, Hackney den Waltham Forest.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3639130.stm &quot;2012 Olympic Park gets go ahead&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 9 September 2004. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060618141714/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3639130.stm Archived] from the original on 18 June 2006. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; De redevelopment of de area make dem build de Olympic Park require compulsory purchase orders of property. Na de London Development Agency dey in dispute plus London and Continental Railways about de orders insyd November 2005. By May 2006, na dem buy 86% of de land as businesses fight eviction.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4753045.stm &quot;Probe into Olympic land evictions&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 9 May 2006. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061215074617/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4753045.stm Archived] from the original on 15 December 2006. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Residents wey oppose de eviction try make dem find ways make dem stop am by dem set up campaigns, buh na dem for lef as dem buy 94% of land wey de oda 6% dem buy as dem start £9 billion regeneration project.&lt;ref&gt;Hartley, Debbie (11 March 2009). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/7937133.stm &quot;Stratford's last stand&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090316082113/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/7937133.stm Archived] from the original on 16 March 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na der be sam issues plus de original venues no be challenging enough anaa ebe financially unviable. Na dem initially consider both de Olympic road races den de mountain bike event say e be too easy, so dem eventually schedule dem for fresh locations top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110907052443/http://www.london2012.com/games/olympic-sports/cycling-road.php &quot;Cycling – Road&quot;]. ''London2012.com''. Archived from [http://www.london2012.com/games/olympic-sports/cycling-road.php the original] on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/london_2012/7554020.stm &quot;Essex venue to host 2012 biking&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 11 August 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090113051820/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics/london_2012/7554020.stm Archived] from the original on 13 January 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; De Olympic marathon course, wich na dem set am make e fini insyd de Olympic stadium, na dem move am go The Mall, since na dem deem if dem close Tower Bridge go cause traffic problems insyd central London.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Owen (4 October 2010). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/oct/04/london-2012-marathon-mall &quot;London 2012 marathon to finish at The Mall despite East End protests&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. London. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193533/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/oct/04/london-2012-marathon-mall Archived] from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem scrap North Greenwich Arena 2 insyd cost-cutting exercise, na dem use Wembley Arena for badminton den rhythmic gymnastics events instead.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2008/10/17/greenwich_o2_wembley_feature.shtml &quot;Greenwich or Wembley?&quot;]. ''BBC London''. 17 October 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120203123600/http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2008/10/17/greenwich_o2_wembley_feature.shtml Archived] from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Henson, Mike (15 June 2009). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/8101822.stm &quot;Boxing chiefs voice 2012 concerns&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090616012530/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympic_games/8101822.stm Archived] from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/8015377.stm &quot;Wembley may stage Olympic boxing&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 23 April 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090426065958/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/8015377.stm Archived] from the original on 26 April 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120610234954/http://www.morethanthegames.co.uk/summer-sports/2610926-badminton-and-rhythmic-gymnastics-agree-london-2012-wembley-move &quot;Badminton and rhythmic gymnastics agree to London 2012 Wembley move&quot;]. ''MoreThanTheGames.co.uk''. 26 May 2010. Archived from [http://www.morethanthegames.co.uk/summer-sports/2610926-badminton-and-rhythmic-gymnastics-agree-london-2012-wembley-move the original] on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dem hold test events thru out 2011 den 2012, either thru existing championship such as 2012 Wimbledon Championships anaa as specially created event dem hold under de banner of ''London Prepares''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/london_2012/9397066.stm &quot;London 2012 Olympic test event schedule unveiled&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 24 February 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110227194749/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympic_games/london_2012/9397066.stm Archived] from the original on 27 February 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Team GB House be de British Olympic Association ein operational HQ up to den during de 2012 Olympic den Paralympic Games. Architects Gebler Tooth design for de top floor of sam office building insyd Westfield Stratford City, e combine de team HQ, athletes dema &quot;Friends and Family&quot; lounge, Press Centre, den VIP lounge.

=== Public transport ===
[[File:St_Pancras_railway_station_MMB_31_395018.jpg|right|thumb|De Olympic Javelin high-speed service run between St Pancras den Ebbsfleet, via Stratford.]]
IOC's ein initial evaluation feel say, if na dem deliver transport improvements in time give de Games, London go cope.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Host_city_elections/2012_OG-Report_of_the_Evaluation_Commission.pdf &quot;Report of the IOC Evaluation Commission for the Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012&quot;] (PDF). Olympic.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120803071036/http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Host_city_elections/2012_OG-Report_of_the_Evaluation_Commission.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Transport for London (TfL) carry out chaw improvements for preparation give 2012, wey dey include de expansion of de London Overground ein East London Line, dey upgrade to de Docklands Light Railway den de North London Line, den de introduction of fresh &quot;Javelin&quot; high-speed rail service.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/3957867.stm &quot;High-speed rail links confirmed&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 27 October 2004. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090215114217/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/3957867.stm Archived] from the original on 15 February 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; According to Network Rail, additional 4,000 train services operate during de Games, wey train operators run longer trains during de day.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-13534021 &quot;Extra trains planned for visitors to London 2012 venues&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 25 May 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120319063640/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-13534021 Archived] from the original on 19 March 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; During de Games, na any international services no serve Stratford International station (just as e no be before de Games),&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10154343 &quot;Eurostar 'will not stop' at Stratford International&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 25 May 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130303051015/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10154343 Archived] from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; westbound trains no stop for Hackney Wick railway station,&lt;ref&gt;[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120719155804/http://www.getaheadofthegames.com/travelinaffectedareas/city/transport/publictransportoverlay/hackneywick.html &quot;Hackney Wick&quot;]. ''Get Ahead of the Games''. Transport for London. Archived from [http://www.getaheadofthegames.com/travelinaffectedareas/city/transport/publictransportoverlay/hackneywick.html the original] on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; den Pudding Mill Lane DLR station close entirely during de Games.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120723070306/http://www.getaheadofthegames.com/travelinaffectedareas/city/transport/publictransportoverlay/439.html &quot;Pudding Mill Lane&quot;]. ''Get Ahead of the Games''. Transport for London. Archived from [http://www.getaheadofthegames.com/travelinaffectedareas/city/transport/publictransportoverlay/439.html the original] on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Emirates_Air_Line_above_Royal_Victoria_Dock_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4709077.jpg|thumb|De Emirates Air Line dey cross de River Thames between Greenwich Peninsula den de Royal Docks.]]
TfL sanso build £25 million cable car across de River Thames, dem bell de Emirates Air Line, make e link 2012 Olympics venues.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/10501313.stm &quot;Thames cable car to link 2012 Olympic Games venues&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 4 July 2010. [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120424194220/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10501313 Archived] from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem inaugurate am insyd June 2012 wey e dey cross de Thames between Greenwich Peninsula den de Royal Docks, wey dey carry up to 2,500 passengers an hour, wey dey cut journey times between The O2 den de ExCeL exhibition centre den dey provide crossing every 30 seconds.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100912182337/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/16125.aspx &quot;Plans unveiled for a new Thames crossing with London's first cable car system&quot;] (Press release). Transport for London. 4 July 2010. Archived from [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/16125.aspx the original] on 12 September 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na de plan be make dem get 80% of athletes travel less dan 20 minutes go dema event&lt;ref&gt;[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmtran/588/588i.pdf &quot;Going for Gold: Transport for London's 2012 Olympic Games&quot;] (PDF). House of Commons Transport Committee. 8 March 2006. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111125061150/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmtran/588/588i.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 25 November 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; den 93% of dem within 30 minutes of dema event.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/london_2012/4025027.stm &quot;London plan at-a-glance&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 6 July 2005. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081209004335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/london_2012/4025027.stm Archived] from the original on 9 December 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; De Olympic Park go be served by ten separate railway lines plus combined capacity of 240,000 passengers per hour.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3866209.stm &quot;Free travel plan for Olympic bid&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 5 July 2004. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090302113322/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3866209.stm Archived] from the original on 2 March 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; For addition, LOCOG plan give 90% of de venues make e be serve by three anaa more types of public transport.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Na two park-and-ride sites off de M25 plus combined capacity of 12,000 cars be 25 minutes away from de Olympic Park. Na dem plan anoda park-and-ride site insyd Ebbsfleet plus capacity give 9,000 cars wer spectators fi board 10-minute shuttle train service.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Make dem get spectators to Eton Dorney, na dem set up four park-and-ride schemes.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-berkshire-14911974 &quot;Olympics 2012: Park and ride schemes for Dorney Lake events&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 14 September 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111026054930/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-berkshire-14911974 Archived] from the original on 26 October 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Na First Games Transport dey operate dese Park den Ride services.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/north_east/8516359.stm &quot;FirstGroup wins Olympics bus contract&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 15 February 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100218202247/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/north_east/8516359.stm Archived] from the original on 18 February 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

TfL define network of roads wey dey lead between venues as de Olympic Route Network; roads wey dey connect all of de Olympic venues locate within London. Chaw of dese roads sanso contain special &quot;Olympic lanes&quot; dem mark plus de Olympic rings-dem reserve give de use of Olympic athletes, officials, den oda VIPs during de Games. Members of de public wey dey drive insyd Olympic lane be subject to fine of £130. Additionally, na London buses no fi include roads plus Olympic lanes for dema routes top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120305060001/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/18196.aspx &quot;Olympic and Paralympic route network&quot;]. ''TfL.gov.uk''. Archived from [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/18196.aspx the original] on 5 March 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Beard, Matthew (15 November 2011). [https://www.standard.co.uk/olympics/olympic-news/revealed-the-road-signs-that-will-ban-drivers-from-olympic-lanes-6368234.html &quot;Revealed: the road signs that will ban drivers from Olympic lanes&quot;]. ''London Evening Standard''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170704130857/http://www.standard.co.uk/olympics/olympic-news/revealed-the-road-signs-that-will-ban-drivers-from-olympic-lanes-6368234.html Archived] from the original on 4 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Tuffrey, Laurie (10 July 2012). [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/bike-blog/2012/jul/10/olympics-regulations-cyclists &quot;Olympics regulations force cyclists to dismount&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. London. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131113192008/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/bike-blog/2012/jul/10/olympics-regulations-cyclists Archived] from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem express concerns for de logistics of spectators wey dey travel go de events outsyd London. For particular, na de sailing events for Portland get no direct motorway connections, wey local roads be heavily congested by tourist traffic insyd de summer.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111103172317/http://www.panamericanchauffeurs.com/london_olympics_2012_airport_transfers.html &quot;2012 London Olympic Games | London Chauffeur Limo Service&quot;]. Panamerican Chauffeurs. 6 July 2005. Archived from [http://www.panamericanchauffeurs.com/london_olympics_2012_airport_transfers.html the original] on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; However, na dem build £77 million relief road wey dey connect Weymouth to Dorchester wey dem gbele am insyd 2011.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/dorset/6529709.stm &quot;Go-ahead won for £77m relief road&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 5 April 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071006044624/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/dorset/6529709.stm Archived] from the original on 6 October 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-dorset-12769307 &quot;Weymouth Olympic relief road is opened&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 17 March 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110919012001/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-dorset-12769307 Archived] from the original on 19 September 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem put aside sam £16 million give de rest of de improvements.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/dorset/8323724.stm &quot;Olympics road plans put on show&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 24 October 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027053339/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/dorset/8323724.stm Archived] from the original on 27 October 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

TfL create promotional campaign den website, ''Get Ahead of the Games'', make e help provide information wey relate to transport during de Olympics den Paralympics. Thru de campaign, TfL sanso encourage de use of cycling as mode of transport.&lt;ref&gt;Gardner, Jasmine (26 July 2012). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/the-olympic-commute-get-ahead-of-the-games-by-bike-7978591.html &quot;The Olympic commute... Get ahead of the Games by bike&quot;]. ''London Evening Standard''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120803001316/http://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/the-olympic-commute-get-ahead-of-the-games-by-bike-7978591.html Archived] from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem create temporary terminal for Heathrow Airport make dem use am by 10,100 athletes wey dey depart after de Games. Na dem dey expect up to 35% more bags dan normal for 13 August, wich na dem predict make e be de busiest day insyd de airport ein history, according to Nick Cole, head of Olympic den Paralympic planning for Heathrow.

=== Cost den financing ===
Study wey komot Oxford University find say de sports-related costs of London 2012 amount to US$15 billion, compare plus $4.6 billion give Rio 2016, $40–44 billion give Beijing 2008, den $51 billion give Sochi 2014 (de most expensive Olympics insyd history). London 2012 go over budget by 76% for real terms, dem measure from bid go completion. Na de cost per athlete be $1.4 million.&lt;ref&gt;Flyvbjerg, Bent; Stewart, Allison; Budzier, Alexander (2016). ''The Oxford Olympics Study 2016: Cost and Cost Overrun at the Games''. Saïd Business School, University of Oxford. arXiv:[[arxiv:1607.04484|1607.04484]]. doi:[[doi:10.2139/ssrn.2804554|10.2139/ssrn.2804554]]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-5068 1556-5068]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156794182 156794182]. SSRN [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2804554 2804554].&lt;/ref&gt; Dis no dey include wider costs give urban den transport infrastructure, wich often equal anaa exceed de sports-related costs.

Na de costs of staging de Games be separate from those give building de venues den infrastructure den redeveloping de land give de Olympic Park. While na dem privately fund de Games, na dem largely finance de venues den infrastructure dem use public money.

According to ''The Wall Street Journal'', na de original budget give de Games dem increase to about £9.3 billion (US$15.28&amp;nbsp;billion) insyd 2007.&lt;ref&gt;Pearman, Hugh (24 July 2012). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303754904577532921054250902 &quot;These Knock-Down, Shrinkable Games&quot;]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. p. D6. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014235/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303754904577532921054250902 Archived] from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem announce de revised figures to de House of Commons for 15 March 2007 by Tessa Jowell. Along plus East End regeneration costs, na de breakdown be:

* Dey build de venues den infrastructure – £5.3 billion
* Elite sport den Paralympic funding – £400 million
* Security den policing – £600 million
* Regeneration of de Lower Lea Valley – £1.7 billion
* Contingency fund&amp;nbsp;– £2.7&amp;nbsp;billion

=== Volunteers ===
Unpaid volunteers dem know as Games Makers perform variety of tasks before den during de Games.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120424201321/http://www.london2012.com/volunteer &quot;Volunteering – Making the Games happen&quot;]. London 2012. Archived from [http://www.london2012.com/volunteer the original] on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem set up target of 70,000 volunteers as early as 2004.&lt;ref&gt;Shifrin, Tash (10 February 2004). [https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/feb/10/volunteering &quot;Olympic appeal as volunteer target hit&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. London. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193705/http://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/feb/10/volunteering Archived] from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Wen recruitment take place insyd 2010, na dem receive more dan 240,000 applications.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120424204030/http://www.london2012.com/get-involved/volunteer/london-2012-games-makers/10-games-maker-facts.php &quot;10 Games Maker facts&quot;]. London 2012. Archived from [http://www.london2012.com/get-involved/volunteer/london-2012-games-makers/10-games-maker-facts.php the original] on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Sebastian Coe say insyd February 2012, &quot;Our Games Makers will contribute a total of around eight million volunteer hours during the Games and the Games simply wouldn't happen without them&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/9061305/London-2012-Olympics-volunteers-training-day-at-Wembley-Stadium-as-they-prepare-for-Games.html &quot;Volunteers training day at Wembley Stadium as they prepare for Games&quot;]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. London. 4 February 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120206234020/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/9061305/London-2012-Olympics-volunteers-training-day-at-Wembley-Stadium-as-they-prepare-for-Games.html Archived] from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; De volunteers wear clothing wey include purple den red polo shirts den jackets, beige trousers, grey socks den grey-and-white trainers, wich dem collect from de Uniform Distribution and Accreditation Centre. Volunteers sanso wear photo accreditation badges wey na officials, athletes, family members den media sanso wear dem, wich gain dem access to specific venues den buildings around de site.

=== Ticketing ===
Organisers estimate sam 8 million tickets go be available give de Olympic Games,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070202155136/http://www.london2012.org/en/ourvision/Ticketing.htm &quot;Just the ticket&quot;]. ''London 2012''. Archived from [http://www.london2012.org/en/ourvision/Ticketing.htm the original] on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; den 1.5 million tickets give de Paralympic Games.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; LOCOG aim make dem raise £375–£400 million for ticket sales insyd. Na der sanso be free events such as marathon, triathlon den road cycling,&lt;ref&gt;[https://abcnews.go.com/Travel/wireStory?id=10171244 &quot;London Opens Ticket Process for 2012 Olympics&quot;]. ''ABC News''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100325093452/https://abcnews.go.com/Travel/wireStory?id=10171244 Archived] from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; although, for de first time insyd Olympic history, dem ticket de sailing events.&lt;ref&gt;ISAF (28 July 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111020014531/http://www.sailing.org/london2012/news/36364.php &quot;ISAF: London 2012 Olympic Games Sailing Competition: What Is The Weymouth And Portland International Regatta?&quot;]. Sailing.org. Archived from [http://www.sailing.org/london2012/news/36364.php the original] on 20 October 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Eventually, dem sell more dan 7,000,000 tickets.&lt;ref&gt;Adam, Karla (30 July 2012). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/at-london-olympics-empty-seats-have-organizers-scrambling-giving-away-tickets-to-children-and-soldiers/2012/07/29/gJQA6YVBJX_story.html &quot;At London Olympics, empty seats have organizers scrambling, giving away tickets to children and soldiers&quot;]. ''The Washington Post''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170719170354/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/at-london-olympics-empty-seats-have-organizers-scrambling-giving-away-tickets-to-children-and-soldiers/2012/07/29/gJQA6YVBJX_story.html Archived] from the original on 19 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Dey follow IOC rules, people apply for tickets from de NOC of dema country of residence. Na European Union residents be able make dem apply for tickets insyd any EU country.&lt;ref&gt;Lynn, Guy (22 May 2012). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-18161743 &quot;Ukrainian Olympic official 'willing to sell tickets to black market'&quot;]. ''BBC News''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120607222537/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-18161743 Archived] from the original on 7 June 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd Great Britain, ticket prices range from £20 for chaw events to £2,012 for de most expensive seats for de opening ceremony. Na dem give sam free tickets to military personnel as part of de Tickets For Troops scheme,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13758141 &quot;Olympic tickets offered to UK Armed Forces members&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 14 June 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110824064608/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13758141 Archived] from the original on 24 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; as well as to survivors den families of those wey die during de 7 July 2005 London bombings.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-13302220 &quot;2012 Olympic tickets for 7/7 bomb attack victims&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 6 May 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719233157/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-13302220 Archived] from the original on 19 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Initially, na people be able make dem apply for tickets via website from 15 March til 26 April 2011. Na der be huge demand for tickets, plus demand of more dan three times de number of tickets available.&lt;ref&gt;Bond, David (27 April 2011). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/13209306 &quot;London 2012 Olympic ticket demand passes 20m&quot;]. ''BBC News''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170806103645/http://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/13209306 Archived] from the original on 6 August 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14008482 &quot;750,000 Olympics tickets sold in 'second chance' round&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 3 July 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110825091749/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14008482 Archived] from the original on 25 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; For 11 May 2012 round of nearly one million &quot;second chance&quot; tickets go on sale over 10-day period between 23 June den 3 July 2011.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14066068 &quot;Olympic tickets on sale in 'second chance' phase&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 11 July 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718201248/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14066068 Archived] from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Na about 1.7 million tickets be available for football den 600,000 give oda sports, wey dey include archery, field hockey, football, judo, boxing den volleyball. Na ten sports sell out by 8 am of de first day.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13918958 &quot;2012 Hopefuls miss out on tickets&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 26 June 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110830050722/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13918958 Archived] from the original on 30 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Countdown ===
[[File:The_Olympic_Clock_in_Trafalgar_Square_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2762728.jpg|thumb|De Countdown Clock insyd Trafalgar Square]]
During de closing ceremony of the 2008 Olympics, na dem formally hand over de Olympic Flag from de Mayor of Beijing to de Mayor of London. Na dis be follow by section dem dey highlight London.&lt;ref&gt;Eight minute wonder (17 June 2008). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2008/06/17/adrian_eight_minutes_feature.shtml &quot;The BBC&quot;]. BBC. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090110133956/http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2008/06/17/adrian_eight_minutes_feature.shtml Archived] from the original on 10 January 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; One month later, na dem raise de Olympic den Paralympic flags outsyd de London City Hall.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120113113104/http://legacy.london.gov.uk/view_press_release.jsp?releaseid=18998 &quot;1948 Olympians and 2012 hopefuls join Beijing heroes as Olympic and Paralympic flags raised at City Hall&quot;]. Legacy.london.gov.uk. 26 September 2008. Archived from [http://legacy.london.gov.uk/view_press_release.jsp?releaseid=18998 the original] on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dem unveil countdown clock insyd Trafalgar Square, 500 days before de Games.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-12749912 &quot;London 2012 countdown clock stops in Trafalgar Square&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 15 March 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110318075539/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-12749912 Archived] from the original on 18 March 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Murray, Scott; Murrells, Katy (27 July 2011). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/london-2012-olympics-blog/2011/jul/27/london-2012-year-to-go &quot;London 2012: The 'One Year To Go' Celebrations – as they happened&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. London. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170104081343/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/london-2012-olympics-blog/2011/jul/27/london-2012-year-to-go Archived] from the original on 4 January 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Na ebe two-sided clock plus de Paralympic countdown for de oda syd. De countdown to de start of de Olympics begin plus ceremony for de lighting of de Olympic flame insyd Olympia, Greece.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120510144844/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/london-olympics/Olympic-flame-lit-for-London-Games/articleshow/13079554.cms &quot;Olympic flame lit for London Games&quot;]. ''The Times Of India''. Archived from [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/london-olympics/Olympic-flame-lit-for-London-Games/articleshow/13079554.cms the original] on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Security ===
De police lead de security operation (dem name am '''Operation Olympics''' by de Ministry of Defence), plus 10,000 officers available, support by 13,500 members of de British Armed Forces. Na dem deploy naval den air assets as part of de security operation, wey dey include ships situate insyd de Thames, Typhoon fighter jets den surface-to-air missiles;&lt;ref&gt;[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm5801/cmselect/cmdfence/357/full-report.html &quot;Manpower or mindset: Defence's contribution to the UK's pandemic response&quot;]. ''publications.parliament.uk''. 25 March 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211205222331/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm5801/cmselect/cmdfence/357/full-report.html Archived] from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2021. &lt;q&gt;'''Operation Olympics''' | 2012 | Wide-ranging support to delivery of the London Olympic [Games]&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; na ebe de biggest security operation Britain face insyd decades. De cost of security increased from £282 million to £553 million, wey na de figure of 13,500 armed forces personnel be greater dan de number dem deploy for de time insyd Afghanistan.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16195861 &quot;London 2012: 13,500 troops to provide Olympic security&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 15 December 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111216022738/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16195861 Archived] from the original on 16 December 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; De Metropolitan Police den de Royal Marines carry out security exercises for preparation give de Olympics for 19 January 2012, plus 50 marine police officers for rigid inflatables insyd den fast response boats, join by up to 100 military personnel den Royal Navy Lynx helicopter.&lt;ref&gt;Seida, Jim (19 January 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120315020234/http://photoblog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/01/19/10192015-metropolitan-police-and-the-royal-marines-perform-security-exercises-in-preparation-for-london-olympics &quot;Metropolitan Police and the Royal Marines perform security exercises in preparation for London Olympics&quot;]. ''msnbc.com''. Archived from [https://photoblog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/01/19/10192015-metropolitan-police-and-the-royal-marines-perform-security-exercises-in-preparation-for-london-olympics the original] on 15 March 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

De Ministry of Defence distribute leaflets to residents of de Lexington building insyd Bow, dey announce say na dem station missile system for de top of de water tower.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Booth, Robert (29 April 2012). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/apr/29/london-rooftops-missiles-olympic-games &quot;London rooftops to carry missiles during Olympic Games&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. London. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131113192000/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/apr/29/london-rooftops-missiles-olympic-games Archived] from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120429213246/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/news/9234544/London-Olympics-2012-MoD-rooftop-missile-base-plan-alarms-local-residents.html &quot;London Olympics 2012: MoD rooftop missile base plan alarms local residents&quot;]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. London. 29 April 2012. Archived from [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/news/9234544/London-Olympics-2012-MoD-rooftop-missile-base-plan-alarms-local-residents.html the original] on 29 April 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Dis cause concern to sam residents.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; De Ministry say e go probably use Starstreak missiles wey na site evaluations take place, buh dat no final decision take place.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Medals ===
[[File:USA_London_2012_Silver_Medal_Front.jpg|thumb|246x246px|Front of de Silver Medal win by de USA.]]
Approximately de Royal Mint produce 4,700&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111025002237/http://www.royalmint.com/Corporate/media/London-2012-Olympic-games-victory-medals.aspx &quot;London 2012 Olympic Games victory medals to be made by the Royal Mint&quot;]. Royalmint.com. Archived from [http://www.royalmint.com/Corporate/media/London-2012-Olympic-games-victory-medals.aspx the original] on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Olympic den Paralympic medals for Llantrisant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-11989437 &quot;London 2012 medals deal struck for Royal Mint in Llantrisant&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 14 December 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120223050218/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-11989437 Archived] from the original on 23 February 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; David Watkins (Olympics) den Lin Cheung (Paralympics) design dem.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-15475942 &quot;London 2012: Olympic medals go into production in Wales&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 27 October 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111228155844/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-15475942 Archived] from the original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Rio Tinto wey komot sam mine insyd Salt Lake County, Utah insyd de U. S. donate 99% of de gold, silver den copper.&lt;ref&gt;Hollenhorst, John (13 June 2012). [http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&amp;sid=20827055 &quot;Kennecott donating $7.3 million in gold, silver, bronze for Olympics&quot;]. KSL.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120624071037/http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&amp;sid=20827055 Archived] from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; De 1% wey remain cam from Mongolian mine.&lt;ref&gt;[http://sg.news.yahoo.com/mongolia-goes-gold-london-medals-192955303--finance.html &quot;Mongolia goes for gold with London medals – Yahoo! News Singapore&quot;]. Sg.news.yahoo.com. 18 July 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121024195417/http://sg.news.yahoo.com/mongolia-goes-gold-london-medals-192955303--finance.html Archived] from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Each medal dey weigh 375-400 g (13.2-14.1 oz), wey e get diameter of 85 mm (3.3 in) wey e be 7 mm (0.28 in) thick, wey dem engrave de sport den discipline for de rim top.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18677289 &quot;London 2012: Olympic medals locked in Tower&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 2 July 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120704142244/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18677289 Archived] from the original on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; De obverse, as be traditional, dey feature Nike, de Greek goddess of victory, wey dey step from de Panathinaiko Stadium wey host de first modern Olympic Games insyd 1896, plus Parthenon insyd de background; de reverse dey feature de Games logo, de River Thames den series of lines wey dey represent &quot;the energy of athletes and a sense of pulling together&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14291544 &quot;London 2012: Olympic medals timeline&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 26 July 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727171350/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14291544 Archived] from the original on 27 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem tranfer de medals to de Tower of London vaults for 2 July 2012 for storage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Each gold medal be 92.5 percent silver den 1.34 percent gold, plus de remainder copper. De silver medal be 92.5 percent silver, plus de remainder copper. De bronze medal be made up of 97 percent copper, 2.5 percent zinc, den 0.5 per cent tin.&lt;ref&gt;DeMarco, Anthony (26 July 2012). [https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2012/07/26/a-closer-look-at-the-olympic-gold-medal/ &quot;London's Olympic Gold Medal Worth The Most In The History Of The Games&quot;]. ''Forbes''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120729232146/http://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2012/07/26/a-closer-look-at-the-olympic-gold-medal/ Archived] from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de value of de materials insyd de gold medal be about £410 (US$644), de silver about £210 (US$330), den se bronze about £3 (US$4.71) as of 30 July 2012.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120731232433/http://olympics.yardbarker.com/blog/olympics/article/how_much_is_a_medal_actually_worth_not_as_much_as_youd_think/11334214 &quot;How much is a medal actually worth? Not as much as you'd think&quot;]. ''Yardbarker.com''. 30 July 2012. Archived from [http://olympics.yardbarker.com/blog/olympics/article/how_much_is_a_medal_actually_worth_not_as_much_as_youd_think/11334214 the original] on 31 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Torch relay ===
De Olympics torch relay run from 19 May to 27 July 2012, before de Games. Na dem develop plans give se relay insyd 2010–11, plus de torch-bearer selection process dem announce for 18 May 2011.&lt;ref&gt;Magnay, Jacquelin (17 May 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110521045410/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/olympics/8518637/London-2012-Olympics-torch-relay-should-focus-on-youth-says-Locog.html &quot;London 2012 torch relay should focus on youth&quot;]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. London. Archived from [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/olympics/8518637/London-2012-Olympics-torch-relay-should-focus-on-youth-says-Locog.html the original] on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Edward Barber den Jay Osgerby design de torch.

For 18 May 2012 de Olympic flame arrive for RNAS Culdrose insyd Cornwall from Greece&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110608061845/http://www.london2012.com/olympic-torch-relay &quot;The Olympic Torch Relay&quot;]. London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. 18 May 2011. Archived from [http://www.london2012.com/olympic-torch-relay the original] on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; for flight BA2012, operate by British Airways Airbus A319 dem name am &quot;Firefly&quot;. De relay last 70 days, plus 66 evening celebrations den six island visits, wey dem involve sam 8,000 people wey dey carry de torch about 8,000 mi (12,875 km), wey dey start from Land's End insyd Cornwall.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13426353 &quot;London 2012 Olympic torch relay route revealed&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 18 May 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110518081518/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13426353 Archived] from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; De torch get three days outsyd de United Kingdom wen e visit de Isle of Man for 2 June, Dublin insyd Ireland, for 6 June,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2011/1208/breaking40.html &quot;Dublin to host Olympic Torch&quot;]. ''The Irish Times''. Dublin. Reuters. 8 December 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111211165912/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2011/1208/breaking40.html Archived] from the original on 11 December 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; wey both Guernsey den Jersey for 15 July.

De relay focus for National Heritage Sites, locations plus sporting significance, key sporting events, schools dem register plus de Get Set School Network, green spaces den biodiversity, Live Sites (city locations plus large screens), den festivals den oda events.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030062212/http://london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/lcsg/docs/openmeetings/20091102/presentation3.pdf &quot;London Culture and 2012 Open Meeting&quot;] (PDF). Greater London Authority. Archived from [http://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/lcsg/docs/openmeetings/20091102/presentation3.pdf the original] (PDF) on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Dumfries den Galloway be de Region per insyd de whole of de United Kingdom wey get make de Olympic Torch pass thru am twice. Group of young athletes, dem nominate by retired Olympic athletes, run de torch around de stadium. Na dese torchbearers be Callum Airlie, Jordan Duckitt, Desiree Henry, Katie Kirk, Cameron MacRitchie, Aidan Reynolds, den Adelle Tracey. Togeda de torchbearers each light petal wey spread de fire to de 204 petals of de cauldron, wey dey represent de countries wey dem participate insyd de Games.&lt;ref&gt;Urquhart, Conal; Davies, Lizzy (28 July 2012). [http://www.guardian.co.uk/ &quot;Olympic Torchbearers who lit cauldron kept it secret from parents&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120214064224/http://www.guardian.co.uk/ Archived] from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Thomas Heatherwick design de cauldron 

=== Environmental policy ===
Na dem plan de Olympic Park make e incorporate 45 hectares of wildlife habitat, plus total of 525 bird boxes den 150 bat boxes. Na dem enhance local waterways den riverbanks as part of de process.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090309051828/http://www.london2012.com/news/archive/2009-02/new-biodiversity-plan-sets-out-future-for-olympic-park-wildlife.php &quot;New biodiversity plan sets out future for Olympic Park wildlife&quot;]. ''London 2012''. 27 February 2009. Archived from [http://www.london2012.com/news/archive/2009-02/new-biodiversity-plan-sets-out-future-for-olympic-park-wildlife.php the original] on 9 March 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Renewable energy sanso feature for de Olympics. Na dem originally plan make dem provide 20% of de energy give de Olympic Park den Village from renewable technologies; however, na dem achieve 9% per of am.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-13034546 &quot;London 2012 Olympics 'to miss renewable energy target'&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 11 April 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110528023613/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-13034546 Archived] from the original on 28 May 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Proposals make dem meet de original target include large-scale on-site wind turbines den hydroelectric generators insyd de River Thames, buh na dem scrap dese plans for safety reasons.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10234665 &quot;Olympic Games site wind turbine scrapped&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 4 June 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110519213657/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10234665 Archived] from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; De focus subsequently move to make dem dey install solar panels for sam buildings top, den dey provide de opportunity make dem recover energy from waste. Wer na dem no fi reuse am anaa recycle am, food packaging for use for de Olympics— wey dey include fast-food wrappers, sandwich boxes den drink cartons—na de  make am from compostable materials like starch den cellulose-based bioplastics. After use, na chaw of dese materials be suitable give anaerobic digestion (AD), wey dey allow dem make dem make dem into renewable energy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606000417/http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/news/compostable-bioplastics-set-for-big-win-at-london-olympics &quot;Compostable bioplastics set for big win at London Olympics&quot;]. ''NNFCC''. 31 May 2011. Archived from [http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/news/compostable-bioplastics-set-for-big-win-at-london-olympics the original] on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Post-Games, na dem relocate buildings like de Water Polo Arena elsewhere. Na dem recycle building parts like roofing covers den membranes of different temporary venues via VinyLoop. Dis allow organisers make dem meet de standards of de Olympic Delivery Authority wey dey concern environmental protection.

London 2012 inaugurate Olympic Games guidelines wey include de recycling of PVC, wich na dem use dem for temporary buildings such as de Basketball Arena den for de temporary parts of permanent venues such as de Olympic Stadium.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120827113019/http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/2009/5/london-2012-seeks-sustainable-solutions-for-temporary-ve-1243087.html &quot;London 2012 seeks sustainable solutions for temporary venues&quot;]. ''London2012''. 5 May 2009. Archived from [http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/2009/5/london-2012-seeks-sustainable-solutions-for-temporary-ve-1243087.html the original] on 27 August 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de Water Polo Arena, na dem make PVC roofing from recycled cushions make e provide insulation.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.eurosport.com/olympics/water-polo-arena_sto3329059/story.shtml &quot;Water Polo Arena&quot;]. ''Eurosport''. 2 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Thru dis recycling process, na dem fulfil de Olympic Games PVC Policy; de policy dey state:&lt;ref&gt;[https://library.olympics.com/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/25798/policy-on-the-use-of-pvc-for-the-london-2012-olympic-and-paralympic-games-olympic-delivery-authority &quot;Policy On The Use Of PVC For The London 2012 Olympic And Paralympic Games&quot;]. ''library.olympics.com''. Olympic Delivery Authority. 2009. p. 4. Retrieved 30 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

: Dem no assure wer London 2012 dey procure PVC for temporary usage anaa wer permanent usage, dem require make London 2012 ensure say der be take-back scheme wey dey offer closed-loop reuse system anaa mechanical recycling system for post-consumer waste.

According to Kirsten Henson, Materials Manager for de London 2012 Olympic Park: &quot;''The majority of temporary facilities created for the Olympic Games including the Aquatic centre temporary stands, basketball arena, Water Polo Arena, and the shooting facilities at the Royal Artillery Barracks, are essentially big tents. Basically, PVC stretched over lightweight steel frame. This design solution makes them efficient to install, reduces the need for any significant foundations and are, of course, reusable. We were challenged by the public around the use of PVC; but we considered it to be the right material for certain functions. We therefore challenged the PVC supply chain to have certain environmental performance criteria in place, including a take back and recycle scheme''.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130308122835/http://www.plasticseurope.org/information-centre/televised-newslinks.aspx &quot;Televised Newslinks: Discussing the Sustainability Legacy of the London Olympic Park&quot;]. ''PlasticsEurope.org''. 22 June 2012. Archived from [http://www.plasticseurope.org/information-centre/televised-newslinks.aspx the original] on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cultural Olympiad ===
[[File:Tower_Bridge_Olympic_Lighting,_London_-_July_2012.jpg|right|thumb|Na dem illuminate Tower Bridge plus de Olympic Rings insyd de week wey dey lead up to de opening ceremony.]]
De Olympic Charter, de set of rules den guidelines give de organization of de Olympic Games den for make dem dey govern de Olympic Movement, dey state say
&lt;blockquote&gt;LOCOG shall organise a programme of cultural events which must cover at least the entire period during which the Olympic Village is open.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Olympic%20Charter/Charter_en_2010.pdf &quot;Olympic Charter&quot;] (PDF). International Olympic Committee. 11 February 2010. p. 80. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110505101457/http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Olympic%20Charter/Charter_en_2010.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

De Cultural Olympiad comprise chaw programmes, plus more dan 500 events spread over four years across de whole of de United Kingdom, den dey culminate insyd de London 2012 Festival.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120321172831/http://www.london2012.com/cultural-olympiad &quot;Cultural Olympiad&quot;]. London 2012. Archived from [http://www.london2012.com/cultural-olympiad the original] on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Brown, Mark (12 March 2012). [https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/mar/12/cultural-olympiad-2012-critical-masses &quot;Cultural Olympiad 2012 reaches the critical masses&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. London. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130829180955/http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/mar/12/cultural-olympiad-2012-critical-masses Archived] from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Opening ceremony ===
[[File:KOCIS_Korea_London_Olympics_TeamKorea_12_(7683500856).jpg|thumb|Fireworks for de opening ceremony]]
Dem title &quot;The Isles of Wonder&quot;, de opening ceremony begin for 21:00 British Summer Time (UTC+1) for 27 July insyd de Olympic Stadium.&lt;ref&gt;[http://blog.oup.com/2012/08/isles-of-wonder-bermuda-avalon-london-2012/ &quot;London 2012 Olympics opening ceremony called 'The Isles of Wonder'&quot;]. Olympics Medal Tally. 27 January 2012. [http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120813181608/http://blog.oup.com/2012/08/isles-of-wonder-bermuda-avalon-london-2012/ Archived] from the original on 13 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Oscar-winning director Danny Boyle be artistic director wey Rick Smith of Underworld be musical director.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20121216134401/http://www.underworldlive.com/news/underworld-announced-as-music-directors-for-the-opening-ceremony-of-the-2012-london-olympic-games &quot;Underworld announced as Music Directors for the opening ceremony of the 2012 London Olympic Games&quot;]. Underworld. n.d. Archived from [http://www.underworldlive.com/news/underworld-announced-as-music-directors-for-the-opening-ceremony-of-the-2012-london-olympic-games the original] on 16 December 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem immediately see de opening ceremony as tremendous success, dem widely praise am as &quot;masterpiece&quot; den &quot;a love letter to Britain&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Dawson, Andy (28 July 2012). [https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-reviews/bbcs-trevor-nelson-stumbles-but-danny-1177361 &quot;Boyle Command Performance is hampered by not-so-clever Trevor&quot;]. ''Daily Mirror''. Retrieved 31 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Goldsmith, Harvey; Phillips, Arlene; Quantick, David; Brown, Mick; Beard, Mary (29 July 2012). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/9434563/London-2012-the-experts-view-of-the-Olympic-opening-ceremony.html &quot;London 2012: the experts' view of the Olympic opening ceremony&quot;]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/9434563/London-2012-the-experts-view-of-the-Olympic-opening-ceremony.html Archived] from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; De principal sections of de artistic display represent Britain ein Industrial Revolution, National Health Service,  literary heritage, popular music den culture, wey dem note dem for dema vibrant storytelling den use of music.

Na Queen Elizabeth II, accompany by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh officially gbele de Games.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19008471 &quot;Young athletes light London 2012 Olympic flame&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 28 July 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193629/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/apr/02/london-2012-daniel-craig-olympics-bond Archived] from the original on 28 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis be de second Olympic Games de Queen personally gbele, de first be insyd 1976 insyd Montreal, Canada. De ceremony feature short comic film wey dey star Daniel Craig as secret agent James Bond den de Queen as einself.&lt;ref&gt;Child, Ben (2 April 2012). [https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/apr/02/london-2012-daniel-craig-olympics-bond &quot;London 2012: Daniel Craig to open Olympics as James Bond&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. London. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193629/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/apr/02/london-2012-daniel-craig-olympics-bond Archived] from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Na der sanso be musical comedy item wey dey star Rowan Atkinson as Mr. Bean wey dey play along plus de London Symphony Orchestra.&lt;ref&gt;Shaw Roberts, Maddy (4 August 2021). [https://www.classicfm.com/artists/london-symphony-orchestra/rowan-atkinson-chariots-of-fire-sketch-2012-olympics/ &quot;The iconic time Mr Bean played 'Chariots of Fire' with London Symphony Orchestra at the 2012 Olympics&quot;]. ''Classic FM''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210919234352/https://www.classicfm.com/artists/london-symphony-orchestra/rowan-atkinson-chariots-of-fire-sketch-2012-olympics/ Archived] from the original on 19 September 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem widely ascribe dese to Britain ein sense of humour.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/london-2012-what-the-world-thought-1178468 &quot;A &quot;noisy, busy, witty, dizzying production&quot;: What the world thought of London 2012's opening ceremony&quot;]. ''Daily Mirror''. 28 July 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Live musical performers include Frank Turner, Dame Evelyn Glennie, Mike Oldfield, Dizzee Rascal, Arctic Monkeys, den Sir Paul McCartney wey perform &quot;Hey Jude&quot; as de closing act.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, Dan (6 June 2012). [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jun/06/paul-mccartney-london-olympics-ceremony &quot;Paul McCartney to close London Olympics opening ceremony&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. London. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193635/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jun/06/paul-mccartney-london-olympics-ceremony Archived] from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hirst, Michael; Minard, Jenny; Jeavans, Christine (27 July 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120727203543/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18906710 &quot;London Olympic Games opening ceremony&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. Archived from [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18906710 the original] on 27 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Broadcast live for BBC One top, de ceremony attract peak viewing audience of over 27 million insyd de UK.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barb.co.uk/whats-new/weekly-top-30 &quot;Weekly Top 3 Programmes w/e 29 Jul 2012&quot;]. ''BARB''. 10 August 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140919035351/http://www.barb.co.uk/whats-new/weekly-top-30 Archived] from the original on 19 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Closing ceremony ===
Na dem hold de closing ceremony for 12 August. E feature flashback fiesta to British music plus The Who wey close de performance. De ceremony sanso include handover of de Olympic flag by Boris Johnson, Mayor of London, to Eduardo Paes, Mayor of Rio de Janeiro, de host city of de 2016 Summer Olympics.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120718061942/http://www.london2012.com/spectators/ceremonies/closing-ceremony/ &quot;Closing Ceremony&quot;]. London 2012. Archived from [http://www.london2012.com/spectators/ceremonies/closing-ceremony/ the original] on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd ein closing address, Jacques Rogge describe de Games as &quot;happy and glorious&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== De Games ==
===National Olympic Committees wey dey participate===
[[File:2012 Summer olympics team numbers.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.8|Number of athletes wey dey participate by country
{|
|300+
|100–299
|30–99
|10–29
|4–9
|1–3
|}]]
[[File:2012 Summer Olympic games countries.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.8|Countries wey dey participate:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00ff7f;&quot;&gt;Green&lt;/span&gt; = Na dem previously participate; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#707070;&quot;&gt;Grey&lt;/span&gt; = Dey participate for first time; Yellow circle be host city (London)]]

Around 10,500 athletes wey komot 206 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) take part,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; (85 countries acquire for least one medal: gold, silver anaa bronze) dey surpass de 1948 Summer Olympics insyd London den de 2002 Commonwealth Games insyd Manchester as de largest multi-sport event ever make dem hold insyd de United Kingdom.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20120918203441/http://www.london2012.com/medals/medal-count/ &quot;London 2012 Medal count&quot;]. ''London2012.com''. Archived from [http://www.london2012.com/medals/medal-count/ the original] on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Three athletes wey komot de Netherlands Antilles, wich wey na dem dissolve de territory insyd 2010 wey e lost ein recognition during 123rd IOC session dem hold during July 2011, den one athlete wey komot [[South Sudan]], wich na dem recognize dema NOC isydn 2015, dem participate as two independent athletes teams under de Olympic flag.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHO&quot;&gt;[http://www.olympic.org/ioc?articlenewsgroup=-1&amp;articleid=133159 &quot;Curtain comes down on 123rd IOC Session&quot;]. IOC. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140606195922/http://www.olympic.org/ioc?articlenewsgroup=-1&amp;articleid=133159 Archived] from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
!National Olympic Committees wey dey participate
|-
|
* Afghanistan (6)
* Albania (9)
* Algeria (38)
* American Samoa (4)
* Andorra (6)
* Angola (33)
* Antigua and Barbuda (4)
* Argentina (137)
* Armenia (24)
* Aruba (4)
* Australia (405)
* Austria (70)
* Azerbaijan (52)
* Bahamas (21)
* Bahrain (12)
* Bangladesh (5)
* Barbados (6)
* Belarus (160)
* Belgium (111)
* Belize (3)
* Benin (5)
* Bermuda (8)
* Bhutan (2)
* Bolivia (5)
* Bosnia and Herzegovina (6)
* Botswana (4)
* Brazil (248)
* British Virgin Islands (2)
* Brunei (3)
* Bulgaria (63)
* Burkina Faso (5)
* Burundi (6)
* Cambodia (6)
* Cameroon (32)
* Canada (273)
* Cape Verde (3)
* Cayman Islands (4)
* Central African Republic (6)
* Chad (2)
* Chile (35)
* China (376)
* Colombia (101)
* Comoros (3)
* Republic of the Congo (7)
* Democratic Republic of the Congo (4)
* Cook Islands (8)
* Costa Rica (11)
* Croatia (107)
* Cuba (109)
* Cyprus (13)
* Czech Republic (133)
* Denmark (114)
* Djibouti (4)
* Dominica (2)
* Dominican Republic (33)
* Ecuador (36)
* Egypt (109)
* El Salvador (10)
* Equatorial Guinea (2)
* Eritrea (12)
* Estonia (32)
* Ethiopia (33)
* Fiji (9)
* Finland (56)
* France (324)
* Gabon (21)
* The Gambia (2)
* Georgia (34)
* Germany (383)
* Ghana (7)
* Great Britain (530) '''(host)'''
* Greece (102)
* Grenada (8)
* Guam (8)
* Guatemala (19)
* Guinea (4)
* Guinea-Bissau (4)
* Guyana (6)
* Haiti (5)
* Honduras (25)
* Hong Kong (41)
* Hungary (152)
* Iceland (27)
* Independent Olympic Athletes (4)
* India (81)
* Indonesia (22)
* Iran (52)
* Iraq (8)
* Ireland (64)
* Israel (37)
* Italy (281)
* Ivory Coast (9)
* Jamaica (45)
* Japan (291)
* Jordan (9)
* Kazakhstan (113)
* Kenya (47)
* Kiribati (3)
* North Korea (52)
* South Korea (250)
* Kuwait (10)
* Kyrgyzstan (14)
* Laos (3)
* Latvia (45)
* Lebanon (10)
* Lesotho (4)
* Liberia (3)
* Libya (4)
* Liechtenstein (3)
* Lithuania (62)
* Luxembourg (9)
* Macedonia (4)
* Madagascar (7)
* Malawi (3)
* Malaysia (29)
* Maldives (5)
* Mali (6)
* Malta (5)
* Marshall Islands (4)
* Mauritania (2)
* Mauritius (11)
* Mexico (99)
* Federated States of Micronesia (6)
* Moldova (20)
* Monaco (6)
* Mongolia (29)
* Montenegro (33)
* Morocco (63)
* Mozambique (6)
* Myanmar (6)
* Namibia (9)
* Nauru (2)
* Nepal (5)
* Netherlands (173)
* New Zealand (178)
* Nicaragua (6)
* Niger (6)
* Nigeria (49)
* Norway (61)
* Oman (3)
* Pakistan (21)
* Palau (5)
* Palestine (5)
* Panama (8)
* Papua New Guinea (8)
* Paraguay (8)
* Peru (16)
* Philippines (11)
* Poland (210)
* Portugal (76)
* Puerto Rico (25)
* Qatar (12)
* Romania (105)
* Russia (429)
* Rwanda (7)
* Saint Kitts and Nevis (4)
* Saint Lucia (4)
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (3)
* Samoa (8)
* San Marino (4)
* São Tomé and Príncipe (2)
* Saudi Arabia (19)
* Senegal (31)
* Serbia (116)
* Seychelles (6)
* Sierra Leone (2)
* Singapore (23)
* Slovakia (47)
* Slovenia (65)
* Solomon Islands (4)
* Somalia (2)
* South Africa (124)
* Spain (278)
* Sri Lanka (7)
* Sudan (6)
* Suriname (5)
* Swaziland (3)
* Sweden (133)
* Switzerland (98)
* Syria (10)
* Chinese Taipei (44)
* Tajikistan (16)
* Tanzania (6)
* Thailand (37)
* East Timor (2)
* Togo (6)
* Tonga (3)
* Trinidad and Tobago (25)
* Tunisia (83)
* Turkey (112)
* Turkmenistan (10)
* Tuvalu (3)
* Uganda (15)
* Ukraine (230)
* United Arab Emirates (26)
* United States (530)
* Uruguay (27)
* Uzbekistan (53)
* Vanuatu (5)
* Venezuela (68)
* Vietnam (18)
* Virgin Islands (7)
* Yemen (4)
* Zambia (7)
* Zimbabwe (7)
|}

==== Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee ====
10,768 athletes wey komot 204 NOCs
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
!IOC Letter Code
!Country
!Athletes
|-
|GBR
|Great Britain
|541
|-
|USA
|United States
|530
|-
|RUS
|Russia
|436
|-
|AUS
|Australia
|410
|-
|GER
|Germany
|392
|-
|CHN
|China
|390
|-
|FRA
|France
|330
|-
|JPN
|Japan
|293
|-
|ITA
|Italy
|284
|-
|ESP
|Spain
|278
|-
|CAN
|Canada
|277
|-
|BRA
|Brazil
|258
|-
|KOR
|South Korea
|245
|-
|UKR
|Ukraine
|237
|-
|POL
|Poland
|218
|-
|NZL
|New Zealand
|184
|-
|NED
|Netherlands
|175
|-
|BLR
|Belarus
|165
|-
|HUN
|Hungary
|157
|-
|ARG
|Argentina
|137
|-
|SWE
|Sweden
|134
|-
|CZE
|Czech Republic
|133
|-
|RSA
|South Africa
|125
|-
|BEL
|Belgium
|115
|-
|SRB
|Serbia
|115
|-
|KAZ
|Kazakhstan
|114
|-
|TUR
|Turkey
|114
|-
|DEN
|Denmark
|113
|-
|EGY
|Egypt
|113
|-
|CUB
|Cuba
|110
|-
|CRO
|Croatia
|108
|-
|COL
|Colombia
|104
|-
|GRE
|Greece
|103
|-
|ROU
|Romania
|103
|-
|MEX
|Mexico
|102
|-
|SUI
|Switzerland
|102
|-
|IND
|India
|83
|-
|TUN
|Tunisia
|83
|-
|POR
|Portugal
|77
|-
|AUT
|Austria
|70
|-
|VEN
|Venezuela
|70
|-
|MAR
|Morocco
|67
|-
|IRL
|Ireland
|66
|-
|SLO
|Slovenia
|65
|-
|NOR
|Norway
|64
|-
|BUL
|Bulgaria
|63
|-
|LTU
|Lithuania
|62
|-
|FIN
|Finland
|55
|-
|NGR
|Nigeria
|55
|-
|UZB
|Uzbekistan
|54
|-
|AZE
|Azerbaijan
|53
|-
|IRI
|Iran
|53
|-
|PRK
|North Korea
|51
|-
|JAM
|Jamaica
|50
|-
|KEN
|Kenya
|47
|-
|SVK
|Slovakia
|47
|-
|LAT
|Latvia
|46
|-
|TPE
|Chinese Taipei
|44
|-
|ALG
|Algeria
|42
|-
|HKG
|Hong Kong
|42
|-
|ISR
|Israel
|37
|-
|THA
|Thailand
|37
|-
|ECU
|Ecuador
|36
|-
|CHI
|Chile
|35
|-
|DOM
|Dominican Republic
|35
|-
|ETH
|Ethiopia
|35
|-
|GEO
|Georgia
|35
|-
|ANG
|Angola
|34
|-
|CMR
|Cameroon
|33
|-
|EST
|Estonia
|33
|-
|MNE
|Montenegro
|33
|-
|SEN
|Senegal
|31
|-
|MAS
|Malaysia
|30
|-
|TRI
|Trinidad and Tobago
|30
|-
|MGL
|Mongolia
|29
|-
|URU
|Uruguay
|29
|-
|HON
|Honduras
|27
|-
|ISL
|Iceland
|27
|-
|UAE
|United Arab Emirates
|26
|-
|ARM
|Armenia
|25
|-
|PUR
|Puerto Rico
|25
|-
|BAH
|Bahamas
|24
|-
|GAB
|Gabon
|24
|-
|SIN
|Singapore
|23
|-
|INA
|Indonesia
|22
|-
|MDA
|Moldova
|22
|-
|PAK
|Pakistan
|21
|-
|GUA
|Guatemala
|19
|-
|KSA
|Saudi Arabia
|19
|-
|VIE
|Vietnam
|18
|-
|PER
|Peru
|16
|-
|TJK
|Tajikistan
|16
|-
|UGA
|Uganda
|16
|-
|KGZ
|Kyrgyzstan
|14
|-
|CYP
|Cyprus
|13
|-
|ALB
|Albania
|12
|-
|BRN
|Bahrain
|12
|-
|ERI
|Eritrea
|12
|-
|QAT
|Qatar
|12
|-
|CRC
|Costa Rica
|11
|-
|KUW
|Kuwait
|11
|-
|MRI
|Mauritius
|11
|-
|PHI
|Philippines
|11
|-
|CIV
|Ivory Coast
|10
|-
|ESA
|El Salvador
|10
|-
|GRN
|Grenada
|10
|-
|LIB
|Lebanon
|10
|-
|SYR
|Syria
|10
|-
|TKM
|Turkmenistan
|10
|-
|FIJ
|Fiji
|9
|-
|GHA
|Ghana
|9
|-
|JOR
|Jordan
|9
|-
|LUX
|Luxembourg
|9
|-
|NAM
|Namibia
|9
|-
|BER
|Bermuda
|8
|-
|COK
|Cook Islands
|8
|-
|GUM
|Guam
|8
|-
|IRQ
|Iraq
|8
|-
|PAR
|Paraguay
|8
|-
|PNG
|Papua New Guinea
|8
|-
|SAM
|Samoa
|8
|-
|CGO
|Republic of the Congo
|7
|-
|ISV
|Virgin Islands
|7
|-
|MAD
|Madagascar
|7
|-
|PAN
|Panama
|7
|-
|RWA
|Rwanda
|7
|-
|SKN
|Saint Kitts and Nevis
|7
|-
|SRI
|Sri Lanka
|7
|-
|TAN
|Tanzania
|7
|-
|ZAM
|Zambia
|7
|-
|ZIM
|Zimbabwe
|7
|-
|AFG
|Afghanistan
|6
|-
|AND
|Andorra
|6
|-
|BAR
|Barbados
|6
|-
|BDI
|Burundi
|6
|-
|BIH
|Bosnia and Herzegovina
|6
|-
|BOL
|Bolivia
|6
|-
|CAF
|Central African Republic
|6
|-
|CAM
|Cambodia
|6
|-
|DJI
|Djibouti
|6
|-
|FSM
|Federated States of Micronesia
|6
|-
|GUY
|Guyana
|6
|-
|MLI
|Mali
|6
|-
|MON
|Monaco
|6
|-
|MOZ
|Mozambique
|6
|-
|MYA
|Myanmar
|6
|-
|NCA
|Nicaragua
|6
|-
|NIG
|Niger
|6
|-
|SEY
|Seychelles
|6
|-
|SUD
|Sudan
|6
|-
|TOG
|Togo
|6
|-
|ANT
|Antigua and Barbuda
|5
|-
|ASA
|American Samoa
|5
|-
|BAN
|Bangladesh
|5
|-
|BEN
|Benin
|5
|-
|BUR
|Burkina Faso
|5
|-
|CAY
|Cayman Islands
|5
|-
|HAI
|Haiti
|5
|-
|LBA
|Libya
|5
|-
|MDV
|Maldives
|5
|-
|MLT
|Malta
|5
|-
|NEP
|Nepal
|5
|-
|PLE
|Palestine
|5
|-
|PLW
|Palau
|5
|-
|SUR
|Suriname
|5
|-
|VAN
|Vanuatu
|5
|-
|ARU
|Aruba
|4
|-
|BOT
|Botswana
|4
|-
|COD
|Democratic Republic of the Congo
|4
|-
|GBS
|Guinea-Bissau
|4
|-
|GUI
|Guinea
|4
|-
|IOA
|Independent Olympic Athletes
|4
|-
|LBR
|Liberia
|4
|-
|LCA
|Saint Lucia
|4
|-
|LES
|Lesotho
|4
|-
|MHL
|Marshall Islands
|4
|-
|MKD
|Macedonia
|4
|-
|OMA
|Oman
|4
|-
|SMR
|San Marino
|4
|-
|SOL
|Solomon Islands
|4
|-
|YEM
|Yemen
|4
|-
|BIZ
|Belize
|3
|-
|BRU
|Brunei
|3
|-
|CHA
|Chad
|3
|-
|COM
|Comoros
|3
|-
|CPV
|Cape Verde
|3
|-
|KIR
|Kiribati
|3
|-
|LAO
|Laos
|3
|-
|LIE
|Liechtenstein
|3
|-
|MAW
|Malawi
|3
|-
|SWZ
|Swaziland
|3
|-
|TGA
|Tonga
|3
|-
|TUV
|Tuvalu
|3
|-
|VIN
|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
|3
|-
|BHU
|Bhutan
|2
|-
|DMA
|Dominica
|2
|-
|GAM
|The Gambia
|2
|-
|GEQ
|Equatorial Guinea
|2
|-
|IVB
|British Virgin Islands
|2
|-
|MTN
|Mauritania
|2
|-
|NRU
|Nauru
|2
|-
|SLE
|Sierra Leone
|2
|-
|SOM
|Somalia
|2
|-
|STP
|São Tomé and Príncipe
|2
|-
|TLS
|East Timor
|2
|}

====National houses====
During de Games, sam countries den continents get &quot;national house&quot;. Na dese temporary meeting places give supporters, athletes den oda followers locate thru out London.&lt;ref name=&quot;nationalhouses&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150403164124/http://www.londonprepares.com/olympic-national-pavilions &quot;2012 Olympic Country Houses&quot;]. ''LondonPrepares.com''. Archived from [http://www.londonprepares.com/olympic-national-pavilions the original] on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.londontown.com/London/Olympic-National-Hospitality-Houses &quot;Olympic National Hospitality Houses&quot;]. ''LondonTown.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120630012140/http://www.londontown.com/London/Olympic-National-Hospitality-Houses Archived] from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
!Nation
!Location
!Name
|-
|[[Africa|African nations]]
|Kensington Gardens
|-
|Austria
|Trinity House
|-
|Belgium
|Inner Temple
|-
|Brazil
|Somerset House
|Casa Brasil
|-
|Canada
|Canada House
|-
|China
|The Waldorf Hilton
|-
|Croatia
|Pelham Hotel, South Kensington
|-
|Czech Republic
|Business Design Centre, Islington
|-
|Denmark
|St Katherine Docks
|-
|France
|Old Billingsgate
|Club France
|-
|Georgia
|Chelsea College of Art and Design (45 Millbank)
|-
|Germany
|Museum of London Docklands
|Deutsches Haus
|-
|Great Britain
|Westfield Stratford City
|-
|Ireland
|The Big Chill House, Kings Cross
|-
|Italy
|Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre
|Casa Italia
|-
|Japan
|Royal Aeronautical Society
|-
|Jamaica
|The O2
|-
|[[Kenya]]
|East Thames Community Centre, Stratford
|-
|Korea
|Royal Thames Yacht Club
|-
|Monaco
|Haymarket
|-
|Netherlands
|Alexandra Palace
|Holland Heineken House
|-
|New Zealand
|Granary Square, Kings Cross
|Kiwi House
|-
|[[Nigeria]]
|Theatre Royal Stratford East
|-
|Poland
|Polish Social and Cultural Centre
|-
|Qatar
|Institution of Engineering and Technology, Savoy Place
|-
|Romania
|30 Pavilion Road, Knightsbridge
|-
|Russia
|Perks Field, Kensington Palace
|-
|Slovakia
|Institute of Directors
|-
|[[South Africa]]
|Queen Elizabeth Hall
|-
|South Pacific
|St Katharine Docks
|-
|Switzerland
|Glazier's Hall
|-
|Trinidad &amp; Tobago
|Tricycle Theatre
|-
|United States
|Royal College of Art
|}

=== Sports ===
De 2012 Summer Olympics feature 26 different sports wey dey encompass 39 disciplines den 302 events. Insyd de list below, dem note de number of events insyd each discipline insyd parentheses.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!2012 Summer Olympics Sports Programme
|-
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|
* Aquatics
** Diving &lt;small&gt;(8)&lt;/small&gt;
** Swimming &lt;small&gt;(34)&lt;/small&gt;
** Synchronized swimming &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
** Water polo &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* Archery &lt;small&gt;(4)&lt;/small&gt;
* Athletics &lt;small&gt;(47)&lt;/small&gt;
* Badminton &lt;small&gt;(5)&lt;/small&gt;
* Basketball &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt; 
* Boxing &lt;small&gt;(13)&lt;/small&gt;
|
* Canoeing
** Sprint &lt;small&gt;(12)&lt;/small&gt;
** Slalom &lt;small&gt;(4)&lt;/small&gt;
* Cycling &lt;small&gt;(competitors)&lt;/small&gt;
** BMX &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
** Mountain biking &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
** Road &lt;small&gt;(4)&lt;/small&gt;
** Track &lt;small&gt;(10)&lt;/small&gt;
* Equestrian
** Dressage &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
** Eventing &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
** Jumping &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
|
* Fencing &lt;small&gt;(10)&lt;/small&gt;
* Field hockey &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* Football &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* Gymnastics
** Artistic &lt;small&gt;(14)&lt;/small&gt;
** Rhythmic &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
** Trampoline &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* Handball &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* Judo &lt;small&gt;(14)&lt;/small&gt;
* Modern pentathlon &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* Rowing &lt;small&gt;(14)&lt;/small&gt;
* Sailing &lt;small&gt;(10)&lt;/small&gt;
|
* Shooting &lt;small&gt;(15)&lt;/small&gt;
* Table tennis &lt;small&gt;(4)&lt;/small&gt;
* Taekwondo &lt;small&gt;(8)&lt;/small&gt;
* Tennis &lt;small&gt;(5)&lt;/small&gt;
* Triathlon &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* Volleyball
** Volleyball &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
** Beach volleyball &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* Weightlifting &lt;small&gt;(15)&lt;/small&gt;
* Wrestling
** Freestyle &lt;small&gt;(11)&lt;/small&gt;
** Greco-Roman &lt;small&gt;(7)&lt;/small&gt;
|}
|}
Na dem include women's boxing insyd de programme for de first time, wey 36 women compete insyd three weight classes. Na der be special dispensation for de shooting events, wich na go otherwise be illegal under UK gun law.&lt;ref&gt;Fraser, Andrew (19 August 2005). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4162498.stm &quot;Shooters seek handgun law change&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120728033926/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4162498.stm Archived] from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.espn.com/espn/wire?section=oly&amp;id=3478179 &quot;British government relaxes gun laws on sport ahead of 2012 Olympics&quot;]. ESPN. Associated Press. 8 July 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130729225442/http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=oly&amp;id=3478179 Archived] from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd tennis, mixed doubles return to de Olympic programme for de first time since 1924.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120718215159/http://www.nbcolympics.com/tennis/event/mixed-doubles/index.html &quot;Tennis: Mixed Doubles preview&quot;]. ''NBCOlympics.com''. Archived from [http://www.nbcolympics.com/tennis/event/mixed-doubles/index.html the original] on 18 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

London ein bid feature de same 28 sports wey na dem include insyd oda recent Summer Olympics, buh de IOC vote make dem drop baseball den softball from de 2012 Games just two days after na dem select London as de host city. Na der be appeal, buh de IOC vote make dem uphold de decision, wey na dem schedule de two sports make dem discontinue dem after dema last appearance for de [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Olympics]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Michaelis, Vicki (8 July 2005). [https://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2005-07-08-baseball-softball-dropped_x.htm &quot;Baseball, softball bumped from Olympics&quot;]. ''USA Today''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080709024822/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2005-07-08-baseball-softball-dropped_x.htm Archived] from the original on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; De IOC then vote for whether anaa make dem no replace dem; na dem consider karate, squash, golf, roller sports den rugby sevens. Na karate den squash be de two final nominees, buh neither receive enough votes make dem reach de required two-thirds majority.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Although na dem eliminate formal demonstration sports after de 1992 Summer Olympics,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/innovations_uk.asp?OLGT=1&amp;OLGY=1996 &quot;International Olympic Committee – Olympic Games&quot;]. Olympic.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080912061938/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/innovations_uk.asp?OLGT=1&amp;OLGY=1996 Archived] from the original on 12 September 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; dem fi run special tournaments for non-Olympic sports during de Games, such as de Wushu tournament for de 2008 Summer Olympics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;De Sarkar, Dipankar (6 August 2008). [http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/london-legislator-heads-for-beijing-wants-cricket-in-2012-olympics_10080420.html &quot;London legislator heads for Beijing, wants cricket in 2012 Olympics&quot;]. Thaindian News. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080815225429/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/london-legislator-heads-for-beijing-wants-cricket-in-2012-olympics_10080420.html Archived] from the original on 15 August 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Na attempts dey make dem run Twenty20 cricket&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; den netball&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/35597/Gordon-Brown-backs-Olympic-netball &quot;Gordon Brown backs Olympic netball&quot;]. ''Daily Express''. UK. 20 February 2008. [https://archive.today/20080928201036/http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/35597/Gordon-Brown-backs-Olympic-netball Archived] from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; tournaments alongsyd de 2012 Games, buh na neither campaign be successful.

=== Calendar ===

Na dem release de final official schedule for 15 February 2011.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/london_2012/9397378.stm &quot;London 2012 Olympic Games schedule released&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 15 February 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111012033641/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/london_2012/9397378.stm Archived] from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
:''All times den dates dey use British Summer Time (UTC+1)''
&lt;div align=center&gt;
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; position:relative; width:75%;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;width:2.5em; background-color:#00cc33; text-align:center;&quot;|'''OC'''||Opening ceremony
|style=&quot;width:2.5em; background-color:#3399ff; text-align:center;&quot;|●||Event competitions
|style=&quot;width:2.5em; background-color:#ffcc00; text-align:center;&quot;|'''1'''||Gold medal events
|style=&quot;width:2.5em; background-color:#FF8888; text-align:center;&quot;|'''CC'''||Closing ceremony
|}

{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; line-height:1.25em; width:75%; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:18%;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|July/August 2012
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; colspan=&quot;8&quot; |July
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; colspan=&quot;11&quot;|August
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:6%;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Events
|-
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:4%;&quot;|25th&lt;br /&gt;Wed
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:4%;&quot;|26th&lt;br /&gt;Thu
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:4%;&quot;|27th&lt;br /&gt;Fri
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:4%;&quot;|28th&lt;br /&gt;Sat
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:4%;&quot;|29th&lt;br /&gt;Sun
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:4%;&quot;|30th&lt;br /&gt;Mon
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:4%;&quot;|31st&lt;br /&gt;Tue
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:4%;&quot;|1st&lt;br /&gt;Wed
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:4%;&quot;|2nd&lt;br /&gt;Thu
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:4%;&quot;|3rd&lt;br /&gt;Fri
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:4%;&quot;|4th&lt;br /&gt;Sat
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:4%;&quot;|5th&lt;br /&gt;Sun
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:4%;&quot;|6th&lt;br /&gt;Mon
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:4%;&quot;|7th&lt;br /&gt;Tue
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:4%;&quot;|8th&lt;br /&gt;Wed
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:4%;&quot;|9th&lt;br /&gt;Thu
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:4%;&quot;|10th&lt;br /&gt;Fri
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:4%;&quot;|11th&lt;br /&gt;Sat
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:4%;&quot;|12th&lt;br /&gt;Sun
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[File:Olympic Rings Icon.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Ceremonies||||||style=&quot;background-color:#00cc33;&quot;|'''OC'''||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||style=&quot;background-color:#FF8888;&quot;|'''CC'''||—
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Aquatics
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[File:Diving pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Diving
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''1'''
&lt;!--28--&gt;|
&lt;!--29--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''1'''
&lt;!--30--&gt;|
&lt;!--31--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''1'''
&lt;!--1--&gt;|
&lt;!--2--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''1'''
&lt;!--3--&gt;|
&lt;!--4--&gt;|
&lt;!--5--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; |'''●'''
&lt;!--6--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''1'''
&lt;!--7--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; |'''●'''
&lt;!--8--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''1'''
&lt;!--9--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''1'''
&lt;!--10--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''1'''
&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |
|-

| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Marathon swimming
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|
&lt;!--28--&gt;|
&lt;!--29--&gt;|
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&lt;!--1--&gt;|
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&lt;!--8--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''1'''
&lt;!--9--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''1'''
&lt;!--10--&gt;|
&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |'''46'''
|-

| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[File:Swimming pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Swimming
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''4'''
&lt;!--28--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''3'''
&lt;!--29--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''5'''
&lt;!--30--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''3'''
&lt;!--31--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''5'''
&lt;!--1--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''4'''
&lt;!--2--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''3'''
&lt;!--3--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''4'''
&lt;!--4--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''4'''
&lt;!--5--&gt;|
&lt;!--6--&gt;|
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| |
|-
|Synchronized swimming
|
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!
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!
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[File:Water polo pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Water polo
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--28--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--29--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--30--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--31--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--1--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--2--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--3--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--4--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--5--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--6--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
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&lt;!--8--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--9--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--10--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--11--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
| |
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=2 |[[File:Archery pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Archery
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|
&lt;!--28--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--29--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--30--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--31--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--1--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--2--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--3--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--4--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--5--&gt;|
&lt;!--6--&gt;|
&lt;!--7--&gt;|
&lt;!--8--&gt;|
&lt;!--9--&gt;|
&lt;!--10--&gt;|
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| |'''4'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=2 |[[File:Athletics pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Athletics
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|
&lt;!--28--&gt;|
&lt;!--29--&gt;|
&lt;!--30--&gt;|
&lt;!--31--&gt;|
&lt;!--1--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--2--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--3--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''5'''
&lt;!--4--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''3'''
&lt;!--5--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''4'''
&lt;!--6--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''5'''
&lt;!--7--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''5'''
&lt;!--8--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''5'''
&lt;!--9--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''8'''
&lt;!--10--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''9'''
&lt;!--11--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
| |'''47'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=2 |[[File:Badminton pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Badminton
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--28--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--29--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--30--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--31--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--1--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--2--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--3--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--4--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--5--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--6--&gt;|
&lt;!--7--&gt;|
&lt;!--8--&gt;|
&lt;!--9--&gt;|
&lt;!--10--&gt;|
&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |'''5'''
|-

| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Basketball
|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[File:Basketball pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Basketball
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
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&lt;!--30--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--31--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--1--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
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&lt;!--10--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--11--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
| |'''2'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=2 |[[File:Boxing pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Boxing
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--28--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
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&lt;!--30--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--31--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--1--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--2--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--3--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--4--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--5--&gt;|
&lt;!--6--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--7--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--8--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--9--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''4'''
&lt;!--10--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''4'''
&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |'''13'''
|-

| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Canoeing
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[File:Canoeing (slalom) pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Slalom
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; |●
&lt;!--28--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''1'''
&lt;!--29--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''1'''
&lt;!--30--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; |●
&lt;!--31--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''1'''
&lt;!--1--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''1'''
&lt;!--2--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; |●
&lt;!--3--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; |●
&lt;!--4--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; |●
&lt;!--5--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''2'''
&lt;!--6--&gt;|
&lt;!--7--&gt;|
&lt;!--8--&gt;|
&lt;!--9--&gt;|
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&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |
|-

| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[File:Canoeing (flatwater) pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Sprint
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|
&lt;!--28--&gt;|
&lt;!--29--&gt;|
&lt;!--30--&gt;|
&lt;!--31--&gt;|
&lt;!--1--&gt;|
&lt;!--2--&gt;|
&lt;!--3--&gt;|
&lt;!--4--&gt;|
&lt;!--5--&gt;|
&lt;!--6--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; |●
&lt;!--7--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; |●
&lt;!--8--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''3'''
&lt;!--9--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''4'''
&lt;!--10--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''3'''
&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |'''16'''
|-

| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Cycling
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[File:Cycling (road) pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Road cycling
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''2'''
&lt;!--28--&gt;|
&lt;!--29--&gt;|
&lt;!--30--&gt;|
&lt;!--31--&gt;|
&lt;!--1--&gt;|
&lt;!--2--&gt;|
&lt;!--3--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''1'''
&lt;!--4--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''1'''
&lt;!--5--&gt;|
&lt;!--6--&gt;|
&lt;!--7--&gt;|
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| |
|-

| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[File:Cycling (track) pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Track cycling
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|
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&lt;!--29--&gt;|
&lt;!--30--&gt;|
&lt;!--31--&gt;|
&lt;!--1--&gt;|
&lt;!--2--&gt;|
&lt;!--3--&gt;|
&lt;!--4--&gt;|
&lt;!--5--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''1'''
&lt;!--6--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''1'''
&lt;!--7--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''2'''
&lt;!--8--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''2'''
&lt;!--9--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''2'''
&lt;!--10--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''1'''
&lt;!--11--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''3'''
| |'''18'''
|-

| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[File:Cycling (BMX) pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] BMX
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|
&lt;!--28--&gt;|
&lt;!--29--&gt;|
&lt;!--30--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; |●
&lt;!--31--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''2'''
&lt;!--1--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; |●
&lt;!--2--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''2'''
&lt;!--3--&gt;|
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| |
|-

| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[File:Cycling (mountain biking) pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Mountain biking
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|
&lt;!--28--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''1'''
&lt;!--29--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; |'''1'''
&lt;!--30--&gt;|
&lt;!--31--&gt;|
&lt;!--1--&gt;|
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&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |
|-

| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Equestrian
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=2 |[[File:Fencing pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Fencing
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--28--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--29--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--30--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--31--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--1--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--2--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--3--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--4--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--5--&gt;|
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&lt;!--7--&gt;|
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| |'''12'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=2 |[[File:Field hockey pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Field hockey
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
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&lt;!--27--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
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&lt;!--30--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--31--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--1--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--12 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--3--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
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&lt;!--6--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--7--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--8--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--9--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--10--&gt;|
&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |'''2'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=2 |[[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Football
&lt;!--24--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--25--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
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&lt;!--29--&gt;|
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&lt;!--31--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--1--&gt;|
&lt;!--2--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
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&lt;!--10--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |'''2'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=2 |[[File:Golf pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Golf
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|
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&lt;!--29--&gt;|
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&lt;!--3--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--4--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--5--&gt;|
&lt;!--6--&gt;|
&lt;!--7--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--8--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
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&lt;!--10--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |'''2'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; rowspan=3 |Gymnastics
|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[File:Gymnastics (artistic) pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Artistic
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
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&lt;!--27--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
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&lt;!--29--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--30--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--31--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--1--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--2--&gt;|
&lt;!--3--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''3'''
&lt;!--4--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''3'''
&lt;!--5--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''4'''
&lt;!--6--&gt;|
&lt;!--7--&gt;|
&lt;!--8--&gt;|
&lt;!--9--&gt;|
&lt;!--10--&gt;|
&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |'''14'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[File:Gymnastics (rhythmic) pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Rhythmic
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|
&lt;!--28--&gt;|
&lt;!--29--&gt;|
&lt;!--30--&gt;|
&lt;!--31--&gt;|
&lt;!--1--&gt;|
&lt;!--2--&gt;|
&lt;!--3--&gt;|
&lt;!--4--&gt;|
&lt;!--5--&gt;|
&lt;!--6--&gt;|
&lt;!--7--&gt;|
&lt;!--8--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--9--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--10--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |'''2'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[File:Gymnastics (trampoline) pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Trampoline
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|
&lt;!--28--&gt;|
&lt;!--29--&gt;|
&lt;!--30--&gt;|
&lt;!--31--&gt;|
&lt;!--1--&gt;|
&lt;!--2--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--3--&gt;|
&lt;!--4--&gt;|
&lt;!--5--&gt;|
&lt;!--6--&gt;|
&lt;!--7--&gt;|
&lt;!--8--&gt;|
&lt;!--9--&gt;|
&lt;!--10--&gt;|
&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |'''2'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=2 |[[File:Handball pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Handball
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--28--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--29--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--30--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--31--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--1--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--2--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--3--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--4--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--5--&gt;|
&lt;!--6--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--7--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--8--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--9--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--10--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--11--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
| |'''2'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=2 |[[File:Judo pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Judo
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--28--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--29--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--30--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--31--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--1--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--2--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--3--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--4--&gt;|
&lt;!--5--&gt;|
&lt;!--6--&gt;|
&lt;!--7--&gt;|
&lt;!--8--&gt;|
&lt;!--9--&gt;|
&lt;!--10--&gt;|
&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |'''15'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=2 |[[File:Modern pentathlon pictogram (pre-2025).svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Modern pentathlon
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|
&lt;!--28--&gt;|
&lt;!--29--&gt;|
&lt;!--30--&gt;|
&lt;!--31--&gt;|
&lt;!--1--&gt;|
&lt;!--2--&gt;|
&lt;!--3--&gt;|
&lt;!--4--&gt;|
&lt;!--5--&gt;|
&lt;!--6--&gt;|
&lt;!--7--&gt;|
&lt;!--8--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--9--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--10--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--11--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
| |'''2'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=2 |[[File:Rowing pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Rowing
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--28--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--29--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--30--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--31--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--1--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''4'''
&lt;!--2--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''4'''
&lt;!--3--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''4'''
&lt;!--4--&gt;|
&lt;!--5--&gt;|
&lt;!--6--&gt;|
&lt;!--7--&gt;|
&lt;!--8--&gt;|
&lt;!--9--&gt;|
&lt;!--10--&gt;|
&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |'''14'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=2 |[[File:Sailing pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Sailing
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|
&lt;!--28--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--29--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--30--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--31--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--1--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--2--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--3--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--4--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--5--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--6--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--7--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--8--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''3'''
&lt;!--9--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--10--&gt;|
&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |'''10'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=2 |[[File:Shooting pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Shooting
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--28--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--29--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--30--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--31--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--1--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--2--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--3--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--4--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--5--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--6--&gt;|
&lt;!--7--&gt;|
&lt;!--8--&gt;|
&lt;!--9--&gt;|
&lt;!--10--&gt;|
&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |'''15'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=2 |[[File:Skateboarding pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Skateboarding
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|
&lt;!--28--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--29--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--30--&gt;|
&lt;!--31--&gt;|
&lt;!--1--&gt;|
&lt;!--2--&gt;|
&lt;!--3--&gt;|
&lt;!--4--&gt;|
&lt;!--5--&gt;|
&lt;!--6--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--7--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--8--&gt;|
&lt;!--9--&gt;|
&lt;!--10--&gt;|
&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |'''4'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=2 |[[File:Sport climbing pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Sport climbing
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|
&lt;!--28--&gt;|
&lt;!--29--&gt;|
&lt;!--30--&gt;|
&lt;!--31--&gt;|
&lt;!--1--&gt;|
&lt;!--2--&gt;|
&lt;!--3--&gt;|
&lt;!--4--&gt;|
&lt;!--5--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--6--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--7--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--8--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--9--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--10--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |'''4'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=2 |[[File:Surfing pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Surfing
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--28--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--29--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--30--&gt;|&lt;!--style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●--&gt;
&lt;!--31--&gt;|&lt;!--style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●--&gt;
&lt;!--1--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--2--&gt;|
&lt;!--3--&gt;|&lt;!--style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''--&gt;
&lt;!--4--&gt;|
&lt;!--5--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--6--&gt;|
&lt;!--7--&gt;|
&lt;!--8--&gt;|
&lt;!--9--&gt;|
&lt;!--10--&gt;|
&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |'''2'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=2 |[[File:Table tennis pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Table tennis
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--28--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--29--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--30--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--31--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--1--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--2--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--3--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--4--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--5--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--6--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--7--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--8--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--9--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--10--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |'''5'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=2 |[[File:Taekwondo pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Taekwondo
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|
&lt;!--28--&gt;|
&lt;!--29--&gt;|
&lt;!--30--&gt;|
&lt;!--31--&gt;|
&lt;!--1--&gt;|
&lt;!--2--&gt;|
&lt;!--3--&gt;|
&lt;!--4--&gt;|
&lt;!--5--&gt;|
&lt;!--6--&gt;|
&lt;!--7--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--8--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--9--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--10--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |'''8'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=2 |[[File:Tennis pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Tennis
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--28--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--29--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--30--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--31--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--1--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--2--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--3--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--4--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--5--&gt;|
&lt;!--6--&gt;|
&lt;!--7--&gt;|
&lt;!--8--&gt;|
&lt;!--9--&gt;|
&lt;!--10--&gt;|
&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |'''5'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=2 |[[File:Triathlon pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Triathlon
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|
&lt;!--28--&gt;|
&lt;!--29--&gt;|
&lt;!--30--&gt;|
&lt;!--31--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--1--&gt;|
&lt;!--2--&gt;|
&lt;!--3--&gt;|
&lt;!--4--&gt;|
&lt;!--5--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--6--&gt;|
&lt;!--7--&gt;|
&lt;!--8--&gt;|
&lt;!--9--&gt;|
&lt;!--10--&gt;|
&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |'''3'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; rowspan=2 |Volleyball
|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Beach volleyball
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--28--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--29--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--30--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--31--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--1--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--2--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--3--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--4--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--5--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--6--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--7--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--8--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--9--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--10--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--11--&gt;!
| |'''2'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[File:Volleyball (indoor) pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Indoor Volleyball
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--28--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--29--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--30--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--31--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--1--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--2--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--3--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--4--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--5--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--6--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--7--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--8--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--9--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--10--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!--11--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
| |'''2'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=2 |[[File:Weightlifting pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Weightlifting
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|
&lt;!--28--&gt;|
&lt;!--29--&gt;|
&lt;!--30--&gt;|
&lt;!--31--&gt;|
&lt;!--1--&gt;|
&lt;!--2--&gt;|
&lt;!--3--&gt;|
&lt;!--4--&gt;|
&lt;!--5--&gt;|
&lt;!--6--&gt;|
&lt;!--7--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--8--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--9--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!--10--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''3'''
&lt;!--11--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
| |'''10'''
|-

|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=2 |[[File:Wrestling pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Wrestling
&lt;!--24--&gt;|
&lt;!--25--&gt;|
&lt;!--26--&gt;!
&lt;!--27--&gt;|
&lt;!--28--&gt;|
&lt;!--29--&gt;|
&lt;!--30--&gt;|
&lt;!--31--&gt;|
&lt;!--1--&gt;|
&lt;!--2--&gt;|
&lt;!--3--&gt;|
&lt;!--4--&gt;|
&lt;!--5--&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!--6--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''3'''
&lt;!--7--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''3'''
&lt;!--8--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''3'''
&lt;!--9--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''3'''
&lt;!--10--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''3'''
&lt;!--11--&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''3'''
| |'''18'''
|-
!colspan=2 |Daily medal events !! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |  0!! 12 !! 14 !! 15 !! 20 !! 18 !! 22 !! 25 !! 23 !! 18 !! 21 !! 16 !! 22 !! 17 !! 32 !! 15 !! 13 !! rowspan=2 |302
|-
!colspan=2 |Cumulative total !! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |  0!! 12 !! 26 !! 53 !! 73 !! 91 !! 113 !! 138 !! 161 !! 179 !! 200 !! 216 !! 238 !! 216 !! 277 !! 287 !! 302
|-
!colspan=2 rowspan=3 |July/August 2012
|-
!style=&quot;width:4%;&quot; |25th&lt;br /&gt;Wed
!style=&quot;width:4%;&quot; |26th&lt;br /&gt;Thu
!style=&quot;width:4%;&quot; |27th&lt;br /&gt;Fri
!style=&quot;width:4%;&quot; |28th&lt;br /&gt;Sat
!style=&quot;width:4%;&quot; |29th&lt;br /&gt;Sun
!style=&quot;width:4%;&quot; |30th&lt;br /&gt;Mon
!style=&quot;width:4%;&quot; |31st&lt;br /&gt;Tue
!style=&quot;width:4%;&quot; |1st&lt;br /&gt;Wed
!style=&quot;width:4%;&quot; |2nd&lt;br /&gt;Thu
!style=&quot;width:4%;&quot; |3rd&lt;br /&gt;Fri
!style=&quot;width:4%;&quot; |4th&lt;br /&gt;Sat
!style=&quot;width:4%;&quot; |5th&lt;br /&gt;Sun
!style=&quot;width:4%;&quot; |6th&lt;br /&gt;Mon
!style=&quot;width:4%;&quot; |7th&lt;br /&gt;Tue
!style=&quot;width:4%;&quot; |8th&lt;br /&gt;Wed
!style=&quot;width:4%;&quot; |9th&lt;br /&gt;Thu
!style=&quot;width:4%;&quot; |10th&lt;br /&gt;Fri
!style=&quot;width:4%;&quot; |11th&lt;br /&gt;Sat
!style=&quot;width:4%;&quot; |12th&lt;br /&gt;Sun
!rowspan=2 |Total events
|-
!colspan=8 |July
!colspan=11 |August
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Records ===
[[File:Mo_Farah_and_Usain_Bolt_2012_Olympics_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Mo Farah (left) plus Usain Bolt (right), wey dey demonstrate one anoda ein famous gestures (de &quot;Lightning Bolt&quot; den &quot;Mobot&quot;)]]
Dese Olympic Games result insyd 32 world records insyd eight sports. Na dem set de largest number of records insyd swimming, for eight. China, Great Britain den de United States set de most records, plus five each.

== Medal table ==
Total of 85 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) win medals, 54 of those countries win at least one gold medal. Seven NOCs win dema first ever Olympic medal: Bahrain (gold),&lt;ref&gt;[https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/london-2012/results/athletics/1500m-women &quot;London 2012, Athletics, 1500m Women, Results&quot;]. ''olympics.com''. 7 March 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160518015822/http://www.olympic.org/olympic-results/london-2012/athletics/1500m-w Archived] from the original on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Botswana]] (silver),&lt;ref&gt;Beaumont, Mark (4 February 2014). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-queens-baton-relay-26035470 &quot;Queen's Baton Relay: Nijel Amos, building on Olympic success&quot;]. ''BBC News''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210411000739/http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-queens-baton-relay-26035470 Archived] from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Cyprus (silver),&lt;ref&gt;[https://olympics.com/en/news/cyprus-celebrates-first-olympic-medal-as-kontides-claims-silver &quot;Cyprus celebrates first Olympic medal as Kontides claims silver&quot;]. ''olympics.com''. 31 March 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220103140820/https://olympics.com/en/news/cyprus-celebrates-first-olympic-medal-as-kontides-claims-silver Archived] from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gabon]] (silver),&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130610054353/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20120811/oly-tae-men-s-over-80k/ &quot;Molfetta wins Olympic gold in men's plus-80K&quot;]. ''Huffington Post''. 11 August 2012. Archived from [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20120811/oly-tae-men-s-over-80k/ the original] on 10 June 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Grenada (gold),&lt;ref&gt;Fordyce, Tom (6 August 2012). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18909277 &quot;Grenada's Kirani James wins Olympic 400m gold&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120809003248/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18909277 Archived] from the original on 9 August 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Guatemala (silver),&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120806182827/http://asia.eurosport.com/athletics/olympic-games-london/2012/chen-wins-20km-walk_sto3375063/story-london.shtml &quot;Chen wins Olympic 20km walk, history for Guatemala&quot;]. ''Eurosport Asia''. Reuters. 5 August 2012. Archived from [http://asia.eurosport.com/athletics/olympic-games-london/2012/chen-wins-20km-walk_sto3375063/story-london.shtml the original] on 6 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; den Montenegro (silver).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18912978 &quot;Olympics handball: Norway beat Montenegro to women's gold&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 11 August 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120812083720/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18912978 Archived] from the original on 12 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; De United States fini for de top of de table, dem win 48 gold medals den total of 104 medals. China fini second plus 38 gold medals den 91 medals overall, wey hosts Great Britain cam insyd third place, dem win 29 gold medals den 65 medals overall insyd dema best performance since London host ein first Summer Olympics insyd 1908, dey push Russia—wey win 18 gold medals den 65 medals for total, after doping redistributions (initially 24 gold den 82 total)—into fourth place.

; Key

 ‡   Changes in medal standings (see subpage)

 *   Host nation (Great Britain)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+2012 Summer Olympics medal table&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.olympedia.org/editions/54 &quot;2012 Summer Olympics Overview&quot;]. ''olympedia.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201006124741/https://www.olympedia.org/editions/54 Archived] from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;
!Rank
!&lt;abbr&gt;NOC&lt;/abbr&gt;
!Gold
!Silver
!Bronze
!Total
|-
|1
!United States‡
|48
|26
|30
|104
|-
|2
!China‡
|39
|31
|22
|92
|-
|3
!Great Britain*‡
|29
|18
|18
|65
|-
|4
!Russia‡
|18
|21
|26
|65
|-
|5
!South Korea‡
|13
|9
|9
|31
|-
|6
!Germany‡
|11
|20
|13
|44
|-
|7
!France‡
|11
|11
|13
|35
|-
|8
!Australia‡
|8
|15
|12
|35
|-
|9
!Italy
|8
|9
|11
|28
|-
|10
!Hungary‡
|8
|4
|6
|18
|-
|11–86
|Remaining NOCs
|110
|141
|192
|443
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Totals (86 entries)
!303
!305
!352
!960
|}

=== Podium sweeps ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Date
!Sport
!Event
!NOC
!Gold
!Silver
!Bronze
|-
|28 July
|Fencing
|Women's foil
|Italy
|Elisa Di Francisca
|Arianna Errigo
|Valentina Vezzali
|-
|9 August
|Athletics
|Men's 200 metres
|Jamaica
|Usain Bolt
|Yohan Blake
|Warren Weir
|-
|11 August
|Athletics
|Women's 20 kilometres walk&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.worldathletics.org/results/olympic-games/2012/the-xxx-olympic-games-6999193/women/20-kilometres-race-walk/final/result#resultheader &quot;20 Kilometres Race Walk women&quot;]. ''World Athletics''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200922072309/https://worldathletics.org/results/olympic-games/2012/the-xxx-olympic-games-6999193/women/20-kilometres-race-walk/final/result Archived] from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
|China
|Qieyang Shenjie
|Liu Hong
|Lü Xiuzhi
|}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* Jaworska, Sylvia; Hunt, Sally (2017). [http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/56337/1/Intersections%20of%20Gender%20Nation%20and%20Race_resub_to%20GaL_revised%20220216.pdf &quot;Intersections and differentiations: a corpus-assisted discourse study of gender representations in the British press before, during and after the London Olympics 2012&quot;] (PDF). ''Gender and Language''. '''11''' (3): 336–364. doi:[[doi:10.1558/genl.28858|10.1558/genl.28858]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190427094422/http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/56337/1/Intersections%20of%20Gender%20Nation%20and%20Race_resub_to%20GaL_revised%20220216.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 27 April 2019.
* Mallon, Bill (18 January 2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240827050758/https://olympstats.com/2019/01/18/an-update-on-london-2012-doping-positives/ &quot;An Update On London 2012 Doping Positives&quot;]. ''OlympStats''.
* Mallon, Bill (18 January 2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250616233448/https://olympstats.com/2019/01/18/all-olympic-doping-positives-the-count-by-games/ &quot;All Olympic Doping Positives – The Count By Games&quot;]. ''OlympStats''.
* Pamment, James. &quot;'Putting the GREAT Back into Britain': National Identity, Public-Private Collaboration &amp; Transfers of Brand Equity in 2012's Global Promotional Campaign,&quot; ''British Journal of Politics &amp; International Relations'' (2015) 17#2 pp 260–283.
* Surowiec, Pawel. and Philip Long. &quot;Hybridity and Soft Power Statecraft: The 'GREAT' Campaign.&quot; ''Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft'' 31:1 (2020): 1–28. [https://hdiplo.org/to/AR989 online review] https://doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2020.1721092

'''Official reports'''

* LOCOG, ed. (2013). ''[https://library.olympics.com/Default/digital-viewer/c-37734 Volume 1: Summary of the bid preparation]''. London 2012 Olympic Games: The Official Report. London: LOCOG.
* Knight, Tom; Ruscoe, Sybil (2012). ''[https://library.olympics.com/Default/digital-viewer/c-37734 Volume 2: London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games: the Official Commemorative Book]''. London 2012 Olympic Games: The Official Report. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97314-0|978-1-119-97314-0]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. OL [[openlibrary:works/OL24283202W|24283202W]].
* LOCOG, ed. (2013). ''[https://library.olympics.com/Default/digital-viewer/c-37734 Volume 3: Summary of Olympic Games preparations]''. London 2012 Olympic Games: The Official Report. London: LOCOG.

== External links ==
'''2012 Summer Olympics''' at Wikipedia ein sisto projects

* [[commons:Category:2012_Summer_Olympics|Media]] from Commons
* [[wikinews:Olympics_organisers_insist_London_win_in_2012_ballot_was_fair|News]] from Wikinews
* [[wikivoyage:London_2012|Travel information]] from Wikivoyage
* [[wikidata:Q8577|Data]] from Wikidata

'''Official'''

* [https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/london-2012 &quot;London 2012&quot;]. ''Olympics.com''. International Olympic Committee.
* [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/olympics-2012 2012 Summer Olympics] collected news and commentary at ''The Guardian''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130703111256/http://www.2012.nbcolympics.com/ 2012 London Olympics at ''NBC''] at de Wayback Machine (archived 3 July 2013)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100914000517/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/london-olympics-business/ London Olympics Business at ''The Telegraph''] at de Wayback Machine (archived 14 September 2010)

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Summer Olympics
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Precede by
[[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing]]
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |'''XXX Olympiad'''
'''London'''
2012
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Succeed by
Rio de Janeiro
|}
[[Category:2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic Games insyd de United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Summer Olympics insyd London]]
[[Category:Summer Olympics by year]]
[[Category:2012 insyd British sport]]
[[Category:2012 insyd multi-sport events]]
[[Category:2012 sports events insyd London]]
[[Category:August 2012 sports events insyd de United Kingdom]]
[[Category:July 2012 sports events insyd de United Kingdom]]</text>
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    <title>Hijrah</title>
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[[File:New_York_Public_Library,_Spencer_Collection_Turk._MS._3_Siyar-i_Nabî_fol._286r_Jibril_delivers_to_Muhammad_a_message_from_God_telling_him_to_leave_Makka_for_Madina.jpg|thumb|Islamic miniature wey dey depict Jibril delivering to [[Muhammad]] a message from God dey tell am to undertake de Hijrah]]
De '''Hijrah''', (Arabic: الهجرة, &lt;small&gt;romanized:&lt;/small&gt; ''al-Hijrah'', &lt;small&gt;lit. &lt;/small&gt;'migration') sanso be '''Hegira''' (from Medieval Latin), be de journey de Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] den ein followers take from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FazlurRehman51&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Shaikh |first=Fazlur Rehman |title=Chronology of Prophetic Events |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. |year=2001 |location=London |pages=51–52}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marom |first=Roy |date=Fall 2017 |title=Approaches to the Research of Early Islam: The Hijrah in Western Historiography |url=https://www.academia.edu/35523840 |journal=Jamma'a |volume=23 |page=vii}}&lt;/ref&gt; De year insyd wich na de Hijrah take place sanso be identified as de epoch of de Lunar Hijri den Solar Hijri calendars; ein date dey equate to 16 July 622 insyd de Julian calendar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Burnaby |first=Sherrard Beaumont |url=https://archive.org/details/elementsofjewish00burnuoft |title=Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars |date=1901 |pages=373–5, 382–4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dershowitz |first1=Nachum |title=Calendrical Calculations |last2=Reingold |first2=Edward |date=2018 |publisher=O'Reilly |isbn=9781108546935 |edition=Third |page=17 |chapter=Table 1.2 Epochs for various calendars |oclc=1137352777 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cK1XDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Hijrah Route.svg|thumb|Conjectured map of Hijrah route]]
Early insyd Muhammad ein preaching of [[Islam]], na ein followers include ein close paddies den relatives per. Chaw of ein tribesmen, de [[Quraysh]], however, be indifferent to ein activities, as dem no dey appear to be particularly interested insyd devotional meetings, den accordingly, Muhammad no encounter any serious opposition from dem; dat be de case til he begin to challenge dema beliefs, wich cause tensions to arise.

Insyd May 622, after he convene twice plus members of de Medinan tribes of Aws den Khazraj at al-'Aqabah near [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]], Muhammad secretly lef ein home insyd Mecca to emigrate to dema city, along plus ein paddie, father-in-law den companion [[Abu Bakr]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Moojan Momen]] (1985), ''An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism'', Yale University Press, New edition 1987, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aftermath den legacy ==

Muhammad ein followers suffer from poverty after dem flee persecution insyd Mecca den migrating plus Muhammad to Medina. Dema Meccan persecutors seize dema wealth den belongings dem lef behind insyd Mecca. Beginning insyd January 623, Muhammad lead several raids against Meccan caravans wey dey travel along de eastern coast of de Red Sea. Dem thus unify members of different tribes by de urgency of de moment. Dis unity primarily be based on de bonds of kinship.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esposito4&quot;&gt;John Esposito, ''Islam'', Expanded edition, Oxford University Press, pp. 4–5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;William Montgomery Watt, ''Muhammad at Mecca'', Oxford, 1953, pp. 16–18.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rue&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Rue |first=Loyal D. |author-link=Loyal Rue |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yy0Z_8ha8ggC |title=Religion is Not about God: How Spiritual Traditions Nurture Our Biological Nature and what to Expect when They Fail |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0813535111}} p. 224.&lt;/ref&gt;

De second Rashidun Caliph, [[Umar|Umar ibn Al-Khattab]], designate de Muslim year during wich de Hegira occur de first year of de Islamic calendar insyd 638 anaa de 17th year of de Hegira. Dem later Latinized am to {{lang|la|Anno Hegirae}}, de abbreviation of wich be still used to denote Hijri dates today.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shamsi&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Shamsi |first1=F. A. |year=1984 |title=The Date of Hijrah |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=189–224 |doi=10.52541/isiri.v23i04.5909 |jstor=20847270}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{cite journal |last1=Shamsi |first1=F. A. |year=1984 |title=The Date of Hijrah |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=289–323 |doi=10.52541/isiri.v23i04.5909 |jstor=20847277}}&lt;/ref&gt; Burnaby dey state say: &quot;''Historians in general assert that Muhammad fled from Mecca at the commencement of the third month of the Arabian year, Rabi 'u-l-awwal. They do not agree as to the precise day. According to Ibn-Ishak, it was on the first or second day of the month&quot;''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Burnaby |first=Sherrard Beaumont |url=http://archive.org/details/elementsofjewish00burnuoft |title=Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars : with rules and tables and explanatory notes on the Julian and Gregorian calendars |date=1901 |publisher=London : G. Bell |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Several Islamic historians den scholars, wey dey include Al Biruni, Ibn Sa'd, den Ibn Hisham, discuss dese dates in depth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Burnaby |first=Sherrard Beaumont |url=http://archive.org/details/elementsofjewish00burnuoft |title=Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars : with rules and tables and explanatory notes on the Julian and Gregorian calendars |date=1901 |publisher=London : G. Bell |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q131482|c=Category:Hijra|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Hejira|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[http://www.seratonline.com/23486/is-there-any-virtue-for-abu-bakr-in-the-incident-of-the-cave/ Incident of the cave]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040210040119/http://www.islamicity.com/Mosque/ihame/Sec2.htm IslamiCity.com article on the Hijrah]
* [http://abdurrahman.org/jihad/ Articles, audios on the Hijrah]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hijrah| ]]
[[Category:Shia days of remembrance]]
[[Category:622]]
[[Category:Muhammad insyd Medina]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
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    <title>Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa</title>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

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[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
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[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
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[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
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[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

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[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their &quot;improved&quot; versus &quot;non-improved&quot; classification.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their &quot;improved&quot; versus &quot;non-improved&quot; classification.

== National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation ==

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

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[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their &quot;improved&quot; versus &quot;non-improved&quot; classification.

== National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation ==
Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
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[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their &quot;improved&quot; versus &quot;non-improved&quot; classification.

== National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation ==
Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

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[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their &quot;improved&quot; versus &quot;non-improved&quot; classification.

== National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation ==
Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

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[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their &quot;improved&quot; versus &quot;non-improved&quot; classification.

== National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation ==
Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

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[[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyd Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often dey cam from open holes dug insyd de sand of dry riverbeds, den e be invariably contaminated.]]
De main causes of '''water scarcity insyd Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.&lt;ref&gt;FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be secof an increasing number of river basins reach conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis be de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyd Africa get several impacts. Dem range from health, particularly wey dey affect women den kiddies, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E sanso fi lead to more water conflicts.

To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyd Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] dey emphasize de need to invest insyd de development of Africa ein potential water resources. Dis would improve food security den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den [[desertification]].&lt;ref name=&quot;uneca&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Scale ==
[[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|Local girls from Babile (Ethiopia) fill plastic water containers at de area ein main water source.]]
Sub-Saharan Africa get de largest number of water-stressed countries of any oda place on de planet den of an estimated 800 million people wey dey live insyd Africa, 300 million live insyd a water-stressed environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;IaC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2012, e be estimate dat by 2030, 75 million to 250 million people insyd Africa go live insyd areas of high water stress.&lt;ref name=&quot;IaC&quot;/&gt; Dis go likely displace anywhere between 24 million den 700 million people as conditions becam increasingly unlivable.&lt;ref name=&quot;IaC&quot;/&gt;

Africa be de second driest continent insyd de world, plus millions of Africans still dey suffer from water shortages thru out de year.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dese shortages be attributed to problems of uneven distribution, population growth den poor management of existing supplies. Sam times der be smaller numbers of people wey dey reside wer der be large amount of water. For example, 30 percent of de continent ein water dey lie insyd de Congo Basin inhabited by only 10 percent of Africa ein population.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der be significant variation insyd de rainfall patterns wey dey observe insyd different places den time. Der sanso be high evaporation rates insyd sam parts of de region wey dey result insyd lower percentages of precipitation insyd such places.&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot; /&gt;

However, der be very significant inter- den intra-annual variability of all climate den water resources characteristics, so while sam regions get sufficient water,&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by-sa/3.0/igo/|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)]] license.&lt;/ref&gt; Sub-Saharan Africa dey face numerous water-related challenges dat constrain economic growth den threaten de livelihoods of ein people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot; /&gt; African Agriculture be mostly based on rain-fed farming, den less dan 10% of cultivated land insyd de continent be irritated.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot; /&gt; De impact of climate change den variability be thus very pronounced.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot; /&gt;
=== Regional variance ===
Northern Africa den Sub-Saharan Africa dey progress towards de Millennium Development Goal on water at different paces.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot;/&gt; While Northern Africa get 92% safe water coverage, Sub-Saharan Africa remain at a low 60% of coverage—wey dey leave 40% of de 783 million people insyd dat region widout access to clean drinking water.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot;/&gt;

Sam of dese differences wey dey insyd clean water availability fit attribute to Africa ein extreme climates. Although Sub-Saharan Africa get a plentiful supply of rainwater, e be seasonal den unevenly distributed, wey dey lead to frequent floods den droughts.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot; /&gt; Additionally, prevalent economic development den poverty issues, dem compound plus rapid population growth den rural-urban migration dey render Sub-Saharan Africa as de world ein poorest den least developed region.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot; /&gt; Thus, dis poverty constrain dey deprive chaw cities insyd dis region from providing clean water den sanitation services as well as preventing de further deterioration of water quality even wen opportunities exist to address dese water issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot; /&gt; Additionally, de rapid population growth dey lead to an increased number of African settlements on flood-prone den high-risk land.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot; /&gt;

De latest report of de SDG goal 6 mention various facts about water status insyd sub-Saharan Africa wey dey include de lack of hygiene den ein impact on de nutritional status especially among kiddies secof increased rate of infectious diseases. Sanso, almost 1/3 of de sub-Saharan population dey insyd danger of hunger secof lack of access to food. Furthermore, sub-Saharan Africa dey lack access to safe drinking water by 76% while only 6% of Europe den Northern America no be covered.&lt;ref name=&quot;SDG&quot;&gt;United Nations. [https://www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/publications/SDG6_SR2018.pdf Goal 6: Ensure Access to Water and Sanitation for All.] Sustainable Development Goals&lt;/ref&gt;
== Causes ==

=== Physical and Economic Scarcity ===

Water scarcity be both natural and human-made problem. People fit divide am into two main categories: economic scarcity and physical scarcity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015 |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |access-date=18 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Economic scarcity mean say getting reliable and safe water source fit take plenty time and cost plenty money. Physical scarcity mean say the amount of water available for a particular area no dey enough to meet the current needs of the population.&lt;ref name=&quot;WS&quot;/&gt;

The 2006 United Nations Economic Commission for Africa estimate say out of the 800 million people wey live for Africa, about 300 million of them dey live for places wey water scarce.&lt;ref name=&quot;uneca&quot;/&gt;

Especially for the northern and southern parts of Africa, increasing global temperatures because of climate change don intensify the hydrological cycle. This dey lead to drier dry seasons and increase the risk of more frequent and severe droughts. This situation seriously affect water availability, quality and quantity because river flows reduce, reservoir storage drop, water tables go down, and aquifers for northern and southern Africa dry up.

[[File:Severity of African Drought.jpg|thumb|326x326px|Explanation of the severity of drought across different geographical areas in Africa]]

Inside the physical scarcity category too, there be the problem of overexploitation. This dey contribute to the shrinking of many of Africa's major lakes, including Nakivale, Nakuru and Lake Chad. Lake Chad, for example, don shrink reach only 10% of its former size.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDR&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Scarcity, Risk, and Vulnerability |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2006_Chapter_4.pdf |access-date=18 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For policy side, incentives wey encourage overuse of water resources be among the most damaging factors, especially concerning groundwater extraction. Once people install pumps, many countries only control water extraction based on electricity costs. In many cases, governments even subsidize electricity for agriculture, making people less motivated to conserve groundwater resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDR&quot;/&gt;

In addition, many African countries set water prices below the actual cost of providing the service. This discourages efficient use of water and threatens long-term sustainability.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDR&quot;/&gt;

=== Population Growth ===

For the past century, the world's population don more than double.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: Water scarcity |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=un.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Africa get the fastest-growing population for the world. Experts expect say the continent's population go increase by around 50% within the next 18 years, growing from 1.2 billion people today to more than 1.8 billion by 2035. In fact, Africa alone go account for almost half of the world's population growth over the next two decades.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=ISSAfrica.org|date=2017-05-15|title=Africa's population boom: burden or opportunity?|url=https://issafrica.org/amp/iss-today/africas-population-boom-burden-or-opportunity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=ISS Africa|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The relationship be simple: as population increase, demand for water too increase. At the same time, water resources for many African regions dey reduce because people don settle in areas wey previously serve as water sources.

As population dey grow rapidly, there be urgent demand for better health services, improved quality of life, food security and support for industrial growth. All these things place additional pressure on the available water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Falkenmark|first=Malin|date=1990|title=Rapid Population Growth and Water Scarcity: The Predicament of Tomorrow's Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2808065|journal=Population and Development Review|volume=16|pages=81–94|doi=10.2307/2808065|jstor=2808065|issn=0098-7921|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The growing population go only make the water scarcity crisis worse as more pressure dey put on available water resources. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, about 41% of the world's population currently live inside river basins wey already dey experience water stress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This dey create serious concern because many regions dey approach the limits where water services fit no longer be delivered sustainably.&lt;ref name=&quot;unfct&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/water-scarcity |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=UN-Water |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Globally, about 55% of people now live in urban areas, and by 2030 this figure fit increase by another 5%. Africa dey experience the same trend. Large cities like Lagos, Kinshasa and Nairobi don double their populations within just fifteen years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chitonge|first=Horman|date=2020-04-02|title=Urbanisation and the water challenge in Africa: Mapping out orders of water scarcity|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|journal=African Studies|volume=79|issue=2|pages=192–211|doi=10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|s2cid=221361042|issn=0002-0184|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though more people dey move into these cities, the amount of fresh water available remain the same or even reduce. This population increase create a growing imbalance between water supply and water demand in urban areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Apart from contributing to the imbalance between water demand and supply, urbanization also increase water pollution. As more people move into cities, more sewage and waste dey enter rivers, lakes and other water bodies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Yuan-Xu|date=2020-08-27|title=Runoff pollution control of a sewage discharge project based on green concept – a sewage runoff pollution control system|journal=Water Supply|volume=20 | issue=8|  doi=10.2166/ws.2020.183|pages=3676–3686|bibcode=2020WatSu..20.3676W |issn=1606-9749|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For many developing countries, more than 90% of sewage generated ends up in water bodies without treatment. Also, sewage systems are often poorly maintained, so leaks from sewage pipes enter the soil and eventually pollute underground water sources.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

=== Climate Change ===

{{Further|Effects of climate change|Water security#Climate change}}

According to the Africa Partnership Forum, &quot;Although Africa be the continent wey contribute least to climate change, e be one of the most vulnerable to its effects.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;cca&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Climate Change and Africa|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/57/7/38897900.pdf|access-date=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The long-term effects include changing rainfall patterns wey affect agriculture and reduce food security, worsening water security, declining fish resources in major lakes because of rising temperatures, sea-level rise affecting low-lying coastal areas, and increasing water stress.&lt;ref name=&quot;cca&quot;/&gt;

These impacts fit seriously affect both the quantity and quality of water children need to survive.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and the global climate crisis: 10 things you should know |url=https://www.unicef.org/stories/water-and-climate-change-10-things-you-should-know |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Studies predict say by 2050, rainfall in Sub-Saharan Africa fit reduce by 10%, leading to major water shortages. This 10% reduction in rainfall go reduce drainage by 17%, while areas wey currently receive 500–600 mm of rainfall per year fit experience reductions of 50% and 30% respectively in surface drainage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stocker|first=Thomas|title=Climate change 2013: the physical science basis : Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-05799-9|language=en|oclc=879855060}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition, the Human Development Report predict say rising temperatures combined with 10% less rainfall for the interior regions of Africa go worsen water shortages because evaporation and water loss go increase.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDR&quot;/&gt;

Droughts and floods are considered the most dangerous threats to physical water scarcity.&lt;ref name=&quot;borg&quot;&gt;Reinacher, L. (2013 Oct 3). The Water Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Borgen Project.&lt;/ref&gt;

This warming effect go be strongest for the semi-arid regions around the Sahara, the Sahel, and inland parts of southern Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDR&quot;/&gt;
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports say climate change for Africa don show itself through more intense and longer droughts for the subtropics and tropics. At the same time, arid and semi-arid areas for northern, western, eastern, and some parts of southern Africa dey become drier and more vulnerable to changes in rainfall patterns and storms.&lt;ref name=&quot;cca&quot;/&gt;

Climate change don contribute plenty to the already worsening water crisis for Africa and the whole world, making the World Health Organization declare climate change as the biggest threat to global health for the 21st century.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kumaresan|first1=Jacob|last2=Sathiakumar|first2=Nalini|date=2010-03-01|title=Climate change and its potential impact on health: a call for integrated action|url= |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=88|issue=3|pages=163|doi=10.2471/blt.10.076034|issn=0042-9686|pmc=2828801|pmid=20428377}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Human Development Report further explain say because Africa depend heavily on rain-fed agriculture, widespread poverty, and weak institutional capacity, the water-related problems caused by climate change dey affect the continent more seriously than developed countries wey get enough resources and economic diversity to manage such global changes. This increased risk of drought and falling crop yields fit lead to more poverty, lower incomes, less secure livelihoods, and a greater threat of chronic hunger among the poorest people for sub-Saharan Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDR&quot;/&gt;

Overall, this mean say water stress wey dey result from changing rainfall patterns dey affect Africa badly. Because of this, climate change remain one of the biggest challenges wey the continent must overcome if e want secure reliable and clean water sources for its people.
== Impacts ==
{{Further|Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa}}

=== Health ===
{{main|WASH#Health aspects}}
People wey dey live for areas where water dey scarce dey often depend on unsafe water sources, and this dey increase the spread of waterborne diseases like typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, and diarrhea.&lt;ref name=WHO&gt;{{cite web|title=10 Facts About Water Scarcity|url=https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/water/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116002842/http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/water/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 16, 2008|access-date=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Water scarcity too dey force many households to store water inside house, and this dey increase risk of contamination and also increase mosquito-related diseases like malaria and dengue fever.&lt;ref name=WHO/&gt; These diseases normally no dey common for developed countries because dem get better water treatment systems wey dey filter and chlorinate water. But for places wey water infrastructure no strong, people dey rely on untreated natural water sources wey fit contain harmful bacteria and parasites.&lt;ref name=WS&gt;{{cite web|title=Water Scarcity: The Importance of Water &amp; Access|url=https://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity.asp|access-date=18 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though many of these diseases fit be treated or prevented, dem still be among the leading causes of sickness and death worldwide. Every year, about 2.2 million people die from diarrhea-related diseases, and at any time, about half of hospital beds globally dey occupied by patients with water-related illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;bpn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2010 |title=The Facts About The Global Drinking Water Crisis |url=http://blueplanetnetwork.org/water/facts |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=5 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905053406/http://blueplanetnetwork.org/water/facts |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Small children and infants dey more affected because their immune system no strong yet,&lt;ref name=WS/&gt; which dey lead to high infant mortality rates especially for many African regions.

When people fall sick from these waterborne diseases, dem no fit work well or contribute to community development because of weakness. Also, money wey families, communities, and governments fit use for development dey go into medical treatment instead of education or food supply.&lt;ref name=WS/&gt; Some farmers too dey use contaminated water to irrigate crops, and this fit introduce diseases like intestinal worm infections, hepatitis A and E, and dysentery through food consumption.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Qadir | first1=M. | last2=Wichelns | first2=D. | last3=Raschid-Sally | first3=L. | last4=McCornick | first4=P.G. | last5=Drechsel | first5=P. | last6=Bahri | first6=A. | last7=Minhas | first7=P.S. | title=The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries | journal=Agricultural Water Management | date=2010 | volume=97 | issue=4 | pages=561–568 | doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2008.11.004 | bibcode=2010AgWM...97..561Q | hdl=10161/5966 | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Women and Girls ===
{{Main|WASH#Gender}}
For Africa, women and men no dey share water responsibilities equally. Because of social structure, women dey carry most of the burden of finding, managing, and storing water, especially for household activities like cooking, washing, cleaning, and child care.&lt;ref name=&quot;GRAW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Crow |first1=Ben |last2=Roy |first2=Jessica |date=2004-03-26 |title=Gender Relations and Access to Water: What We Want to Know About Social Relations and Women's Time Allocation |url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0m5033gv#page-1 |publisher=UC Santa Cruz: Center for Global, International and Regional Studies  |access-date=18 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of these roles, many women dey spend up to 60% of their daily time just to fetch water. Globally, this represent about 200 million work hours per day, and e also reduce time wey dem fit use for education or income activities.&lt;ref name=&quot;wac&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Women Affected by the Crisis |url=http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/women |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205050519/http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/women |archive-date=5 December 2011 |access-date=18 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Another serious issue be lack of menstrual hygiene support for girls. When schools no provide clean toilets or proper hygiene materials, many girls dey miss school or drop out completely after puberty.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://thewaterproject.org/why-water/education | title=The Water Crisis: Education in Africa }}&lt;/ref&gt; Water scarcity dey make this problem worse because decrease in water access dey strongly affect female school enrollment across all education levels.&lt;ref name=&quot;GRAW&quot;/&gt;

For many African women, fetching water mean say dem go carry heavy jerrycan wey fit weigh over {{Convert|40|lb}} when full&lt;ref name=&quot;WS&quot;/&gt; and walk around {{Convert|6|km|sp=us|spell=in}} every day.&lt;ref name=&quot;bpn&quot;/&gt; This dey cause serious health problems like long-term bone and spine damage.&lt;ref name=&quot;WWD&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Coping With Water Scarcity: Challenge of the 21st Century|url=https://www.fao.org/nr/water/docs/escarcity.pdf|access-date=18 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; E also dey affect mental and physical wellbeing, reduce school attendance, and affect learning ability because stress fit affect memory and decision-making. Access to clean water, however, dey help improve health and school attendance for students.&lt;ref name=&quot;GRAW&quot;/&gt;

=== Agriculture ===
[[File:Crop limit, Nile Valley-2.jpg|thumb|Ethiopia plan to fill the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam reservoir fit reduce Nile River flow by up to 25% and affect Egyptian farmland badly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363 |work=[[NPR]] |date=27 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Most African people still depend on farming, and about 80% to 90% of rural households depend on farming for food.&lt;ref name=WWD/&gt; Because of this, water scarcity directly affect food security. More than 70% of farming for Sub-Saharan Africa be rain-fed agriculture, so crops dey very vulnerable to droughts and floods caused by changing weather patterns.

According to the UN Economic Commission for Africa and the New Partnership for Africa's Development, irrigation be key to improving agricultural production, economic growth, and food security.&lt;ref name=&quot;WWD&quot;/&gt; But many rural communities still no dey fully use irrigation systems. Globally, irrigation farming account for about 20% of agriculture, but Sub-Saharan Africa still lag behind in this area.&lt;ref name=&quot;green&quot;&gt;Kauffman, J., Mantel, S., Ringersma, J., Dijkshoorn, J., Van Lynden, G., Dent, D. Making Better Use of Green Water in Sub-Saharan Africa.&lt;/ref&gt;

From the 1960s, international donors like the World Bank support irrigation development in Africa, but many projects no give expected crop yields.&lt;ref name=&quot;gdn&quot;&gt;Kadigi, R., Tesfay, G., Bizoza, A., Zinabou, G. (2013). Global Development Network GDN Working Paper Series Irrigation and Water Use Efficiency in Sub-Saharan Africa Working Paper No. 63.&lt;/ref&gt; Still, the World Bank estimate say agricultural production in Sub-Saharan Africa fit nearly triple by 2050.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Bjornlund |first1=Vibeke |last2=Bjornlund |first2=Henning |last3=Van Rooyen |first3=Andre F. |date=2020-10-01 |title=Why agricultural production in sub-Saharan Africa remains low compared to the rest of the world – a historical perspective |journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development |volume=36 |issue=sup1 |pages=S20–S53 |doi=10.1080/07900627.2020.1739512 |s2cid=218928549 |issn=0790-0627|doi-access=free |bibcode=2020IJWRD..36S..20B }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sustainable Development Goal 2 dey focus on ending hunger and improving sustainable agriculture.&lt;ref name=&quot;SDG&quot;&gt;United Nations. Goal 6: Ensure Access to Water and Sanitation for All. Sustainable Development Goals&lt;/ref&gt; To achieve this, agriculture system must shift from only high-yield crops to more diverse and nutritious crops wey fit improve diet quality.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFNHN&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mabhaudhi |first1=Tafadzwanashe |last2=Chibarabada |first2=Tendai |last3=Modi |first3=Albert |year=2016 |title=Water-Food-Nutrition-Health Nexus: Linking Water to Improving Food, Nutrition and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=107 |doi=10.3390/ijerph13010107 |pmc=4730498 |pmid=26751464 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2016IJERP..13..107M }}&lt;/ref&gt;

However, lack of money, skills, and infrastructure dey make irrigation and modern farming difficult in many areas. Because of this, droughts, floods, and desertification dey cause serious economic loss and food shortage. Malnutrition too dey reduce lifetime earnings by about 10%, and countries fit lose 2–3% of GDP because of undernutrition.&lt;ref name=&quot;mal&quot;&gt;Bain, L., Et al. (2013). Malnutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa: Burden, Causes and Prospects. Pan African Medical Journal.&lt;/ref&gt;

In many places, people dey also use untreated wastewater for farming, which fit introduce harmful chemicals and disease organisms into food.&lt;ref name=WHO/&gt; Methods like greywater wetlands and sand filtration dey proposed to treat such water before reuse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.015| title=Greywater reuse: A strategy for water demand management in Harare?| journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C| volume=32| issue=15–18| pages=1231–1236| year=2007| last1=Madungwe| first1=Emaculate| last2=Sakuringwa| first2=Saniso| bibcode=2007PCE....32.1231M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Overall, to deal with water scarcity in Africa, there must be better investment in clean water access, irrigation development, and climate change adaptation strategies so say food security and public health go improve.&lt;ref name=uneca/&gt;
== Productivity and development ==

Poverty get direct link with how people dey get access to clean drinking water—if no clean water, chance say person go fit come out of the poverty trap dey very small. This idea of “water poverty trap” na economists wey study sub-Saharan Africa first talk am, and e mean say people dey stuck inside one cycle of money poverty, low farm output, and environmental damage wey dey increase pass.&lt;ref name=GRAW/&gt; Inside this negative cycle, lack of water resources dey connect with lack of financial resources, and e dey affect everybody—individuals, households, and whole communities.&lt;ref name=GRAW/&gt;

Inside this poverty trap, people dey face low income, high cost wey dem need pay for water facilities, and dem no get credit or support to invest for water projects. This make investment in water and land very low, and people no fit invest in businesses wey fit bring money. In the end, resources dey spoil, and people remain inside chronic poverty.&lt;ref name=GRAW/&gt;

On top this matter, for slums inside developing countries, poor people dey often pay five to ten times more for water per unit than people wey get pipe-borne water. This one dey happen because of problems like lack of infrastructure and government corruption, wey even fit make water services cost increase by 10% to 30%.&lt;ref name=WWD/&gt;&lt;ref name=21st/&gt;

The social and economic effects of lack of clean water dey reach many areas like education, job opportunities, physical strength and health, agriculture and industrial development, and overall productive power of people, communities, and whole country. Because of this, UN estimate say Sub-Saharan Africa alone dey lose about 40 billion potential working hours every year just because people dey go fetch water instead of doing productive work.&lt;ref name=WS/&gt;
== Conflict ==

{{Further|Water conflict}}

Population growth across the world and climate change na two big factors wey together fit cause water conflicts for many parts of the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|title=The](https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|title=The) Coming Wars for Water|date=October 12, 2019|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt; Already, population explosion for developing countries inside Africa, combined with climate change, dey put serious pressure inside countries and between different nations. Before-before, countries dey solve water problems through negotiation, but now people dey predict say aggression over water access fit increase.

Africa water vulnerability wey fit cause conflict fit be grouped into four main river basin areas: the [[Nile]], [[Niger river|Niger]], [[Zambezi]] and [[Volta river|Volta]] basins.&lt;ref name=&quot;21st&quot;/&gt; For the Nile wey dey pass through [[Egypt]], [[Ethiopia]] and [[Sudan]], the water matter fit cause serious tension and disagreement.&lt;ref name=&quot;21st&quot;/&gt;

For Niger basin, the river dey go from [[Guinea]] pass through [[Mali]] reach [[Nigeria]]. Especially for Mali—wey be one of the poorest countries—the river dey very important for food, water and transport, but overuse dey make the water dey dirty and harder to use.&lt;ref name=&quot;21st&quot;/&gt;

For southern Africa, the Zambezi river basin na one of the most heavily used river systems. Because of that, [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]] dey compete for am. In 2000, Zimbabwe open the [[Kariba Dam]] gates, which cause serious flooding wey affect the whole region badly.&lt;ref name=21st/&gt;

For Volta basin, Ghana depend heavily on hydroelectric power from the river, but drought dey disturb the water level wey Akosombo Dam need to generate electricity. This dey affect Ghana economy and energy supply and fit also cause regional instability if e continue.&lt;ref name=21st/&gt;

At this point, intelligence agencies don talk say within the next ten years, water issue no likely go start full war by itself. But if current consumption and climate stress continue, UNECA predict say water scarcity for Africa fit reach dangerous level by 2025. This mean say water matter fit become more serious security issue going forward.&lt;ref name=usi/&gt;

Based on classified National Intelligence Estimate on water security wey US State Department request under Hillary Clinton in 2011, after 2022 water go more likely be used as weapon of war or even for terrorism, especially for North Africa.&lt;ref name=usi/&gt; Because of this, the World Economic Forum 2011 Global Risk Report include water scarcity as one of the top five global risks for the first time.
== Approaches for managing scarcity ==

=== Water permit systems ===

Some regions in African countries like Tanzania don try use water permit systems to manage water scarcity. For this system, local rules dey control how people go get access to certain amount of water for specific places. But this kind system sometimes dey create more conflict, because big commercial irrigators fit take most of the water, leave smallholder farmers wey dey depend on am for survival.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Komakech|first1=Hc|last2=Condon|first2=M|last3=Van der Zaag|first3=P|date=2012|title=The role of statutory and local rules in allocating water between large- and small-scale irrigators in an African river catchment|url=[http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/73317|journal=Water](http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/73317|journal=Water) SA|volume=38|issue=1|pages=115–126|doi=10.4314/wsa.v38i1.14|issn=0378-4738|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160812090006/http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/73317|archive-date=12](https://web.archive.org/web/20160812090006/http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/73317|archive-date=12) August 2016|doi-access=free}}

=== Desalination ===

{{Main article|Desalination}}

Desalination na process wey dey turn salty sea water into fresh water by removing the salt inside am. Many African countries like Algeria, Morocco, and South Africa dey use this technology to fight water scarcity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dhakal |first1=Nirajan |last2=Salinas-Rodriguez |first2=Sergio G. |last3=Hamdani |first3=Jamal |last4=Abushaban |first4=Almotasembellah |last5=Sawalha |first5=Hassan |last6=Schippers |first6=Jan C. |last7=Kennedy |first7=Maria D. |date=April 2022 |title=Is Desalination a Solution to Freshwater Scarcity in Developing Countries? |journal=Membranes |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=381 |doi=10.3390/membranes12040381 |pmid=35448351 |pmc=9029386 |issn=2077-0375}}&lt;/ref&gt;

But desalination plants get serious challenges too. E dey need plenty electricity, chemicals, and strong infrastructure, which make am hard for many developing countries to build and maintain.
== Approaches for managing scarcity ==

=== Water permit systems ===

Some regions in African countries like Tanzania don try use water permit systems to manage water scarcity. For this system, local rules dey control how people go get access to certain amount of water for specific places. But this kind system sometimes dey create more conflict, because big commercial irrigators fit take most of the water, leave smallholder farmers wey dey depend on am for survival.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Komakech|first1=Hc|last2=Condon|first2=M|last3=Van der Zaag|first3=P|date=2012|title=The role of statutory and local rules in allocating water between large- and small-scale irrigators in an African river catchment|url=[http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/73317|journal=Water](http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/73317|journal=Water) SA|volume=38|issue=1|pages=115–126|doi=10.4314/wsa.v38i1.14|issn=0378-4738|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160812090006/http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/73317|archive-date=12](https://web.archive.org/web/20160812090006/http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/73317|archive-date=12) August 2016|doi-access=free}}

=== Desalination ===

{{Main article|Desalination}}

Desalination na process wey dey turn salty sea water into fresh water by removing the salt inside am. Many African countries like Algeria, Morocco, and South Africa dey use this technology to fight water scarcity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dhakal |first1=Nirajan |last2=Salinas-Rodriguez |first2=Sergio G. |last3=Hamdani |first3=Jamal |last4=Abushaban |first4=Almotasembellah |last5=Sawalha |first5=Hassan |last6=Schippers |first6=Jan C. |last7=Kennedy |first7=Maria D. |date=April 2022 |title=Is Desalination a Solution to Freshwater Scarcity in Developing Countries? |journal=Membranes |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=381 |doi=10.3390/membranes12040381 |pmid=35448351 |pmc=9029386 |issn=2077-0375}}&lt;/ref&gt;

But desalination plants get serious challenges too. E dey need plenty electricity, chemicals, and strong infrastructure, which make am hard for many developing countries to build and maintain.
== International and non-governmental organizations' efforts ==

{{See also|List of water-related charities}}

To properly deal with water scarcity for Africa, the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa talk say there is need to invest in developing Africa water resources so that unnecessary suffering go reduce, food security go improve, and economic gains go protect through proper management of droughts, floods, and desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;uneca&quot;/&gt; Some of the solutions wey dem suggest and dey already happen include building and improving wells, rainwater collection systems, and clean water storage tanks.

The United Nations itself also try tackle water scarcity through the Millennium Development Goals. The goals include eight international development targets, and seven of them directly connect to water issues. Water access dey affect poverty, food shortage, education level, women social and economic power, livelihood security, disease control, and overall human and environmental health.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action Water for Life 2005-2015: Water Scarcity|url=[https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml|access-date=1](https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml|access-date=1) April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because water is very important to achieving the MDGs, one target be to reduce by half the number of people worldwide without safe drinking water by 2015. In March 2012, UN announce say this target almost achieved four years before deadline, showing say global efforts dey make progress.&lt;ref name=&quot;remarks&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Remarks in Honor of World Water Day|url=[https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2012/03/186640.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327141902/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/186640.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27](https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2012/03/186640.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327141902/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/186640.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27) March 2012|access-date=1 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As one of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, United States also dey play big role in supporting clean water solutions. One of their efforts include USAID WASH programme—Water, Sanitation and Hygiene partnership with Gates Foundation—weh dey support access to clean water and sanitation for poor communities. The aim na to test and scale up solutions wey fit work well for disadvantaged areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;remarks&quot;/&gt; In March 2012, Hillary Clinton announce US Water Partnership, wey bring together private sector, NGOs, experts, academics and government to find better system-wide solutions.&lt;ref name=&quot;remarks&quot;/&gt; The idea be say the technology and solutions already dey, but many people no fit access them, so the partnership go help make them available at community level.

Apart from governments and UN, many non-governmental and charitable organizations also dey work to provide clean water for Africa and other parts of the world. These groups depend on donations from individuals and organizations, and they use the funds to build water infrastructure and support clean water projects.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Water Charities:A Comprehensive List|url=[http://www.filtersfast.com/articles/Water-Charities-A-Comprehensive-List.php|access-date=11](http://www.filtersfast.com/articles/Water-Charities-A-Comprehensive-List.php|access-date=11) April 2012|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170703060935/http://www.filtersfast.com/articles/Water-Charities-A-Comprehensive-List.php|url-status=dead}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20170703060935/http://www.filtersfast.com/articles/Water-Charities-A-Comprehensive-List.php|url-status=dead}})&lt;/ref&gt; For example, Water to Thrive na non-profit wey dey provide clean water for East Africa. Since 2008, dem don build over 2,000 wells for Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home - Nonprofit |url=[https://www.watertothrive.org/](https://www.watertothrive.org/) |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Water To Thrive |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By 2015, about 90% of people for the world don get access to safe drinking water and sanitation because of these global efforts. The Sustainable Development Goals continue from there, with Goal 6 focused on “Clean Water and Sanitation for All.” The target be say by 2030, everybody go get access to clean water, sanitation go improve especially for vulnerable people, waste treatment go increase, and water pollution go reduce. The goal also encourage more cooperation between international and local actors to improve how water resources dey managed.&lt;ref name=&quot;SDG&quot;/&gt;
== Limitations ==

Africa dey host both the highest number of water-scarce countries for any region, and also some of the hardest places to reach when e come to water aid work. Many rural villages dey trap these areas inside wetin the UN Economic Commission for Africa call the “Harvesting Stage,”&lt;ref name=&quot;uneca&quot;/&gt; meaning say the level of development and infrastructure no strong enough to support long-term, sustainable water solutions. Because of this, even when help come, e dey hard to maintain am.

Aside geography and development challenges, political and economic issues too dey affect water aid delivery. For political side, tensions between local governments and foreign NGOs sometimes make it difficult for money, equipment, and aid workers to operate well on ground. For economic side, big inequality between rich and poor people for cities mean say poor people dey often pay four to ten times more for safe water than wealthy people, which makes it harder for them to benefit from clean water systems and interventions.&lt;ref name=&quot;uneca&quot;/&gt;

Because of all these combined problems, many water projects no dey succeed long-term. E be estimated say about 50% of water projects fail, less than 5% ever get proper visits after implementation, and less than 1% receive any form of long-term monitoring or maintenance support.&lt;ref name=&quot;wac&quot;/&gt;
== Rainwater harvesting ==

[[Rainwater harvesting]] (RWH) na the process of collecting and storing rainwater instead of letting am flow away. Rain dey fall on surfaces like roofs, and then dem dey channel am go storage systems like tanks, cisterns, deep pits (like wells, shafts, or boreholes), aquifers, or reservoirs through percolation. The water wey dem collect later dey use for productive purposes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=managing urban stormwater; harvest and reuse}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of the need to improve access to safe drinking water for developing countries, rainwater harvesting become part of the efforts under the Millennium Development Goals, especially the target to reduce by half the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water by 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=united nations millennium declaration |url=[https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_55_2.pdf}}](https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_55_2.pdf}})&lt;/ref&gt;

This make rainwater harvesting become more popular as one solution to increase availability of potable water. In many cases, RWH dey used especially for places where normal water supply systems no fit meet people needs or no dey reliable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mapping the Potential of Rainwater Harvesting Technologies in Africa: A GIS Overview on Development Domains for the Continent and Nine selected Countries |url=[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265842568}}](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265842568}})&lt;/ref&gt;
## == Causes ==

### === Physical and economic scarcity ===

Water scarcity be both natural and human-made thing, and e fit be divided into two main types: economic scarcity and physical scarcity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015 |url=[https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml](https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml) |access-date=18 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Economic scarcity mean say e dey hard, take time, and cost plenty money before person fit find reliable source of clean water. Physical scarcity mean say the water wey dey inside the area no reach to meet the people wey dey live there based on their current needs.&lt;ref name=&quot;WS&quot;/&gt;

The 2006 [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] estimate say about 300 million out of 800 million people for Africa dey live inside water-scarce environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;uneca&quot;/&gt; Especially for far north, far south, and some parts of Africa, rising global temperature from climate change don make the water cycle more extreme—dry seasons dey dry pass before, and drought dey happen more often.

This thing dey affect availability, quality, and quantity of water because rivers dey reduce, reservoirs dey empty, underground water (aquifers) dey go down, and many water sources dey dry up.

[[File:Severity of African Drought.jpg|thumb|326x326px|The severity of African drought explained in different geographical areas]]

One of the physical scarcity issues be overuse of water resources. This one dey contribute to shrinkage of big African lakes like Nakivale, Nakuru, and [[Lake Chad]], wey don reduce reach about 10% of its original size.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDR&quot;/&gt;

For policy side, overuse dey happen because of wrong incentives, especially for underground water. Once person install pump, many times the only restriction be electricity cost, and some governments even subsidize electricity for farming, which make people overuse water. &lt;ref name=&quot;HDR&quot;/&gt;

Also, many African countries set water price very low, below the real cost of maintenance, and this one dey discourage careful use and threaten long-term sustainability.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDR&quot;/&gt;

### === Population growth ===

Over the past century, world population don more than double.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: Water scarcity |url=[https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml](https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml) |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=un.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Africa population dey grow fast pass any continent. E fit increase by about 50% within the next 18 years—from about 1.2 billion people today to over 1.8 billion by 2035. Africa alone go contribute almost half of global population growth for the next two decades.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=ISSAfrica.org|date=2017-05-15|title=Africa's population boom: burden or opportunity?|url=[https://issafrica.org/amp/iss-today/africas-population-boom-burden-or-opportunity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=ISS](https://issafrica.org/amp/iss-today/africas-population-boom-burden-or-opportunity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=ISS) Africa|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As population increase, water demand also dey increase. But at the same time, some water sources dey reduce because people dey settle inside places wey before be natural water catchment areas.

This situation dey create pressure for better health care, food security, better living standard, and industrial growth—all of which need water to function.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Falkenmark|first=Malin|date=1990|title=Rapid Population Growth and Water Scarcity: The Predicament of Tomorrow's Africa|url=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2808065|journal=Population](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2808065|journal=Population) and Development Review|volume=16|pages=81–94|doi=10.2307/2808065|jstor=2808065|issn=0098-7921|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of this, water stress go continue to increase unless management improve. According to [[World Wide Fund for Nature]], about 41% of world population already dey live inside river basins wey dey under water stress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF |url=[https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity](https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity) |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Urban areas for Africa also dey grow fast. Cities like Lagos, Kinshasa, and Nairobi don double their population within about 15 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chitonge|first=Horman|date=2020-04-02|title=Urbanisation and the water challenge in Africa: Mapping out orders of water scarcity|url=[https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|journal=African](https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|journal=African) Studies|volume=79|issue=2|pages=192–211|doi=10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|s2cid=221361042|issn=0002-0184|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though people dey move go city, water supply no dey increase at the same rate. This dey create imbalance between water demand and water supply.

Urbanization also dey increase water pollution because more sewage and waste dey enter rivers and water bodies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Yuan-Xu|date=2020-08-27|title=Runoff pollution control of a sewage discharge project based on green concept – a sewage runoff pollution control system|journal=Water Supply|volume=20 | issue=8|doi=10.2166/ws.2020.183|pages=3676–3686|bibcode=2020WatSu..20.3676W |issn=1606-9749|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For many developing countries, over 90% of sewage dey go water bodies without treatment, which dey worsen contamination problem.

== Climate change ==
The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] report say climate change for Africa dey show itself through more intense and longer droughts for subtropical and tropical areas. Northern, western, eastern, and some southern parts of Africa dey become drier and rainfall pattern dey change plenty.&lt;ref name=&quot;cca&quot;/&gt;

Climate change don worsen already existing water crisis for Africa and the world. Because of this, the [[World Health Organization]] describe climate change as one of the biggest threats to global health in the 21st century.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kumaresan|first1=Jacob|last2=Sathiakumar|first2=Nalini|date=2010-03-01|title=Climate change and its potential impact on health: a call for integrated action|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=88|issue=3|pages=163|doi=10.2471/blt.10.076034|issn=0042-9686|pmc=2828801|pmid=20428377}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Human Development Report explain say Africa depend heavily on rain-fed farming, and many people dey poor with weak systems to adapt. Because of this, climate change dey affect Africa more harshly than developed countries wey get stronger economy and better technology to cope.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDR&quot;/&gt;

This situation fit cause lower crop yields, more poverty, lower income, hunger, and less stable livelihoods especially for people for Sub-Saharan Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDR&quot;/&gt;

Overall, climate change make water stress more serious for Africa, and e remain one of the biggest obstacles to reliable and safe water access.
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
* [https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml International Decade for Action &quot;Water for Life&quot; 2005-2015]

[[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Water conservation]]
[[Category:Water scarcity]]
[[Category:Climate change insyd Africa]]</text>
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    <title>Gamtoos River</title>
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[[File:South_Africa-Eastern_Cape-Gamtoos_Valley-Alluvial_Gravel01.jpg|right|thumb|290x290px|Outcrop of Enon Conglomerate wey Alluvial deposits form insyd de Gamtoos Valley, on de R331 between Patensie den de Kouga Dam]]
'''Gamtoos River''' anaa '''Gamptoos River''' be a river insyd de Eastern Cape Province, [[South Africa]]. E be formed by de confluence of de Kouga River den de Groot River wey e be approximately 645 kilometres (401 mi) long plus a catchment area of 34,635 square kilometres (13,373 sq mi).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fish to Tsitsikamma WMA 15 |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA15FishTsitsikamma.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630195400/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA15FishTsitsikamma.jpg |archive-date=2017-06-30 |access-date=2012-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
De Gamtoos river system be formed by de Groot, de Kouga den de Baviaanskloof rivers. De latter be a tributary of de Kouga.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ru.ac.za/static/institutes/iwr//wetland/data/GamtoosSYSTEM/GamtoosSystemReport.pdf Catchment L, the Gamtoos River System] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222080910/http://www.ru.ac.za/static/institutes/iwr/wetland/data/GamtoosSYSTEM/GamtoosSystemReport.pdf|date=2014-12-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Although de rainfall insyd de catchment area be low, e dey support commercial irrigated agriculture insyd de lower catchment area, oranges, tobacco, citrus fruit den vegetables be grown. De estuary wer de Gamtoos river dey enter de Indian Ocean dey locate between Jeffreys Bay den Port Elizabeth wer de Gamtoos River Mouth Nature Reserve dey locate. De towns of Hankey, de oldest town situate insyd de Gamtoos river valley, den Patensie dey situate insyd de lower catchment area. Further inland be de towns of Steytlerville, Joubertina, Uniondale, Willowmore den Murraysburg.

Tributaries dey include de Loerie River, Klein River, de Hol River, besides de Groot den de Kouga wey form de Gamtoos.

== History ==
Saartjie Baartman - de &quot;Hottentot Venus&quot; - dem born around 1789 insyd de vicinity of de Gamtoos river.

Insyd 1877 during a severe drought insyd de region, de Gamtoos River dry up completely.&lt;ref name=&quot;sellick-125&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sellick |first=W.S.J. |url=https://archive.org/details/uitenhagepastpre00sell |title=Uitenhage, past and present : souvenir of the Centenary, 1804-1904 |year=1904 |pages=125}}&lt;/ref&gt; During de floods of October 1867, according to John Croumbie Brown, de level of water insyd sam parts of de river rise by up to 21 m (70 ft).&lt;ref name=&quot;brown-125&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=John Croumbie |title=Water supply of South Africa, and facilities for the storage of it |publisher=Edinburgh, Oliver &amp; Boyd |year=1877 |pages=125 |chapter=III - Supply of water as affected by rivers |access-date=2009-11-23 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/watersupplyofsou00browrich#page/125/mode/1up}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dams insyd de basin ==
Presently dis river be part of de Fish to Tsitsikama Water Management Area.

* Kouga Dam insyd de Kouga River

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071028134554/http://www.sabirding.co.za/birdspot/021014.asp Birding - Gamtoos River Mouth]
*[http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/8816/0 IUCN Red List - Galaxias zebratus]

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[[Category:Rivers of de Eastern Cape]]</text>
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    <title>Jukskei River</title>
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De '''Jukskei River'''&lt;ref name=&quot;JukseiRiver&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exact location of Juksei River |url=http://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2679538 |publisher=OpenStreetMap}}&lt;/ref&gt; be one of de largest rivers insyd Johannesburg, [[South Africa]]. E be de southernmost river insyd de Crocodile River basin.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA3CrocMarico.jpg Crocodile/Marico WMA 3]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
De Jukskei dey begin insyd Ellis Park insyd Johannesburg. Ein original spring be on de former Doornfontein farm, wich measure at 18,000 litres per hour, buh e since disappear under subsequent urban development.&lt;ref name=&quot;Christie2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Christie, Sean|date=3 January 2014|title=Searching for the soul of the Jukskei|newspaper=Mail and Guardian|location=South Africa|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2014-01-02-searching-for-the-soul-of-the-jukskei|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103215935/http://mg.co.za/article/2014-01-02-searching-for-the-soul-of-the-jukskei|archivedate=3 January 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Now de first surface expression of de Jukskei be insyd Bertrams at de intersection of Queen Street den Sports Avenue wer e emerge from a storm drain. From der be de river dey flow thru Bezuidenhout Valley den Bruma. E then meander insyd a northerly direction thru Bedfordview den Edenvale before flowing thru Alexandra Township. E then dey turn northwest den dey flow thru Modderfontein, Buccleuch, Leeuwkop Prison, Lone Hill, Dainfern den Steyn City before joining de Crocodile River outsyd Lanseria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Christie2&quot; /&gt;

== Tributaries ==
De Jukskei River be joined by numerous streams along ein course plus ein major tributaries be de Modderfontein Spruit, Braamfontein Spruit den de Klein-Jukskei. De Jukskei River dey provide de largest amount of water, by discharge, into de Crocodile River basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Christie2&quot; /&gt;

== Character ==
De Jukskei mostly be shallow wey e no be deep enough for transportation. E sanso be heavily [[Water pollution|polluted]] by urban runoff. Lack of infrastructure maintenance let raw waste flow into de river on a daily basis. Dem occasionally find [[cholera]]-causing bacteria insyd de river.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cholera found in Jukskei river |url=https://www.news24.com/xArchive/Archive/Cholera-found-in-Jukskei-river-20010118}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cholera found in city river |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/cholera-found-in-city-river-438069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey receive a large inflow from de Northern Waste Water Treatment Plant insyd northern Johannesburg. De Jukskei River be one of de largest contributing factors of de eutrophication problems wey dey face Hartbeespoort Dam further down stream. Tons of waste such as plastic, metal den rubber dey flow down de river annually.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statement by minister Ronnie Kasrils, Minister of water affairs and forestry |url=http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2001/010119145p1001.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604093758/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2001/010119145p1001.htm |archive-date=2011-06-04 |access-date=2008-06-20 |publisher=South African Government}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cholera found in Alexandra's Jukskei River |url=http://www.dispatch.co.za/2001/01/19/southafrica/CHOLERA.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313092320/http://www.dispatch.co.za/2001/01/19/southafrica/CHOLERA.HTM |archive-date=2007-03-13 |access-date=2008-06-20 |publisher=Daily Dispatch}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Olukunle |first=Olubiyi |last2=Okonkwo |first2=Jonathan |last3=Kefeni |first3=Kebede |last4=Lupankwa |first4=Mlindelwa |date=2011-12-10 |title=Concentrations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Sediments from Jukskei River, Gauteng, South Africa |journal=Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=461–466 |doi=10.1007/s00128-011-0481-y |issn=0007-4861 |pmid=22160134 |s2cid=31382677}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cultural den sporting significance ==
De Jukskei traditionally demarcate de boundary between de ''Northern Transvaal'' den ''Transvaal'' for sporting purposes,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ltd1992&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chris van Rensburg Publications (Pty) Ltd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X21BAQAAIAAJ |title=Transvaal: the Golden Province |publisher=C. van Rensburg Publications |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-86846-065-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; den teams like de Titans cricket team den Blue Bulls (formerly ''Northern Transvaal'') continue to be headquartered insyd Pretoria, north of de Jukskei.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
===Restoration===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060926194336/http://www.wetland.org.za/news.htm%3D%26NodeId%3D912%26Id%3D19 Revamping the Jukskei River]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311035628/http://www.queensu.ca/msp/pages/In_The_News/2001/January/lift.htm Alex Riverbank Face-lift]

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[[Category:Geography of Johannesburg]]
[[Category:Crocodile River (Limpopo)]]
[[Category:Rivers of Gauteng]]</text>
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[[File:Kafue_River_Course2.png|right|thumb|262x262px|De Kafue River (red) den part of de Zambezi River (blue)]]
[[File:Kafue_river_as_seen_from_Kafue_bridge.jpg|thumb|262x262px|Kafue river from de Kafue bridge]]
De 1,576 kilometres (979 mi) long '''Kafue River''' be de longest river wey dey lie wholly within Zambia.&lt;ref name=&quot;kambole&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kambole |first=Michael |year=2003 |title=Managing the water quality of the Kafue River |url=http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=28 |issue=20–27 |pages=1105–1109 |bibcode=2003PCE....28.1105K |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.031 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820094303/http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2014 |access-date=19 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein water be used for irrigation den for generating hydroelectric power.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kafue River |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/rivers/kafue/}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de largest tributary of de [[Zambezi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRICA/Resources/Zambezi_MSIOA_-_Vol_1_-_Summary_Report.pdf |title=The Zambezi River Basin A Multi-Sector Investment Opportunities Analysis |author=The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank |author-link=worldbank.org |year=2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; den of [[Zambia]] ein principal rivers, e be de most central den de most urban. More dan 50% of Zambia ein population live insyd de Kafue River Basin den of dese around 65% be urban.&lt;ref name=&quot;kambole&quot; /&gt;

E get a mean flow rate of 320 cubic metres per second (11,000 cu ft/s) thru ein lower half, plus high seasonal variations. De river dey discharge 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) per year into de [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AAAS2&quot;&gt;[http://www.aaas.org/international/ehn/waterpop/zambia.htm American Association for the Advancement of Science website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001184900/http://www.aaas.org/international/ehn/waterpop/zambia.htm|date=1 October 2013}}: H N. Weza Chabwela &amp; Wanga Mumba, &quot;Integrating Water Conservation and Population Strategies on the Kafue Flats&quot;, Report of a Workshop on Water and Population Dynamics, Montreal, Canada, October 1996.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==

=== Sources ===
De Kafue River dey rise at an elevation of 1,350 metres (4,430 ft) on de relatively flat plateau just south de border between [[Zambia]] den de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 120 kilometres (75 mi) north-west of Chingola insyd de Copperbelt Province. De source of de Kafue River be insyd de North-western Province of Zambia. De area be Miombo woodland on de Congo-Zambezi watershed, plus chaw branching dambos wey dey lie 10 to 20 metres (33 to 66 ft) lower dan de highest ground, wey dey produce a very gently undulating topography. De river dey start as a trickle from de marshy dambos (de Munyanshi Swamp be a tributary) den plus little slope to speed up river flow, e dey meander south-eastwards sluggishly den within 50 kilometres (31 mi) get de character of a mature river. De area dey receive about 1,200 millimetres (47 in) of rain insyd de rainy season, den de river ein channel soon dey reach 100 metres (330 ft) wide plus a floodplain of fluvial dambos 1 to 2 kilometres (0.62 to 1.24 mi) wide.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google2&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.visitzambia.co.zm/ Visit Zambia Campaign]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kafue River| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Zambia]]
[[Category:Tributaries of de Zambezi River]]</text>
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    <title>Lake Mweru</title>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;      

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats.       

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.       

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;        

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do.         

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase.          

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.          

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;          

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake.  

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.  

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt;   

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.   

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;   

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give [[:en:Tourism|tourism]] despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give [[:en:Tourism|tourism]] despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give [[:en:Tourism|tourism]] despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of [[:en:Wildlife_conservation|wildlife conservation]], den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give [[:en:Tourism|tourism]] despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of [[:en:Wildlife_conservation|wildlife conservation]], den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 60 years ago de western den northern shores of de lake be home to large herds of elephant, de Luapula floodplain support herds of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]], den dem note de [[:en:Lusenga_Plain_National_Park|Lusenga Plain National Park]] den [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] give [[:en:Cape_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], a great variety of [[:en:Antelope|antelope]] den [[:en:Lion|lion]].  

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give [[:en:Tourism|tourism]] despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of [[:en:Wildlife_conservation|wildlife conservation]], den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 60 years ago de western den northern shores of de lake be home to large herds of elephant, de Luapula floodplain support herds of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]], den dem note de [[:en:Lusenga_Plain_National_Park|Lusenga Plain National Park]] den [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] give [[:en:Cape_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], a great variety of [[:en:Antelope|antelope]] den [[:en:Lion|lion]]. Hunting, loss of habitat, den poaching reduce most animal populations.   

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give [[:en:Tourism|tourism]] despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of [[:en:Wildlife_conservation|wildlife conservation]], den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 60 years ago de western den northern shores of de lake be home to large herds of elephant, de Luapula floodplain support herds of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]], den dem note de [[:en:Lusenga_Plain_National_Park|Lusenga Plain National Park]] den [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] give [[:en:Cape_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], a great variety of [[:en:Antelope|antelope]] den [[:en:Lion|lion]]. Hunting, loss of habitat, den poaching reduce most animal populations. For de Zambian side top perhaps only [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] get tourism potential.    

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give [[:en:Tourism|tourism]] despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of [[:en:Wildlife_conservation|wildlife conservation]], den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 60 years ago de western den northern shores of de lake be home to large herds of elephant, de Luapula floodplain support herds of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]], den dem note de [[:en:Lusenga_Plain_National_Park|Lusenga Plain National Park]] den [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] give [[:en:Cape_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], a great variety of [[:en:Antelope|antelope]] den [[:en:Lion|lion]]. Hunting, loss of habitat, den poaching reduce most animal populations. For de Zambian side top perhaps only [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] get tourism potential. For de Congolese side top de [[:fr:Parc national de Kundelungu|Parc National de Kundelungu]] for de mountains {{convert|75|km}} south-west of de lake insyd go dey be for better condition insyd.    

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give [[:en:Tourism|tourism]] despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of [[:en:Wildlife_conservation|wildlife conservation]], den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 60 years ago de western den northern shores of de lake be home to large herds of elephant, de Luapula floodplain support herds of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]], den dem note de [[:en:Lusenga_Plain_National_Park|Lusenga Plain National Park]] den [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] give [[:en:Cape_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], a great variety of [[:en:Antelope|antelope]] den [[:en:Lion|lion]]. Hunting, loss of habitat, den poaching reduce most animal populations. For de Zambian side top perhaps only [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] get tourism potential. For de Congolese side top de [[:fr:Parc national de Kundelungu|Parc National de Kundelungu]] for de mountains {{convert|75|km}} south-west of de lake insyd go dey be for better condition insyd.    

== Make you sanso see ==

* [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|Rift Valley lakes]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give [[:en:Tourism|tourism]] despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of [[:en:Wildlife_conservation|wildlife conservation]], den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 60 years ago de western den northern shores of de lake be home to large herds of elephant, de Luapula floodplain support herds of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]], den dem note de [[:en:Lusenga_Plain_National_Park|Lusenga Plain National Park]] den [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] give [[:en:Cape_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], a great variety of [[:en:Antelope|antelope]] den [[:en:Lion|lion]]. Hunting, loss of habitat, den poaching reduce most animal populations. For de Zambian side top perhaps only [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] get tourism potential. For de Congolese side top de [[:fr:Parc national de Kundelungu|Parc National de Kundelungu]] for de mountains {{convert|75|km}} south-west of de lake insyd go dey be for better condition insyd.    

== Make you sanso see ==

* [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|Rift Valley lakes]]
* [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give [[:en:Tourism|tourism]] despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of [[:en:Wildlife_conservation|wildlife conservation]], den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 60 years ago de western den northern shores of de lake be home to large herds of elephant, de Luapula floodplain support herds of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]], den dem note de [[:en:Lusenga_Plain_National_Park|Lusenga Plain National Park]] den [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] give [[:en:Cape_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], a great variety of [[:en:Antelope|antelope]] den [[:en:Lion|lion]]. Hunting, loss of habitat, den poaching reduce most animal populations. For de Zambian side top perhaps only [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] get tourism potential. For de Congolese side top de [[:fr:Parc national de Kundelungu|Parc National de Kundelungu]] for de mountains {{convert|75|km}} south-west of de lake insyd go dey be for better condition insyd.    

== Make you sanso see ==

* [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|Rift Valley lakes]]
* [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]]
* [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give [[:en:Tourism|tourism]] despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of [[:en:Wildlife_conservation|wildlife conservation]], den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 60 years ago de western den northern shores of de lake be home to large herds of elephant, de Luapula floodplain support herds of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]], den dem note de [[:en:Lusenga_Plain_National_Park|Lusenga Plain National Park]] den [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] give [[:en:Cape_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], a great variety of [[:en:Antelope|antelope]] den [[:en:Lion|lion]]. Hunting, loss of habitat, den poaching reduce most animal populations. For de Zambian side top perhaps only [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] get tourism potential. For de Congolese side top de [[:fr:Parc national de Kundelungu|Parc National de Kundelungu]] for de mountains {{convert|75|km}} south-west of de lake insyd go dey be for better condition insyd.    

== Make you sanso see ==

* [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|Rift Valley lakes]]
* [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]]
* [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]]
* [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give [[:en:Tourism|tourism]] despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of [[:en:Wildlife_conservation|wildlife conservation]], den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 60 years ago de western den northern shores of de lake be home to large herds of elephant, de Luapula floodplain support herds of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]], den dem note de [[:en:Lusenga_Plain_National_Park|Lusenga Plain National Park]] den [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] give [[:en:Cape_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], a great variety of [[:en:Antelope|antelope]] den [[:en:Lion|lion]]. Hunting, loss of habitat, den poaching reduce most animal populations. For de Zambian side top perhaps only [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] get tourism potential. For de Congolese side top de [[:fr:Parc national de Kundelungu|Parc National de Kundelungu]] for de mountains {{convert|75|km}} south-west of de lake insyd go dey be for better condition insyd.    

== Make you sanso see ==

* [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|Rift Valley lakes]]
* [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]]
* [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]]
* [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]]
* [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give [[:en:Tourism|tourism]] despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of [[:en:Wildlife_conservation|wildlife conservation]], den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 60 years ago de western den northern shores of de lake be home to large herds of elephant, de Luapula floodplain support herds of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]], den dem note de [[:en:Lusenga_Plain_National_Park|Lusenga Plain National Park]] den [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] give [[:en:Cape_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], a great variety of [[:en:Antelope|antelope]] den [[:en:Lion|lion]]. Hunting, loss of habitat, den poaching reduce most animal populations. For de Zambian side top perhaps only [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] get tourism potential. For de Congolese side top de [[:fr:Parc national de Kundelungu|Parc National de Kundelungu]] for de mountains {{convert|75|km}} south-west of de lake insyd go dey be for better condition insyd.    

== Make you sanso see ==

* [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|Rift Valley lakes]]
* [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]]
* [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]]
* [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]]
* [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]]
* [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga Province]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give [[:en:Tourism|tourism]] despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of [[:en:Wildlife_conservation|wildlife conservation]], den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 60 years ago de western den northern shores of de lake be home to large herds of elephant, de Luapula floodplain support herds of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]], den dem note de [[:en:Lusenga_Plain_National_Park|Lusenga Plain National Park]] den [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] give [[:en:Cape_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], a great variety of [[:en:Antelope|antelope]] den [[:en:Lion|lion]]. Hunting, loss of habitat, den poaching reduce most animal populations. For de Zambian side top perhaps only [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] get tourism potential. For de Congolese side top de [[:fr:Parc national de Kundelungu|Parc National de Kundelungu]] for de mountains {{convert|75|km}} south-west of de lake insyd go dey be for better condition insyd.    

== Make you sanso see ==

* [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|Rift Valley lakes]]
* [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]]
* [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]]
* [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]]
* [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]]
* [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga Province]]
* [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give [[:en:Tourism|tourism]] despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of [[:en:Wildlife_conservation|wildlife conservation]], den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 60 years ago de western den northern shores of de lake be home to large herds of elephant, de Luapula floodplain support herds of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]], den dem note de [[:en:Lusenga_Plain_National_Park|Lusenga Plain National Park]] den [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] give [[:en:Cape_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], a great variety of [[:en:Antelope|antelope]] den [[:en:Lion|lion]]. Hunting, loss of habitat, den poaching reduce most animal populations. For de Zambian side top perhaps only [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] get tourism potential. For de Congolese side top de [[:fr:Parc national de Kundelungu|Parc National de Kundelungu]] for de mountains {{convert|75|km}} south-west of de lake insyd go dey be for better condition insyd.    

== Make you sanso see ==

* [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|Rift Valley lakes]]
* [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]]
* [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]]
* [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]]
* [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]]
* [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga Province]]
* [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]]
* [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give [[:en:Tourism|tourism]] despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of [[:en:Wildlife_conservation|wildlife conservation]], den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 60 years ago de western den northern shores of de lake be home to large herds of elephant, de Luapula floodplain support herds of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]], den dem note de [[:en:Lusenga_Plain_National_Park|Lusenga Plain National Park]] den [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] give [[:en:Cape_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], a great variety of [[:en:Antelope|antelope]] den [[:en:Lion|lion]]. Hunting, loss of habitat, den poaching reduce most animal populations. For de Zambian side top perhaps only [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] get tourism potential. For de Congolese side top de [[:fr:Parc national de Kundelungu|Parc National de Kundelungu]] for de mountains {{convert|75|km}} south-west of de lake insyd go dey be for better condition insyd.    

== Make you sanso see ==

* [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|Rift Valley lakes]]
* [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]]
* [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]]
* [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]]
* [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]]
* [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga Province]]
* [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]]
* [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]]
* [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give [[:en:Tourism|tourism]] despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of [[:en:Wildlife_conservation|wildlife conservation]], den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 60 years ago de western den northern shores of de lake be home to large herds of elephant, de Luapula floodplain support herds of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]], den dem note de [[:en:Lusenga_Plain_National_Park|Lusenga Plain National Park]] den [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] give [[:en:Cape_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], a great variety of [[:en:Antelope|antelope]] den [[:en:Lion|lion]]. Hunting, loss of habitat, den poaching reduce most animal populations. For de Zambian side top perhaps only [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] get tourism potential. For de Congolese side top de [[:fr:Parc national de Kundelungu|Parc National de Kundelungu]] for de mountains {{convert|75|km}} south-west of de lake insyd go dey be for better condition insyd.    

== Make you sanso see ==

* [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|Rift Valley lakes]]
* [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]]
* [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]]
* [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]]
* [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]]
* [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga Province]]
* [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]]
* [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]]
* [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]]
* [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give [[:en:Tourism|tourism]] despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of [[:en:Wildlife_conservation|wildlife conservation]], den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 60 years ago de western den northern shores of de lake be home to large herds of elephant, de Luapula floodplain support herds of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]], den dem note de [[:en:Lusenga_Plain_National_Park|Lusenga Plain National Park]] den [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] give [[:en:Cape_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], a great variety of [[:en:Antelope|antelope]] den [[:en:Lion|lion]]. Hunting, loss of habitat, den poaching reduce most animal populations. For de Zambian side top perhaps only [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] get tourism potential. For de Congolese side top de [[:fr:Parc national de Kundelungu|Parc National de Kundelungu]] for de mountains {{convert|75|km}} south-west of de lake insyd go dey be for better condition insyd.    

== Make you sanso see ==

* [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|Rift Valley lakes]]
* [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]]
* [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]]
* [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]]
* [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]]
* [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga Province]]
* [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]]
* [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]]
* [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]]
* [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;'''General references'''
* For area, depth and volume data: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577_Update_on_the_bathymetry_of_Lake_Mweru_with_notes_on_water_level_fluctuations AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten: &quot;Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations&quot;.] ''African Journal of Aquatic Science'', 31 (1) : 145–150 (2006). Accessed 4 March 2007.

[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give [[:en:Tourism|tourism]] despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of [[:en:Wildlife_conservation|wildlife conservation]], den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 60 years ago de western den northern shores of de lake be home to large herds of elephant, de Luapula floodplain support herds of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]], den dem note de [[:en:Lusenga_Plain_National_Park|Lusenga Plain National Park]] den [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] give [[:en:Cape_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], a great variety of [[:en:Antelope|antelope]] den [[:en:Lion|lion]]. Hunting, loss of habitat, den poaching reduce most animal populations. For de Zambian side top perhaps only [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] get tourism potential. For de Congolese side top de [[:fr:Parc national de Kundelungu|Parc National de Kundelungu]] for de mountains {{convert|75|km}} south-west of de lake insyd go dey be for better condition insyd.    

== Make you sanso see ==

* [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|Rift Valley lakes]]
* [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]]
* [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]]
* [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]]
* [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]]
* [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga Province]]
* [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]]
* [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]]
* [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]]
* [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;'''General references'''
* For area, depth and volume data: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577_Update_on_the_bathymetry_of_Lake_Mweru_with_notes_on_water_level_fluctuations AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten: &quot;Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations&quot;.] ''African Journal of Aquatic Science'', 31 (1) : 145–150 (2006). Accessed 4 March 2007.
* For distances: Google Earth.

[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give [[:en:Tourism|tourism]] despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of [[:en:Wildlife_conservation|wildlife conservation]], den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 60 years ago de western den northern shores of de lake be home to large herds of elephant, de Luapula floodplain support herds of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]], den dem note de [[:en:Lusenga_Plain_National_Park|Lusenga Plain National Park]] den [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] give [[:en:Cape_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], a great variety of [[:en:Antelope|antelope]] den [[:en:Lion|lion]]. Hunting, loss of habitat, den poaching reduce most animal populations. For de Zambian side top perhaps only [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] get tourism potential. For de Congolese side top de [[:fr:Parc national de Kundelungu|Parc National de Kundelungu]] for de mountains {{convert|75|km}} south-west of de lake insyd go dey be for better condition insyd.    

== Make you sanso see ==

* [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|Rift Valley lakes]]
* [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]]
* [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]]
* [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]]
* [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]]
* [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga Province]]
* [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]]
* [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]]
* [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]]
* [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;'''General references'''
* For area, depth and volume data: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577_Update_on_the_bathymetry_of_Lake_Mweru_with_notes_on_water_level_fluctuations AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten: &quot;Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations&quot;.] ''African Journal of Aquatic Science'', 31 (1) : 145–150 (2006). Accessed 4 March 2007.
* For distances: Google Earth.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312203551/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dsafr026.html World Lakes Database entry for Lake Mweru]

[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give [[:en:Tourism|tourism]] despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of [[:en:Wildlife_conservation|wildlife conservation]], den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 60 years ago de western den northern shores of de lake be home to large herds of elephant, de Luapula floodplain support herds of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]], den dem note de [[:en:Lusenga_Plain_National_Park|Lusenga Plain National Park]] den [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] give [[:en:Cape_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], a great variety of [[:en:Antelope|antelope]] den [[:en:Lion|lion]]. Hunting, loss of habitat, den poaching reduce most animal populations. For de Zambian side top perhaps only [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] get tourism potential. For de Congolese side top de [[:fr:Parc national de Kundelungu|Parc National de Kundelungu]] for de mountains {{convert|75|km}} south-west of de lake insyd go dey be for better condition insyd.    

== Make you sanso see ==

* [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|Rift Valley lakes]]
* [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]]
* [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]]
* [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]]
* [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]]
* [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga Province]]
* [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]]
* [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]]
* [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]]
* [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;'''General references'''
* For area, depth and volume data: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577_Update_on_the_bathymetry_of_Lake_Mweru_with_notes_on_water_level_fluctuations AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten: &quot;Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations&quot;.] ''African Journal of Aquatic Science'', 31 (1) : 145–150 (2006). Accessed 4 March 2007.
* For distances: Google Earth.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312203551/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dsafr026.html World Lakes Database entry for Lake Mweru]

== External links ==

* [http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/places/lakmweru.htm Zambia tourism info plus picture]

[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give [[:en:Tourism|tourism]] despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of [[:en:Wildlife_conservation|wildlife conservation]], den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 60 years ago de western den northern shores of de lake be home to large herds of elephant, de Luapula floodplain support herds of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]], den dem note de [[:en:Lusenga_Plain_National_Park|Lusenga Plain National Park]] den [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] give [[:en:Cape_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], a great variety of [[:en:Antelope|antelope]] den [[:en:Lion|lion]]. Hunting, loss of habitat, den poaching reduce most animal populations. For de Zambian side top perhaps only [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] get tourism potential. For de Congolese side top de [[:fr:Parc national de Kundelungu|Parc National de Kundelungu]] for de mountains {{convert|75|km}} south-west of de lake insyd go dey be for better condition insyd.    

== Make you sanso see ==

* [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|Rift Valley lakes]]
* [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]]
* [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]]
* [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]]
* [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]]
* [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga Province]]
* [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]]
* [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]]
* [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]]
* [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;'''General references'''
* For area, depth and volume data: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577_Update_on_the_bathymetry_of_Lake_Mweru_with_notes_on_water_level_fluctuations AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten: &quot;Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations&quot;.] ''African Journal of Aquatic Science'', 31 (1) : 145–150 (2006). Accessed 4 March 2007.
* For distances: Google Earth.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312203551/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dsafr026.html World Lakes Database entry for Lake Mweru]

== External links ==

* [http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/places/lakmweru.htm Zambia tourism info plus picture]
* [https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/a-trans-africa-inland-waterway-system A Trans-Africa Inland Waterway System?]

[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

==== Exploration ====
Dem know de lake to [[:en:Arab|Arab]] den [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] traders (of [[:en:Ivory|ivory]], [[:en:Copper|copper]] den [[:en:Slaves|slaves]]) wey use [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]] for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] for de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] top to [[:en:Ujiji|Ujiji]] for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de [[:en:Lunda_Kingdom|Lunda]], [[:en:Luba_Empire|Luba]], [[:en:Msiri|Yeke]] anaa [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de [[:en:Atlantic|Atlantic]], so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese]] traders/explorers Pereira, [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] den odas visit Kazembe from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[:en:Angola|Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein [[:en:Kanyembo|Kanyembo]] capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de [[:en:Slave|slave]] trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de [[:en:Yeke_Kingdom|Yeke]] king [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]] den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] for 1890–1 insyd den de [[:en:Stairs_Expedition|Stairs Expedition]] for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] at [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]], a [[:en:British_Empire|British]] [[:en:Protectorate|protectorate]]. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary [[:en:Dan_Crawford_(missionary)|Dan Crawford]] of de [[:en:Plymouth_Brethren|Plymouth Brethren]] establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma [[:en:Boma_(enclosure)|boma]] from [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]] to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as [[:en:Blair_Watson|Blair Watson]]), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around [[:en:Mbala,_Zambia|Abercorn]] further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from [[:en:British_Central_Africa|British Central Africa]] ([[:en:Malawi|Nyasaland]]) to do dat job (see de article for [[:en:Alfred_Sharpe|Alfred Sharpe]] top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto being ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]] give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga]] for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De [[:en:Lubumbashi|Elizabethville]] mines start up more quickly dan those of de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]], den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Many fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be [[:en:Nchelenge|Nchelenge]], [[:en:Kashikishi|Kashikishi]] den [[:en:Chiengi|Chiengi]], den for de DR Congo side top, [[:en:Kilwa_(Katanga)|Kilwa]] (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]].  

Besides [[:en:Kilwa_Island,_Zambia|Kilwa Island]], der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De [[:en:Second_Congo_War|Second Congo War]] of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Many refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for [[:en:Mporokoso|Mporokoso]] den [[:en:Kawambwa|Kawambwa]] districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgians]] operate a regular service by a [[:en:Paddle_steamer|paddle steamer]], de ''Charles Lemaire'', between [[:en:Kasenga|Kasenga]] for de Luapula den [[:en:Pweto|Pweto]] top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]] mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, many ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see [[:en:Congo_Pedicle_road|Congo Pedicle road]] give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for [[:en:Chibemba|Chibemba]] insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. ([[:en:Smoking_(cooking_technique)|Smoking]] den [[:en:Salting_(food)|salting]] fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, [[:en:Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[:en:Mormyridae|elephantfish]] den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

[[:en:Greece|Greek]] fishermen from de [[:en:Dodecanese_islands|Dodecanese islands]] pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey [[:en:Charcoal|charcoal]]-fuelled [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engines]] power am, wey dem later replace am plus [[:en:Diesel_engine|diesel]]. Dem supply de workforce of de [[:en:Copper_extraction|copper mines]] for [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]] insyd (later de whole [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt]]) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Gillnets|Gill nets]] catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small [[:en:Pelagic_fish|pelagic fish]] wey dem bell [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]], originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De [[:en:Dikulushi|Dikulushi]] [[:en:Copper_extraction|Copper Mine]] be an [[:en:Open-cast_mine|open-cast mine]] {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. [[:en:Anvil_Mining|Anvil Mining]] sell de mine to [[:en:Mawson_West|Mawson West]], an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry [[:en:Concentrate|concentrate]] cross Mweru for a large motorised [[:en:Pontoon_(boat)|pontoon]] [[:en:Ferry|ferry]] top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper [[:en:Smelter|smelter]] for [[:en:Tsumeb|Tsumeb]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give [[:en:Tourism|tourism]] despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of [[:en:Wildlife_conservation|wildlife conservation]], den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 60 years ago de western den northern shores of de lake be home to large herds of elephant, de Luapula floodplain support herds of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]], den dem note de [[:en:Lusenga_Plain_National_Park|Lusenga Plain National Park]] den [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] give [[:en:Cape_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], a great variety of [[:en:Antelope|antelope]] den [[:en:Lion|lion]]. Hunting, loss of habitat, den poaching reduce most animal populations. For de Zambian side top perhaps only [[:en:Mweru_Wantipa_National_Park|Mweru Wantipa National Park]] get tourism potential. For de Congolese side top de [[:fr:Parc national de Kundelungu|Parc National de Kundelungu]] for de mountains {{convert|75|km}} south-west of de lake insyd go dey be for better condition insyd.    

== Make you sanso see ==

* [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|Rift Valley lakes]]
* [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]]
* [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]]
* [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]]
* [[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]]
* [[:en:Katanga_Province|Katanga Province]]
* [[:en:Msiri|Msiri]]
* [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]]
* [[:en:Luapula_Province_border_dispute|Luapula Province border dispute]]
* [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;'''General references'''
* For area, depth and volume data: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577_Update_on_the_bathymetry_of_Lake_Mweru_with_notes_on_water_level_fluctuations AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten: &quot;Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations&quot;.] ''African Journal of Aquatic Science'', 31 (1) : 145–150 (2006). Accessed 4 March 2007.
* For distances: Google Earth.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312203551/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dsafr026.html World Lakes Database entry for Lake Mweru]

== External links ==

* [http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/places/lakmweru.htm Zambia tourism info plus picture]
* [https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/a-trans-africa-inland-waterway-system A Trans-Africa Inland Waterway System?]
* [https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.5+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo+Waterways+Assessment Democratic Republic of Congo Waterways Assessment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720034052/https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.5+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo+Waterways+Assessment|date=20 July 2021}}

[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Mweru]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a freshwater lake for de longest arm of [[Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[Congo River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein Luapula River (upstream) den Luvua River (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of Bantu languages, so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De Luapula River mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de Kalungwishi River from de east. At ein north end de Luvua River drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de Lualaba River den then to de Congo. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein drainage basin insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy delta almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de Bangweulu Swamps den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a rift valley lake lying insyd de Lake Mweru-Luapula graben, wich be a branch of de East African Rift.&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep escarpment typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de Kundelungu Mountains beyond, buh de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am Mweru Wantipa (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly endorheic den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a dambo most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

=== Exploration ===
Dem know de lake to Arab den Swahili traders (of ivory, copper den slaves) wey use Kilwa Island for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from Zanzibar for de Indian Ocean top to Ujiji for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de Lunda, Luba, Yeke anaa Kazembe kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de Atlantic, so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 Portuguese traders/explorers Pereira, Francisco de Lacerda den odas visit Kazembe from [[Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein Kanyembo capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de slave trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de Yeke king Msiri den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until Alfred Sharpe for 1890–1 insyd den de Stairs Expedition for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King Leopold II of Belgium. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de British boma at Chiengi for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of Northern Rhodesia, a British protectorate. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary Dan Crawford of de Plymouth Brethren establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma boma from Chiengi to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as Blair Watson), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around Abercorn further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from British Central Africa (Nyasaland) to do dat job (see de article for Alfred Sharpe top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto be ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de Luapula Province border dispute give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of Katanga for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de Luapula Province den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De Elizabethville mines start up more quickly dan those of de Copperbelt, den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Chaw fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be Nchelenge, Kashikishi den Chiengi, den for de DR Congo side top, Kilwa (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den Pweto.  

Besides Kilwa Island, der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De Second Congo War of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Chaw refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for Mporokoso den Kawambwa districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De Belgians operate a regular service by a paddle steamer, de ''Charles Lemaire'', between Kasenga for de Luapula den Pweto top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main Luapula Province road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de Copperbelt mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, chaw ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see Congo Pedicle road give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein longfin tilapia, (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for Chibemba insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. (Smoking den salting fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, tigerfish, elephantfish den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

Greek fishermen from de Dodecanese islands pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey charcoal-fuelled steam engines power am, wey dem later replace am plus diesel. Dem supply de workforce of de copper mines for Lubumbashi insyd (later de whole Copperbelt) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Gill nets catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small pelagic fish wey dem bell kapenta, originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De Dikulushi Copper Mine be an open-cast mine {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. Anvil Mining sell de mine to Mawson West, an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry concentrate cross Mweru for a large motorised pontoon ferry top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper smelter for Tsumeb, [[Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give tourism despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of wildlife conservation, den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 60 years ago de western den northern shores of de lake be home to large herds of elephant, de Luapula floodplain support herds of lechwe, den dem note de Lusenga Plain National Park den Mweru Wantipa National Park give Cape buffalo, a great variety of antelope den lion. Hunting, loss of habitat, den poaching reduce most animal populations. For de Zambian side top perhaps only Mweru Wantipa National Park get tourism potential. For de Congolese side top de Parc National de Kundelungu for de mountains {{convert|75|km}} south-west of de lake insyd go dey be for better condition insyd.    

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;'''General references'''
* For area, depth and volume data: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577_Update_on_the_bathymetry_of_Lake_Mweru_with_notes_on_water_level_fluctuations AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten: &quot;Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations&quot;.] ''African Journal of Aquatic Science'', 31 (1) : 145–150 (2006). Accessed 4 March 2007.
* For distances: Google Earth.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312203551/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dsafr026.html World Lakes Database entry for Lake Mweru]

== External links ==

* [http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/places/lakmweru.htm Zambia tourism info plus picture]
* [https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/a-trans-africa-inland-waterway-system A Trans-Africa Inland Waterway System?]
* [https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.5+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo+Waterways+Assessment Democratic Republic of Congo Waterways Assessment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720034052/https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.5+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo+Waterways+Assessment|date=20 July 2021}}

[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Congo River]]</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a freshwater lake for de longest arm of [[Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[Congo River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein Luapula River (upstream) den Luvua River (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of Bantu languages, so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De Luapula River mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de Kalungwishi River from de east. At ein north end de Luvua River drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de Lualaba River den then to de Congo. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein drainage basin insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy delta almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de Bangweulu Swamps den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a rift valley lake lying insyd de Lake Mweru-Luapula graben, wich be a branch of de East African Rift.&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep escarpment typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de Kundelungu Mountains beyond, buh de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am Mweru Wantipa (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly endorheic den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a dambo most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human geography ==

=== Exploration ===
Dem know de lake to Arab den Swahili traders (of ivory, copper den slaves) wey use Kilwa Island for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from Zanzibar for de Indian Ocean top to Ujiji for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de Lunda, Luba, Yeke anaa Kazembe kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de Atlantic, so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: &quot;The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6&quot;]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1796 den 1831 Portuguese traders/explorers Pereira, Francisco de Lacerda den odas visit Kazembe from [[Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein Kanyembo capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: &quot;Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry.&quot;] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. &quot;Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru,&quot; p7. Greek fishermen: p8.&lt;/ref&gt; Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de slave trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de Yeke king Msiri den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until Alfred Sharpe for 1890–1 insyd den de Stairs Expedition for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King Leopold II of Belgium. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de British boma at Chiengi for 1891 insyd.         

==== Historical development ====
[[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]]
De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of Northern Rhodesia, a British protectorate. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%.   

Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary Dan Crawford of de Plymouth Brethren establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top.    

De British move demma boma from Chiengi to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as Blair Watson), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around Abercorn further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition  for 1899 insyd from British Central Africa (Nyasaland) to do dat job (see de article for Alfred Sharpe top give more details).     

De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto be ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de Luapula Province border dispute give further details den references.      

After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of Katanga for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de Luapula Province den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De Elizabethville mines start up more quickly dan those of de Copperbelt, den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change.        

==== Centres of population ====
Chaw fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be Nchelenge, Kashikishi den Chiengi, den for de DR Congo side top, Kilwa (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den Pweto.  

Besides Kilwa Island, der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top).  

De Second Congo War of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Chaw refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for Mporokoso den Kawambwa districts insyd.   

==== Transport ====
De Belgians operate a regular service by a paddle steamer, de ''Charles Lemaire'', between Kasenga for de Luapula den Pweto top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd).  

Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main Luapula Province road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de Copperbelt mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, chaw ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi.   

Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see Congo Pedicle road give more details.    

==== Fishery ====
[[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]]
Dem always note Mweru give ein longfin tilapia, (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for Chibemba insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. (Smoking den salting fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, tigerfish, elephantfish den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish.  

Greek fishermen from de Dodecanese islands pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey charcoal-fuelled steam engines power am, wey dem later replace am plus diesel. Dem supply de workforce of de copper mines for Lubumbashi insyd (later de whole Copperbelt) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: &quot;Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm&quot;.] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Gill nets catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small pelagic fish wey dem bell kapenta, originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: &quot;Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia.&quot;] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mining ====
De Dikulushi Copper Mine be an open-cast mine {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. Anvil Mining sell de mine to Mawson West, an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusSpec&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry concentrate cross Mweru for a large motorised pontoon ferry top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper smelter for Tsumeb, [[Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: &quot;Dikulushi Operation&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tourism ====
Lake Mweru be undeveloped give tourism despite dem regard am as &quot;truly beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt;Camerapix: &quot;Spectrum Guide to Zambia.&quot; Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of wildlife conservation, den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 60 years ago de western den northern shores of de lake be home to large herds of elephant, de Luapula floodplain support herds of lechwe, den dem note de Lusenga Plain National Park den Mweru Wantipa National Park give Cape buffalo, a great variety of antelope den lion. Hunting, loss of habitat, den poaching reduce most animal populations. For de Zambian side top perhaps only Mweru Wantipa National Park get tourism potential. For de Congolese side top de Parc National de Kundelungu for de mountains {{convert|75|km}} south-west of de lake insyd go dey be for better condition insyd.    

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;'''General references'''
* For area, depth and volume data: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577_Update_on_the_bathymetry_of_Lake_Mweru_with_notes_on_water_level_fluctuations AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten: &quot;Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations&quot;.] ''African Journal of Aquatic Science'', 31 (1) : 145–150 (2006). Accessed 4 March 2007.
* For distances: Google Earth.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312203551/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dsafr026.html World Lakes Database entry for Lake Mweru]

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/places/lakmweru.htm Zambia tourism info with picture]
* [https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/a-trans-africa-inland-waterway-system A Trans-Africa Inland Waterway System?]
* [https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.5+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo+Waterways+Assessment Democratic Republic of Congo Waterways Assessment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720034052/https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.5+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo+Waterways+Assessment |date=20 July 2021 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mweru}}
[[Category:Lake Mweru| ]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia]]
[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Geography of Luapula Province]]
[[Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Zambia border]]</text>
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[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas based on the aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250711080657/https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas due to climate change den human activities be called desertification.

As of 2005, considerable controversy existed over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more than 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of these be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich defined am as &quot;de process of fertile land ''transforming into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;.{{CN|date=March 2026}} Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There exists sanso controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, including, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
{{See also|Deforestation#Causes}}
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
=== Influence of human activities ===
Early studies dey argue say one of de most common causes of desertification be overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle anaa oda livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, de role of local overexploitation insyd driving desertification insyd de recent past be controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Drought insyd de Sahel region be now thought to be principally de result of seasonal variability insyd rainfall wey cause by large-scale sea surface temperature variations, largely driven by natural variability den anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective sulphate particles) den greenhouse gases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, changing ocean temperature den reductions insyd sulfate emissions dey cause a re-greening of de region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dis dey lead some scholars to argue dat agriculture-induced vegetation loss be a minor factor insyd desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Na Human population dynamics dey get a considerable impact on overgrazing, over-farming den deforestation, as previously acceptable techniques have becam unsustainable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are multiple reasons farmers use intensive farming as opposed to extensive farming but de main reason be to maximize yields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By increasing productivity, they require a lot more fertilizer, pesticides, den labor to upkeep machinery. Dis continuous use of de land rapidly depletes de nutrients of de soil causing desertification to spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Natural variations ===
Scientists agree dat de existence of a desert insyd de place wey de Sahara desert be now dey locate be due to natural variations insyd solar insolation due to orbital procession of de Earth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such variations influence de strength of de West African Monsoon, inducing feedback insyd vegetation den dust emission dat amplify de cycle of wet den dry Sahara climate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&amp;PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; There be sanso a suggestion de transition of de Sahara from savanna to desert during de mid-Holocene be partially due to overgrazing by de cattle of de local population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=K. Wright |first1=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists have further studied critical regions, confirming dat human activities den soil health join meteorogical factors as main contributors towards desertification. Insyd de Mu Us Desert, soil health makes up 37% of desertification events while meteorological den human activities work to counteract dis phenomenon by 46% den 17%, respectively. Inner Mongolia desertification be characterize by 24% meteorological contributions den 34.7% soil benefits throughout dis environment.  Shaanxi be a counterexample insyd wich meteorological factors work against desertification den soil exacerbates am, demonstrating de various influences of natural factors throughout regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi-access=free |issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Desertification]]
[[Category:Environmental soil science]]
[[Category:Paleoclimatology]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3051" sha1="pww1t1wl5i8149lzu2x6p8e3gefqdfi" xml:space="preserve">'''Na Lake Kariba''' be de world's largest artificial lake den reservoir by volume. E lies {{convert|1300|km|mi}} upstream from de mouth of de Zambezi river on de Indian Ocean, along de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. Lake Kariba was filled between 1958 den 1963 following de completion of de Kariba Dam at its northeastern end, flooding de Kariba Gorge on de Zambezi River.

De Zimbabwean town of Kariba dey build for construction workers on de lake's dam , while some oda settlements such as Binga village den Mlibizi insyd Zimbabwe den Siavonga den Sinazongwe  insyd Zambia have expanded to house people displaced by de damming of de river.
==Physical characteristics==
Lake Kariba be over {{convert|223|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den up to {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=off}} insyd width. E covers an area of {{convert|5,580|km2|mi2|abbr=off}} den its storage capacity be {{convert|185|km3|mi3|abbr=off}}. De mean depth of de lake be {{convert|29|m|ft|abbr=off}}; de maximum depth be {{convert|97|m|ft|abbr=off}}. E be de world's largest man-made reservoir by volume, four times as large as de Three Gorges Dam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044719/Kariba
|title=Kariba
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
|access-date=2007-07-31
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; De enormous mass of water{{efn|(approximately 180,000,000,000,000 kilograms, or 180 petagrams [180 billion tons])}} be believed to have caused induced seismicity insyd de seismically active region, including over 20 earthquakes of greater dan 5 magnitude on de Richter scale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Scholz |first1=C. H. |last2=Koczynski |first2=T. A. |last3=Hutchins |first3=D. G. |title=Evidence for Incipient Rifting in Southern Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=1 January 1976 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=135–144 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb00278.x |bibcode=1976GeoJ...44..135S |url=https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/44/1/135/1914105/44-1-135.pdf|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De lake get several islands, including Maaze Island, Mashape Island, Chete Island, Sekula Island, Sampa Karuma, Fothergill, Spurwing,Snake Island, Antelope Island, Bed Island, den Chikanka.
==Ecology==
[[File:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kariba Dam]]]]
During de filling-up phase of de lake, de water was high insyd nutrients coming from decomposing, inundated vegetation, creating a thick layer of fertile soil on land dat became de lake bed. As a result, de ecology of Lake Kariba be vibrant. A number of fish species have been introduced to de lake, notably de sardine-like Kapenta  (transported from [[Lake Tanganyika]]), wich now supports a thriving commercial fishery. Oda inhabitants of Lake Kariba include Nile crocodiles den hippopotamuses.

Gamefish, particularly tigerfish, wich be among de indigenous species of de Zambezi river system, now thrive on de kapenta, wich insyd turn encourages tourism. Both Zambia den Zimbabwe are now attempting to develop de tourism industry along their respective coasts of Lake Kariba.

== References ==
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      <text bytes="3417" sha1="aem72kox7nnycc0hbtzq42xpfuy5q87" xml:space="preserve">'''Na Lake Kariba''' be de world's largest artificial lake den reservoir by volume. E lies {{convert|1300|km|mi}} upstream from de mouth of de Zambezi river on de Indian Ocean, along de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. Lake Kariba was filled between 1958 den 1963 following de completion of de Kariba Dam at its northeastern end, flooding de Kariba Gorge on de Zambezi River.

De Zimbabwean town of Kariba dey build for construction workers on de lake's dam , while some oda settlements such as Binga village den Mlibizi insyd Zimbabwe den Siavonga den Sinazongwe  insyd Zambia have expanded to house people displaced by de damming of de river.
==Physical characteristics==
Lake Kariba be over {{convert|223|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den up to {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=off}} insyd width. E covers an area of {{convert|5,580|km2|mi2|abbr=off}} den its storage capacity be {{convert|185|km3|mi3|abbr=off}}. De mean depth of de lake be {{convert|29|m|ft|abbr=off}}; de maximum depth be {{convert|97|m|ft|abbr=off}}. E be de world's largest man-made reservoir by volume, four times as large as de Three Gorges Dam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044719/Kariba
|title=Kariba
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
|access-date=2007-07-31
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; De enormous mass of water{{efn|(approximately 180,000,000,000,000 kilograms, or 180 petagrams [180 billion tons])}} be believed to have caused induced seismicity insyd de seismically active region, including over 20 earthquakes of greater dan 5 magnitude on de Richter scale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Scholz |first1=C. H. |last2=Koczynski |first2=T. A. |last3=Hutchins |first3=D. G. |title=Evidence for Incipient Rifting in Southern Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=1 January 1976 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=135–144 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb00278.x |bibcode=1976GeoJ...44..135S |url=https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/44/1/135/1914105/44-1-135.pdf|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De lake get several islands, including Maaze Island, Mashape Island, Chete Island, Sekula Island, Sampa Karuma, Fothergill, Spurwing,Snake Island, Antelope Island, Bed Island, den Chikanka.
==Ecology==
[[File:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kariba Dam]]]]
During de filling-up phase of de lake, de water was high insyd nutrients coming from decomposing, inundated vegetation, creating a thick layer of fertile soil on land dat became de lake bed. As a result, de ecology of Lake Kariba be vibrant. A number of fish species have been introduced to de lake, notably de sardine-like Kapenta  (transported from [[Lake Tanganyika]]), wich now supports a thriving commercial fishery. Oda inhabitants of Lake Kariba include Nile crocodiles den hippopotamuses.

Gamefish, particularly tigerfish, wich be among de indigenous species of de Zambezi river system, now thrive on de kapenta, wich insyd turn encourages tourism. Both Zambia den Zimbabwe are now attempting to develop de tourism industry along their respective coasts of Lake Kariba.

Fish eagles, cormorants den oda water birds patrol de shorelines, as do large numbers of elephants den oda big game species including lion, cheetah, leopard, buffalo den a myriad of smaller plains game species. De southern Matusadona National Park was once a haven for black den white rhinoceros, but recent poaching activity has dramatically reduced their numbers.
== References ==
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      <text bytes="3437" sha1="e0uxgkvb6jjdnixciyyl6e2veg384nc" xml:space="preserve">'''Na Lake Kariba''' be de world's largest artificial lake den reservoir by volume. E lies {{convert|1300|km|mi}} upstream from de mouth of de Zambezi river on de Indian Ocean, along de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. Lake Kariba was filled between 1958 den 1963 following de completion of de Kariba Dam at its northeastern end, flooding de Kariba Gorge on de Zambezi River.

De Zimbabwean town of Kariba dey build for construction workers on de lake's dam , while some oda settlements such as Binga village den Mlibizi insyd Zimbabwe den Siavonga den Sinazongwe  insyd Zambia have expanded to house people displaced by de damming of de river.
==Physical characteristics==
Lake Kariba be over {{convert|223|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den up to {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=off}} insyd width. E covers an area of {{convert|5,580|km2|mi2|abbr=off}} den its storage capacity be {{convert|185|km3|mi3|abbr=off}}. De mean depth of de lake be {{convert|29|m|ft|abbr=off}}; de maximum depth be {{convert|97|m|ft|abbr=off}}. E be de world's largest man-made reservoir by volume, four times as large as de Three Gorges Dam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044719/Kariba
|title=Kariba
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
|access-date=2007-07-31
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; De enormous mass of water{{efn|(approximately 180,000,000,000,000 kilograms, or 180 petagrams [180 billion tons])}} be believed to have caused induced seismicity insyd de seismically active region, including over 20 earthquakes of greater dan 5 magnitude on de Richter scale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Scholz |first1=C. H. |last2=Koczynski |first2=T. A. |last3=Hutchins |first3=D. G. |title=Evidence for Incipient Rifting in Southern Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=1 January 1976 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=135–144 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb00278.x |bibcode=1976GeoJ...44..135S |url=https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/44/1/135/1914105/44-1-135.pdf|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De lake get several islands, including Maaze Island, Mashape Island, Chete Island, Sekula Island, Sampa Karuma, Fothergill, Spurwing,Snake Island, Antelope Island, Bed Island, den Chikanka.
==Ecology==
[[File:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kariba Dam]]]]
During de filling-up phase of de lake, de water was high insyd nutrients coming from decomposing, inundated vegetation, creating a thick layer of fertile soil on land dat became de lake bed. As a result, de ecology of Lake Kariba be vibrant. A number of fish species have been introduced to de lake, notably de sardine-like Kapenta  (transported from [[Lake Tanganyika]]), wich now supports a thriving commercial fishery. Oda inhabitants of Lake Kariba include Nile crocodiles den hippopotamuses.

Gamefish, particularly tigerfish, wich be among de indigenous species of de Zambezi river system, now thrive on de kapenta, wich insyd turn encourages tourism. Both Zambia den Zimbabwe are now attempting to develop de tourism industry along their respective coasts of Lake Kariba.

Fish eagles, cormorants den oda water birds patrol de shorelines, as do large numbers of elephants den oda big game species including lion, cheetah, leopard, buffalo den a myriad of smaller plains game species. De southern Matusadona National Park was once a haven for black den white rhinoceros, but recent poaching activity has dramatically reduced their numbers.
==Protected areas==
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="3449" sha1="7rb4nd6x8jlz9dxa92iuuom8ayp02uc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Na Lake Kariba''' be de world's largest artificial lake den reservoir by volume. E lies {{convert|1300|km|mi}} upstream from de mouth of de Zambezi river on de Indian Ocean, along de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. Lake Kariba was filled between 1958 den 1963 following de completion of de Kariba Dam at its northeastern end, flooding de Kariba Gorge on de Zambezi River.

De Zimbabwean town of Kariba dey build for construction workers on de lake's dam , while some oda settlements such as Binga village den Mlibizi insyd Zimbabwe den Siavonga den Sinazongwe  insyd Zambia have expanded to house people displaced by de damming of de river.
==Physical characteristics==
Lake Kariba be over {{convert|223|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den up to {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=off}} insyd width. E covers an area of {{convert|5,580|km2|mi2|abbr=off}} den its storage capacity be {{convert|185|km3|mi3|abbr=off}}. De mean depth of de lake be {{convert|29|m|ft|abbr=off}}; de maximum depth be {{convert|97|m|ft|abbr=off}}. E be de world's largest man-made reservoir by volume, four times as large as de Three Gorges Dam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044719/Kariba
|title=Kariba
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
|access-date=2007-07-31
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; De enormous mass of water{{efn|(approximately 180,000,000,000,000 kilograms, or 180 petagrams [180 billion tons])}} be believed to have caused induced seismicity insyd de seismically active region, including over 20 earthquakes of greater dan 5 magnitude on de Richter scale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Scholz |first1=C. H. |last2=Koczynski |first2=T. A. |last3=Hutchins |first3=D. G. |title=Evidence for Incipient Rifting in Southern Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=1 January 1976 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=135–144 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb00278.x |bibcode=1976GeoJ...44..135S |url=https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/44/1/135/1914105/44-1-135.pdf|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De lake get several islands, including Maaze Island, Mashape Island, Chete Island, Sekula Island, Sampa Karuma, Fothergill, Spurwing,Snake Island, Antelope Island, Bed Island, den Chikanka.
==Ecology==
[[File:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kariba Dam]]]]
During de filling-up phase of de lake, de water was high insyd nutrients coming from decomposing, inundated vegetation, creating a thick layer of fertile soil on land dat became de lake bed. As a result, de ecology of Lake Kariba be vibrant. A number of fish species have been introduced to de lake, notably de sardine-like Kapenta  (transported from [[Lake Tanganyika]]), wich now supports a thriving commercial fishery. Oda inhabitants of Lake Kariba include Nile crocodiles den hippopotamuses.

Gamefish, particularly tigerfish, wich be among de indigenous species of de Zambezi river system, now thrive on de kapenta, wich insyd turn encourages tourism. Both Zambia den Zimbabwe are now attempting to develop de tourism industry along their respective coasts of Lake Kariba.

Fish eagles, cormorants den oda water birds patrol de shorelines, as do large numbers of elephants den oda big game species including lion, cheetah, leopard, buffalo den a myriad of smaller plains game species. De southern Matusadona National Park was once a haven for black den white rhinoceros, but recent poaching activity has dramatically reduced their numbers.
==Protected areas==
== References ==
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'''Na Lake Kariba''' be de world's largest artificial lake den reservoir by volume. E lies {{convert|1300|km|mi}} upstream from de mouth of de Zambezi river on de Indian Ocean, along de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. Lake Kariba was filled between 1958 den 1963 following de completion of de Kariba Dam at its northeastern end, flooding de Kariba Gorge on de Zambezi River.

De Zimbabwean town of Kariba dey build for construction workers on de lake's dam , while some oda settlements such as Binga village den Mlibizi insyd Zimbabwe den Siavonga den Sinazongwe  insyd Zambia have expanded to house people displaced by de damming of de river.
==Physical characteristics==
Lake Kariba be over {{convert|223|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den up to {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=off}} insyd width. E covers an area of {{convert|5,580|km2|mi2|abbr=off}} den its storage capacity be {{convert|185|km3|mi3|abbr=off}}. De mean depth of de lake be {{convert|29|m|ft|abbr=off}}; de maximum depth be {{convert|97|m|ft|abbr=off}}. E be de world's largest man-made reservoir by volume, four times as large as de Three Gorges Dam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044719/Kariba
|title=Kariba
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
|access-date=2007-07-31
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; De enormous mass of water{{efn|(approximately 180,000,000,000,000 kilograms, or 180 petagrams [180 billion tons])}} be believed to have caused induced seismicity insyd de seismically active region, including over 20 earthquakes of greater dan 5 magnitude on de Richter scale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Scholz |first1=C. H. |last2=Koczynski |first2=T. A. |last3=Hutchins |first3=D. G. |title=Evidence for Incipient Rifting in Southern Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=1 January 1976 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=135–144 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb00278.x |bibcode=1976GeoJ...44..135S |url=https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/44/1/135/1914105/44-1-135.pdf|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De lake get several islands, including Maaze Island, Mashape Island, Chete Island, Sekula Island, Sampa Karuma, Fothergill, Spurwing,Snake Island, Antelope Island, Bed Island, den Chikanka.
==Ecology==
[[File:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kariba Dam]]]]
During de filling-up phase of de lake, de water was high insyd nutrients coming from decomposing, inundated vegetation, creating a thick layer of fertile soil on land dat became de lake bed. As a result, de ecology of Lake Kariba be vibrant. A number of fish species have been introduced to de lake, notably de sardine-like Kapenta  (transported from [[Lake Tanganyika]]), wich now supports a thriving commercial fishery. Oda inhabitants of Lake Kariba include Nile crocodiles den hippopotamuses.

Gamefish, particularly tigerfish, wich be among de indigenous species of de Zambezi river system, now thrive on de kapenta, wich insyd turn encourages tourism. Both Zambia den Zimbabwe are now attempting to develop de tourism industry along their respective coasts of Lake Kariba.

Fish eagles, cormorants den oda water birds patrol de shorelines, as do large numbers of elephants den oda big game species including lion, cheetah, leopard, buffalo den a myriad of smaller plains game species. De southern Matusadona National Park was once a haven for black den white rhinoceros, but recent poaching activity has dramatically reduced their numbers.
==Protected areas==
De portion of Lake Kariba wich falls within Zimbabwe has been designated a recreational park within de Zimbabwe Parks den Wildlife Estate.

== References ==
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'''Na Lake Kariba''' be de world's largest artificial lake den reservoir by volume. E lies {{convert|1300|km|mi}} upstream from de mouth of de Zambezi river on de Indian Ocean, along de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. Lake Kariba was filled between 1958 den 1963 following de completion of de Kariba Dam at its northeastern end, flooding de Kariba Gorge on de Zambezi River.

De Zimbabwean town of Kariba dey build for construction workers on de lake's dam , while some oda settlements such as Binga village den Mlibizi insyd Zimbabwe den Siavonga den Sinazongwe  insyd Zambia have expanded to house people displaced by de damming of de river.
==Physical characteristics==
Lake Kariba be over {{convert|223|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den up to {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=off}} insyd width. E covers an area of {{convert|5,580|km2|mi2|abbr=off}} den its storage capacity be {{convert|185|km3|mi3|abbr=off}}. De mean depth of de lake be {{convert|29|m|ft|abbr=off}}; de maximum depth be {{convert|97|m|ft|abbr=off}}. E be de world's largest man-made reservoir by volume, four times as large as de Three Gorges Dam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044719/Kariba
|title=Kariba
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
|access-date=2007-07-31
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; De enormous mass of water{{efn|(approximately 180,000,000,000,000 kilograms, or 180 petagrams [180 billion tons])}} be believed to have caused induced seismicity insyd de seismically active region, including over 20 earthquakes of greater dan 5 magnitude on de Richter scale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Scholz |first1=C. H. |last2=Koczynski |first2=T. A. |last3=Hutchins |first3=D. G. |title=Evidence for Incipient Rifting in Southern Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=1 January 1976 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=135–144 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb00278.x |bibcode=1976GeoJ...44..135S |url=https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/44/1/135/1914105/44-1-135.pdf|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De lake get several islands, including Maaze Island, Mashape Island, Chete Island, Sekula Island, Sampa Karuma, Fothergill, Spurwing,Snake Island, Antelope Island, Bed Island, den Chikanka.
==Ecology==
[[File:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kariba Dam]]]]
During de filling-up phase of de lake, de water was high insyd nutrients coming from decomposing, inundated vegetation, creating a thick layer of fertile soil on land dat became de lake bed. As a result, de ecology of Lake Kariba be vibrant. A number of fish species have been introduced to de lake, notably de sardine-like Kapenta  (transported from [[Lake Tanganyika]]), wich now supports a thriving commercial fishery. Oda inhabitants of Lake Kariba include Nile crocodiles den hippopotamuses.

Gamefish, particularly tigerfish, wich be among de indigenous species of de Zambezi river system, now thrive on de kapenta, wich insyd turn encourages tourism. Both Zambia den Zimbabwe are now attempting to develop de tourism industry along their respective coasts of Lake Kariba.

Fish eagles, cormorants den oda water birds patrol de shorelines, as do large numbers of elephants den oda big game species including lion, cheetah, leopard, buffalo den a myriad of smaller plains game species. De southern Matusadona National Park was once a haven for black den white rhinoceros, but recent poaching activity has dramatically reduced their numbers.
==Protected areas==
De portion of Lake Kariba wich falls within Zimbabwe has been designated a recreational park within de Zimbabwe Parks den Wildlife Estate.
==See sanso==
*Nyaminyami
*Kariba Town
*Kariba Ferries
*[[Lake Volta]], de largest reservoir by surface area insyd de world

== References ==
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      <text bytes="3735" sha1="qfkog2rbtcqspa7ckd9h794jwei0sm6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Na Lake Kariba''' be de world's largest artificial lake den reservoir by volume. E lies {{convert|1300|km|mi}} upstream from de mouth of de Zambezi river on de Indian Ocean, along de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. Lake Kariba was filled between 1958 den 1963 following de completion of de Kariba Dam at its northeastern end, flooding de Kariba Gorge on de Zambezi River.

De Zimbabwean town of Kariba dey build for construction workers on de lake's dam , while some oda settlements such as Binga village den Mlibizi insyd Zimbabwe den Siavonga den Sinazongwe  insyd Zambia have expanded to house people displaced by de damming of de river.
==Physical characteristics==
Lake Kariba be over {{convert|223|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den up to {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=off}} insyd width. E covers an area of {{convert|5,580|km2|mi2|abbr=off}} den its storage capacity be {{convert|185|km3|mi3|abbr=off}}. De mean depth of de lake be {{convert|29|m|ft|abbr=off}}; de maximum depth be {{convert|97|m|ft|abbr=off}}. E be de world's largest man-made reservoir by volume, four times as large as de Three Gorges Dam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044719/Kariba
|title=Kariba
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
|access-date=2007-07-31
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; De enormous mass of water{{efn|(approximately 180,000,000,000,000 kilograms, or 180 petagrams [180 billion tons])}} be believed to have caused induced seismicity insyd de seismically active region, including over 20 earthquakes of greater dan 5 magnitude on de Richter scale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Scholz |first1=C. H. |last2=Koczynski |first2=T. A. |last3=Hutchins |first3=D. G. |title=Evidence for Incipient Rifting in Southern Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=1 January 1976 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=135–144 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb00278.x |bibcode=1976GeoJ...44..135S |url=https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/44/1/135/1914105/44-1-135.pdf|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De lake get several islands, including Maaze Island, Mashape Island, Chete Island, Sekula Island, Sampa Karuma, Fothergill, Spurwing,Snake Island, Antelope Island, Bed Island, den Chikanka.
==Ecology==
[[File:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kariba Dam]]]]
During de filling-up phase of de lake, de water was high insyd nutrients coming from decomposing, inundated vegetation, creating a thick layer of fertile soil on land dat became de lake bed. As a result, de ecology of Lake Kariba be vibrant. A number of fish species have been introduced to de lake, notably de sardine-like Kapenta  (transported from [[Lake Tanganyika]]), wich now supports a thriving commercial fishery. Oda inhabitants of Lake Kariba include Nile crocodiles den hippopotamuses.

Gamefish, particularly tigerfish, wich be among de indigenous species of de Zambezi river system, now thrive on de kapenta, wich insyd turn encourages tourism. Both Zambia den Zimbabwe are now attempting to develop de tourism industry along their respective coasts of Lake Kariba.

Fish eagles, cormorants den oda water birds patrol de shorelines, as do large numbers of elephants den oda big game species including lion, cheetah, leopard, buffalo den a myriad of smaller plains game species. De southern Matusadona National Park was once a haven for black den white rhinoceros, but recent poaching activity has dramatically reduced their numbers.
==Protected areas==
De portion of Lake Kariba wich falls within Zimbabwe has been designated a recreational park within de Zimbabwe Parks den Wildlife Estate.
==See sanso==
*Nyaminyami
*Kariba Town
*Kariba Ferries
*[[Lake Volta]], de largest reservoir by surface area insyd de world
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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'''Na Lake Kariba''' be de world's largest artificial lake den reservoir by volume. E lies {{convert|1300|km|mi}} upstream from de mouth of de Zambezi river on de Indian Ocean, along de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. Lake Kariba was filled between 1958 den 1963 following de completion of de Kariba Dam at its northeastern end, flooding de Kariba Gorge on de Zambezi River.

De Zimbabwean town of Kariba dey build for construction workers on de lake's dam , while some oda settlements such as Binga village den Mlibizi insyd Zimbabwe den Siavonga den Sinazongwe  insyd Zambia have expanded to house people displaced by de damming of de river.
==Physical characteristics==
Lake Kariba be over {{convert|223|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den up to {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=off}} insyd width. E covers an area of {{convert|5,580|km2|mi2|abbr=off}} den its storage capacity be {{convert|185|km3|mi3|abbr=off}}. De mean depth of de lake be {{convert|29|m|ft|abbr=off}}; de maximum depth be {{convert|97|m|ft|abbr=off}}. E be de world's largest man-made reservoir by volume, four times as large as de Three Gorges Dam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044719/Kariba
|title=Kariba
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
|access-date=2007-07-31
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; De enormous mass of water{{efn|(approximately 180,000,000,000,000 kilograms, or 180 petagrams [180 billion tons])}} be believed to have caused induced seismicity insyd de seismically active region, including over 20 earthquakes of greater dan 5 magnitude on de Richter scale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Scholz |first1=C. H. |last2=Koczynski |first2=T. A. |last3=Hutchins |first3=D. G. |title=Evidence for Incipient Rifting in Southern Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=1 January 1976 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=135–144 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb00278.x |bibcode=1976GeoJ...44..135S |url=https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/44/1/135/1914105/44-1-135.pdf|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De lake get several islands, including Maaze Island, Mashape Island, Chete Island, Sekula Island, Sampa Karuma, Fothergill, Spurwing,Snake Island, Antelope Island, Bed Island, den Chikanka.
==Ecology==
[[File:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kariba Dam]]]]
During de filling-up phase of de lake, de water was high insyd nutrients coming from decomposing, inundated vegetation, creating a thick layer of fertile soil on land dat became de lake bed. As a result, de ecology of Lake Kariba be vibrant. A number of fish species have been introduced to de lake, notably de sardine-like Kapenta  (transported from [[Lake Tanganyika]]), wich now supports a thriving commercial fishery. Oda inhabitants of Lake Kariba include Nile crocodiles den hippopotamuses.

Gamefish, particularly tigerfish, wich be among de indigenous species of de Zambezi river system, now thrive on de kapenta, wich insyd turn encourages tourism. Both Zambia den Zimbabwe are now attempting to develop de tourism industry along their respective coasts of Lake Kariba.

Fish eagles, cormorants den oda water birds patrol de shorelines, as do large numbers of elephants den oda big game species including lion, cheetah, leopard, buffalo den a myriad of smaller plains game species. De southern Matusadona National Park was once a haven for black den white rhinoceros, but recent poaching activity has dramatically reduced their numbers.
==Protected areas==
De portion of Lake Kariba wich falls within Zimbabwe has been designated a recreational park within de Zimbabwe Parks den Wildlife Estate.
==See sanso==
*Nyaminyami
*Kariba Town
*Kariba Ferries
*[[Lake Volta]], de largest reservoir by surface area insyd de world
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Lake Kariba]]</text>
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'''Na Lake Kariba''' be de world's largest artificial lake den reservoir by volume. E lies {{convert|1300|km|mi}} upstream from de mouth of de Zambezi river on de Indian Ocean, along de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. Lake Kariba was filled between 1958 den 1963 following de completion of de Kariba Dam at its northeastern end, flooding de Kariba Gorge on de Zambezi River.

De Zimbabwean town of Kariba dey build for construction workers on de lake's dam , while some oda settlements such as Binga village den Mlibizi insyd Zimbabwe den Siavonga den Sinazongwe  insyd Zambia have expanded to house people displaced by de damming of de river.
==Physical characteristics==
Lake Kariba be over {{convert|223|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den up to {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=off}} insyd width. E covers an area of {{convert|5,580|km2|mi2|abbr=off}} den its storage capacity be {{convert|185|km3|mi3|abbr=off}}. De mean depth of de lake be {{convert|29|m|ft|abbr=off}}; de maximum depth be {{convert|97|m|ft|abbr=off}}. E be de world's largest man-made reservoir by volume, four times as large as de Three Gorges Dam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044719/Kariba
|title=Kariba
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
|access-date=2007-07-31
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; De enormous mass of water{{efn|(approximately 180,000,000,000,000 kilograms, or 180 petagrams [180 billion tons])}} be believed to have caused induced seismicity insyd de seismically active region, including over 20 earthquakes of greater dan 5 magnitude on de Richter scale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Scholz |first1=C. H. |last2=Koczynski |first2=T. A. |last3=Hutchins |first3=D. G. |title=Evidence for Incipient Rifting in Southern Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=1 January 1976 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=135–144 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb00278.x |bibcode=1976GeoJ...44..135S |url=https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/44/1/135/1914105/44-1-135.pdf|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De lake get several islands, including Maaze Island, Mashape Island, Chete Island, Sekula Island, Sampa Karuma, Fothergill, Spurwing,Snake Island, Antelope Island, Bed Island, den Chikanka.
==Ecology==
[[File:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kariba Dam]]]]
During de filling-up phase of de lake, de water was high insyd nutrients coming from decomposing, inundated vegetation, creating a thick layer of fertile soil on land dat became de lake bed. As a result, de ecology of Lake Kariba be vibrant. A number of fish species have been introduced to de lake, notably de sardine-like Kapenta  (transported from [[Lake Tanganyika]]), wich now supports a thriving commercial fishery. Oda inhabitants of Lake Kariba include Nile crocodiles den hippopotamuses.

Gamefish, particularly tigerfish, wich be among de indigenous species of de Zambezi river system, now thrive on de kapenta, wich insyd turn encourages tourism. Both Zambia den Zimbabwe are now attempting to develop de tourism industry along their respective coasts of Lake Kariba.

Fish eagles, cormorants den oda water birds patrol de shorelines, as do large numbers of elephants den oda big game species including lion, cheetah, leopard, buffalo den a myriad of smaller plains game species. De southern Matusadona National Park was once a haven for black den white rhinoceros, but recent poaching activity has dramatically reduced their numbers.
==Protected areas==
De portion of Lake Kariba wich falls within Zimbabwe has been designated a recreational park within de Zimbabwe Parks den Wildlife Estate.
==See sanso==
*Nyaminyami
*Kariba Town
*Kariba Ferries
*[[Lake Volta]], de largest reservoir by surface area insyd de world
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Lake Kariba]]
[[Category:Reservoirs insyd Zambia]]</text>
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'''Na Lake Kariba''' be de world's largest artificial lake den reservoir by volume. E lies {{convert|1300|km|mi}} upstream from de mouth of de Zambezi river on de Indian Ocean, along de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. Lake Kariba was filled between 1958 den 1963 following de completion of de Kariba Dam at its northeastern end, flooding de Kariba Gorge on de Zambezi River.

De Zimbabwean town of Kariba dey build for construction workers on de lake's dam , while some oda settlements such as Binga village den Mlibizi insyd Zimbabwe den Siavonga den Sinazongwe  insyd Zambia have expanded to house people displaced by de damming of de river.
==Physical characteristics==
Lake Kariba be over {{convert|223|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den up to {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=off}} insyd width. E covers an area of {{convert|5,580|km2|mi2|abbr=off}} den its storage capacity be {{convert|185|km3|mi3|abbr=off}}. De mean depth of de lake be {{convert|29|m|ft|abbr=off}}; de maximum depth be {{convert|97|m|ft|abbr=off}}. E be de world's largest man-made reservoir by volume, four times as large as de Three Gorges Dam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044719/Kariba
|title=Kariba
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
|access-date=2007-07-31
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; De enormous mass of water{{efn|(approximately 180,000,000,000,000 kilograms, or 180 petagrams [180 billion tons])}} be believed to have caused induced seismicity insyd de seismically active region, including over 20 earthquakes of greater dan 5 magnitude on de Richter scale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Scholz |first1=C. H. |last2=Koczynski |first2=T. A. |last3=Hutchins |first3=D. G. |title=Evidence for Incipient Rifting in Southern Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=1 January 1976 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=135–144 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb00278.x |bibcode=1976GeoJ...44..135S |url=https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/44/1/135/1914105/44-1-135.pdf|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De lake get several islands, including Maaze Island, Mashape Island, Chete Island, Sekula Island, Sampa Karuma, Fothergill, Spurwing,Snake Island, Antelope Island, Bed Island, den Chikanka.
==Ecology==
[[File:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kariba Dam]]]]
During de filling-up phase of de lake, de water was high insyd nutrients coming from decomposing, inundated vegetation, creating a thick layer of fertile soil on land dat became de lake bed. As a result, de ecology of Lake Kariba be vibrant. A number of fish species have been introduced to de lake, notably de sardine-like Kapenta  (transported from [[Lake Tanganyika]]), wich now supports a thriving commercial fishery. Oda inhabitants of Lake Kariba include Nile crocodiles den hippopotamuses.

Gamefish, particularly tigerfish, wich be among de indigenous species of de Zambezi river system, now thrive on de kapenta, wich insyd turn encourages tourism. Both Zambia den Zimbabwe are now attempting to develop de tourism industry along their respective coasts of Lake Kariba.

Fish eagles, cormorants den oda water birds patrol de shorelines, as do large numbers of elephants den oda big game species including lion, cheetah, leopard, buffalo den a myriad of smaller plains game species. De southern Matusadona National Park was once a haven for black den white rhinoceros, but recent poaching activity has dramatically reduced their numbers.
==Protected areas==
De portion of Lake Kariba wich falls within Zimbabwe has been designated a recreational park within de Zimbabwe Parks den Wildlife Estate.
==See sanso==
*Nyaminyami
*Kariba Town
*Kariba Ferries
*[[Lake Volta]], de largest reservoir by surface area insyd de world
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Lake Kariba]]
[[Category:Reservoirs insyd Zambia]]
[[Category:Reservoirs insyd Zimbabwe]]</text>
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'''Na Lake Kariba''' be de world's largest artificial lake den reservoir by volume. E lies {{convert|1300|km|mi}} upstream from de mouth of de Zambezi river on de Indian Ocean, along de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. Lake Kariba was filled between 1958 den 1963 following de completion of de Kariba Dam at its northeastern end, flooding de Kariba Gorge on de Zambezi River.

De Zimbabwean town of Kariba dey build for construction workers on de lake's dam , while some oda settlements such as Binga village den Mlibizi insyd Zimbabwe den Siavonga den Sinazongwe  insyd Zambia have expanded to house people displaced by de damming of de river.
==Physical characteristics==
Lake Kariba be over {{convert|223|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den up to {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=off}} insyd width. E covers an area of {{convert|5,580|km2|mi2|abbr=off}} den its storage capacity be {{convert|185|km3|mi3|abbr=off}}. De mean depth of de lake be {{convert|29|m|ft|abbr=off}}; de maximum depth be {{convert|97|m|ft|abbr=off}}. E be de world's largest man-made reservoir by volume, four times as large as de Three Gorges Dam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044719/Kariba
|title=Kariba
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
|access-date=2007-07-31
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; De enormous mass of water{{efn|(approximately 180,000,000,000,000 kilograms, or 180 petagrams [180 billion tons])}} be believed to have caused induced seismicity insyd de seismically active region, including over 20 earthquakes of greater dan 5 magnitude on de Richter scale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Scholz |first1=C. H. |last2=Koczynski |first2=T. A. |last3=Hutchins |first3=D. G. |title=Evidence for Incipient Rifting in Southern Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=1 January 1976 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=135–144 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb00278.x |bibcode=1976GeoJ...44..135S |url=https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/44/1/135/1914105/44-1-135.pdf|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De lake get several islands, including Maaze Island, Mashape Island, Chete Island, Sekula Island, Sampa Karuma, Fothergill, Spurwing,Snake Island, Antelope Island, Bed Island, den Chikanka.
==Ecology==
[[File:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kariba Dam]]]]
During de filling-up phase of de lake, de water was high insyd nutrients coming from decomposing, inundated vegetation, creating a thick layer of fertile soil on land dat became de lake bed. As a result, de ecology of Lake Kariba be vibrant. A number of fish species have been introduced to de lake, notably de sardine-like Kapenta  (transported from [[Lake Tanganyika]]), wich now supports a thriving commercial fishery. Oda inhabitants of Lake Kariba include Nile crocodiles den hippopotamuses.

Gamefish, particularly tigerfish, wich be among de indigenous species of de Zambezi river system, now thrive on de kapenta, wich insyd turn encourages tourism. Both Zambia den Zimbabwe are now attempting to develop de tourism industry along their respective coasts of Lake Kariba.

Fish eagles, cormorants den oda water birds patrol de shorelines, as do large numbers of elephants den oda big game species including lion, cheetah, leopard, buffalo den a myriad of smaller plains game species. De southern Matusadona National Park was once a haven for black den white rhinoceros, but recent poaching activity has dramatically reduced their numbers.
==Protected areas==
De portion of Lake Kariba wich falls within Zimbabwe has been designated a recreational park within de Zimbabwe Parks den Wildlife Estate.
==See sanso==
*Nyaminyami
*Kariba Town
*Kariba Ferries
*[[Lake Volta]], de largest reservoir by surface area insyd de world
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Lake Kariba]]
[[Category:Reservoirs insyd Zambia]]
[[Category:Reservoirs insyd Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]</text>
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'''Na Lake Kariba''' be de world's largest artificial lake den reservoir by volume. E lies {{convert|1300|km|mi}} upstream from de mouth of de Zambezi river on de Indian Ocean, along de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. Lake Kariba was filled between 1958 den 1963 following de completion of de Kariba Dam at its northeastern end, flooding de Kariba Gorge on de Zambezi River.

De Zimbabwean town of Kariba dey build for construction workers on de lake's dam , while some oda settlements such as Binga village den Mlibizi insyd Zimbabwe den Siavonga den Sinazongwe  insyd Zambia have expanded to house people displaced by de damming of de river.
==Physical characteristics==
Lake Kariba be over {{convert|223|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den up to {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=off}} insyd width. E covers an area of {{convert|5,580|km2|mi2|abbr=off}} den its storage capacity be {{convert|185|km3|mi3|abbr=off}}. De mean depth of de lake be {{convert|29|m|ft|abbr=off}}; de maximum depth be {{convert|97|m|ft|abbr=off}}. E be de world's largest man-made reservoir by volume, four times as large as de Three Gorges Dam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044719/Kariba
|title=Kariba
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
|access-date=2007-07-31
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; De enormous mass of water{{efn|(approximately 180,000,000,000,000 kilograms, or 180 petagrams [180 billion tons])}} be believed to have caused induced seismicity insyd de seismically active region, including over 20 earthquakes of greater dan 5 magnitude on de Richter scale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Scholz |first1=C. H. |last2=Koczynski |first2=T. A. |last3=Hutchins |first3=D. G. |title=Evidence for Incipient Rifting in Southern Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=1 January 1976 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=135–144 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb00278.x |bibcode=1976GeoJ...44..135S |url=https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/44/1/135/1914105/44-1-135.pdf|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De lake get several islands, including Maaze Island, Mashape Island, Chete Island, Sekula Island, Sampa Karuma, Fothergill, Spurwing,Snake Island, Antelope Island, Bed Island, den Chikanka.
==Ecology==
[[File:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kariba Dam]]]]
During de filling-up phase of de lake, de water was high insyd nutrients coming from decomposing, inundated vegetation, creating a thick layer of fertile soil on land dat became de lake bed. As a result, de ecology of Lake Kariba be vibrant. A number of fish species have been introduced to de lake, notably de sardine-like Kapenta  (transported from [[Lake Tanganyika]]), wich now supports a thriving commercial fishery. Oda inhabitants of Lake Kariba include Nile crocodiles den hippopotamuses.

Gamefish, particularly tigerfish, wich be among de indigenous species of de Zambezi river system, now thrive on de kapenta, wich insyd turn encourages tourism. Both Zambia den Zimbabwe are now attempting to develop de tourism industry along their respective coasts of Lake Kariba.

Fish eagles, cormorants den oda water birds patrol de shorelines, as do large numbers of elephants den oda big game species including lion, cheetah, leopard, buffalo den a myriad of smaller plains game species. De southern Matusadona National Park was once a haven for black den white rhinoceros, but recent poaching activity has dramatically reduced their numbers.
==Protected areas==
De portion of Lake Kariba wich falls within Zimbabwe has been designated a recreational park within de Zimbabwe Parks den Wildlife Estate.
==See sanso==
*Nyaminyami
*Kariba Town
*Kariba Ferries
*[[Lake Volta]], de largest reservoir by surface area insyd de world
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Lake Kariba]]
[[Category:Reservoirs insyd Zambia]]
[[Category:Reservoirs insyd Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Geography of Mashonaland West Province]]</text>
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'''Na Lake Kariba''' be de world's largest artificial lake den reservoir by volume. E lies {{convert|1300|km|mi}} upstream from de mouth of de Zambezi river on de Indian Ocean, along de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. Lake Kariba was filled between 1958 den 1963 following de completion of de Kariba Dam at its northeastern end, flooding de Kariba Gorge on de Zambezi River.

De Zimbabwean town of Kariba dey build for construction workers on de lake's dam , while some oda settlements such as Binga village den Mlibizi insyd Zimbabwe den Siavonga den Sinazongwe  insyd Zambia have expanded to house people displaced by de damming of de river.
==Physical characteristics==
Lake Kariba be over {{convert|223|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den up to {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=off}} insyd width. E covers an area of {{convert|5,580|km2|mi2|abbr=off}} den its storage capacity be {{convert|185|km3|mi3|abbr=off}}. De mean depth of de lake be {{convert|29|m|ft|abbr=off}}; de maximum depth be {{convert|97|m|ft|abbr=off}}. E be de world's largest man-made reservoir by volume, four times as large as de Three Gorges Dam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044719/Kariba
|title=Kariba
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
|access-date=2007-07-31
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; De enormous mass of water{{efn|(approximately 180,000,000,000,000 kilograms, or 180 petagrams [180 billion tons])}} be believed to have caused induced seismicity insyd de seismically active region, including over 20 earthquakes of greater dan 5 magnitude on de Richter scale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Scholz |first1=C. H. |last2=Koczynski |first2=T. A. |last3=Hutchins |first3=D. G. |title=Evidence for Incipient Rifting in Southern Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=1 January 1976 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=135–144 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb00278.x |bibcode=1976GeoJ...44..135S |url=https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/44/1/135/1914105/44-1-135.pdf|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De lake get several islands, including Maaze Island, Mashape Island, Chete Island, Sekula Island, Sampa Karuma, Fothergill, Spurwing,Snake Island, Antelope Island, Bed Island, den Chikanka.
==Ecology==
[[File:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kariba Dam]]]]
During de filling-up phase of de lake, de water was high insyd nutrients coming from decomposing, inundated vegetation, creating a thick layer of fertile soil on land dat became de lake bed. As a result, de ecology of Lake Kariba be vibrant. A number of fish species have been introduced to de lake, notably de sardine-like Kapenta  (transported from [[Lake Tanganyika]]), wich now supports a thriving commercial fishery. Oda inhabitants of Lake Kariba include Nile crocodiles den hippopotamuses.

Gamefish, particularly tigerfish, wich be among de indigenous species of de Zambezi river system, now thrive on de kapenta, wich insyd turn encourages tourism. Both Zambia den Zimbabwe are now attempting to develop de tourism industry along their respective coasts of Lake Kariba.

Fish eagles, cormorants den oda water birds patrol de shorelines, as do large numbers of elephants den oda big game species including lion, cheetah, leopard, buffalo den a myriad of smaller plains game species. De southern Matusadona National Park was once a haven for black den white rhinoceros, but recent poaching activity has dramatically reduced their numbers.
==Protected areas==
De portion of Lake Kariba wich falls within Zimbabwe has been designated a recreational park within de Zimbabwe Parks den Wildlife Estate.
==See sanso==
*Nyaminyami
*Kariba Town
*Kariba Ferries
*[[Lake Volta]], de largest reservoir by surface area insyd de world
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Lake Kariba]]
[[Category:Reservoirs insyd Zambia]]
[[Category:Reservoirs insyd Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Geography of Mashonaland West Province]]
[[Category:Geography of Southern Province, Zambia]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>101174</id>
      <parentid>101173</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T22:22:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>101174</origin>
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      <text bytes="4021" sha1="qum60x70e4cniqiz55z1s0sxpnjeljj" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Na Lake Kariba''' be de world's largest artificial lake den reservoir by volume. E lies {{convert|1300|km|mi}} upstream from de mouth of de Zambezi river on de Indian Ocean, along de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. Lake Kariba was filled between 1958 den 1963 following de completion of de Kariba Dam at its northeastern end, flooding de Kariba Gorge on de Zambezi River.

De Zimbabwean town of Kariba dey build for construction workers on de lake's dam , while some oda settlements such as Binga village den Mlibizi insyd Zimbabwe den Siavonga den Sinazongwe  insyd Zambia have expanded to house people displaced by de damming of de river.
==Physical characteristics==
Lake Kariba be over {{convert|223|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den up to {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=off}} insyd width. E covers an area of {{convert|5,580|km2|mi2|abbr=off}} den its storage capacity be {{convert|185|km3|mi3|abbr=off}}. De mean depth of de lake be {{convert|29|m|ft|abbr=off}}; de maximum depth be {{convert|97|m|ft|abbr=off}}. E be de world's largest man-made reservoir by volume, four times as large as de Three Gorges Dam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044719/Kariba
|title=Kariba
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
|access-date=2007-07-31
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; De enormous mass of water{{efn|(approximately 180,000,000,000,000 kilograms, or 180 petagrams [180 billion tons])}} be believed to have caused induced seismicity insyd de seismically active region, including over 20 earthquakes of greater dan 5 magnitude on de Richter scale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Scholz |first1=C. H. |last2=Koczynski |first2=T. A. |last3=Hutchins |first3=D. G. |title=Evidence for Incipient Rifting in Southern Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=1 January 1976 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=135–144 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb00278.x |bibcode=1976GeoJ...44..135S |url=https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/44/1/135/1914105/44-1-135.pdf|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De lake get several islands, including Maaze Island, Mashape Island, Chete Island, Sekula Island, Sampa Karuma, Fothergill, Spurwing,Snake Island, Antelope Island, Bed Island, den Chikanka.
==Ecology==
[[File:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kariba Dam]]]]
During de filling-up phase of de lake, de water was high insyd nutrients coming from decomposing, inundated vegetation, creating a thick layer of fertile soil on land dat became de lake bed. As a result, de ecology of Lake Kariba be vibrant. A number of fish species have been introduced to de lake, notably de sardine-like Kapenta  (transported from [[Lake Tanganyika]]), wich now supports a thriving commercial fishery. Oda inhabitants of Lake Kariba include Nile crocodiles den hippopotamuses.

Gamefish, particularly tigerfish, wich be among de indigenous species of de Zambezi river system, now thrive on de kapenta, wich insyd turn encourages tourism. Both Zambia den Zimbabwe are now attempting to develop de tourism industry along their respective coasts of Lake Kariba.

Fish eagles, cormorants den oda water birds patrol de shorelines, as do large numbers of elephants den oda big game species including lion, cheetah, leopard, buffalo den a myriad of smaller plains game species. De southern Matusadona National Park was once a haven for black den white rhinoceros, but recent poaching activity has dramatically reduced their numbers.
==Protected areas==
De portion of Lake Kariba wich falls within Zimbabwe has been designated a recreational park within de Zimbabwe Parks den Wildlife Estate.
==See sanso==
*Nyaminyami
*Kariba Town
*Kariba Ferries
*[[Lake Volta]], de largest reservoir by surface area insyd de world
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Lake Kariba]]
[[Category:Reservoirs insyd Zambia]]
[[Category:Reservoirs insyd Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Geography of Mashonaland West Province]]
[[Category:Geography of Southern Province, Zambia]]
[[Category:Zambia–Zimbabwe border]]</text>
      <sha1>qum60x70e4cniqiz55z1s0sxpnjeljj</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Droughts in the Sahel</title>
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    <id>27375</id>
    <revision>
      <id>100958</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T12:53:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
        <id>64</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I don start one article</comment>
      <origin>100958</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28278" sha1="axtr5yxx1iatqksm9r8wf8070jn4caa" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Old droughts wey happen for Sahel region}}

[[File:Sahel rainfall timeseries en.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|More than 100 years of rainfall data for Sahel show say from 1950 reach 1970, rain fall plenty pass normal (positive index values). After that, from 1970 reach 1991, the area face very serious dry years (negative index values). From 1990 come reach now, rainfall don return close to the average level wey dey between 1898 and 1993, but the amount of rain dey change plenty from year to year.]]

[[File:Map of the Sahel.png|thumb|Map wey show the size and location of the Sahel region]]

The Sahel region for Africa don experience plenty historic droughts for long time, wey records show say e start at least from the 17th century. Sahel be climate zone wey dey between the Sudanian Savanna for south and the Sahara Desert for north, across West Africa and Central Africa. Even though people believe say drought frequency for the region increase from the end of the 19th century, three long drought periods cause serious environmental and social problems for Sahel countries.

Severe droughts cause famine for the 1910s, 1940s, and again for the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, although from 1975 to 1980 there be small recovery. The most recent major drought happen for 2012.

Although records confirm say at least one very severe drought happen every century from the 17th century go, the frequency and seriousness of recent Sahel droughts stand out. Massive famine and displacement wey happen from 1968 to 1974 and again during the early and middle 1980s, people blame am on two very severe periods during the 1960–1980 drought years.&lt;ref name=Batterbury2001&gt;[http://www.simonbatterbury.net/pubs/geogmag.html The Sahel region; assessing progress twenty-five years after the great drought]. Simon Batterbury, republished paper from 1998 RGS-IBG conference. Global Environmental Change (2001) v11, no 1, 1-95.&lt;/ref&gt;

From the late 1960s reach early 1980s, famine kill about 100,000 people, leave around 750,000 people depending on food aid, and affect most of the Sahel population wey be around 50 million people.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unep.org/dewa/Africa/publications/AEO-1/056.htm AFRICA ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK. Past, present and future perspectives] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130416015442/http://www.unep.org/dewa/Africa/publications/AEO-1/056.htm |date=2013-04-16 }}. United Nations Environmental Programme (2002). Retrieved 2009-02-13.&lt;/ref&gt;

The economies, farming activities, livestock and human populations for countries like Mauritania, Mali, Chad, Niger and Burkina Faso (wey people call Upper Volta during that time) suffer heavily because of the drought. Even though the late 20th century droughts be very destructive, evidence from lake sediments for Ghana show say long-lasting megadroughts happen often for West Africa during the last 3,000 years, and some of these droughts last longer and be more severe than the recent ones.&lt;ref name=&quot;shanahan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091107172707/http://www.jsg.utexas.edu/news/rels/041609.html Severity, Length of Past Megadroughts Dwarf Recent Drought in West Africa]. Jackson School of Geosciences Online, April 16, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Since the 1980s, summer rainfall for the Sahel don increase gradually. This increase in rainfall link to more vegetation growth, a process wey researchers call the “greening” of the Sahel. Scientists explain the increase in rainfall through stronger African easterly jet winds, wey normally bring wetter conditions. A 2011 study find say changes in the position of the African easterly jet and African easterly waves happen together with the northward movement of the Sahel rainband.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindawi.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijge/2011/259529/abs/ Wang and Gillies (2011)]&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==

Because almost all the rain wey fall for Sahel come during one short season every year, the region don always be vulnerable to serious problems whenever drought happen. Agriculture for the area begin around 5,000 years ago. The Sahel usually receive less than {{convert|1000|mm|in|-1|disp=or}} of rain every year, and almost all of am fall during one continuous rainy season wey fit last from a few weeks reach four months.

Even though the area be vulnerable to drought, the history of drought and famine for the Sahel no always match perfectly. Modern scientific studies of climate and rainfall don identify several drought periods, but oral traditions and written records from the last thousand years no always report famine everywhere during every drought.

One 1997 study wey compare historical famine records with long-term rainfall records for Northern Nigeria conclude say:

“The most disruptive historical famines happened when cumulative rainfall shortages pass 1.3 times the standard deviation of long-term average annual rainfall for a particular area.”&lt;ref&gt;Aondover Tarhule1 and Ming-Ko Woo. 'Towards an Interpretation of Historical Droughts in Northern Nigeria' ''Climatic Change'', no 37, 1997. pp.601-613&lt;/ref&gt;

For example, between 1982 and 1984, the drought be especially destructive for the pastoral Fula people of Senegal, Mali and Niger, as well as the Tuareg people of northern Mali and Niger. These populations no only suffer from the 1968–1974 drought period, but many of them no fit rebuild their livestock herds wey they lose before. Other factors, such as political power shifting to settled populations after independence during the 1960s, problems for Senegal–Mauritania border relations, and Niger’s dependence on falling world uranium prices, all combine to make the famine worse.&lt;ref&gt;David Tenenbaum. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1510/is_1986_Summer/ai_4284343 Traditional drought and uncommon famine in the Sahel]. Whole Earth Review, Summer, 1986.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;J Swift. Sahelian Pastoralists: Underdevelopment, Desertification, and Famine. Annual Review of Anthropology Vol. 6: 457-478&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Timberlake L. The Sahel: drought, desertification and famine. Draper Fund Report, 1985 Sept(14):17-9.&lt;/ref&gt;

===600–700 AD===

The earliest surviving climate records for the Sahel come from Muslim travellers during the early Medieval Warm Period. These records suggest say rainfall for the Sahel be relatively low during the 7th and 8th centuries, but increase significantly from around 800 AD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rain1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Eaters of the Dry Season: Circular Labor Migration in the West African Sahel |last=Rain |first=David |year=1999 |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder, Colorado |isbn=978-0-8133-3872-9 |page=77 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rainfall later reduce again from around 1300 AD, but increase once more about 200 years later.
===&quot;Little Ice Age&quot; droughts===
According to a study of West African drought based on Ghanaian lake sediments (not eyewitness historical accounts) published in the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' in April 2009:
&lt;blockquote&gt;The most recent of these [multicentury droughts] occurred between 1400 and 1750 CE (550 to 200 yr B.P.), similar in timing to the Little Ice Age (LIA, 1400 to 1850 CE), a well-known interval when Northern Hemisphere temperatures were cooler than at present. In contrast with earlier studies, which reconstructed wetter conditions in East Africa during this period, evidence from [[Lake Bosumtwi]] supports more recent studies suggesting that this interval was dry. Evidence for LIA drought is not restricted to Africa, however. Records from throughout the tropics, including the western Pacific warm pool, the Arabian Sea, continental Asia, and tropical South America all show evidence for dry conditions during this time period.&lt;ref name=&quot;shanahan&quot;/&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

====1640====
The first major historically recorded drought in the Sahel occurred around 1640. Based on the reports of European travellers,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&amp;d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&amp;c=envl&amp;sib=1&amp;dt=&amp;ec=&amp;et=&amp;p.a=b&amp;p.s=ClassifierBrowse&amp;p.sa= |title=Climate and Man in the Sahel during the Historical Period |access-date=2008-06-19 |work=World Environmental Library |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219124305/http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl%3Bjsessionid%3D1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&amp;d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&amp;c=envl&amp;sib=1&amp;dt=&amp;ec=&amp;et=&amp;p.a=b&amp;p.s=ClassifierBrowse&amp;p.sa= |archive-date=2010-12-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt; a major drought after generally wet conditions also took place during the 1680s.

====1740s and 1750s====
Cycles of several wet decades followed by a drought were to be repeated during the 18th century. Sahelian drought again killed hundreds of thousands of people in the 1740s and 1750s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ag.arizona.edu/~lmilich/desclim.html |title=Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs 'Natural' Climate Trends |publisher=Ag.arizona.edu |date=1997-08-10 |access-date=2012-09-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211081648/http://ag.arizona.edu/~lmilich/desclim.html |archive-date=2012-02-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The 1740s and 1750s was recorded in chronicles of what is today Northern Nigeria, Niger and Mali as the &quot;Great Famine&quot;, the worst for at least 200 years prior. It caused massive dislocation of the Sahelian states of the time, but also disrupted the [[Trans Saharan trade]] routes to North Africa and Europe.&lt;ref name=Lovejoy1975&gt;Paul E. Lovejoy and Stephen Baier. The Desert-Side Economy of the Central Sudan. The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 8, No. 4 (1975), pp. 551-581&lt;/ref&gt;

====1830s====
Around 1790 dry conditions similar to those of the late 20th century set in&lt;ref name=&quot;Rain1999&quot; /&gt; and continued until around 1870. After that, a very wet period set in for around 25 years, followed by a return to drier conditions. While the drying begun around 1895 and caused its first large famine only in the early 20th century, the 1820s and 1830s saw a 12 to 15-year drought and regional instances of major famine from Senegal to Chad. Historical records suggest this drought caused a large-scale emigration from the [[Bornu Empire]], contributing to its rapid decline in the 19th century.&lt;ref name=Lovejoy1975 /&gt; In what is now northern Senegal, the [[Imamate of Futa Toro]] was struck by a famine caused by the failure of 1833's rainy season, leading to waves of famine until 1837.&lt;ref name=Curtin1975&gt;Philip D. Curtin, Economic Change in Precolonial Africa: Senegambia in the Era of the Slave Trade, 2 vols. University of Wisconsin Press (1975)&lt;/ref&gt;

===Early 20th century droughts===
The first rain gauges in the Sahel date from 1898 and they reveal that a major drought in the 1910s, accompanied by large-scale famine, was followed by wet conditions during the 1920s and 1930s, reaching a peak with the very wet year of 1936. The 1940s saw several minor droughts — notably in 1949 — but the 1950s were consistently wet, and expansion of agriculture to feed growing populations characterised this decade. Many have thought this contributed to the severity of the subsequent Sahel droughts.

===Late 20th century droughts===
[[Burkina Faso]], northern [[Nigeria]], southern [[Niger]], far northern [[Cameroon]] (near [[Lake Chad]]) and central [[Chad]] all struggled with dwindling rain fall from the 1960s.

The 1968-73 drought severely affected several West African countries. Grazing became impossible and this triggered a large-scale famine that led to the first mobilization of external aid and the creation of the [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] by [[United Nations]]. Up to 100,000 people and a third of livestock died. This drought was so catastrophic that it became known as the &quot;[[Great Sahelian drought]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wearewater.org/en/the-sahel-desertification-beyond-drought_318262 The Sahel, desertification beyond drought]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/6718.pdf COPING WITH AFRICAN DROUGHT]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://repositorio.esocite.la/465/1/Garcia1981-NaturePleadsNotGuilty.pdf Drought and Man. The 1972 Case History]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://reliefweb.int/report/burkina-faso/west-africa-sahels-nutrition-revolution WEST AFRICA: The Sahel's nutrition revolution]&lt;/ref&gt;   

In 1983-84 Sahelian countries received some of the lowest rainfall ever recorded. However, even though this drought was more severe than that of the early 1970s, the human impact was less severe, since economies and societies had developed better coping mechanisms.&lt;ref&gt;[https://reliefweb.int/report/burkina-faso/west-africa-sahels-nutrition-revolution WEST AFRICA: The Sahel's nutrition revolution]&lt;/ref&gt;

A literature review from the ''[[African Journal of Ecology]]'' summarized the environmental changes that species faced after the late 20th century droughts, some of which includes (but is not limited to) severe declines in biodiversity and increases in other disturbances, such as fires.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Walther|first=Bruno|date=2016|title=A review of recent ecological changes in the Sahel, with particular reference to land-use change, plants, birds and mammals|journal=African Journal of Ecology|volume=54|issue=3|pages=268–280|doi=10.1111/aje.12350}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===21st Century Droughts===
====2010 Sahel drought====
{{Main|2010 Sahel famine}}
Throughout June to August 2010, famine struck the Sahel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/world/africa/drought+threatens+african+humanitarian+crisis/3697427 |title=Drought threatens African humanitarian crisis - Channel 4 News |publisher=Channel4.com |date=2010-07-01 |accessdate=2010-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niger's crops failed to mature in the heat which resulted in [[famine]]. 350,000 faced starvation and 1,200,000 were at risk of [[famine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/21/millions-face-starvation-west-africa | location=London | work=The Guardian | title=Millions face starvation in west Africa, warn aid agencies | first=Henry | last=Foy | date=June 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Chad, the temperature reached {{convert|47.6|°C|°F|1}} on June 22 in [[Faya-Largeau]], breaking a record set in 1961 at the same location. Niger tied its highest temperature record set in 1998, on also June 22, at {{convert|47.1|°C|1}} in [[Bilma]]. That record was broken the next day, on June 23 when [[Bilma]] hit {{convert|48.2|°C|°F|1}}. The hottest temperature recorded in Sudan was reached on June 25, at {{convert|49.6|°C|°F|1}} in [[Dongola]], breaking a record set in 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;MastersNOAA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Masters|first=Jeff|title=NOAA: June 2010 the globe's 4th consecutive warmest month on record|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1544|work=Weather Underground|publisher=Jeff Masters' WunderBlog|access-date=21 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719104107/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1544|archive-date=19 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niger reported [[diarrhoea]], starvation, [[gastroenteritis]], [[malnutrition]] and [[respiratory diseases]] killed and sickened many children July 14. The new [[military junta]] appealed for international food aid and has taken serious steps to calling overseas help since coming to office in February 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20100625-reporters-niger-famine-horizon-harvests-sahara-junta-coup-appeal-international-aid-mamadou-tandja |title=Niger: famine on the horizon? |publisher=FRANCE 24 |accessdate=2012-09-25|date=2010-06-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On July 26 the heat reached near-record levels over [[Chad]] and [[Niger]].&lt;ref name=&quot;wunderground.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1516 |title=Wunder Blog : Weather Underground |publisher=Wunderground.com |access-date=2010-07-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627220406/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1516 |archive-date=2010-06-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====2012 Sahel drought====
{{Main|2012 Sahel drought}}
By the middle of 2010, another drought in the western Sahel was predicted by several organisations for 2011 and 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment-book/Images/sahel.jpg&amp;imgrefurl=http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment-book/desertificationinsahel.html&amp;h=352&amp;w=620&amp;sz=41&amp;tbnid=aVNb7rLreHj5LM:&amp;tbnh=77&amp;tbnw=136&amp;prev=/images%3Fq%3DSahel&amp;usg=__X6CSKM4gSWK6qP6rD6sjgddhBL0=&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=TC8aTOfeN-GJ4gaPsLjSCg&amp;ved=0CC4Q9QEwAw |title=Google Image Result for sahel.jpg |accessdate=2012-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Robert Stewart |url=http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment-book/desertificationinsahel.html |title=Desertification in the Sahel |publisher=Oceanworld.tamu.edu |date=2010-03-02 |accessdate=2012-09-25 |archive-date=2012-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701135505/http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment-book/desertificationinsahel.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sahel.org.uk/ |title=SOS Sahel |publisher=Sahel.org.uk |accessdate=2012-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Potential contributing factors==
Originally it was believed that the drought in the [[Sahel]] primarily was caused by humans over-using natural resources in the region through [[overgrazing]], [[deforestation]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=J Odihi |title=Deforestation in afforestation priority zone in Sudano-Sahelian Nigeria|doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2003.08.004 |volume=23 |issue=4 |journal=Applied Geography |pages=227–259|year=2003 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and poor [[land management]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Eden Foundation |url=http://www.eden-foundation.org/project/desertif.html |title=&quot;Desertification - a threat to the Sahel&quot;, August 1994 |publisher=Eden-foundation.org |date=1992-11-07 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0801/p01s02-woaf.html |title=Hunger is spreading in Africa |publisher=Csmonitor.com |date=2005-08-01 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the late 1990s,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-11-19 |title=The Sahel: One region, many crises |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2013/sahel-one-region-many-crises |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Africa Renewal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; climate model studies suggested that large scale [[climate change]]s were also triggers for the drought.

Based on Senegal river cycles, precipitation cycles of various El Sahel stations which are related to Solar (89–120 years) Wolf-Gleissberg cycles, and on relations to Nile floods and Equatorial lake levels, Yousef and Ghilly in 2000 anticipated that there is a considerable probability that drought will occur  El Sahel Zone in 2005±4 years. This forecast was correct as drought occurred in El Niger in 2005 and again in 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Yousef and Ghilly|title=Alert el Sahel countries; drought is approaching|work=virtualacademia.com |url=http://www.virtualacademia.com/pdf/cli209_220.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In 2002, after the phenomenon of [[global dimming]] was discovered, a [[CSIRO]] study&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |title=1970-85 Famine Blamed on Pollution |url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0721-07.htm |access-date=2012-05-27 |date=2002-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601025414/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0721-07.htm |archive-date=2012-06-01 }} {{Cite journal|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015&lt;2103:TRTATI&gt;2.0.CO;2|title=Tropical Rainfall Trends and the Indirect Aerosol Effect|volume=15|issue=15|pages=2103–2116|last1=Rotstayn|first1=Leon D.|last2=Lohmann|first2=Ulrike|author-link2=Ulrike Lohmann|journal=Journal of Climate|date=August 2002|bibcode=2002JCli...15.2103R|s2cid=55802370|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; suggested that the drought was probably caused by air pollution generated in [[Eurasia]] and [[North America]], which changed the properties of clouds over the [[Atlantic Ocean]], disturbing the [[monsoon]]s and shifting the tropical rains southwards.

In 2005, a series of climate modeling studies performed at [[NOAA]] / [[Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory]] indicated that the late 20th century Sahel drought was probably a climatic response to changing [[sea surface temperature]] patterns, and that it could be viewed as a combination of natural variability superimposed upon an anthropogenically forced regional drying trend.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Held |first1=I. M. |year=2005 |title=Simulation of Sahel drought in the 20th and 21st centuries |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |volume=102 |issue=50 |pages=17891&amp;ndash;17896 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0509057102 |pmid=16322101 |pmc=1312412 |bibcode = 2005PNAS..10217891H |display-authors=2 |last2=Delworth |first2=T. L. |last3=Findell |first3=K. L. |last4=Knutson |first4=T. R. |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Using [[GFDL CM2.X]], these climate model simulations indicated that the general late 20th century Sahel drying trend was attributable to human-induced factors; largely due to an increase in [[greenhouse gases]] and partly due to an increase in atmospheric aerosols. A study published in 2013, done at the University of Washington, suggests that atmospheric aerosols caused a downward shift in the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2013|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=94|issue=9|pages=S1–S74|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00085.1|bibcode=2013BAMS...94S...1P|last1=Peterson|first1=Thomas C.|title=Explaining Extreme Events of 2012 from a Climate Perspective|last2=Hoerling|first2=Martin P.|last3=Stott|first3=Peter A.|last4=Herring|first4=Stephanie C.|doi-access=free|hdl=10261/93203|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; The shift, the study says, left normally rainy areas in Central Africa much drier.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In [[IPCC Fourth Assessment Report#Working Group I (WGI): The Physical Science Basis|IPCC future scenario A2]] (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; value of ≈860 ppm) Sahel rainfall could be reduced by up to 25% by year 2100, according to climate models.

A 2006 study by NOAA scientists suggests that the [[Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation]] plays a leading role. An AMO warm phase strengthens the summer rainfall over Sahel, while a cold phase reduces it.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zhang2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Rong |author2=Delworth, Thomas L.  |year=2006 |title=Impact of Atlantic multidecadal oscillations on India/Sahel rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=33 |issue= 17|pages=L17712 |doi=10.1029/2006GL026267 |bibcode=2006GeoRL..3317712Z|s2cid=16588748 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The AMO entered a warm phase in 1995 and, assuming a 70-year cycle (following peaks in ≈1880 and ≈1950), will peak around 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Enfield |first=David B. |author2=Cid-Serrano, Luis  |title=Secular and multidecadal warmings in the North Atlantic and their relationships with major hurricane activity |journal=International Journal of Climatology |date=2010 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=174–184 |doi=10.1002/joc.1881|s2cid=18833210 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A 2009 study found further evidence for a link between the AMO and West African drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;shanahan&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Shanahan |first1=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |s2cid=2679216 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, a 2013 study&lt;ref&gt;Barandiaran and Wang (2013) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asl2.457/abstract&lt;/ref&gt; found that the East Atlantic (EA) mode also modulates Sahel summer rainfall and further indicated that operational climate forecasting was unable to capture this EA impact on the Sahel.

[[File:Greening Sahel 1982-1999.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Recent &quot;greening&quot; of the Sahel: The results of trend analyses of time series over the Sahel region of seasonally integrated NDVI using NOAA AVHRR NDVI-data from 1982 to 1999. Areas with trends of &lt;95% probability in white.]]
The recovery of Sahel drought since the 1990s, coined &quot;Sahel Greening&quot; by media, is accounted for by enhancements in both the tropical easterly jet and the African easterly jet, both of which are known to induce wet anomalies.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindawi.com&quot;/&gt; Moreover, positional shifts in the African easterly jet and African easterly waves (AEWs) accompanied the northward migration of the Sahel rainband. Change in the African easterly jet and AEWs are coupled to a northward shift and amplification of convective activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindawi.com&quot;/&gt;

==United Nations response==
In 1973, The United Nations Sahelian Office (UNSO) was created to address the problems of drought in the Sahel region following the West African Sahel drought of 1968-73. In the 1990s, the [[United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification]] (UNCCD) was adopted and UNSO became the United Nations Development Programme's Office to Combat Desertification and Drought, as its scope broadened to be global rather than only focused on Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/drylands/history.html |title=Drylands Development Centre |publisher=UNDP |access-date=2012-09-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208081007/http://www.undp.org/drylands/history.html |archive-date=2012-02-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
{{Wikinews|Imminent danger of famine in the Sahel}}
* [[2005–06 Niger food crisis]]
* [[2010 Sahel famine]]
* [[2011 East Africa drought]]
* [[2020–2023 Horn of Africa drought]]
* [[Desertification]]
* [[Green Sahara]]
* [[Great Green Wall (Africa)]]
* [[List of years in the environment]]
* [[Yacouba Sawadogo]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal | last1=Dai | first1=A. | last2=Lamb | first2=P.J. | last3=Trenberth | first3=K.E. | last4=Hulme | first4=M. | last5=Jones | first5=P.D. | last6=Xie | first6=P. | year=2004 | title=The recent Sahel drought is real | journal=International Journal of Climatology | volume=24 | issue=11 | pages=1323–1331 | url= http://www.mikehulme.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/2004-dai-et-al-sahel.pdf | doi= 10.1002/joc.1083 |bibcode = 2004IJCli..24.1323D | s2cid=6955930 }}.
* {{Cite journal |last1=Folland |first1=C. K. |last2=Palmer |first2=T. N. |last3=Parker |first3=D. E. |year=1986 |title=Sahel rainfall and worldwide sea temperatures, 1901−85 |journal=Nature |volume=320 |issue=6063 |pages=602&amp;ndash;607 |doi=10.1038/320602a0 |bibcode = 1986Natur.320..602F |s2cid=4231823 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Giannini |first1=A. |last2=Saravanan |first2=R. |last3=Chang |first3=P. |year=2003 |title=Oceanic Forcing of Sahel Rainfall on Interannual to Interdecadal Time Scales |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5647 |pages=1027&amp;ndash;1030 |doi=10.1126/science.1089357 |pmid=14551320 |bibcode = 2003Sci...302.1027G |s2cid=25009125 }}
* {{Cite book |editor-first=Michael H. |editor-last=Glantz |title=The Politics of Natural Disasters: The Case of the Sahel Drought |location=New York |publisher=Praeger |year=1976 }}

==External links==
* [http://www.unccd.int/ United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification home page]
* Climate research summary -[http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/research/climate/highlights/index.html#sahel Sahel drought: past problems, an uncertain future] Text, graphics and [http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/research/climate/highlights/images/ani/SahelPR_ANN5yr_CM2Q_h1_A1B_6fps_720x480.mov animations] from [[NOAA]] / [[Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory]]

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1820s famines]]
[[Category:1830s famines]]
[[Category:1910s famines]]
[[Category:1960s famines]]
[[Category:1970s famines]]
[[Category:2010s famines]]
[[Category:18th-century droughts]]
[[Category:19th-century droughts]]
[[Category:20th-century droughts]]
[[Category:21st-century droughts]]
[[Category:Droughts in Africa]]
[[Category:Economic history of Africa]]
[[Category:Sahel]]</text>
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      <text bytes="28315" sha1="0fxy5fv0pzwmnwamf7lfuijlfvnt3wb" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Old droughts wey happen for Sahel region}}

[[File:Sahel rainfall timeseries en.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|More than 100 years of rainfall data for Sahel show say from 1950 reach 1970, rain fall plenty pass normal (positive index values). After that, from 1970 reach 1991, the area face very serious dry years (negative index values). From 1990 come reach now, rainfall don return close to the average level wey dey between 1898 and 1993, but the amount of rain dey change plenty from year to year.]]

[[File:Map of the Sahel.png|thumb|Map wey show the size and location of the Sahel region]]

The Sahel region for Africa don experience plenty historic droughts for long time, wey records show say e start at least from the 17th century. Sahel be climate zone wey dey between the Sudanian Savanna for south and the Sahara Desert for north, across West Africa and Central Africa. Even though people believe say drought frequency for the region increase from the end of the 19th century, three long drought periods cause serious environmental and social problems for Sahel countries.

Severe droughts cause famine for the 1910s, 1940s, and again for the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, although from 1975 to 1980 there be small recovery. The most recent major drought happen for 2012.

Although records confirm say at least one very severe drought happen every century from the 17th century go, the frequency and seriousness of recent Sahel droughts stand out. Massive famine and displacement wey happen from 1968 to 1974 and again during the early and middle 1980s, people blame am on two very severe periods during the 1960–1980 drought years.&lt;ref name=Batterbury2001&gt;[http://www.simonbatterbury.net/pubs/geogmag.html The Sahel region; assessing progress twenty-five years after the great drought]. Simon Batterbury, republished paper from 1998 RGS-IBG conference. Global Environmental Change (2001) v11, no 1, 1-95.&lt;/ref&gt;

From the late 1960s reach early 1980s, famine kill about 100,000 people, leave around 750,000 people depending on food aid, and affect most of the Sahel population wey be around 50 million people.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20130416015442/http://www.unep.org/dewa/Africa/publications/AEO-1/056.htm AFRICA ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK. Past, present and future perspectives] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130416015442/http://www.unep.org/dewa/Africa/publications/AEO-1/056.htm |date=2013-04-16 }}. United Nations Environmental Programme (2002). Retrieved 2009-02-13.&lt;/ref&gt;

The economies, farming activities, livestock and human populations for countries like Mauritania, Mali, Chad, Niger and Burkina Faso (wey people call Upper Volta during that time) suffer heavily because of the drought. Even though the late 20th century droughts be very destructive, evidence from lake sediments for Ghana show say long-lasting megadroughts happen often for West Africa during the last 3,000 years, and some of these droughts last longer and be more severe than the recent ones.&lt;ref name=&quot;shanahan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091107172707/http://www.jsg.utexas.edu/news/rels/041609.html Severity, Length of Past Megadroughts Dwarf Recent Drought in West Africa]. Jackson School of Geosciences Online, April 16, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Since the 1980s, summer rainfall for the Sahel don increase gradually. This increase in rainfall link to more vegetation growth, a process wey researchers call the “greening” of the Sahel. Scientists explain the increase in rainfall through stronger African easterly jet winds, wey normally bring wetter conditions. A 2011 study find say changes in the position of the African easterly jet and African easterly waves happen together with the northward movement of the Sahel rainband.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindawi.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijge/2011/259529/abs/ Wang and Gillies (2011)]&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==

Because almost all the rain wey fall for Sahel come during one short season every year, the region don always be vulnerable to serious problems whenever drought happen. Agriculture for the area begin around 5,000 years ago. The Sahel usually receive less than {{convert|1000|mm|in|-1|disp=or}} of rain every year, and almost all of am fall during one continuous rainy season wey fit last from a few weeks reach four months.

Even though the area be vulnerable to drought, the history of drought and famine for the Sahel no always match perfectly. Modern scientific studies of climate and rainfall don identify several drought periods, but oral traditions and written records from the last thousand years no always report famine everywhere during every drought.

One 1997 study wey compare historical famine records with long-term rainfall records for Northern Nigeria conclude say:

“The most disruptive historical famines happened when cumulative rainfall shortages pass 1.3 times the standard deviation of long-term average annual rainfall for a particular area.”&lt;ref&gt;Aondover Tarhule1 and Ming-Ko Woo. 'Towards an Interpretation of Historical Droughts in Northern Nigeria' ''Climatic Change'', no 37, 1997. pp.601-613&lt;/ref&gt;

For example, between 1982 and 1984, the drought be especially destructive for the pastoral Fula people of Senegal, Mali and Niger, as well as the Tuareg people of northern Mali and Niger. These populations no only suffer from the 1968–1974 drought period, but many of them no fit rebuild their livestock herds wey they lose before. Other factors, such as political power shifting to settled populations after independence during the 1960s, problems for Senegal–Mauritania border relations, and Niger’s dependence on falling world uranium prices, all combine to make the famine worse.&lt;ref&gt;David Tenenbaum. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1510/is_1986_Summer/ai_4284343 Traditional drought and uncommon famine in the Sahel]. Whole Earth Review, Summer, 1986.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;J Swift. Sahelian Pastoralists: Underdevelopment, Desertification, and Famine. Annual Review of Anthropology Vol. 6: 457-478&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Timberlake L. The Sahel: drought, desertification and famine. Draper Fund Report, 1985 Sept(14):17-9.&lt;/ref&gt;

===600–700 AD===

The earliest surviving climate records for the Sahel come from Muslim travellers during the early Medieval Warm Period. These records suggest say rainfall for the Sahel be relatively low during the 7th and 8th centuries, but increase significantly from around 800 AD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rain1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Eaters of the Dry Season: Circular Labor Migration in the West African Sahel |last=Rain |first=David |year=1999 |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder, Colorado |isbn=978-0-8133-3872-9 |page=77 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rainfall later reduce again from around 1300 AD, but increase once more about 200 years later.
===&quot;Little Ice Age&quot; droughts===
According to a study of West African drought based on Ghanaian lake sediments (not eyewitness historical accounts) published in the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' in April 2009:
&lt;blockquote&gt;The most recent of these [multicentury droughts] occurred between 1400 and 1750 CE (550 to 200 yr B.P.), similar in timing to the Little Ice Age (LIA, 1400 to 1850 CE), a well-known interval when Northern Hemisphere temperatures were cooler than at present. In contrast with earlier studies, which reconstructed wetter conditions in East Africa during this period, evidence from [[Lake Bosumtwi]] supports more recent studies suggesting that this interval was dry. Evidence for LIA drought is not restricted to Africa, however. Records from throughout the tropics, including the western Pacific warm pool, the Arabian Sea, continental Asia, and tropical South America all show evidence for dry conditions during this time period.&lt;ref name=&quot;shanahan&quot;/&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

====1640====
The first major historically recorded drought in the Sahel occurred around 1640. Based on the reports of European travellers,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&amp;d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&amp;c=envl&amp;sib=1&amp;dt=&amp;ec=&amp;et=&amp;p.a=b&amp;p.s=ClassifierBrowse&amp;p.sa= |title=Climate and Man in the Sahel during the Historical Period |access-date=2008-06-19 |work=World Environmental Library |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219124305/http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl%3Bjsessionid%3D1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&amp;d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&amp;c=envl&amp;sib=1&amp;dt=&amp;ec=&amp;et=&amp;p.a=b&amp;p.s=ClassifierBrowse&amp;p.sa= |archive-date=2010-12-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt; a major drought after generally wet conditions also took place during the 1680s.

====1740s and 1750s====
Cycles of several wet decades followed by a drought were to be repeated during the 18th century. Sahelian drought again killed hundreds of thousands of people in the 1740s and 1750s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ag.arizona.edu/~lmilich/desclim.html |title=Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs 'Natural' Climate Trends |publisher=Ag.arizona.edu |date=1997-08-10 |access-date=2012-09-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211081648/http://ag.arizona.edu/~lmilich/desclim.html |archive-date=2012-02-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The 1740s and 1750s was recorded in chronicles of what is today Northern Nigeria, Niger and Mali as the &quot;Great Famine&quot;, the worst for at least 200 years prior. It caused massive dislocation of the Sahelian states of the time, but also disrupted the [[Trans Saharan trade]] routes to North Africa and Europe.&lt;ref name=Lovejoy1975&gt;Paul E. Lovejoy and Stephen Baier. The Desert-Side Economy of the Central Sudan. The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 8, No. 4 (1975), pp. 551-581&lt;/ref&gt;

====1830s====
Around 1790 dry conditions similar to those of the late 20th century set in&lt;ref name=&quot;Rain1999&quot; /&gt; and continued until around 1870. After that, a very wet period set in for around 25 years, followed by a return to drier conditions. While the drying begun around 1895 and caused its first large famine only in the early 20th century, the 1820s and 1830s saw a 12 to 15-year drought and regional instances of major famine from Senegal to Chad. Historical records suggest this drought caused a large-scale emigration from the [[Bornu Empire]], contributing to its rapid decline in the 19th century.&lt;ref name=Lovejoy1975 /&gt; In what is now northern Senegal, the [[Imamate of Futa Toro]] was struck by a famine caused by the failure of 1833's rainy season, leading to waves of famine until 1837.&lt;ref name=Curtin1975&gt;Philip D. Curtin, Economic Change in Precolonial Africa: Senegambia in the Era of the Slave Trade, 2 vols. University of Wisconsin Press (1975)&lt;/ref&gt;

===Early 20th century droughts===
The first rain gauges in the Sahel date from 1898 and they reveal that a major drought in the 1910s, accompanied by large-scale famine, was followed by wet conditions during the 1920s and 1930s, reaching a peak with the very wet year of 1936. The 1940s saw several minor droughts — notably in 1949 — but the 1950s were consistently wet, and expansion of agriculture to feed growing populations characterised this decade. Many have thought this contributed to the severity of the subsequent Sahel droughts.

===Late 20th century droughts===
[[Burkina Faso]], northern [[Nigeria]], southern [[Niger]], far northern [[Cameroon]] (near [[Lake Chad]]) and central [[Chad]] all struggled with dwindling rain fall from the 1960s.

The 1968-73 drought severely affected several West African countries. Grazing became impossible and this triggered a large-scale famine that led to the first mobilization of external aid and the creation of the [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] by [[United Nations]]. Up to 100,000 people and a third of livestock died. This drought was so catastrophic that it became known as the &quot;[[Great Sahelian drought]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wearewater.org/en/the-sahel-desertification-beyond-drought_318262 The Sahel, desertification beyond drought]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/6718.pdf COPING WITH AFRICAN DROUGHT]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://repositorio.esocite.la/465/1/Garcia1981-NaturePleadsNotGuilty.pdf Drought and Man. The 1972 Case History]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://reliefweb.int/report/burkina-faso/west-africa-sahels-nutrition-revolution WEST AFRICA: The Sahel's nutrition revolution]&lt;/ref&gt;   

In 1983-84 Sahelian countries received some of the lowest rainfall ever recorded. However, even though this drought was more severe than that of the early 1970s, the human impact was less severe, since economies and societies had developed better coping mechanisms.&lt;ref&gt;[https://reliefweb.int/report/burkina-faso/west-africa-sahels-nutrition-revolution WEST AFRICA: The Sahel's nutrition revolution]&lt;/ref&gt;

A literature review from the ''[[African Journal of Ecology]]'' summarized the environmental changes that species faced after the late 20th century droughts, some of which includes (but is not limited to) severe declines in biodiversity and increases in other disturbances, such as fires.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Walther|first=Bruno|date=2016|title=A review of recent ecological changes in the Sahel, with particular reference to land-use change, plants, birds and mammals|journal=African Journal of Ecology|volume=54|issue=3|pages=268–280|doi=10.1111/aje.12350}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===21st Century Droughts===
====2010 Sahel drought====
{{Main|2010 Sahel famine}}
Throughout June to August 2010, famine struck the Sahel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/world/africa/drought+threatens+african+humanitarian+crisis/3697427 |title=Drought threatens African humanitarian crisis - Channel 4 News |publisher=Channel4.com |date=2010-07-01 |accessdate=2010-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niger's crops failed to mature in the heat which resulted in [[famine]]. 350,000 faced starvation and 1,200,000 were at risk of [[famine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/21/millions-face-starvation-west-africa | location=London | work=The Guardian | title=Millions face starvation in west Africa, warn aid agencies | first=Henry | last=Foy | date=June 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Chad, the temperature reached {{convert|47.6|°C|°F|1}} on June 22 in [[Faya-Largeau]], breaking a record set in 1961 at the same location. Niger tied its highest temperature record set in 1998, on also June 22, at {{convert|47.1|°C|1}} in [[Bilma]]. That record was broken the next day, on June 23 when [[Bilma]] hit {{convert|48.2|°C|°F|1}}. The hottest temperature recorded in Sudan was reached on June 25, at {{convert|49.6|°C|°F|1}} in [[Dongola]], breaking a record set in 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;MastersNOAA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Masters|first=Jeff|title=NOAA: June 2010 the globe's 4th consecutive warmest month on record|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1544|work=Weather Underground|publisher=Jeff Masters' WunderBlog|access-date=21 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719104107/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1544|archive-date=19 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niger reported [[diarrhoea]], starvation, [[gastroenteritis]], [[malnutrition]] and [[respiratory diseases]] killed and sickened many children July 14. The new [[military junta]] appealed for international food aid and has taken serious steps to calling overseas help since coming to office in February 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20100625-reporters-niger-famine-horizon-harvests-sahara-junta-coup-appeal-international-aid-mamadou-tandja |title=Niger: famine on the horizon? |publisher=FRANCE 24 |accessdate=2012-09-25|date=2010-06-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On July 26 the heat reached near-record levels over [[Chad]] and [[Niger]].&lt;ref name=&quot;wunderground.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1516 |title=Wunder Blog : Weather Underground |publisher=Wunderground.com |access-date=2010-07-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627220406/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1516 |archive-date=2010-06-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====2012 Sahel drought====
{{Main|2012 Sahel drought}}
By the middle of 2010, another drought in the western Sahel was predicted by several organisations for 2011 and 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment-book/Images/sahel.jpg&amp;imgrefurl=http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment-book/desertificationinsahel.html&amp;h=352&amp;w=620&amp;sz=41&amp;tbnid=aVNb7rLreHj5LM:&amp;tbnh=77&amp;tbnw=136&amp;prev=/images%3Fq%3DSahel&amp;usg=__X6CSKM4gSWK6qP6rD6sjgddhBL0=&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=TC8aTOfeN-GJ4gaPsLjSCg&amp;ved=0CC4Q9QEwAw |title=Google Image Result for sahel.jpg |accessdate=2012-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Robert Stewart |url=http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment-book/desertificationinsahel.html |title=Desertification in the Sahel |publisher=Oceanworld.tamu.edu |date=2010-03-02 |accessdate=2012-09-25 |archive-date=2012-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701135505/http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment-book/desertificationinsahel.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sahel.org.uk/ |title=SOS Sahel |publisher=Sahel.org.uk |accessdate=2012-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Potential contributing factors==
Originally it was believed that the drought in the [[Sahel]] primarily was caused by humans over-using natural resources in the region through [[overgrazing]], [[deforestation]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=J Odihi |title=Deforestation in afforestation priority zone in Sudano-Sahelian Nigeria|doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2003.08.004 |volume=23 |issue=4 |journal=Applied Geography |pages=227–259|year=2003 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and poor [[land management]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Eden Foundation |url=http://www.eden-foundation.org/project/desertif.html |title=&quot;Desertification - a threat to the Sahel&quot;, August 1994 |publisher=Eden-foundation.org |date=1992-11-07 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0801/p01s02-woaf.html |title=Hunger is spreading in Africa |publisher=Csmonitor.com |date=2005-08-01 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the late 1990s,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-11-19 |title=The Sahel: One region, many crises |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2013/sahel-one-region-many-crises |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Africa Renewal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; climate model studies suggested that large scale [[climate change]]s were also triggers for the drought.

Based on Senegal river cycles, precipitation cycles of various El Sahel stations which are related to Solar (89–120 years) Wolf-Gleissberg cycles, and on relations to Nile floods and Equatorial lake levels, Yousef and Ghilly in 2000 anticipated that there is a considerable probability that drought will occur  El Sahel Zone in 2005±4 years. This forecast was correct as drought occurred in El Niger in 2005 and again in 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Yousef and Ghilly|title=Alert el Sahel countries; drought is approaching|work=virtualacademia.com |url=http://www.virtualacademia.com/pdf/cli209_220.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In 2002, after the phenomenon of [[global dimming]] was discovered, a [[CSIRO]] study&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |title=1970-85 Famine Blamed on Pollution |url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0721-07.htm |access-date=2012-05-27 |date=2002-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601025414/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0721-07.htm |archive-date=2012-06-01 }} {{Cite journal|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015&lt;2103:TRTATI&gt;2.0.CO;2|title=Tropical Rainfall Trends and the Indirect Aerosol Effect|volume=15|issue=15|pages=2103–2116|last1=Rotstayn|first1=Leon D.|last2=Lohmann|first2=Ulrike|author-link2=Ulrike Lohmann|journal=Journal of Climate|date=August 2002|bibcode=2002JCli...15.2103R|s2cid=55802370|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; suggested that the drought was probably caused by air pollution generated in [[Eurasia]] and [[North America]], which changed the properties of clouds over the [[Atlantic Ocean]], disturbing the [[monsoon]]s and shifting the tropical rains southwards.

In 2005, a series of climate modeling studies performed at [[NOAA]] / [[Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory]] indicated that the late 20th century Sahel drought was probably a climatic response to changing [[sea surface temperature]] patterns, and that it could be viewed as a combination of natural variability superimposed upon an anthropogenically forced regional drying trend.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Held |first1=I. M. |year=2005 |title=Simulation of Sahel drought in the 20th and 21st centuries |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |volume=102 |issue=50 |pages=17891&amp;ndash;17896 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0509057102 |pmid=16322101 |pmc=1312412 |bibcode = 2005PNAS..10217891H |display-authors=2 |last2=Delworth |first2=T. L. |last3=Findell |first3=K. L. |last4=Knutson |first4=T. R. |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Using [[GFDL CM2.X]], these climate model simulations indicated that the general late 20th century Sahel drying trend was attributable to human-induced factors; largely due to an increase in [[greenhouse gases]] and partly due to an increase in atmospheric aerosols. A study published in 2013, done at the University of Washington, suggests that atmospheric aerosols caused a downward shift in the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2013|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=94|issue=9|pages=S1–S74|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00085.1|bibcode=2013BAMS...94S...1P|last1=Peterson|first1=Thomas C.|title=Explaining Extreme Events of 2012 from a Climate Perspective|last2=Hoerling|first2=Martin P.|last3=Stott|first3=Peter A.|last4=Herring|first4=Stephanie C.|doi-access=free|hdl=10261/93203|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; The shift, the study says, left normally rainy areas in Central Africa much drier.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In [[IPCC Fourth Assessment Report#Working Group I (WGI): The Physical Science Basis|IPCC future scenario A2]] (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; value of ≈860 ppm) Sahel rainfall could be reduced by up to 25% by year 2100, according to climate models.

A 2006 study by NOAA scientists suggests that the [[Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation]] plays a leading role. An AMO warm phase strengthens the summer rainfall over Sahel, while a cold phase reduces it.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zhang2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Rong |author2=Delworth, Thomas L.  |year=2006 |title=Impact of Atlantic multidecadal oscillations on India/Sahel rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=33 |issue= 17|pages=L17712 |doi=10.1029/2006GL026267 |bibcode=2006GeoRL..3317712Z|s2cid=16588748 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The AMO entered a warm phase in 1995 and, assuming a 70-year cycle (following peaks in ≈1880 and ≈1950), will peak around 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Enfield |first=David B. |author2=Cid-Serrano, Luis  |title=Secular and multidecadal warmings in the North Atlantic and their relationships with major hurricane activity |journal=International Journal of Climatology |date=2010 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=174–184 |doi=10.1002/joc.1881|s2cid=18833210 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A 2009 study found further evidence for a link between the AMO and West African drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;shanahan&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Shanahan |first1=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |s2cid=2679216 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, a 2013 study&lt;ref&gt;Barandiaran and Wang (2013) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asl2.457/abstract&lt;/ref&gt; found that the East Atlantic (EA) mode also modulates Sahel summer rainfall and further indicated that operational climate forecasting was unable to capture this EA impact on the Sahel.

[[File:Greening Sahel 1982-1999.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Recent &quot;greening&quot; of the Sahel: The results of trend analyses of time series over the Sahel region of seasonally integrated NDVI using NOAA AVHRR NDVI-data from 1982 to 1999. Areas with trends of &lt;95% probability in white.]]
The recovery of Sahel drought since the 1990s, coined &quot;Sahel Greening&quot; by media, is accounted for by enhancements in both the tropical easterly jet and the African easterly jet, both of which are known to induce wet anomalies.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindawi.com&quot;/&gt; Moreover, positional shifts in the African easterly jet and African easterly waves (AEWs) accompanied the northward migration of the Sahel rainband. Change in the African easterly jet and AEWs are coupled to a northward shift and amplification of convective activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindawi.com&quot;/&gt;

==United Nations response==
In 1973, The United Nations Sahelian Office (UNSO) was created to address the problems of drought in the Sahel region following the West African Sahel drought of 1968-73. In the 1990s, the [[United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification]] (UNCCD) was adopted and UNSO became the United Nations Development Programme's Office to Combat Desertification and Drought, as its scope broadened to be global rather than only focused on Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/drylands/history.html |title=Drylands Development Centre |publisher=UNDP |access-date=2012-09-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208081007/http://www.undp.org/drylands/history.html |archive-date=2012-02-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
{{Wikinews|Imminent danger of famine in the Sahel}}
* [[2005–06 Niger food crisis]]
* [[2010 Sahel famine]]
* [[2011 East Africa drought]]
* [[2020–2023 Horn of Africa drought]]
* [[Desertification]]
* [[Green Sahara]]
* [[Great Green Wall (Africa)]]
* [[List of years in the environment]]
* [[Yacouba Sawadogo]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal | last1=Dai | first1=A. | last2=Lamb | first2=P.J. | last3=Trenberth | first3=K.E. | last4=Hulme | first4=M. | last5=Jones | first5=P.D. | last6=Xie | first6=P. | year=2004 | title=The recent Sahel drought is real | journal=International Journal of Climatology | volume=24 | issue=11 | pages=1323–1331 | url= http://www.mikehulme.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/2004-dai-et-al-sahel.pdf | doi= 10.1002/joc.1083 |bibcode = 2004IJCli..24.1323D | s2cid=6955930 }}.
* {{Cite journal |last1=Folland |first1=C. K. |last2=Palmer |first2=T. N. |last3=Parker |first3=D. E. |year=1986 |title=Sahel rainfall and worldwide sea temperatures, 1901−85 |journal=Nature |volume=320 |issue=6063 |pages=602&amp;ndash;607 |doi=10.1038/320602a0 |bibcode = 1986Natur.320..602F |s2cid=4231823 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Giannini |first1=A. |last2=Saravanan |first2=R. |last3=Chang |first3=P. |year=2003 |title=Oceanic Forcing of Sahel Rainfall on Interannual to Interdecadal Time Scales |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5647 |pages=1027&amp;ndash;1030 |doi=10.1126/science.1089357 |pmid=14551320 |bibcode = 2003Sci...302.1027G |s2cid=25009125 }}
* {{Cite book |editor-first=Michael H. |editor-last=Glantz |title=The Politics of Natural Disasters: The Case of the Sahel Drought |location=New York |publisher=Praeger |year=1976 }}

==External links==
* [http://www.unccd.int/ United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification home page]
* Climate research summary -[http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/research/climate/highlights/index.html#sahel Sahel drought: past problems, an uncertain future] Text, graphics and [http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/research/climate/highlights/images/ani/SahelPR_ANN5yr_CM2Q_h1_A1B_6fps_720x480.mov animations] from [[NOAA]] / [[Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory]]

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1820s famines]]
[[Category:1830s famines]]
[[Category:1910s famines]]
[[Category:1960s famines]]
[[Category:1970s famines]]
[[Category:2010s famines]]
[[Category:18th-century droughts]]
[[Category:19th-century droughts]]
[[Category:20th-century droughts]]
[[Category:21st-century droughts]]
[[Category:Droughts in Africa]]
[[Category:Economic history of Africa]]
[[Category:Sahel]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Irrigation</title>
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        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
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      <comment>I don start one article</comment>
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      <text bytes="8898" sha1="5vrn1ksr17nk6u96i1ye6b1q36hfk64" xml:space="preserve">350–500

Onions
350–550
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Pea
350–500
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== Water sources ==

=== Groundwater and surface water ===

[[File:Bisse.jpg|thumb|Traditional irrigation channel in Switzerland, collecting water from the high Alps]]
[[File:Pump-enabled Riverside Irrigation in Comilla, Bangladesh, 25 April 2014.jpg|thumb|right|Irrigation dey happen by pump-enabled extraction direct from the Gumti River, wey dey background, for Comilla District, Bangladesh.]]
[[File:Vale do São Francisco Pernanbuco.jpg|thumb|Grapes for Petrolina, Brazil wey dey possible for this semi arid area because of drip irrigation]]

Irrigation water fit come from groundwater (wey dem dey take from springs or boreholes/wells), surface water (wey dem dey collect from rivers, lakes, or reservoirs) or non-conventional sources like treated wastewater, desalinated water, drainage water, or fog collection.

Even though floodwater harvesting be recognized irrigation method, rainwater harvesting normally no dey count as irrigation. Rainwater harvesting na the collection of runoff water from roofs or empty land, then dem dey store am for future use.

=== Treated or untreated wastewater ===

=== Other sources ===

Irrigation water fit also come from non-conventional sources like treated wastewater, desalinated seawater, drainage water, or fog collection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Moreira da Silva |first1=Manuela |last2=Resende |first2=Flávia C. |last3=Freitas |first3=Bárbara |last4=Aníbal |first4=Jaime |last5=Martins |first5=António |last6=Duarte |first6=Amílcar |title=Urban Wastewater Reuse for Citrus Irrigation in Algarve, Portugal—Environmental Benefits and Carbon Fluxes |journal=Sustainability |date=January 2022 |volume=14 |issue=17 |article-number=10715 |doi=10.3390/su141710715|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Sust...1410715M |hdl=10400.1/18203 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places wey humid air dey pass at night, people fit collect water through condensation wey dey form for cold surfaces. This one dey happen for vineyards for Lanzarote where dem dey use stones take trap moisture. Fog collectors too dey use mesh or foil sheets to catch water from air.

Using water wey dey come from air conditioning condensate as water source dey also dey increase for big urban areas.

one Glasgow-based startup help one farmer for Scotland to start edible salt marsh crops wey dem dey irrigate with seawater. One acre of marginal land don turn to farmland to grow samphire, sea blite, and sea aster; these plants dey give better profit pass potatoes. Dem dey flood the land twice every day to copy tidal movement; seawater dey come from sea with wind power pump. Extra benefits include soil improvement and carbon sequestration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters-saltwater&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=McDill |first=Stuart |date=November 27, 2019 |title=Startup helps Scottish farmers grow gourmet plants with sea water |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-saltwater-farming/startup-helps-scottish-farmers-grow-gourmet-plants-with-sea-water-idUSKBN1Y01V6 |access-date=2 December 2019 |website=Reuters |publisher=Thomson Reuters |quote=Seawater Solutions is helping farmers on Scotland's west coast adapt to the reality of less rain by choosing salt-resistant plants and developing saltmarshes - land flooded by tidal waters - for them to grow in.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thenational.scot-saltwater&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=O'Toole |first=Emer |date=29 July 2019 |title=Seawater Solutions is tacking agriculture's impact on climate change |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/17800385.climate-change-scottish-firm-tackling-effects-agriculture/ |access-date=2 December 2019 |website=The National |publisher=Newsquest Media Group Ltd |quote=A system of farming that creates wetland ecosystems on which food can be grown, while carbon is captured at a rate of up to 40 times higher than the same area of rainforest, and profits are more than eight times more profitable than the average potato field.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Competition for water resources ===
{{Main|Water scarcity}}

Up to the 1960s, the number of people for world no reach even half of wetin e be for 2024. People no get money like today, dem dey consume fewer calories and [[meat consumption|dem dey chop less meat]], so water wey dem need to produce food no plenty. At that time, humans dey take about one-third of the water volume wey we dey currently take from rivers.

Today, competition for [[water resources]] don become very serious, because population don pass [[population growth|seven billion people]] for earth. This one dey increase chances of [[overconsumption]] of food wey dey need plenty water, especially animal farming and [[intensive farming]] systems. So now, industry, cities (urbanisation), and [[biofuel crops]] all dey compete for same water.

Farmers go need try increase productivity to meet growing demand for food, while industries and cities too must find ways to use water more efficiently.&lt;ref&gt;Chartres, C. and Varma, S. ''Out of water. From Abundance to Scarcity and How to Solve the World's Water Problems'', FT Press (USA), 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Successful farming depend on whether farmers fit get enough water. But already, [[water scarcity]] dey seriously affect farming for many parts of the world.

== Irrigation methods ==
There are different methods of irrigation. The way water dey reach plants dey differ. The aim be to apply water evenly so that each plant go get wetin e need—no too much, no too small.

Irrigation fit also be ''supplementary'' (meaning rain still dey contribute), or it fit be full irrigation where crops almost no depend on rain at all. Full irrigation dey happen mostly for dry (arid) areas or when farming dey happen outside rainy season for semi-arid regions.

===Surface irrigation===
{{Main|Surface irrigation}}

[[File:LevelBasinFloodIrrigation.JPG|thumb|Basin flood irrigation of wheat]]

Surface irrigation, wey some people dey call gravity irrigation, na the oldest irrigation method wey humans don dey use for thousands of years. For this system (furrow, flood, or level basin irrigation), water dey flow on top of farmland surface, wet the soil, then e go soak enter ground.

Water movement dey follow gravity or land slope. Surface irrigation fit be furrow irrigation, border strip irrigation, or basin irrigation. Sometimes people dey call am flood irrigation especially when water cover or nearly cover the farm land.

Historically, this na the most common irrigation method for many parts of the world. E cheap to set up and no need plenty energy, but e no too efficient because farmers no dey fully control how water spread.

Because of this, surface irrigation dey mostly use for developing countries, low-value crops, and big farmlands. Where water source dey higher than farm land, farmers fit control am with dikes (levees) wey dem dey block with soil.

This kind system dey common for terraced rice farming (rice paddies), where water dey carefully control inside each field. Sometimes dem dey pump or lift water using human or animal power.

[[File:Residential flood irrigation in Phoenix, Arizona, in the United States of America.jpg|thumb|Residential flood irrigation in Phoenix, Arizona, US]]

Surface irrigation still dey use for some urban gardens, for example around Phoenix, Arizona. The irrigated area dey surrounded by berm, and water dey delivered based on schedule wey local irrigation district set.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Flood Irrigation Service|url=http://www.tempe.gov/home/showdocument?id=3194|publisher=City of Tempe, Arizona|access-date=29 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One special type of surface irrigation na spate irrigation, wey also dey call floodwater harvesting. When flood happen, water dey diverted into dry river beds (wadis) through dams, gates, and channels, then e spread across large land areas. Later, the moisture inside soil go support crop growth.

Spate irrigation dey common for semi-arid or arid mountainous regions.

===Micro-irrigation===
{{Main|Micro-irrigation}}

[[File:Dripperwithdrop.png|thumb|Drip irrigation – a dripper in action]]

Micro-irrigation, wey some people dey call localized irrigation, low-volume irrigation, or trickle irrigation, na system wey water dey move through pipes under low pressure and dey release small-small amount directly near each plant.

This method include drip irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), micro-sprays, micro-sprinklers, and mini-bubblers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last1 = Frenken | first1 = K. | chapter = Irrigation in Africa in figures – AQUASTAT Survey – 2005 | title = Water Report 29 | publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | year = 2005 | url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/aglw/docs/wr29_eng.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170706015452/ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/aglw/docs/wr29_eng.pdf | archive-date = 2017-07-06 | isbn = 978-92-5-105414-7 | access-date = 2007-03-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>100962</id>
      <parentid>100961</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T15:03:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
        <id>64</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added more content</comment>
      <origin>100962</origin>
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      <text bytes="16409" sha1="g45pxuhcjqxkx5o6qp7e6g1qvpqyj9t" xml:space="preserve">350–500

Onions
350–550
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Pea
350–500
}


== Water sources ==

=== Groundwater and surface water ===

[[File:Bisse.jpg|thumb|Traditional irrigation channel in Switzerland, collecting water from the high Alps]]
[[File:Pump-enabled Riverside Irrigation in Comilla, Bangladesh, 25 April 2014.jpg|thumb|right|Irrigation dey happen by pump-enabled extraction direct from the Gumti River, wey dey background, for Comilla District, Bangladesh.]]
[[File:Vale do São Francisco Pernanbuco.jpg|thumb|Grapes for Petrolina, Brazil wey dey possible for this semi arid area because of drip irrigation]]

Irrigation water fit come from groundwater (wey dem dey take from springs or boreholes/wells), surface water (wey dem dey collect from rivers, lakes, or reservoirs) or non-conventional sources like treated wastewater, desalinated water, drainage water, or fog collection.

Even though floodwater harvesting be recognized irrigation method, rainwater harvesting normally no dey count as irrigation. Rainwater harvesting na the collection of runoff water from roofs or empty land, then dem dey store am for future use.

=== Treated or untreated wastewater ===

=== Other sources ===

Irrigation water fit also come from non-conventional sources like treated wastewater, desalinated seawater, drainage water, or fog collection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Moreira da Silva |first1=Manuela |last2=Resende |first2=Flávia C. |last3=Freitas |first3=Bárbara |last4=Aníbal |first4=Jaime |last5=Martins |first5=António |last6=Duarte |first6=Amílcar |title=Urban Wastewater Reuse for Citrus Irrigation in Algarve, Portugal—Environmental Benefits and Carbon Fluxes |journal=Sustainability |date=January 2022 |volume=14 |issue=17 |article-number=10715 |doi=10.3390/su141710715|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Sust...1410715M |hdl=10400.1/18203 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places wey humid air dey pass at night, people fit collect water through condensation wey dey form for cold surfaces. This one dey happen for vineyards for Lanzarote where dem dey use stones take trap moisture. Fog collectors too dey use mesh or foil sheets to catch water from air.

Using water wey dey come from air conditioning condensate as water source dey also dey increase for big urban areas.

one Glasgow-based startup help one farmer for Scotland to start edible salt marsh crops wey dem dey irrigate with seawater. One acre of marginal land don turn to farmland to grow samphire, sea blite, and sea aster; these plants dey give better profit pass potatoes. Dem dey flood the land twice every day to copy tidal movement; seawater dey come from sea with wind power pump. Extra benefits include soil improvement and carbon sequestration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters-saltwater&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=McDill |first=Stuart |date=November 27, 2019 |title=Startup helps Scottish farmers grow gourmet plants with sea water |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-saltwater-farming/startup-helps-scottish-farmers-grow-gourmet-plants-with-sea-water-idUSKBN1Y01V6 |access-date=2 December 2019 |website=Reuters |publisher=Thomson Reuters |quote=Seawater Solutions is helping farmers on Scotland's west coast adapt to the reality of less rain by choosing salt-resistant plants and developing saltmarshes - land flooded by tidal waters - for them to grow in.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thenational.scot-saltwater&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=O'Toole |first=Emer |date=29 July 2019 |title=Seawater Solutions is tacking agriculture's impact on climate change |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/17800385.climate-change-scottish-firm-tackling-effects-agriculture/ |access-date=2 December 2019 |website=The National |publisher=Newsquest Media Group Ltd |quote=A system of farming that creates wetland ecosystems on which food can be grown, while carbon is captured at a rate of up to 40 times higher than the same area of rainforest, and profits are more than eight times more profitable than the average potato field.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Competition for water resources ===
{{Main|Water scarcity}}

Up to the 1960s, the number of people for world no reach even half of wetin e be for 2024. People no get money like today, dem dey consume fewer calories and dem dey chop less meat, so water wey dem need to produce food no plenty. At that time, humans dey take about one-third of the water volume wey we dey currently take from rivers.

Today, competition for [[water resources]] don become very serious, because population don pass seven billion people for earth. This one dey increase chances of overconsumption of food wey dey need plenty water, especially animal farming and intensive farming systems. So now, industry, cities (urbanisation), and biofuel crops all dey compete for same water.

Farmers go need try increase productivity to meet growing demand for food, while industries and cities too must find ways to use water more efficiently.&lt;ref&gt;Chartres, C. and Varma, S. ''Out of water. From Abundance to Scarcity and How to Solve the World's Water Problems'', FT Press (USA), 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Successful farming depend on whether farmers fit get enough water. But already, water scarcity dey seriously affect farming for many parts of the world.

== Irrigation methods ==
There are different methods of irrigation. The way water dey reach plants dey differ. The aim be to apply water evenly so that each plant go get wetin e need—no too much, no too small.

Irrigation fit also be ''supplementary'' (meaning rain still dey contribute), or it fit be full irrigation where crops almost no depend on rain at all. Full irrigation dey happen mostly for dry (arid) areas or when farming dey happen outside rainy season for semi-arid regions.

===Surface irrigation===
{{Main|Surface irrigation}}

[[File:LevelBasinFloodIrrigation.JPG|thumb|Basin flood irrigation of wheat]]

Surface irrigation, wey some people dey call gravity irrigation, na the oldest irrigation method wey humans don dey use for thousands of years. For this system (furrow, flood, or level basin irrigation), water dey flow on top of farmland surface, wet the soil, then e go soak enter ground.

Water movement dey follow gravity or land slope. Surface irrigation fit be furrow irrigation, border strip irrigation, or basin irrigation. Sometimes people dey call am flood irrigation especially when water cover or nearly cover the farm land.

Historically, this na the most common irrigation method for many parts of the world. E cheap to set up and no need plenty energy, but e no too efficient because farmers no dey fully control how water spread.

Because of this, surface irrigation dey mostly use for developing countries, low-value crops, and big farmlands. Where water source dey higher than farm land, farmers fit control am with dikes (levees) wey dem dey block with soil.

This kind system dey common for terraced rice farming (rice paddies), where water dey carefully control inside each field. Sometimes dem dey pump or lift water using human or animal power.

[[File:Residential flood irrigation in Phoenix, Arizona, in the United States of America.jpg|thumb|Residential flood irrigation in Phoenix, Arizona, US]]

Surface irrigation still dey use for some urban gardens, for example around Phoenix, Arizona. The irrigated area dey surrounded by berm, and water dey delivered based on schedule wey local irrigation district set.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Flood Irrigation Service|url=http://www.tempe.gov/home/showdocument?id=3194|publisher=City of Tempe, Arizona|access-date=29 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One special type of surface irrigation na spate irrigation, wey also dey call floodwater harvesting. When flood happen, water dey diverted into dry river beds (wadis) through dams, gates, and channels, then e spread across large land areas. Later, the moisture inside soil go support crop growth.

Spate irrigation dey common for semi-arid or arid mountainous regions.

===Micro-irrigation===
{{Main|Micro-irrigation}}

[[File:Dripperwithdrop.png|thumb|Drip irrigation – a dripper in action]]

Micro-irrigation, wey some people dey call localized irrigation, low-volume irrigation, or trickle irrigation, na system wey water dey move through pipes under low pressure and dey release small-small amount directly near each plant.

This method include drip irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), micro-sprays, micro-sprinklers, and mini-bubblers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last1 = Frenken | first1 = K. | chapter = Irrigation in Africa in figures – AQUASTAT Survey – 2005 | title = Water Report 29 | publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | year = 2005 | url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/aglw/docs/wr29_eng.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170706015452/ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/aglw/docs/wr29_eng.pdf | archive-date = 2017-07-06 | isbn = 978-92-5-105414-7 | access-date = 2007-03-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==== Drip irrigation ====
{{Main|Drip irrigation}}

[[File:dripirrigation.gif|thumb|Drip irrigation layout and its parts]]

Drip irrigation, wey some people dey call microirrigation or trickle irrigation, dey work exactly as e sound. For this system, water dey go reach the plant root zone small-small, drop by drop.

This method fit be the most water-efficient irrigation system,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last = Provenzano | first = Giuseppe | title = Using HYDRUS-2D Simulation Model to Evaluate Wetted Soil Volume in Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems | journal = Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering| volume = 133 | issue = 4 | pages = 342–350 | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2007)133:4(342)| bibcode = 2007JIDE..133..342P }}&lt;/ref&gt; if dem manage am well, because evaporation and water wey dey waste through runoff go reduce plenty. Field water efficiency for drip irrigation normally dey between 80% to 90% when e dey properly managed.

For modern agriculture, drip irrigation dey often combine with plastic mulch, wey dey reduce evaporation even more. E also dey serve as way to deliver fertilizer directly to plants. This process dem dey call fertigation.

Deep percolation (when water go pass root zone enter deep soil) fit happen if drip system run too long or water flow too fast. Drip systems fit range from very high-tech computerized systems to simple low-tech ones wey need manual work.

Most times, drip irrigation no need high pressure like other irrigation systems, except low-energy center pivot or surface irrigation systems. The system fit be designed to give equal water everywhere for farm or to give exact water amount to each plant, especially for mixed crops or landscaping.

Even though e hard small to control pressure for steep land, pressure-compensating emitters dey available, so the system still fit work well even if land no flat.

High-tech drip systems dey use carefully measured emitters wey dey connect to pipes and computer-controlled valves for precise water delivery.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Drip Irrigation System for sustainable agriculture |url=https://www.agriculturelandusa.com/2023/07/Drip-Irrigation-system.html |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Agriculture land usa |archive-date=April 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421164829/https://www.agriculturelandusa.com/2023/07/Drip-Irrigation-system.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sprinkler irrigation ===
 {{Further|Irrigation sprinkler}}

[[File:Crop sprinklers Rio Vista California 15 Jul 2004-002.jpg|thumb|Crop sprinklers near Rio Vista, California, US]]
[[File:TravellingSprinkler.JPG|thumb|A traveling sprinkler at Millets Farm Centre, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom]]

For sprinkler irrigation, water dey go through pipes enter one or more central points for farm, then high-pressure sprinklers or guns go spray am over the crops like rain.

Systems wey get sprinklers or sprays wey fixed for poles dem dey call solid-set irrigation systems. Rotating sprinklers (rotors) dey move with ball drive, gear drive, or impact mechanism, and dem fit rotate full circle or half circle.

Big “guns” dey similar to rotors but dem dey use very high pressure of {{convert|275|to|900|kPa|psi|abbr=on}} and high water flow of 3 to 76 L/s (50 to 1200 US gal/min), with nozzle sizes between {{convert|10|to|50|mm|in|abbr=on}}. Dem dey also use am for dust control and logging operations.

Some sprinkler systems dey mounted on moving platforms wey hose dey supply water. These traveling sprinklers fit move by themselves across small farms, parks, or sports fields without human help. Many use polyethylene tubing wound on steel drum; as e dey roll back, water pressure or engine dey pull am forward. When e reach end, system go stop automatically.

Other systems dey use rubber hose wey dey drag behind or cable system wey dey pull platform.

==== Center pivot ==== 
{{Main|Center pivot irrigation}}

Center pivot irrigation na system wey get many pipe sections joined together and supported by wheeled towers. The system dey rotate around central point where water dey enter.

[[File:Center Pivot.jpg|thumb|A small center pivot system from beginning to end]]
[[File:Nelson A3000 Accelerator.png|thumb|Rotator style pivot applicator sprinkler]]
[[File:PivotWithDrops.JPG|thumb|Center pivot with drop sprinklers]]
[[File:WheelLineIrrigation.JPG|thumb|Wheel line irrigation system in Idaho, US, 2001]]
[[File:Crop Triangle South Africa.jpg|thumb|Center pivot irrigation]]

Dem dey use am for many countries around the world and e fit work for different types of land. Newer systems dey use drop sprinkler heads wey hang down near crops to reduce water loss through evaporation.

As of {{As of|2017}}, many systems dey use drop lines or drag hoses wey dey apply water directly on soil between crops. Crops often dey planted in circle shape to match pivot system. This method dem dey call LEPA (Low Energy Precision Application).

Earlier systems dey water-powered, but later dem switch to hydraulic systems and electric motor systems. Modern pivots even dey use GPS for better control.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.agriculture.com/machinery/irrigation-equipment/gps-swing-arms-prove-their-worth|title=GPS Swing Arms Prove Their Worth |last=Gaines|first=Tharran|date=January 7, 2017|website=Successful Farming|access-date=February 1, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Irrigation by lateral move (side roll, wheel line, wheel move) ====

For this system, dem dey join pipes together with wheels attached for middle. Each pipe section get wheel about 1.5 m diameter, and sprinklers dey along the pipe.

Water dey enter from one end through big hose. After one section don finish irrigation, dem go disconnect hose, drain water from system, then roll am go next position manually or with machine.

This system cheaper to install pass center pivot, but e need more human labor because e no dey move automatically. Most times, aluminium pipes of {{convert|100|or|130|mm|in|abbr=on}} diameter dey used. The pipe dey serve both as water channel and axle for wheels.

This system dey common for small, rectangular, or uneven land areas, or places where labor cheap.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hill&quot;/&gt;

=== Subirrigation ===

Subirrigation don dey use for many years especially for areas where water table dey high. For this system, dem dey raise underground water level so soil go dey moist from below plant root zone.

Some systems dey use canals, pumps, and gates to control water level inside soil through drainage networks.

Subirrigation also dey common for greenhouse farming, especially for potted plants. Water dey flow from below, plant dey absorb am, and extra water dey collect for reuse.

This system dey save water and nutrients, but e need expensive equipment and careful management.

Another simple type na self-watering container wey use wick (like rope) to carry water up through capillary action.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.entheogen.com/forum/showthread.php?t=13076 |title=Polyester ropes natural irrigation technique |publisher=Entheogen.com |access-date=2012-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412031536/http://www.entheogen.com/forum/showthread.php?t=13076 |archive-date=April 12, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.instructables.com/id/Self-watering-recycled-plant-pot-for-growing-herbs/ |title=DIY instructions for making self-watering system using ropes |publisher=Instructables.com |date=2008-03-17 |access-date=2012-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another similar method na wicking bed wey also dey use capillary movement.</text>
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      <comment>Added more content</comment>
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      <text bytes="28956" sha1="s42ew4v2bfpqfn9tu7oy39cubbpe26d" xml:space="preserve">350–500

Onions
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Pea
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== Water sources ==

=== Groundwater and surface water ===

[[File:Bisse.jpg|thumb|Traditional irrigation channel in Switzerland, collecting water from the high Alps]]
[[File:Pump-enabled Riverside Irrigation in Comilla, Bangladesh, 25 April 2014.jpg|thumb|right|Irrigation dey happen by pump-enabled extraction direct from the Gumti River, wey dey background, for Comilla District, Bangladesh.]]
[[File:Vale do São Francisco Pernanbuco.jpg|thumb|Grapes for Petrolina, Brazil wey dey possible for this semi arid area because of drip irrigation]]

Irrigation water fit come from groundwater (wey dem dey take from springs or boreholes/wells), surface water (wey dem dey collect from rivers, lakes, or reservoirs) or non-conventional sources like treated wastewater, desalinated water, drainage water, or fog collection.

Even though floodwater harvesting be recognized irrigation method, rainwater harvesting normally no dey count as irrigation. Rainwater harvesting na the collection of runoff water from roofs or empty land, then dem dey store am for future use.

=== Treated or untreated wastewater ===

=== Other sources ===

Irrigation water fit also come from non-conventional sources like treated wastewater, desalinated seawater, drainage water, or fog collection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Moreira da Silva |first1=Manuela |last2=Resende |first2=Flávia C. |last3=Freitas |first3=Bárbara |last4=Aníbal |first4=Jaime |last5=Martins |first5=António |last6=Duarte |first6=Amílcar |title=Urban Wastewater Reuse for Citrus Irrigation in Algarve, Portugal—Environmental Benefits and Carbon Fluxes |journal=Sustainability |date=January 2022 |volume=14 |issue=17 |article-number=10715 |doi=10.3390/su141710715|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Sust...1410715M |hdl=10400.1/18203 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places wey humid air dey pass at night, people fit collect water through condensation wey dey form for cold surfaces. This one dey happen for vineyards for Lanzarote where dem dey use stones take trap moisture. Fog collectors too dey use mesh or foil sheets to catch water from air.

Using water wey dey come from air conditioning condensate as water source dey also dey increase for big urban areas.

one Glasgow-based startup help one farmer for Scotland to start edible salt marsh crops wey dem dey irrigate with seawater. One acre of marginal land don turn to farmland to grow samphire, sea blite, and sea aster; these plants dey give better profit pass potatoes. Dem dey flood the land twice every day to copy tidal movement; seawater dey come from sea with wind power pump. Extra benefits include soil improvement and carbon sequestration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters-saltwater&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=McDill |first=Stuart |date=November 27, 2019 |title=Startup helps Scottish farmers grow gourmet plants with sea water |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-saltwater-farming/startup-helps-scottish-farmers-grow-gourmet-plants-with-sea-water-idUSKBN1Y01V6 |access-date=2 December 2019 |website=Reuters |publisher=Thomson Reuters |quote=Seawater Solutions is helping farmers on Scotland's west coast adapt to the reality of less rain by choosing salt-resistant plants and developing saltmarshes - land flooded by tidal waters - for them to grow in.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thenational.scot-saltwater&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=O'Toole |first=Emer |date=29 July 2019 |title=Seawater Solutions is tacking agriculture's impact on climate change |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/17800385.climate-change-scottish-firm-tackling-effects-agriculture/ |access-date=2 December 2019 |website=The National |publisher=Newsquest Media Group Ltd |quote=A system of farming that creates wetland ecosystems on which food can be grown, while carbon is captured at a rate of up to 40 times higher than the same area of rainforest, and profits are more than eight times more profitable than the average potato field.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Competition for water resources ===
{{Main|Water scarcity}}

Up to the 1960s, the number of people for world no reach even half of wetin e be for 2024. People no get money like today, dem dey consume fewer calories and dem dey chop less meat, so water wey dem need to produce food no plenty. At that time, humans dey take about one-third of the water volume wey we dey currently take from rivers.

Today, competition for [[water resources]] don become very serious, because population don pass seven billion people for earth. This one dey increase chances of overconsumption of food wey dey need plenty water, especially animal farming and intensive farming systems. So now, industry, cities (urbanisation), and biofuel crops all dey compete for same water.

Farmers go need try increase productivity to meet growing demand for food, while industries and cities too must find ways to use water more efficiently.&lt;ref&gt;Chartres, C. and Varma, S. ''Out of water. From Abundance to Scarcity and How to Solve the World's Water Problems'', FT Press (USA), 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Successful farming depend on whether farmers fit get enough water. But already, water scarcity dey seriously affect farming for many parts of the world.

== Irrigation methods ==
There are different methods of irrigation. The way water dey reach plants dey differ. The aim be to apply water evenly so that each plant go get wetin e need—no too much, no too small.

Irrigation fit also be ''supplementary'' (meaning rain still dey contribute), or it fit be full irrigation where crops almost no depend on rain at all. Full irrigation dey happen mostly for dry (arid) areas or when farming dey happen outside rainy season for semi-arid regions.

===Surface irrigation===
{{Main|Surface irrigation}}

[[File:LevelBasinFloodIrrigation.JPG|thumb|Basin flood irrigation of wheat]]

Surface irrigation, wey some people dey call gravity irrigation, na the oldest irrigation method wey humans don dey use for thousands of years. For this system (furrow, flood, or level basin irrigation), water dey flow on top of farmland surface, wet the soil, then e go soak enter ground.

Water movement dey follow gravity or land slope. Surface irrigation fit be furrow irrigation, border strip irrigation, or basin irrigation. Sometimes people dey call am flood irrigation especially when water cover or nearly cover the farm land.

Historically, this na the most common irrigation method for many parts of the world. E cheap to set up and no need plenty energy, but e no too efficient because farmers no dey fully control how water spread.

Because of this, surface irrigation dey mostly use for developing countries, low-value crops, and big farmlands. Where water source dey higher than farm land, farmers fit control am with dikes (levees) wey dem dey block with soil.

This kind system dey common for terraced rice farming (rice paddies), where water dey carefully control inside each field. Sometimes dem dey pump or lift water using human or animal power.

[[File:Residential flood irrigation in Phoenix, Arizona, in the United States of America.jpg|thumb|Residential flood irrigation in Phoenix, Arizona, US]]

Surface irrigation still dey use for some urban gardens, for example around Phoenix, Arizona. The irrigated area dey surrounded by berm, and water dey delivered based on schedule wey local irrigation district set.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Flood Irrigation Service|url=http://www.tempe.gov/home/showdocument?id=3194|publisher=City of Tempe, Arizona|access-date=29 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One special type of surface irrigation na spate irrigation, wey also dey call floodwater harvesting. When flood happen, water dey diverted into dry river beds (wadis) through dams, gates, and channels, then e spread across large land areas. Later, the moisture inside soil go support crop growth.

Spate irrigation dey common for semi-arid or arid mountainous regions.

===Micro-irrigation===
{{Main|Micro-irrigation}}

[[File:Dripperwithdrop.png|thumb|Drip irrigation – a dripper in action]]

Micro-irrigation, wey some people dey call localized irrigation, low-volume irrigation, or trickle irrigation, na system wey water dey move through pipes under low pressure and dey release small-small amount directly near each plant.

This method include drip irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), micro-sprays, micro-sprinklers, and mini-bubblers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last1 = Frenken | first1 = K. | chapter = Irrigation in Africa in figures – AQUASTAT Survey – 2005 | title = Water Report 29 | publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | year = 2005 | url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/aglw/docs/wr29_eng.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170706015452/ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/aglw/docs/wr29_eng.pdf | archive-date = 2017-07-06 | isbn = 978-92-5-105414-7 | access-date = 2007-03-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==== Drip irrigation ====
{{Main|Drip irrigation}}

[[File:dripirrigation.gif|thumb|Drip irrigation layout and its parts]]

Drip irrigation, wey some people dey call microirrigation or trickle irrigation, dey work exactly as e sound. For this system, water dey go reach the plant root zone small-small, drop by drop.

This method fit be the most water-efficient irrigation system,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last = Provenzano | first = Giuseppe | title = Using HYDRUS-2D Simulation Model to Evaluate Wetted Soil Volume in Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems | journal = Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering| volume = 133 | issue = 4 | pages = 342–350 | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2007)133:4(342)| bibcode = 2007JIDE..133..342P }}&lt;/ref&gt; if dem manage am well, because evaporation and water wey dey waste through runoff go reduce plenty. Field water efficiency for drip irrigation normally dey between 80% to 90% when e dey properly managed.

For modern agriculture, drip irrigation dey often combine with plastic mulch, wey dey reduce evaporation even more. E also dey serve as way to deliver fertilizer directly to plants. This process dem dey call fertigation.

Deep percolation (when water go pass root zone enter deep soil) fit happen if drip system run too long or water flow too fast. Drip systems fit range from very high-tech computerized systems to simple low-tech ones wey need manual work.

Most times, drip irrigation no need high pressure like other irrigation systems, except low-energy center pivot or surface irrigation systems. The system fit be designed to give equal water everywhere for farm or to give exact water amount to each plant, especially for mixed crops or landscaping.

Even though e hard small to control pressure for steep land, pressure-compensating emitters dey available, so the system still fit work well even if land no flat.

High-tech drip systems dey use carefully measured emitters wey dey connect to pipes and computer-controlled valves for precise water delivery.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Drip Irrigation System for sustainable agriculture |url=https://www.agriculturelandusa.com/2023/07/Drip-Irrigation-system.html |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Agriculture land usa |archive-date=April 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421164829/https://www.agriculturelandusa.com/2023/07/Drip-Irrigation-system.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sprinkler irrigation ===
 {{Further|Irrigation sprinkler}}

[[File:Crop sprinklers Rio Vista California 15 Jul 2004-002.jpg|thumb|Crop sprinklers near Rio Vista, California, US]]
[[File:TravellingSprinkler.JPG|thumb|A traveling sprinkler at Millets Farm Centre, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom]]

For sprinkler irrigation, water dey go through pipes enter one or more central points for farm, then high-pressure sprinklers or guns go spray am over the crops like rain.

Systems wey get sprinklers or sprays wey fixed for poles dem dey call solid-set irrigation systems. Rotating sprinklers (rotors) dey move with ball drive, gear drive, or impact mechanism, and dem fit rotate full circle or half circle.

Big “guns” dey similar to rotors but dem dey use very high pressure of {{convert|275|to|900|kPa|psi|abbr=on}} and high water flow of 3 to 76 L/s (50 to 1200 US gal/min), with nozzle sizes between {{convert|10|to|50|mm|in|abbr=on}}. Dem dey also use am for dust control and logging operations.

Some sprinkler systems dey mounted on moving platforms wey hose dey supply water. These traveling sprinklers fit move by themselves across small farms, parks, or sports fields without human help. Many use polyethylene tubing wound on steel drum; as e dey roll back, water pressure or engine dey pull am forward. When e reach end, system go stop automatically.

Other systems dey use rubber hose wey dey drag behind or cable system wey dey pull platform.

==== Center pivot ==== 
{{Main|Center pivot irrigation}}

Center pivot irrigation na system wey get many pipe sections joined together and supported by wheeled towers. The system dey rotate around central point where water dey enter.

[[File:Center Pivot.jpg|thumb|A small center pivot system from beginning to end]]
[[File:Nelson A3000 Accelerator.png|thumb|Rotator style pivot applicator sprinkler]]
[[File:PivotWithDrops.JPG|thumb|Center pivot with drop sprinklers]]
[[File:WheelLineIrrigation.JPG|thumb|Wheel line irrigation system in Idaho, US, 2001]]
[[File:Crop Triangle South Africa.jpg|thumb|Center pivot irrigation]]

Dem dey use am for many countries around the world and e fit work for different types of land. Newer systems dey use drop sprinkler heads wey hang down near crops to reduce water loss through evaporation.

As of {{As of|2017}}, many systems dey use drop lines or drag hoses wey dey apply water directly on soil between crops. Crops often dey planted in circle shape to match pivot system. This method dem dey call LEPA (Low Energy Precision Application).

Earlier systems dey water-powered, but later dem switch to hydraulic systems and electric motor systems. Modern pivots even dey use GPS for better control.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.agriculture.com/machinery/irrigation-equipment/gps-swing-arms-prove-their-worth|title=GPS Swing Arms Prove Their Worth |last=Gaines|first=Tharran|date=January 7, 2017|website=Successful Farming|access-date=February 1, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Irrigation by lateral move (side roll, wheel line, wheel move) ====

For this system, dem dey join pipes together with wheels attached for middle. Each pipe section get wheel about 1.5 m diameter, and sprinklers dey along the pipe.

Water dey enter from one end through big hose. After one section don finish irrigation, dem go disconnect hose, drain water from system, then roll am go next position manually or with machine.

This system cheaper to install pass center pivot, but e need more human labor because e no dey move automatically. Most times, aluminium pipes of {{convert|100|or|130|mm|in|abbr=on}} diameter dey used. The pipe dey serve both as water channel and axle for wheels.

This system dey common for small, rectangular, or uneven land areas, or places where labor cheap.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hill&quot;/&gt;

=== Subirrigation ===

Subirrigation don dey use for many years especially for areas where water table dey high. For this system, dem dey raise underground water level so soil go dey moist from below plant root zone.

Some systems dey use canals, pumps, and gates to control water level inside soil through drainage networks.

Subirrigation also dey common for greenhouse farming, especially for potted plants. Water dey flow from below, plant dey absorb am, and extra water dey collect for reuse.

This system dey save water and nutrients, but e need expensive equipment and careful management.

Another simple type na self-watering container wey use wick (like rope) to carry water up through capillary action.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.entheogen.com/forum/showthread.php?t=13076 |title=Polyester ropes natural irrigation technique |publisher=Entheogen.com |access-date=2012-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412031536/http://www.entheogen.com/forum/showthread.php?t=13076 |archive-date=April 12, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.instructables.com/id/Self-watering-recycled-plant-pot-for-growing-herbs/ |title=DIY instructions for making self-watering system using ropes |publisher=Instructables.com |date=2008-03-17 |access-date=2012-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another similar method na wicking bed wey also dey use capillary movement.
== Efficiency == Modern irrigation methods dey efficient reach say dem fit distribute water evenly for whole field, so every plant go get the amount wey e need—no be too much, no be too small.&lt;ref name=&quot;efficiency&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Water_use_efficiency|title=Water use efficiency - agriwaterpedia.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Water use efficiency for field fit dey calculated like this:

Field Water Efficiency (%) = (Water Transpired by Crop ÷ Water Applied to Field) x 100


When irrigation efficiency improve, e dey bring plenty good things for farmer, community, and environment. Low application efficiency mean say water wey dem dey use for farm pass wetin crop or field really need. If efficiency increase, e mean say crop production per unit water go increase. Better efficiency fit come when farmer reduce water for same field or use water more wisely, so dem fit get higher yield for same land area. For some places around the world, farmers dey pay for irrigation water, so over-using water go cause direct money loss for dem. Irrigation too dey need pumping energy (electricity or fuel) to move water go field or maintain pressure, so when efficiency improve, water cost and energy cost per unit production go reduce. If one field use less water, farmer fit use the extra water irrigate bigger area, so total production go increase. Low efficiency usually mean say excess water dey lost through seepage or runoff, which fit also carry nutrients or pesticides go outside farm and affect environment badly.

Improving irrigation efficiency normally dey happen in two main ways: either dem improve system design or dem improve irrigation management. System design improvement fit include changing from one irrigation type go another (for example from furrow to drip irrigation) or making small adjustments like flow rate and pressure. Irrigation management dey about how dem schedule watering and decide how much water to apply each time.

== Garden irrigation == Domestic gardens and landscaped areas around public buildings dey often get some kind irrigation system especially for dry climates.&lt;ref name=purtill/&gt;

For Australia, small garden sprinklers wey dem attach to hose become common irrigation method, and people dey regulate am with sprinkler timer. For 1960s, Hugall &amp; Hoile, small company for Perth, Western Australia, invent system wey dem call “reticulation”,{{efn|See [[wiktionary:reticulated water]].}} where dem divide garden irrigation system into sections, with solenoids (electronic valves) connected to mechanical timer. The system become very popular, and within 20 years, almost half of houses for Perth get automatic sprinkler systems. Robert Hugall become popular as “father of backyard irrigation”, while former Australian cricketer Wally Edwards (wey found Holman Industries in 1966&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=About Us: Australian Family Owned | website=Holman Industries  | url=https://www.holmanindustries.com.au/about-us/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318085639/https://www.holmanindustries.com.au/about-us/ | archive-date=18 March 2024 | url-status=dead | access-date=15 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;) later focus on DIY garden watering systems for early 1990s; both men make money from their companies.&lt;ref name=purtill&gt;{{cite web | last=Purtill | first=James | title=Sprinklers made Australia green. But what happens when the water runs out? | website=ABC News | date=31 January 2026 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-01/sprinkler-water-resources-garden-green-desert-reticulation/106244818 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209175714/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-01/sprinkler-water-resources-garden-green-desert-reticulation/106244818 | archive-date=9 February 2026 | url-status=live | access-date=15 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As climate change dey cause hotter and drier weather for different parts of the continent, new drip irrigation systems wey dey use less water don develop. In addition, desalination plants don build or dem don start use again for Perth, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, and Brisbane to meet rising water demand to maintain plants and especially tree canopy growth.&lt;ref name=purtill/&gt;

== Challenges ==

=== Environmental impacts ===

{{Main|Environmental impact of irrigation}}

[[File:1960- Groundwater loss - depletion - Central Valley of California.svg|thumb |Inside long period of groundwater depletion for California Central Valley, small periods of recovery mostly dey happen because of extreme weather events wey usually bring flooding and also cause negative social, environmental, and economic effects.&lt;ref name=NatureComms_20221219&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Pang-Wei |last2=Famiglietti |first2=James S. |last3=Purdy |first3=Adam J. |last4=Adams |first4=Kyra H. |last5=McEvoy |first5=Avery L. |last6=Reager |first6=John T. |last7=Bindlish |first7=Rajat |last8=Wiese |first8=David N. |last9=David |first9=Cédric H. |last10=Rodell |first10=Matthew |display-authors=4 |title=Groundwater depletion in California's Central Valley accelerates during megadrought |journal=Nature Communications |date=19 December 2022 |volume=13 |issue=7825 |page=7825 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-35582-x |doi-access=free |pmid=36535940 |pmc=9763392 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.7825L }} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230130223801/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-35582-x/figures/4 Archive] of chart itself)&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Negative impacts dey often come with large-scale irrigation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Some projects wey divert surface water for irrigation don make water sources dry, wey in turn cause more serious regional climate change.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;[[#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]] pp.164-165.&lt;/ref&gt; Projects wey rely on groundwater and over-pump underground aquifers don cause ground sinking (subsidence) and salt buildup (salinization). Salinization of irrigation water fit damage crops and even enter drinking water system.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt; Pests and disease organisms also dey grow well inside irrigation canals and stagnant water, which don cause outbreaks of sickness like malaria and schistosomiasis.&lt;ref name=&quot;McNeill 200&quot;&gt;[[#refJohnson2019|McNeill 2019]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceI&quot;&gt;[[#refWorster1992|Worster 1992]] pp.112-13.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceJ&quot;&gt;[[#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]] pp.171.&lt;/ref&gt; Governments too don use irrigation schemes to encourage people move go some areas, especially people wey dem consider more desirable for settlement.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parker 2020&quot;&gt;[[#refParker2020|Parker 2020]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Visser 2018&quot;&gt;[[#refVisser2018|Visser 2018]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceK&quot;&gt;[[#refWorster1992|Worster 1992]] pp.156-57.&lt;/ref&gt; Plus, some of these big national irrigation projects no even pay off, dem cost more pass the benefit wey dem bring from crop yield increase.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceL&quot;&gt;[[#refPisani2002|Pisani 2002]] p.5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McNeill 2000&quot;&gt;[[#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Overdrafting]] (depletion) of underground aquifers: For mid-20th century, diesel and electric motors come make am possible to pump groundwater from big aquifers faster than nature fit refill am through drainage basins. This fit cause permanent loss of aquifer capacity, lower water quality, ground sinking, and other problems. Future food production for places like North China Plain, Punjab region for India and Pakistan, and US Great Plains dey under threat because of this issue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2013-06-22 |title=A new report says we're draining our aquifers faster than ever |newspaper=High Country News |url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/45.12/a-new-report-says-were-draining-our-aquifers-faster-than-ever |access-date=2014-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Management of aquifer recharge and discharge processes and aquifer storage equilibrium |url=http://www.groundwatergovernance.org/fileadmin/user_upload/groundwatergovernance/docs/Thematic_papers/GWG_Thematic_Paper_4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921042755/http://www.groundwatergovernance.org/fileadmin/user_upload/groundwatergovernance/docs/Thematic_papers/GWG_Thematic_Paper_4.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-21 |access-date=2014-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Technical challenges === [[File:Сток воды при орошении.png|thumb|Overirrigation because of poor distribution uniformity for furrows. Potato plants dey weak and turn yellow]] Irrigation schemes involve plenty engineering and economic challenges while dem still dey try reduce environmental harm.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;ILRI, 1989, Effectiveness and Social/Environmental Impacts of Irrigation Projects: a Review. In: Annual Report 1988, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 18 – 34. On line: [http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irreff.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt; Some of these problems include:

Ground subsidence (for example New Orleans, Louisiana)

Under-irrigation or giving just small water wey plant need (like drip irrigation) fit make soil salinity control poor, which later cause salt build-up for soil surface especially for hot dry areas. This one mean say dem go need leaching to wash away salt and drainage system to carry am go. For drip system, dem fit do leaching regularly with small excess water so salt go move back under plant roots.&lt;ref&gt;EOS magazine, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Overirrigation because of poor distribution uniformity or bad management dey waste water and chemicals and fit cause water pollution.&lt;ref&gt;Hukkinen, Janne, Emery Roe, and Gene I. Rochlin. &quot;A salt on the land: A narrative analysis of the controversy over irrigation-related salinity and toxicity in California's San Joaquin Valley.&quot; ''Policy Sciences'' 23.4 (1990): 307–329. [http://blogs.helsinki.fi/jahukkin/files/2012/02/PolSci1990.pdf online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102191753/http://blogs.helsinki.fi/jahukkin/files/2012/02/PolSci1990.pdf |date=2015-01-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Deep drainage (from over-irrigation) fit raise water table, which later cause irrigation salinity problem wey need subsurface drainage control.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title = Drainage Manual: A Guide to Integrating Plant, Soil, and Water Relationships for Drainage of Irrigated Lands | year = 1993 | publisher = Interior Dept., Bureau of Reclamation | isbn = 978-0-16-061623-5 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Waterlog&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.waterlog.info |title=Free articles and software on drainage of waterlogged land and soil salinity control in irrigated land |access-date=2010-07-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt; For Australia example, overuse of fresh water for irrigation don cause about 33% land dey at risk of salinity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gordon&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Gordon L., D. M. |year=2003 |title=Land cover change and water vapour flows: learning from Australia |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=358 |issue=1440 |pages=1973–1984 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2003.1381 |jstor=3558315 |pmc=1693281 |pmid=14728792}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Drainage front instability (viscous fingering), where drainage no dey stable and e dey form finger-like patterns inside saturated zones.

Irrigation with saline water or high sodium water fit spoil soil structure because e go form alkaline soil.

Clogging of filters: algae fit block filters, drip systems, and nozzles. Methods like chlorination, algaecide, UV, and ultrasonic treatment fit help control algae.

Difficulty in measuring irrigation performance accurately, because e dey change with time and location, using indicators like productivity, efficiency, equity, and adequacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-01|title=A scale-based framework to understand the promises, pitfalls and paradoxes of irrigation efficiency to meet major water challenges|journal=Global Environmental Change|language=en|volume=65|article-number=102182|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102182|issn=0959-3780|doi-access=free|last1=Lankford|first1=Bruce|last2=Closas|first2=Alvar|last3=Dalton|first3=James|last4=López Gunn|first4=Elena|last5=Hess|first5=Tim|last6=Knox|first6=Jerry W.|last7=Van Der Kooij|first7=Saskia|last8=Lautze|first8=Jonathan|last9=Molden|first9=David|last10=Orr|first10=Stuart|last11=Pittock|first11=Jamie|last12=Richter|first12=Brian|last13=Riddell|first13=Philip J.|last14=Scott|first14=Christopher A.|last15=Venot|first15=Jean-Philippe|last16=Vos|first16=Jeroen|last17=Zwarteveen|first17=Margreet|bibcode=2020GEC....6502182L |hdl=1885/224453|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Large-scale irrigation (macro-irrigation) wey dey use plenty agrochemicals often lead to eutrophication.</text>
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== Water sources ==

=== Groundwater and surface water ===

[[File:Bisse.jpg|thumb|Traditional irrigation channel in Switzerland, collecting water from the high Alps]]
[[File:Pump-enabled Riverside Irrigation in Comilla, Bangladesh, 25 April 2014.jpg|thumb|right|Irrigation dey happen by pump-enabled extraction direct from the Gumti River, wey dey background, for Comilla District, Bangladesh.]]
[[File:Vale do São Francisco Pernanbuco.jpg|thumb|Grapes for Petrolina, Brazil wey dey possible for this semi arid area because of drip irrigation]]

Irrigation water fit come from groundwater (wey dem dey take from springs or boreholes/wells), surface water (wey dem dey collect from rivers, lakes, or reservoirs) or non-conventional sources like treated wastewater, desalinated water, drainage water, or fog collection.

Even though floodwater harvesting be recognized irrigation method, rainwater harvesting normally no dey count as irrigation. Rainwater harvesting na the collection of runoff water from roofs or empty land, then dem dey store am for future use.

=== Treated or untreated wastewater ===

=== Other sources ===

Irrigation water fit also come from non-conventional sources like treated wastewater, desalinated seawater, drainage water, or fog collection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Moreira da Silva |first1=Manuela |last2=Resende |first2=Flávia C. |last3=Freitas |first3=Bárbara |last4=Aníbal |first4=Jaime |last5=Martins |first5=António |last6=Duarte |first6=Amílcar |title=Urban Wastewater Reuse for Citrus Irrigation in Algarve, Portugal—Environmental Benefits and Carbon Fluxes |journal=Sustainability |date=January 2022 |volume=14 |issue=17 |article-number=10715 |doi=10.3390/su141710715|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Sust...1410715M |hdl=10400.1/18203 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places wey humid air dey pass at night, people fit collect water through condensation wey dey form for cold surfaces. This one dey happen for vineyards for Lanzarote where dem dey use stones take trap moisture. Fog collectors too dey use mesh or foil sheets to catch water from air.

Using water wey dey come from air conditioning condensate as water source dey also dey increase for big urban areas.

one Glasgow-based startup help one farmer for Scotland to start edible salt marsh crops wey dem dey irrigate with seawater. One acre of marginal land don turn to farmland to grow samphire, sea blite, and sea aster; these plants dey give better profit pass potatoes. Dem dey flood the land twice every day to copy tidal movement; seawater dey come from sea with wind power pump. Extra benefits include soil improvement and carbon sequestration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters-saltwater&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=McDill |first=Stuart |date=November 27, 2019 |title=Startup helps Scottish farmers grow gourmet plants with sea water |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-saltwater-farming/startup-helps-scottish-farmers-grow-gourmet-plants-with-sea-water-idUSKBN1Y01V6 |access-date=2 December 2019 |website=Reuters |publisher=Thomson Reuters |quote=Seawater Solutions is helping farmers on Scotland's west coast adapt to the reality of less rain by choosing salt-resistant plants and developing saltmarshes - land flooded by tidal waters - for them to grow in.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thenational.scot-saltwater&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=O'Toole |first=Emer |date=29 July 2019 |title=Seawater Solutions is tacking agriculture's impact on climate change |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/17800385.climate-change-scottish-firm-tackling-effects-agriculture/ |access-date=2 December 2019 |website=The National |publisher=Newsquest Media Group Ltd |quote=A system of farming that creates wetland ecosystems on which food can be grown, while carbon is captured at a rate of up to 40 times higher than the same area of rainforest, and profits are more than eight times more profitable than the average potato field.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Competition for water resources ===
{{Main|Water scarcity}}

Up to the 1960s, the number of people for world no reach even half of wetin e be for 2024. People no get money like today, dem dey consume fewer calories and dem dey chop less meat, so water wey dem need to produce food no plenty. At that time, humans dey take about one-third of the water volume wey we dey currently take from rivers.

Today, competition for [[water resources]] don become very serious, because population don pass seven billion people for earth. This one dey increase chances of overconsumption of food wey dey need plenty water, especially animal farming and intensive farming systems. So now, industry, cities (urbanisation), and biofuel crops all dey compete for same water.

Farmers go need try increase productivity to meet growing demand for food, while industries and cities too must find ways to use water more efficiently.&lt;ref&gt;Chartres, C. and Varma, S. ''Out of water. From Abundance to Scarcity and How to Solve the World's Water Problems'', FT Press (USA), 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Successful farming depend on whether farmers fit get enough water. But already, water scarcity dey seriously affect farming for many parts of the world.

== Irrigation methods ==
There are different methods of irrigation. The way water dey reach plants dey differ. The aim be to apply water evenly so that each plant go get wetin e need—no too much, no too small.

Irrigation fit also be ''supplementary'' (meaning rain still dey contribute), or it fit be full irrigation where crops almost no depend on rain at all. Full irrigation dey happen mostly for dry (arid) areas or when farming dey happen outside rainy season for semi-arid regions.

===Surface irrigation===
{{Main|Surface irrigation}}

[[File:LevelBasinFloodIrrigation.JPG|thumb|Basin flood irrigation of wheat]]

Surface irrigation, wey some people dey call gravity irrigation, na the oldest irrigation method wey humans don dey use for thousands of years. For this system (furrow, flood, or level basin irrigation), water dey flow on top of farmland surface, wet the soil, then e go soak enter ground.

Water movement dey follow gravity or land slope. Surface irrigation fit be furrow irrigation, border strip irrigation, or basin irrigation. Sometimes people dey call am flood irrigation especially when water cover or nearly cover the farm land.

Historically, this na the most common irrigation method for many parts of the world. E cheap to set up and no need plenty energy, but e no too efficient because farmers no dey fully control how water spread.

Because of this, surface irrigation dey mostly use for developing countries, low-value crops, and big farmlands. Where water source dey higher than farm land, farmers fit control am with dikes (levees) wey dem dey block with soil.

This kind system dey common for terraced rice farming (rice paddies), where water dey carefully control inside each field. Sometimes dem dey pump or lift water using human or animal power.

[[File:Residential flood irrigation in Phoenix, Arizona, in the United States of America.jpg|thumb|Residential flood irrigation in Phoenix, Arizona, US]]

Surface irrigation still dey use for some urban gardens, for example around Phoenix, Arizona. The irrigated area dey surrounded by berm, and water dey delivered based on schedule wey local irrigation district set.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Flood Irrigation Service|url=http://www.tempe.gov/home/showdocument?id=3194|publisher=City of Tempe, Arizona|access-date=29 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One special type of surface irrigation na spate irrigation, wey also dey call floodwater harvesting. When flood happen, water dey diverted into dry river beds (wadis) through dams, gates, and channels, then e spread across large land areas. Later, the moisture inside soil go support crop growth.

Spate irrigation dey common for semi-arid or arid mountainous regions.

===Micro-irrigation===
{{Main|Micro-irrigation}}

[[File:Dripperwithdrop.png|thumb|Drip irrigation – a dripper in action]]

Micro-irrigation, wey some people dey call localized irrigation, low-volume irrigation, or trickle irrigation, na system wey water dey move through pipes under low pressure and dey release small-small amount directly near each plant.

This method include drip irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), micro-sprays, micro-sprinklers, and mini-bubblers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last1 = Frenken | first1 = K. | chapter = Irrigation in Africa in figures – AQUASTAT Survey – 2005 | title = Water Report 29 | publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | year = 2005 | url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/aglw/docs/wr29_eng.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170706015452/ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/aglw/docs/wr29_eng.pdf | archive-date = 2017-07-06 | isbn = 978-92-5-105414-7 | access-date = 2007-03-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==== Drip irrigation ====
{{Main|Drip irrigation}}

[[File:dripirrigation.gif|thumb|Drip irrigation layout and its parts]]

Drip irrigation, wey some people dey call microirrigation or trickle irrigation, dey work exactly as e sound. For this system, water dey go reach the plant root zone small-small, drop by drop.

This method fit be the most water-efficient irrigation system,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last = Provenzano | first = Giuseppe | title = Using HYDRUS-2D Simulation Model to Evaluate Wetted Soil Volume in Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems | journal = Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering| volume = 133 | issue = 4 | pages = 342–350 | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2007)133:4(342)| bibcode = 2007JIDE..133..342P }}&lt;/ref&gt; if dem manage am well, because evaporation and water wey dey waste through runoff go reduce plenty. Field water efficiency for drip irrigation normally dey between 80% to 90% when e dey properly managed.

For modern agriculture, drip irrigation dey often combine with plastic mulch, wey dey reduce evaporation even more. E also dey serve as way to deliver fertilizer directly to plants. This process dem dey call fertigation.

Deep percolation (when water go pass root zone enter deep soil) fit happen if drip system run too long or water flow too fast. Drip systems fit range from very high-tech computerized systems to simple low-tech ones wey need manual work.

Most times, drip irrigation no need high pressure like other irrigation systems, except low-energy center pivot or surface irrigation systems. The system fit be designed to give equal water everywhere for farm or to give exact water amount to each plant, especially for mixed crops or landscaping.

Even though e hard small to control pressure for steep land, pressure-compensating emitters dey available, so the system still fit work well even if land no flat.

High-tech drip systems dey use carefully measured emitters wey dey connect to pipes and computer-controlled valves for precise water delivery.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Drip Irrigation System for sustainable agriculture |url=https://www.agriculturelandusa.com/2023/07/Drip-Irrigation-system.html |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Agriculture land usa |archive-date=April 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421164829/https://www.agriculturelandusa.com/2023/07/Drip-Irrigation-system.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sprinkler irrigation ===
 {{Further|Irrigation sprinkler}}

[[File:Crop sprinklers Rio Vista California 15 Jul 2004-002.jpg|thumb|Crop sprinklers near Rio Vista, California, US]]
[[File:TravellingSprinkler.JPG|thumb|A traveling sprinkler at Millets Farm Centre, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom]]

For sprinkler irrigation, water dey go through pipes enter one or more central points for farm, then high-pressure sprinklers or guns go spray am over the crops like rain.

Systems wey get sprinklers or sprays wey fixed for poles dem dey call solid-set irrigation systems. Rotating sprinklers (rotors) dey move with ball drive, gear drive, or impact mechanism, and dem fit rotate full circle or half circle.

Big “guns” dey similar to rotors but dem dey use very high pressure of {{convert|275|to|900|kPa|psi|abbr=on}} and high water flow of 3 to 76 L/s (50 to 1200 US gal/min), with nozzle sizes between {{convert|10|to|50|mm|in|abbr=on}}. Dem dey also use am for dust control and logging operations.

Some sprinkler systems dey mounted on moving platforms wey hose dey supply water. These traveling sprinklers fit move by themselves across small farms, parks, or sports fields without human help. Many use polyethylene tubing wound on steel drum; as e dey roll back, water pressure or engine dey pull am forward. When e reach end, system go stop automatically.

Other systems dey use rubber hose wey dey drag behind or cable system wey dey pull platform.

==== Center pivot ==== 
{{Main|Center pivot irrigation}}

Center pivot irrigation na system wey get many pipe sections joined together and supported by wheeled towers. The system dey rotate around central point where water dey enter.

[[File:Center Pivot.jpg|thumb|A small center pivot system from beginning to end]]
[[File:Nelson A3000 Accelerator.png|thumb|Rotator style pivot applicator sprinkler]]
[[File:PivotWithDrops.JPG|thumb|Center pivot with drop sprinklers]]
[[File:WheelLineIrrigation.JPG|thumb|Wheel line irrigation system in Idaho, US, 2001]]
[[File:Crop Triangle South Africa.jpg|thumb|Center pivot irrigation]]

Dem dey use am for many countries around the world and e fit work for different types of land. Newer systems dey use drop sprinkler heads wey hang down near crops to reduce water loss through evaporation.

As of {{As of|2017}}, many systems dey use drop lines or drag hoses wey dey apply water directly on soil between crops. Crops often dey planted in circle shape to match pivot system. This method dem dey call LEPA (Low Energy Precision Application).

Earlier systems dey water-powered, but later dem switch to hydraulic systems and electric motor systems. Modern pivots even dey use GPS for better control.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.agriculture.com/machinery/irrigation-equipment/gps-swing-arms-prove-their-worth|title=GPS Swing Arms Prove Their Worth |last=Gaines|first=Tharran|date=January 7, 2017|website=Successful Farming|access-date=February 1, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Irrigation by lateral move (side roll, wheel line, wheel move) ====

For this system, dem dey join pipes together with wheels attached for middle. Each pipe section get wheel about 1.5 m diameter, and sprinklers dey along the pipe.

Water dey enter from one end through big hose. After one section don finish irrigation, dem go disconnect hose, drain water from system, then roll am go next position manually or with machine.

This system cheaper to install pass center pivot, but e need more human labor because e no dey move automatically. Most times, aluminium pipes of {{convert|100|or|130|mm|in|abbr=on}} diameter dey used. The pipe dey serve both as water channel and axle for wheels.

This system dey common for small, rectangular, or uneven land areas, or places where labor cheap.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hill&quot;/&gt;

=== Subirrigation ===

Subirrigation don dey use for many years especially for areas where water table dey high. For this system, dem dey raise underground water level so soil go dey moist from below plant root zone.

Some systems dey use canals, pumps, and gates to control water level inside soil through drainage networks.

Subirrigation also dey common for greenhouse farming, especially for potted plants. Water dey flow from below, plant dey absorb am, and extra water dey collect for reuse.

This system dey save water and nutrients, but e need expensive equipment and careful management.

Another simple type na self-watering container wey use wick (like rope) to carry water up through capillary action.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.entheogen.com/forum/showthread.php?t=13076 |title=Polyester ropes natural irrigation technique |publisher=Entheogen.com |access-date=2012-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412031536/http://www.entheogen.com/forum/showthread.php?t=13076 |archive-date=April 12, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.instructables.com/id/Self-watering-recycled-plant-pot-for-growing-herbs/ |title=DIY instructions for making self-watering system using ropes |publisher=Instructables.com |date=2008-03-17 |access-date=2012-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another similar method na wicking bed wey also dey use capillary movement.
== Efficiency == Modern irrigation methods dey efficient reach say dem fit distribute water evenly for whole field, so every plant go get the amount wey e need—no be too much, no be too small.&lt;ref name=&quot;efficiency&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Water_use_efficiency|title=Water use efficiency - agriwaterpedia.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Water use efficiency for field fit dey calculated like this:

Field Water Efficiency (%) = (Water Transpired by Crop ÷ Water Applied to Field) x 100


When irrigation efficiency improve, e dey bring plenty good things for farmer, community, and environment. Low application efficiency mean say water wey dem dey use for farm pass wetin crop or field really need. If efficiency increase, e mean say crop production per unit water go increase. Better efficiency fit come when farmer reduce water for same field or use water more wisely, so dem fit get higher yield for same land area. For some places around the world, farmers dey pay for irrigation water, so over-using water go cause direct money loss for dem. Irrigation too dey need pumping energy (electricity or fuel) to move water go field or maintain pressure, so when efficiency improve, water cost and energy cost per unit production go reduce. If one field use less water, farmer fit use the extra water irrigate bigger area, so total production go increase. Low efficiency usually mean say excess water dey lost through seepage or runoff, which fit also carry nutrients or pesticides go outside farm and affect environment badly.

Improving irrigation efficiency normally dey happen in two main ways: either dem improve system design or dem improve irrigation management. System design improvement fit include changing from one irrigation type go another (for example from furrow to drip irrigation) or making small adjustments like flow rate and pressure. Irrigation management dey about how dem schedule watering and decide how much water to apply each time.

== Garden irrigation == Domestic gardens and landscaped areas around public buildings dey often get some kind irrigation system especially for dry climates.&lt;ref name=purtill/&gt;

For Australia, small garden sprinklers wey dem attach to hose become common irrigation method, and people dey regulate am with sprinkler timer. For 1960s, Hugall &amp; Hoile, small company for Perth, Western Australia, invent system wey dem call “reticulation”,{{efn|See [[wiktionary:reticulated water]].}} where dem divide garden irrigation system into sections, with solenoids (electronic valves) connected to mechanical timer. The system become very popular, and within 20 years, almost half of houses for Perth get automatic sprinkler systems. Robert Hugall become popular as “father of backyard irrigation”, while former Australian cricketer Wally Edwards (wey found Holman Industries in 1966&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=About Us: Australian Family Owned | website=Holman Industries  | url=https://www.holmanindustries.com.au/about-us/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318085639/https://www.holmanindustries.com.au/about-us/ | archive-date=18 March 2024 | url-status=dead | access-date=15 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;) later focus on DIY garden watering systems for early 1990s; both men make money from their companies.&lt;ref name=purtill&gt;{{cite web | last=Purtill | first=James | title=Sprinklers made Australia green. But what happens when the water runs out? | website=ABC News | date=31 January 2026 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-01/sprinkler-water-resources-garden-green-desert-reticulation/106244818 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209175714/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-01/sprinkler-water-resources-garden-green-desert-reticulation/106244818 | archive-date=9 February 2026 | url-status=live | access-date=15 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As climate change dey cause hotter and drier weather for different parts of the continent, new drip irrigation systems wey dey use less water don develop. In addition, desalination plants don build or dem don start use again for Perth, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, and Brisbane to meet rising water demand to maintain plants and especially tree canopy growth.&lt;ref name=purtill/&gt;

== Challenges ==

=== Environmental impacts ===

{{Main|Environmental impact of irrigation}}

[[File:1960- Groundwater loss - depletion - Central Valley of California.svg|thumb |Inside long period of groundwater depletion for California Central Valley, small periods of recovery mostly dey happen because of extreme weather events wey usually bring flooding and also cause negative social, environmental, and economic effects.&lt;ref name=NatureComms_20221219&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Pang-Wei |last2=Famiglietti |first2=James S. |last3=Purdy |first3=Adam J. |last4=Adams |first4=Kyra H. |last5=McEvoy |first5=Avery L. |last6=Reager |first6=John T. |last7=Bindlish |first7=Rajat |last8=Wiese |first8=David N. |last9=David |first9=Cédric H. |last10=Rodell |first10=Matthew |display-authors=4 |title=Groundwater depletion in California's Central Valley accelerates during megadrought |journal=Nature Communications |date=19 December 2022 |volume=13 |issue=7825 |page=7825 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-35582-x |doi-access=free |pmid=36535940 |pmc=9763392 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.7825L }} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230130223801/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-35582-x/figures/4 Archive] of chart itself)&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Negative impacts dey often come with large-scale irrigation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Some projects wey divert surface water for irrigation don make water sources dry, wey in turn cause more serious regional climate change.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;[[#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]] pp.164-165.&lt;/ref&gt; Projects wey rely on groundwater and over-pump underground aquifers don cause ground sinking (subsidence) and salt buildup (salinization). Salinization of irrigation water fit damage crops and even enter drinking water system.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt; Pests and disease organisms also dey grow well inside irrigation canals and stagnant water, which don cause outbreaks of sickness like malaria and schistosomiasis.&lt;ref name=&quot;McNeill 200&quot;&gt;[[#refJohnson2019|McNeill 2019]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceI&quot;&gt;[[#refWorster1992|Worster 1992]] pp.112-13.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceJ&quot;&gt;[[#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]] pp.171.&lt;/ref&gt; Governments too don use irrigation schemes to encourage people move go some areas, especially people wey dem consider more desirable for settlement.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parker 2020&quot;&gt;[[#refParker2020|Parker 2020]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Visser 2018&quot;&gt;[[#refVisser2018|Visser 2018]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceK&quot;&gt;[[#refWorster1992|Worster 1992]] pp.156-57.&lt;/ref&gt; Plus, some of these big national irrigation projects no even pay off, dem cost more pass the benefit wey dem bring from crop yield increase.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceL&quot;&gt;[[#refPisani2002|Pisani 2002]] p.5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McNeill 2000&quot;&gt;[[#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Overdrafting]] (depletion) of underground aquifers: For mid-20th century, diesel and electric motors come make am possible to pump groundwater from big aquifers faster than nature fit refill am through drainage basins. This fit cause permanent loss of aquifer capacity, lower water quality, ground sinking, and other problems. Future food production for places like North China Plain, Punjab region for India and Pakistan, and US Great Plains dey under threat because of this issue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2013-06-22 |title=A new report says we're draining our aquifers faster than ever |newspaper=High Country News |url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/45.12/a-new-report-says-were-draining-our-aquifers-faster-than-ever |access-date=2014-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Management of aquifer recharge and discharge processes and aquifer storage equilibrium |url=http://www.groundwatergovernance.org/fileadmin/user_upload/groundwatergovernance/docs/Thematic_papers/GWG_Thematic_Paper_4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921042755/http://www.groundwatergovernance.org/fileadmin/user_upload/groundwatergovernance/docs/Thematic_papers/GWG_Thematic_Paper_4.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-21 |access-date=2014-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Technical challenges ===
[[File:Сток воды при орошении.png|thumb|Overirrigation because of poor distribution uniformity for furrows. Potato plants dey weak and turn yellow]] Irrigation schemes involve plenty engineering and economic challenges while dem still dey try reduce environmental harm.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;ILRI, 1989, Effectiveness and Social/Environmental Impacts of Irrigation Projects: a Review. In: Annual Report 1988, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 18 – 34. On line: [http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irreff.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt; Some of these problems include:

Ground subsidence (for example New Orleans, Louisiana)

Under-irrigation or giving just small water wey plant need (like drip irrigation) fit make soil salinity control poor, which later cause salt build-up for soil surface especially for hot dry areas. This one mean say dem go need leaching to wash away salt and drainage system to carry am go. For drip system, dem fit do leaching regularly with small excess water so salt go move back under plant roots.&lt;ref&gt;EOS magazine, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Overirrigation because of poor distribution uniformity or bad management dey waste water and chemicals and fit cause water pollution.&lt;ref&gt;Hukkinen, Janne, Emery Roe, and Gene I. Rochlin. &quot;A salt on the land: A narrative analysis of the controversy over irrigation-related salinity and toxicity in California's San Joaquin Valley.&quot; ''Policy Sciences'' 23.4 (1990): 307–329. [http://blogs.helsinki.fi/jahukkin/files/2012/02/PolSci1990.pdf online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102191753/http://blogs.helsinki.fi/jahukkin/files/2012/02/PolSci1990.pdf |date=2015-01-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Deep drainage (from over-irrigation) fit raise water table, which later cause irrigation salinity problem wey need subsurface drainage control.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title = Drainage Manual: A Guide to Integrating Plant, Soil, and Water Relationships for Drainage of Irrigated Lands | year = 1993 | publisher = Interior Dept., Bureau of Reclamation | isbn = 978-0-16-061623-5 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Waterlog&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.waterlog.info |title=Free articles and software on drainage of waterlogged land and soil salinity control in irrigated land |access-date=2010-07-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt; For Australia example, overuse of fresh water for irrigation don cause about 33% land dey at risk of salinity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gordon&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Gordon L., D. M. |year=2003 |title=Land cover change and water vapour flows: learning from Australia |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=358 |issue=1440 |pages=1973–1984 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2003.1381 |jstor=3558315 |pmc=1693281 |pmid=14728792}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Drainage front instability (viscous fingering), where drainage no dey stable and e dey form finger-like patterns inside saturated zones.

Irrigation with saline water or high sodium water fit spoil soil structure because e go form alkaline soil.

Clogging of filters: algae fit block filters, drip systems, and nozzles. Methods like chlorination, algaecide, UV, and ultrasonic treatment fit help control algae.

Difficulty in measuring irrigation performance accurately, because e dey change with time and location, using indicators like productivity, efficiency, equity, and adequacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-01|title=A scale-based framework to understand the promises, pitfalls and paradoxes of irrigation efficiency to meet major water challenges|journal=Global Environmental Change|language=en|volume=65|article-number=102182|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102182|issn=0959-3780|doi-access=free|last1=Lankford|first1=Bruce|last2=Closas|first2=Alvar|last3=Dalton|first3=James|last4=López Gunn|first4=Elena|last5=Hess|first5=Tim|last6=Knox|first6=Jerry W.|last7=Van Der Kooij|first7=Saskia|last8=Lautze|first8=Jonathan|last9=Molden|first9=David|last10=Orr|first10=Stuart|last11=Pittock|first11=Jamie|last12=Richter|first12=Brian|last13=Riddell|first13=Philip J.|last14=Scott|first14=Christopher A.|last15=Venot|first15=Jean-Philippe|last16=Vos|first16=Jeroen|last17=Zwarteveen|first17=Margreet|bibcode=2020GEC....6502182L |hdl=1885/224453|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Large-scale irrigation (macro-irrigation) wey dey use plenty agrochemicals often lead to eutrophication.
== Efficiency ==

Modern irrigation methods dey efficient enough to distribute water evenly for whole farm, so every plant go get wetting e need—no be too much, no be too small.&lt;ref name=&quot;efficiency&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Water_use_efficiency|title=Water use efficiency - agriwaterpedia.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Water use efficiency for farm fit be calculated like dis:

Field Water Efficiency (%) = (Water we crop transpire ÷ Water we dem apply for field) × 100


When irrigation efficiency improve, e get plenty benefits for farmer, community, and environment. If efficiency low, e mean say water wey dem dey apply pass wetting crop need. If efficiency go up, crop go produce more for every unit of water. Dis one fit happen either by using less water for same farm or using water well well so yield increase for same land.

For some places, farmers dey pay for irrigation water, so wasting water mean money loss straight. Irrigation also need energy (electricity or fuel) to pump water go farm, so better efficiency dey reduce both water cost and energy cost per production. If one farm reduce water use, farmer fit use remaining water irrigate bigger land and increase total output. But when efficiency low, excess water dey go waste through seepage or runoff, which fit carry nutrients and pesticides go pollute environment.

Improving irrigation efficiency dey happen mainly in two ways: improving system design or improving management. System design improvement fit mean change from one irrigation type go another (for example furrow to drip irrigation), or adjust flow rate and pressure. Management improvement mean how farmer dey schedule irrigation and decide how much water to apply.

== Garden irrigation ==

Domestic gardens and landscaped areas around public buildings dey often use irrigation especially for dry climate areas.&lt;ref name=purtill/&gt;

For Australia, small garden sprinklers wey dem attach to hose become common, and people dey use timer control am. For 1960s, Hugall &amp; Hoile, small company for Perth, Western Australia, invent system wey dem call “reticulation”, wey divide garden irrigation into sections with solenoid (electric valve) and mechanical timer. The system become very popular, and within 20 years almost half of houses for Perth get automatic sprinkler system. Robert Hugall become well known as “father of backyard irrigation”, while former Australian cricketer Wally Edwards (wey start Holman Industries in 1966&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=About Us: Australian Family Owned | website=Holman Industries  | url=https://www.holmanindustries.com.au/about-us/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318085639/https://www.holmanindustries.com.au/about-us/ | archive-date=18 March 2024 | url-status=dead | access-date=15 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;) later focus on DIY garden watering systems for 1990s; both of them make money from the business.&lt;ref name=purtill&gt;{{cite web | last=Purtill | first=James | title=Sprinklers made Australia green. But what happens when the water runs out? | website=ABC News | date=31 January 2026 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-01/sprinkler-water-resources-garden-green-desert-reticulation/106244818 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209175714/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-01/sprinkler-water-resources-garden-green-desert-reticulation/106244818 | archive-date=9 February 2026 | url-status=live | access-date=15 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As climate change dey make weather hotter and drier for different continents, new drip irrigation systems wey dey use less water dey develop. Also desalination plants don build or restart for Perth, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, and Brisbane to help supply water wey fit maintain plants and tree canopy growth.&lt;ref name=purtill/&gt;

== Challenges ==

=== Environmental impacts ===

{{Main|Environmental impact of irrigation}}

[[File:1960- Groundwater loss - depletion - Central Valley of California.svg|thumb |Long-term groundwater depletion for California Central Valley show say short recovery periods mostly come from extreme weather like flood, but dem dey bring serious social and environmental problems.&lt;ref name=NatureComms_20221219&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Pang-Wei |last2=Famiglietti |first2=James S. |last3=Purdy |first3=Adam J. |last4=Adams |first4=Kyra H. |last5=McEvoy |first5=Avery L. |last6=Reager |first6=John T. |last7=Bindlish |first7=Rajat |last8=Wiese |first8=David N. |last9=David |first9=Cédric H. |last10=Rodell |first10=Matthew |display-authors=4 |title=Groundwater depletion in California's Central Valley accelerates during megadrought |journal=Nature Communications |date=19 December 2022 |volume=13 |issue=7825 |page=7825 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-35582-x |doi-access=free |pmid=36535940 |pmc=9763392 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.7825L }}]]]]

Big irrigation projects plenty times dey come with environmental problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Some projects wey divert surface water for irrigation dry up water source, make region climate become more extreme.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;[[#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]] pp.164-165.&lt;/ref&gt; When people overuse groundwater and pump am too much, e fit cause land to sink (subsidence) and salt to enter fresh water (salinization). Salty irrigation water fit damage crops and even affect drinking water.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt;

Still water inside canals and ponds fit make mosquitoes and disease organisms increase, leading to diseases like malaria and schistosomiasis.&lt;ref name=&quot;McNeill 200&quot;&gt;[[#refJohnson2019|McNeill 2019]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceI&quot;&gt;[[#refWorster1992|Worster 1992]] pp.112-13.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceJ&quot;&gt;[[#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]] pp.171.&lt;/ref&gt; Government sometimes use irrigation projects encourage migration, especially bring preferred population go some areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parker 2020&quot;&gt;[[#refParker2020|Parker 2020]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Visser 2018&quot;&gt;[[#refVisser2018|Visser 2018]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceK&quot;&gt;[[#refWorster1992|Worster 1992]] pp.156-57.&lt;/ref&gt; Some big national irrigation projects even fail, cost more than wetting wey dem gain from crop increase.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceL&quot;&gt;[[#refPisani2002|Pisani 2002]] p.5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McNeill 2000&quot;&gt;[[#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Overdrafting (over-pumping) underground aquifers happen when motor pump technology allow people extract groundwater faster than nature fit refill am. This fit cause permanent water loss, poor water quality, land sinking, and other issues. Areas like North China Plain, Punjab region (India and Pakistan), and US Great Plains dey under threat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2013-06-22 |title=A new report says we're draining our aquifers faster than ever |newspaper=High Country News |url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/45.12/a-new-report-says-were-draining-our-aquifers-faster-than-ever |access-date=2014-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Management of aquifer recharge and discharge processes and aquifer storage equilibrium |url=http://www.groundwatergovernance.org/fileadmin/user_upload/groundwatergovernance/docs/Thematic_papers/GWG_Thematic_Paper_4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921042755/http://www.groundwatergovernance.org/fileadmin/user_upload/groundwatergovernance/docs/Thematic_papers/GWG_Thematic_Paper_4.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-21 |access-date=2014-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Technical challenges ===

[[File:Сток воды при орошении.png|thumb|Overirrigation from poor water distribution for furrow system. Potato plants suffer and turn yellow]]

Irrigation systems need engineering and economic planning while dem still try reduce environmental damage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;ILRI, 1989, Effectiveness and Social/Environmental Impacts of Irrigation Projects: a Review. In: Annual Report 1988, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 18 – 34. On line: [http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irreff.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt; Common problems include:

Ground subsidence (for example New Orleans, Louisiana)

Underirrigation (like drip system wey give just enough water) fit reduce soil salinity control, make salt build up on soil surface in hot dry areas. This require leaching and drainage system to remove salt.&lt;ref&gt;EOS magazine, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Overirrigation from poor management waste water, chemicals, and cause water pollution.&lt;ref&gt;Hukkinen, Janne, Emery Roe, and Gene I. Rochlin. &quot;A salt on the land: A narrative analysis of the controversy over irrigation-related salinity and toxicity in California's San Joaquin Valley.&quot; ''Policy Sciences'' 23.4 (1990): 307–329.&lt;/ref&gt;

Deep drainage from excess irrigation fit raise water table and cause salinity problem, so dem need subsurface drainage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title = Drainage Manual: A Guide to Integrating Plant, Soil, and Water Relationships for Drainage of Irrigated Lands | year = 1993 | publisher = Interior Dept., Bureau of Reclamation | isbn = 978-0-16-061623-5 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Waterlog&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.waterlog.info |title=Free articles and software on drainage of waterlogged land and soil salinity control in irrigated land |access-date=2010-07-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Drainage instability (viscous fingering) where water flow form finger-like patterns in soil

Saline or high-sodium water fit destroy soil structure

Filter clogging by algae for drip system

Difficulty in measuring irrigation performance accurately over time and space&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-01|title=A scale-based framework to understand the promises, pitfalls and paradoxes of irrigation efficiency to meet major water challenges|journal=Global Environmental Change|volume=65|article-number=102182|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102182}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Large-scale irrigation plus agrochemicals fit cause eutrophication


=== Social aspects ===

Competition for surface water rights&lt;ref&gt;Rosegrant, Mark W., and Hans P. Binswanger. &quot;Markets in tradable water rights: potential for efficiency gains in developing country water resource allocation.&quot; ''World development'' (1994) 22#11 pp: 1613–1625.&lt;/ref&gt;

Helping small farmers manage irrigation systems sustainably and adapt to technology change.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Venot |first=Jean-Philippe |title=Drip Irrigation for Agriculture |date=2017-07-06 |isbn=978-1-315-53714-6 |editor1-last=Venot |editor1-first=Jean-Philippe |doi=10.4324/9781315537146 |editor2-last=Kuper |editor2-first=Marcel |editor3-last=Zwarteveen |editor3-first=Margreet}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== History ==

=== Ancient history ===

[[File:David Roberts ancient fountain.jpg|thumb|upright|Animal-powered irrigation, Upper Egypt, ca. 1846]]

Archaeologists discover say irrigation start for places wey rain no enough for farming. One of the earliest evidence come from 6th millennium BCE for Khuzestan, south-west Iran.&lt;ref name=&quot;Transaction Publishers&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Flannery |first1=Kent V. |title=The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1969 |isbn=978-0-202-36557-2 |editor1-last=Ucko |editor1-first=Peter John |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey |page=89}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Choga Mami site for Iraq show early canal irrigation around 6000 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;Alexander R. Thomas, Gregory M. Fulkerson (2021), City and Country: The Historical Evolution of Urban-Rural Systems.&lt;/ref&gt;

Indus Valley Civilization use irrigation around 4500 BCE and build canal and reservoir systems that support agriculture growth.&lt;ref name=&quot;basis&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The Basis of Civilization--water Science? |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mesopotamia people also use irrigation from 3rd millennium BCE by directing water through small channels in fields.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ancient Egypt use basin irrigation using Nile flood water. Nubia also develop sakia waterwheel system.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Ancient civilizations of Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In sub-Saharan Africa, Niger region people also use flood-based irrigation systems.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Traditional technologies |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/y0969e/y0969e03.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Americas, Zaña Valley Peru show irrigation canals dating from 3400 BCE or earlier.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dillehay, 2005&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Preceramic irrigation canals in the Peruvian Andes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ancient Persia develop qanat system around 800 BCE, and later waterwheel systems spread across regions.

Sri Lanka develop advanced reservoir irrigation systems for paddy farming from around 300 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Reservoirs of Sri Lanka and their fisheries}}&lt;/ref&gt;

China develop advanced hydraulic irrigation engineering like Dujiangyan system by Li Bing in 256 BCE.

Korea introduce early rainfall measurement system (uryanggye) in 1441 CE for agriculture planning.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Jang Yeong-sil 장영실}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North America Hohokam culture build large canal irrigation system in desert Southwest supporting farming and urban growth.

== Modern history ==

Global irrigation increase sharply in 20th century—from 8 million hectares in 1800 to over 235 million hectares by 1990. Governments and foreign powers invest heavily in irrigation for food production and cash crops like wheat, rice, cotton.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;/&gt;

In American West, irrigation expand using groundwater pumping, wind pumps, later gas-powered pumps, and large dams like Hoover Dam. Federal laws like Desert Land Act, Carey Act, and National Reclamation Act support expansion, though many projects face political and environmental challenges.&lt;ref&gt;[[#refWorster1992|Worster 1992]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Colorado River become major irrigation source for states like Arizona, California, Nevada, feeding millions of acres of farmland.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Colorado River Basin Studies |date=March 24, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Overall, irrigation change agriculture worldwide but also bring environmental pressure like water depletion, salinity, and ecosystem damage.
==== Soviet Central Asia ====
When the [[Bolsheviks]] conquered [[Soviet Central Asia]] in 1917, the native [[Kazakhs]], [[Uzbeks]], and [[Turkmens]] used minimal irrigation. The Slavic immigrants pushed into the area by the Tsarist government&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Slavic peasant settlers in Russian Turkestan, 1886-1917 |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5c4e60e0-12a8-442c-ade8-ac43e403afc6/files/m9da4614a83470507950e0f86166d3968 |access-date=6 May 2022 |vauthors=Morrison A}}&lt;/ref&gt; brought their irrigation methods, including waterwheels, the use of [[rice paddies]] to restore salted land, and underground irrigation channels. Russians dismissed these techniques as crude and inefficient. Despite this, tsarist officials maintained these systems through the late 19th century without other solutions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;[[#refPeterson2016|Peterson 2016]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Before conquering the area, the Russian government accepted a 1911 American proposal to send hydraulic experts to Central Asia to investigate the potential for large-scale irrigation. A 1918 decree by [[Lenin]] then encouraged irrigation development in the region, which began in the 1930s. When it did, [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] and other Soviet leaders prioritized large-scale, ambitious hydraulic projects, especially along the [[Volga]] River. The Soviet irrigation push stemmed mainly from their late 19th-century fears of the American cotton monopoly and subsequent desire to achieve cotton self-sufficiency.&lt;ref&gt;[[#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]] p. 163&lt;/ref&gt; They had built up their textile manufacturing industry in the 19th century, requiring increased cotton and irrigation, as the region did not receive enough rainfall to support cotton farming.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot; /&gt;

The Russians built dams on the [[Don River|Don]] and [[Kuban River|Kuban]] rivers for irrigation, reducing freshwater flow into the [[Sea of Azov]] and making it much saltier. Depletion and salinization also affected other areas of the Russian irrigation project. In the 1950s, Soviet officials began diverting the [[Syr Darya]] and the [[Amu Darya]], which fed the [[Aral Sea]]. Before diversion, the rivers delivered {{convert|55|km3|cumi|0}} of water to the Aral Sea per year, but after diversion they delivered only {{convert|6|km3|cumi|1}}. Because of reduced inflow, the Aral Sea shrank to less than half its original area, making the regional climate more extreme and creating airborne salinization that reduced nearby crop yields.&lt;ref&gt;[[#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]] pp. 164–165.&lt;/ref&gt;

By 1975, the USSR used eight times as much water as it had in 1913, mostly for irrigation. Irrigated hectares in Central Asia peaked at 7 million. [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] cancelled a proposed plan to reverse the Ob and Yenisei rivers for irrigation in 1986, and the breakup of the USSR in 1991 ended Russian investment in Central Asian cotton irrigation.&lt;ref&gt;[[#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]] p. 166&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Africa ====
Various irrigation schemes with different goals and success rates were implemented across Africa in the 20th century, but all were influenced by colonial forces. The [[Tana River Irrigation Scheme]] in eastern [[Kenya]], completed between 1948 and 1963, opened up new land for agriculture. The Kenyan government attempted to resettle the area with detainees from the [[Mau Mau uprising]].&lt;ref&gt;[[#refParker2020|Parker 2020]].&lt;/ref&gt; Italian oil drillers discovered Libya’s underground water resources during the [[Italian colonization of Libya]]. This water remained largely unused until 1969, when [[Muammar Gaddafi]] and American businessman [[Armand Hammer]] built the [[Great Man-Made River]] to transport Saharan water to the coast. The project contributed to irrigation but cost four to ten times more than the crops it produced were worth.&lt;ref&gt;[[#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]] p. 155&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1912, the [[Union of South Africa]] established an irrigation department and began investing in water storage infrastructure and irrigation systems. The government used irrigation and dam-building to pursue social goals such as poverty relief by creating construction jobs for poor whites and developing irrigation schemes to increase white farming. One of the first major projects was the [[Hartbeespoort Dam]], begun in 1916 to improve living conditions for “poor whites” and later completed as a “whites only” employment project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/60573 |title=White South Africa's 'weak sons': Poor whites and the Hartbeespoort Dam |vauthors=Clynick T |date=2007 |publisher=Wits University Press |isbn=978-1-86814-669-7 |veditors=Esterhuysen A, Jenkins T, Bonner P |pages=248–274 |chapter=A Search for Origins: Science, history and South Africa's &quot;Cradle of Humankind&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Pretoria]] irrigation scheme, the Kammanassie project, and the Buchuberg irrigation scheme on the [[Orange River]] followed in the 1920s and 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Visser 2018&quot; /&gt;

In Egypt, modern irrigation began under [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]] in the mid-1800s, who sought economic independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]] through cotton exports.&lt;ref&gt;[[#refRoss2017|Ross 2017]] p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; His administration proposed replacing traditional [[basin irrigation]] with barrages on the lower Nile to support cotton production. Cotton cultivation expanded rapidly, and Egypt became a major supplier to Britain during the American Civil War cotton shortage.&lt;ref&gt;[[#refRoss2017|Ross 2017]] p. 32.&lt;/ref&gt; Under British occupation after 1882, perennial irrigation was expanded through construction of the Delta Barrage, Assiut Barrage, and the first Aswan Dam. This reduced local control over water and contributed to peasant hardship and unrest leading to the 1879–1882 ʻUrabi revolt.&lt;ref&gt;[[#refRoss2017|Ross 2017]] pp. 37–38.&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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== Water sources ==

=== Groundwater and surface water ===

[[File:Bisse.jpg|thumb|Traditional irrigation channel in Switzerland, collecting water from the high Alps]]
[[File:Pump-enabled Riverside Irrigation in Comilla, Bangladesh, 25 April 2014.jpg|thumb|right|Irrigation dey happen by pump-enabled extraction direct from the Gumti River, wey dey background, for Comilla District, Bangladesh.]]
[[File:Vale do São Francisco Pernanbuco.jpg|thumb|Grapes for Petrolina, Brazil wey dey possible for this semi arid area because of drip irrigation]]

Irrigation water fit come from groundwater (wey dem dey take from springs or boreholes/wells), surface water (wey dem dey collect from rivers, lakes, or reservoirs) or non-conventional sources like treated wastewater, desalinated water, drainage water, or fog collection.

Even though floodwater harvesting be recognized irrigation method, rainwater harvesting normally no dey count as irrigation. Rainwater harvesting na the collection of runoff water from roofs or empty land, then dem dey store am for future use.

=== Treated or untreated wastewater ===

=== Other sources ===

Irrigation water fit also come from non-conventional sources like treated wastewater, desalinated seawater, drainage water, or fog collection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Moreira da Silva |first1=Manuela |last2=Resende |first2=Flávia C. |last3=Freitas |first3=Bárbara |last4=Aníbal |first4=Jaime |last5=Martins |first5=António |last6=Duarte |first6=Amílcar |title=Urban Wastewater Reuse for Citrus Irrigation in Algarve, Portugal—Environmental Benefits and Carbon Fluxes |journal=Sustainability |date=January 2022 |volume=14 |issue=17 |article-number=10715 |doi=10.3390/su141710715|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Sust...1410715M |hdl=10400.1/18203 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places wey humid air dey pass at night, people fit collect water through condensation wey dey form for cold surfaces. This one dey happen for vineyards for Lanzarote where dem dey use stones take trap moisture. Fog collectors too dey use mesh or foil sheets to catch water from air.

Using water wey dey come from air conditioning condensate as water source dey also dey increase for big urban areas.

one Glasgow-based startup help one farmer for Scotland to start edible salt marsh crops wey dem dey irrigate with seawater. One acre of marginal land don turn to farmland to grow samphire, sea blite, and sea aster; these plants dey give better profit pass potatoes. Dem dey flood the land twice every day to copy tidal movement; seawater dey come from sea with wind power pump. Extra benefits include soil improvement and carbon sequestration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters-saltwater&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=McDill |first=Stuart |date=November 27, 2019 |title=Startup helps Scottish farmers grow gourmet plants with sea water |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-saltwater-farming/startup-helps-scottish-farmers-grow-gourmet-plants-with-sea-water-idUSKBN1Y01V6 |access-date=2 December 2019 |website=Reuters |publisher=Thomson Reuters |quote=Seawater Solutions is helping farmers on Scotland's west coast adapt to the reality of less rain by choosing salt-resistant plants and developing saltmarshes - land flooded by tidal waters - for them to grow in.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thenational.scot-saltwater&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=O'Toole |first=Emer |date=29 July 2019 |title=Seawater Solutions is tacking agriculture's impact on climate change |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/17800385.climate-change-scottish-firm-tackling-effects-agriculture/ |access-date=2 December 2019 |website=The National |publisher=Newsquest Media Group Ltd |quote=A system of farming that creates wetland ecosystems on which food can be grown, while carbon is captured at a rate of up to 40 times higher than the same area of rainforest, and profits are more than eight times more profitable than the average potato field.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Competition for water resources ===
{{Main|Water scarcity}}

Up to the 1960s, the number of people for world no reach even half of wetin e be for 2024. People no get money like today, dem dey consume fewer calories and dem dey chop less meat, so water wey dem need to produce food no plenty. At that time, humans dey take about one-third of the water volume wey we dey currently take from rivers.

Today, competition for [[water resources]] don become very serious, because population don pass seven billion people for earth. This one dey increase chances of overconsumption of food wey dey need plenty water, especially animal farming and intensive farming systems. So now, industry, cities (urbanisation), and biofuel crops all dey compete for same water.

Farmers go need try increase productivity to meet growing demand for food, while industries and cities too must find ways to use water more efficiently.&lt;ref&gt;Chartres, C. and Varma, S. ''Out of water. From Abundance to Scarcity and How to Solve the World's Water Problems'', FT Press (USA), 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Successful farming depend on whether farmers fit get enough water. But already, water scarcity dey seriously affect farming for many parts of the world.

== Irrigation methods ==
There are different methods of irrigation. The way water dey reach plants dey differ. The aim be to apply water evenly so that each plant go get wetin e need—no too much, no too small.

Irrigation fit also be ''supplementary'' (meaning rain still dey contribute), or it fit be full irrigation where crops almost no depend on rain at all. Full irrigation dey happen mostly for dry (arid) areas or when farming dey happen outside rainy season for semi-arid regions.

===Surface irrigation===
{{Main|Surface irrigation}}

[[File:LevelBasinFloodIrrigation.JPG|thumb|Basin flood irrigation of wheat]]

Surface irrigation, wey some people dey call gravity irrigation, na the oldest irrigation method wey humans don dey use for thousands of years. For this system (furrow, flood, or level basin irrigation), water dey flow on top of farmland surface, wet the soil, then e go soak enter ground.

Water movement dey follow gravity or land slope. Surface irrigation fit be furrow irrigation, border strip irrigation, or basin irrigation. Sometimes people dey call am flood irrigation especially when water cover or nearly cover the farm land.

Historically, this na the most common irrigation method for many parts of the world. E cheap to set up and no need plenty energy, but e no too efficient because farmers no dey fully control how water spread.

Because of this, surface irrigation dey mostly use for developing countries, low-value crops, and big farmlands. Where water source dey higher than farm land, farmers fit control am with dikes (levees) wey dem dey block with soil.

This kind system dey common for terraced rice farming (rice paddies), where water dey carefully control inside each field. Sometimes dem dey pump or lift water using human or animal power.

[[File:Residential flood irrigation in Phoenix, Arizona, in the United States of America.jpg|thumb|Residential flood irrigation in Phoenix, Arizona, US]]

Surface irrigation still dey use for some urban gardens, for example around Phoenix, Arizona. The irrigated area dey surrounded by berm, and water dey delivered based on schedule wey local irrigation district set.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Flood Irrigation Service|url=http://www.tempe.gov/home/showdocument?id=3194|publisher=City of Tempe, Arizona|access-date=29 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One special type of surface irrigation na spate irrigation, wey also dey call floodwater harvesting. When flood happen, water dey diverted into dry river beds (wadis) through dams, gates, and channels, then e spread across large land areas. Later, the moisture inside soil go support crop growth.

Spate irrigation dey common for semi-arid or arid mountainous regions.

===Micro-irrigation===
{{Main|Micro-irrigation}}

[[File:Dripperwithdrop.png|thumb|Drip irrigation – a dripper in action]]

Micro-irrigation, wey some people dey call localized irrigation, low-volume irrigation, or trickle irrigation, na system wey water dey move through pipes under low pressure and dey release small-small amount directly near each plant.

This method include drip irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), micro-sprays, micro-sprinklers, and mini-bubblers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last1 = Frenken | first1 = K. | chapter = Irrigation in Africa in figures – AQUASTAT Survey – 2005 | title = Water Report 29 | publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | year = 2005 | url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/aglw/docs/wr29_eng.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170706015452/ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/aglw/docs/wr29_eng.pdf | archive-date = 2017-07-06 | isbn = 978-92-5-105414-7 | access-date = 2007-03-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==== Drip irrigation ====
{{Main|Drip irrigation}}

[[File:dripirrigation.gif|thumb|Drip irrigation layout and its parts]]

Drip irrigation, wey some people dey call microirrigation or trickle irrigation, dey work exactly as e sound. For this system, water dey go reach the plant root zone small-small, drop by drop.

This method fit be the most water-efficient irrigation system,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last = Provenzano | first = Giuseppe | title = Using HYDRUS-2D Simulation Model to Evaluate Wetted Soil Volume in Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems | journal = Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering| volume = 133 | issue = 4 | pages = 342–350 | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2007)133:4(342)| bibcode = 2007JIDE..133..342P }}&lt;/ref&gt; if dem manage am well, because evaporation and water wey dey waste through runoff go reduce plenty. Field water efficiency for drip irrigation normally dey between 80% to 90% when e dey properly managed.

For modern agriculture, drip irrigation dey often combine with plastic mulch, wey dey reduce evaporation even more. E also dey serve as way to deliver fertilizer directly to plants. This process dem dey call fertigation.

Deep percolation (when water go pass root zone enter deep soil) fit happen if drip system run too long or water flow too fast. Drip systems fit range from very high-tech computerized systems to simple low-tech ones wey need manual work.

Most times, drip irrigation no need high pressure like other irrigation systems, except low-energy center pivot or surface irrigation systems. The system fit be designed to give equal water everywhere for farm or to give exact water amount to each plant, especially for mixed crops or landscaping.

Even though e hard small to control pressure for steep land, pressure-compensating emitters dey available, so the system still fit work well even if land no flat.

High-tech drip systems dey use carefully measured emitters wey dey connect to pipes and computer-controlled valves for precise water delivery.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Drip Irrigation System for sustainable agriculture |url=https://www.agriculturelandusa.com/2023/07/Drip-Irrigation-system.html |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Agriculture land usa |archive-date=April 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421164829/https://www.agriculturelandusa.com/2023/07/Drip-Irrigation-system.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sprinkler irrigation ===
 {{Further|Irrigation sprinkler}}

[[File:Crop sprinklers Rio Vista California 15 Jul 2004-002.jpg|thumb|Crop sprinklers near Rio Vista, California, US]]
[[File:TravellingSprinkler.JPG|thumb|A traveling sprinkler at Millets Farm Centre, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom]]

For sprinkler irrigation, water dey go through pipes enter one or more central points for farm, then high-pressure sprinklers or guns go spray am over the crops like rain.

Systems wey get sprinklers or sprays wey fixed for poles dem dey call solid-set irrigation systems. Rotating sprinklers (rotors) dey move with ball drive, gear drive, or impact mechanism, and dem fit rotate full circle or half circle.

Big “guns” dey similar to rotors but dem dey use very high pressure of {{convert|275|to|900|kPa|psi|abbr=on}} and high water flow of 3 to 76 L/s (50 to 1200 US gal/min), with nozzle sizes between {{convert|10|to|50|mm|in|abbr=on}}. Dem dey also use am for dust control and logging operations.

Some sprinkler systems dey mounted on moving platforms wey hose dey supply water. These traveling sprinklers fit move by themselves across small farms, parks, or sports fields without human help. Many use polyethylene tubing wound on steel drum; as e dey roll back, water pressure or engine dey pull am forward. When e reach end, system go stop automatically.

Other systems dey use rubber hose wey dey drag behind or cable system wey dey pull platform.

==== Center pivot ==== 
{{Main|Center pivot irrigation}}

Center pivot irrigation na system wey get many pipe sections joined together and supported by wheeled towers. The system dey rotate around central point where water dey enter.

[[File:Center Pivot.jpg|thumb|A small center pivot system from beginning to end]]
[[File:Nelson A3000 Accelerator.png|thumb|Rotator style pivot applicator sprinkler]]
[[File:PivotWithDrops.JPG|thumb|Center pivot with drop sprinklers]]
[[File:WheelLineIrrigation.JPG|thumb|Wheel line irrigation system in Idaho, US, 2001]]
[[File:Crop Triangle South Africa.jpg|thumb|Center pivot irrigation]]

Dem dey use am for many countries around the world and e fit work for different types of land. Newer systems dey use drop sprinkler heads wey hang down near crops to reduce water loss through evaporation.

As of {{As of|2017}}, many systems dey use drop lines or drag hoses wey dey apply water directly on soil between crops. Crops often dey planted in circle shape to match pivot system. This method dem dey call LEPA (Low Energy Precision Application).

Earlier systems dey water-powered, but later dem switch to hydraulic systems and electric motor systems. Modern pivots even dey use GPS for better control.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.agriculture.com/machinery/irrigation-equipment/gps-swing-arms-prove-their-worth|title=GPS Swing Arms Prove Their Worth |last=Gaines|first=Tharran|date=January 7, 2017|website=Successful Farming|access-date=February 1, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Irrigation by lateral move (side roll, wheel line, wheel move) ====

For this system, dem dey join pipes together with wheels attached for middle. Each pipe section get wheel about 1.5 m diameter, and sprinklers dey along the pipe.

Water dey enter from one end through big hose. After one section don finish irrigation, dem go disconnect hose, drain water from system, then roll am go next position manually or with machine.

This system cheaper to install pass center pivot, but e need more human labor because e no dey move automatically. Most times, aluminium pipes of {{convert|100|or|130|mm|in|abbr=on}} diameter dey used. The pipe dey serve both as water channel and axle for wheels.

This system dey common for small, rectangular, or uneven land areas, or places where labor cheap.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hill&quot;/&gt;

=== Subirrigation ===

Subirrigation don dey use for many years especially for areas where water table dey high. For this system, dem dey raise underground water level so soil go dey moist from below plant root zone.

Some systems dey use canals, pumps, and gates to control water level inside soil through drainage networks.

Subirrigation also dey common for greenhouse farming, especially for potted plants. Water dey flow from below, plant dey absorb am, and extra water dey collect for reuse.

This system dey save water and nutrients, but e need expensive equipment and careful management.

Another simple type na self-watering container wey use wick (like rope) to carry water up through capillary action.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.entheogen.com/forum/showthread.php?t=13076 |title=Polyester ropes natural irrigation technique |publisher=Entheogen.com |access-date=2012-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412031536/http://www.entheogen.com/forum/showthread.php?t=13076 |archive-date=April 12, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.instructables.com/id/Self-watering-recycled-plant-pot-for-growing-herbs/ |title=DIY instructions for making self-watering system using ropes |publisher=Instructables.com |date=2008-03-17 |access-date=2012-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another similar method na wicking bed wey also dey use capillary movement.
== Efficiency == Modern irrigation methods dey efficient reach say dem fit distribute water evenly for whole field, so every plant go get the amount wey e need—no be too much, no be too small.&lt;ref name=&quot;efficiency&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Water_use_efficiency|title=Water use efficiency - agriwaterpedia.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Water use efficiency for field fit dey calculated like this:

Field Water Efficiency (%) = (Water Transpired by Crop ÷ Water Applied to Field) x 100


When irrigation efficiency improve, e dey bring plenty good things for farmer, community, and environment. Low application efficiency mean say water wey dem dey use for farm pass wetin crop or field really need. If efficiency increase, e mean say crop production per unit water go increase. Better efficiency fit come when farmer reduce water for same field or use water more wisely, so dem fit get higher yield for same land area. For some places around the world, farmers dey pay for irrigation water, so over-using water go cause direct money loss for dem. Irrigation too dey need pumping energy (electricity or fuel) to move water go field or maintain pressure, so when efficiency improve, water cost and energy cost per unit production go reduce. If one field use less water, farmer fit use the extra water irrigate bigger area, so total production go increase. Low efficiency usually mean say excess water dey lost through seepage or runoff, which fit also carry nutrients or pesticides go outside farm and affect environment badly.

Improving irrigation efficiency normally dey happen in two main ways: either dem improve system design or dem improve irrigation management. System design improvement fit include changing from one irrigation type go another (for example from furrow to drip irrigation) or making small adjustments like flow rate and pressure. Irrigation management dey about how dem schedule watering and decide how much water to apply each time.

== Garden irrigation == Domestic gardens and landscaped areas around public buildings dey often get some kind irrigation system especially for dry climates.&lt;ref name=purtill/&gt;

For Australia, small garden sprinklers wey dem attach to hose become common irrigation method, and people dey regulate am with sprinkler timer. For 1960s, Hugall &amp; Hoile, small company for Perth, Western Australia, invent system wey dem call “reticulation”,{{efn|See [[wiktionary:reticulated water]].}} where dem divide garden irrigation system into sections, with solenoids (electronic valves) connected to mechanical timer. The system become very popular, and within 20 years, almost half of houses for Perth get automatic sprinkler systems. Robert Hugall become popular as “father of backyard irrigation”, while former Australian cricketer Wally Edwards (wey found Holman Industries in 1966&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=About Us: Australian Family Owned | website=Holman Industries  | url=https://www.holmanindustries.com.au/about-us/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318085639/https://www.holmanindustries.com.au/about-us/ | archive-date=18 March 2024 | url-status=dead | access-date=15 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;) later focus on DIY garden watering systems for early 1990s; both men make money from their companies.&lt;ref name=purtill&gt;{{cite web | last=Purtill | first=James | title=Sprinklers made Australia green. But what happens when the water runs out? | website=ABC News | date=31 January 2026 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-01/sprinkler-water-resources-garden-green-desert-reticulation/106244818 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209175714/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-01/sprinkler-water-resources-garden-green-desert-reticulation/106244818 | archive-date=9 February 2026 | url-status=live | access-date=15 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As climate change dey cause hotter and drier weather for different parts of the continent, new drip irrigation systems wey dey use less water don develop. In addition, desalination plants don build or dem don start use again for Perth, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, and Brisbane to meet rising water demand to maintain plants and especially tree canopy growth.&lt;ref name=purtill/&gt;

== Challenges ==

=== Environmental impacts ===

{{Main|Environmental impact of irrigation}}

[[File:1960- Groundwater loss - depletion - Central Valley of California.svg|thumb |Inside long period of groundwater depletion for California Central Valley, small periods of recovery mostly dey happen because of extreme weather events wey usually bring flooding and also cause negative social, environmental, and economic effects.&lt;ref name=NatureComms_20221219&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Pang-Wei |last2=Famiglietti |first2=James S. |last3=Purdy |first3=Adam J. |last4=Adams |first4=Kyra H. |last5=McEvoy |first5=Avery L. |last6=Reager |first6=John T. |last7=Bindlish |first7=Rajat |last8=Wiese |first8=David N. |last9=David |first9=Cédric H. |last10=Rodell |first10=Matthew |display-authors=4 |title=Groundwater depletion in California's Central Valley accelerates during megadrought |journal=Nature Communications |date=19 December 2022 |volume=13 |issue=7825 |page=7825 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-35582-x |doi-access=free |pmid=36535940 |pmc=9763392 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.7825L }} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230130223801/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-35582-x/figures/4 Archive] of chart itself)&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Negative impacts dey often come with large-scale irrigation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Some projects wey divert surface water for irrigation don make water sources dry, wey in turn cause more serious regional climate change.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;[[#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]] pp.164-165.&lt;/ref&gt; Projects wey rely on groundwater and over-pump underground aquifers don cause ground sinking (subsidence) and salt buildup (salinization). Salinization of irrigation water fit damage crops and even enter drinking water system.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt; Pests and disease organisms also dey grow well inside irrigation canals and stagnant water, which don cause outbreaks of sickness like malaria and schistosomiasis.&lt;ref name=&quot;McNeill 200&quot;&gt;[[#refJohnson2019|McNeill 2019]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceI&quot;&gt;[[#refWorster1992|Worster 1992]] pp.112-13.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceJ&quot;&gt;[[#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]] pp.171.&lt;/ref&gt; Governments too don use irrigation schemes to encourage people move go some areas, especially people wey dem consider more desirable for settlement.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parker 2020&quot;&gt;[[#refParker2020|Parker 2020]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Visser 2018&quot;&gt;[[#refVisser2018|Visser 2018]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceK&quot;&gt;[[#refWorster1992|Worster 1992]] pp.156-57.&lt;/ref&gt; Plus, some of these big national irrigation projects no even pay off, dem cost more pass the benefit wey dem bring from crop yield increase.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceL&quot;&gt;[[#refPisani2002|Pisani 2002]] p.5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McNeill 2000&quot;&gt;[[#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Overdrafting]] (depletion) of underground aquifers: For mid-20th century, diesel and electric motors come make am possible to pump groundwater from big aquifers faster than nature fit refill am through drainage basins. This fit cause permanent loss of aquifer capacity, lower water quality, ground sinking, and other problems. Future food production for places like North China Plain, Punjab region for India and Pakistan, and US Great Plains dey under threat because of this issue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2013-06-22 |title=A new report says we're draining our aquifers faster than ever |newspaper=High Country News |url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/45.12/a-new-report-says-were-draining-our-aquifers-faster-than-ever |access-date=2014-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Management of aquifer recharge and discharge processes and aquifer storage equilibrium |url=http://www.groundwatergovernance.org/fileadmin/user_upload/groundwatergovernance/docs/Thematic_papers/GWG_Thematic_Paper_4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921042755/http://www.groundwatergovernance.org/fileadmin/user_upload/groundwatergovernance/docs/Thematic_papers/GWG_Thematic_Paper_4.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-21 |access-date=2014-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Technical challenges ===
[[File:Сток воды при орошении.png|thumb|Overirrigation because of poor distribution uniformity for furrows. Potato plants dey weak and turn yellow]] Irrigation schemes involve plenty engineering and economic challenges while dem still dey try reduce environmental harm.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;ILRI, 1989, Effectiveness and Social/Environmental Impacts of Irrigation Projects: a Review. In: Annual Report 1988, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 18 – 34. On line: [http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irreff.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt; Some of these problems include:

Ground subsidence (for example New Orleans, Louisiana)

Under-irrigation or giving just small water wey plant need (like drip irrigation) fit make soil salinity control poor, which later cause salt build-up for soil surface especially for hot dry areas. This one mean say dem go need leaching to wash away salt and drainage system to carry am go. For drip system, dem fit do leaching regularly with small excess water so salt go move back under plant roots.&lt;ref&gt;EOS magazine, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Overirrigation because of poor distribution uniformity or bad management dey waste water and chemicals and fit cause water pollution.&lt;ref&gt;Hukkinen, Janne, Emery Roe, and Gene I. Rochlin. &quot;A salt on the land: A narrative analysis of the controversy over irrigation-related salinity and toxicity in California's San Joaquin Valley.&quot; ''Policy Sciences'' 23.4 (1990): 307–329. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150102191753/http://blogs.helsinki.fi/jahukkin/files/2012/02/PolSci1990.pdf online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102191753/http://blogs.helsinki.fi/jahukkin/files/2012/02/PolSci1990.pdf |date=2015-01-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Deep drainage (from over-irrigation) fit raise water table, which later cause irrigation salinity problem wey need subsurface drainage control.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title = Drainage Manual: A Guide to Integrating Plant, Soil, and Water Relationships for Drainage of Irrigated Lands | year = 1993 | publisher = Interior Dept., Bureau of Reclamation | isbn = 978-0-16-061623-5 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Waterlog&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.waterlog.info |title=Free articles and software on drainage of waterlogged land and soil salinity control in irrigated land |access-date=2010-07-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt; For Australia example, overuse of fresh water for irrigation don cause about 33% land dey at risk of salinity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gordon&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Gordon L., D. M. |year=2003 |title=Land cover change and water vapour flows: learning from Australia |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=358 |issue=1440 |pages=1973–1984 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2003.1381 |jstor=3558315 |pmc=1693281 |pmid=14728792}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Drainage front instability (viscous fingering), where drainage no dey stable and e dey form finger-like patterns inside saturated zones.

Irrigation with saline water or high sodium water fit spoil soil structure because e go form alkaline soil.

Clogging of filters: algae fit block filters, drip systems, and nozzles. Methods like chlorination, algaecide, UV, and ultrasonic treatment fit help control algae.

Difficulty in measuring irrigation performance accurately, because e dey change with time and location, using indicators like productivity, efficiency, equity, and adequacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-01|title=A scale-based framework to understand the promises, pitfalls and paradoxes of irrigation efficiency to meet major water challenges|journal=Global Environmental Change|language=en|volume=65|article-number=102182|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102182|issn=0959-3780|doi-access=free|last1=Lankford|first1=Bruce|last2=Closas|first2=Alvar|last3=Dalton|first3=James|last4=López Gunn|first4=Elena|last5=Hess|first5=Tim|last6=Knox|first6=Jerry W.|last7=Van Der Kooij|first7=Saskia|last8=Lautze|first8=Jonathan|last9=Molden|first9=David|last10=Orr|first10=Stuart|last11=Pittock|first11=Jamie|last12=Richter|first12=Brian|last13=Riddell|first13=Philip J.|last14=Scott|first14=Christopher A.|last15=Venot|first15=Jean-Philippe|last16=Vos|first16=Jeroen|last17=Zwarteveen|first17=Margreet|bibcode=2020GEC....6502182L |hdl=1885/224453|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Large-scale irrigation (macro-irrigation) wey dey use plenty agrochemicals often lead to eutrophication.
== Efficiency ==

Modern irrigation methods dey efficient enough to distribute water evenly for whole farm, so every plant go get wetting e need—no be too much, no be too small.&lt;ref name=&quot;efficiency&quot;/&gt; Water use efficiency for farm fit be calculated like dis:

Field Water Efficiency (%) = (Water we crop transpire ÷ Water we dem apply for field) × 100


When irrigation efficiency improve, e get plenty benefits for farmer, community, and environment. If efficiency low, e mean say water wey dem dey apply pass wetting crop need. If efficiency go up, crop go produce more for every unit of water. Dis one fit happen either by using less water for same farm or using water well well so yield increase for same land.

For some places, farmers dey pay for irrigation water, so wasting water mean money loss straight. Irrigation also need energy (electricity or fuel) to pump water go farm, so better efficiency dey reduce both water cost and energy cost per production. If one farm reduce water use, farmer fit use remaining water irrigate bigger land and increase total output. But when efficiency low, excess water dey go waste through seepage or runoff, which fit carry nutrients and pesticides go pollute environment.

Improving irrigation efficiency dey happen mainly in two ways: improving system design or improving management. System design improvement fit mean change from one irrigation type go another (for example furrow to drip irrigation), or adjust flow rate and pressure. Management improvement mean how farmer dey schedule irrigation and decide how much water to apply.

== Garden irrigation ==

Domestic gardens and landscaped areas around public buildings dey often use irrigation especially for dry climate areas.&lt;ref name=purtill/&gt;

For Australia, small garden sprinklers wey dem attach to hose become common, and people dey use timer control am. For 1960s, Hugall &amp; Hoile, small company for Perth, Western Australia, invent system wey dem call “reticulation”, wey divide garden irrigation into sections with solenoid (electric valve) and mechanical timer. The system become very popular, and within 20 years almost half of houses for Perth get automatic sprinkler system. Robert Hugall become well known as “father of backyard irrigation”, while former Australian cricketer Wally Edwards (wey start Holman Industries in 1966&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=About Us: Australian Family Owned | website=Holman Industries  | url=https://www.holmanindustries.com.au/about-us/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318085639/https://www.holmanindustries.com.au/about-us/ | archive-date=18 March 2024 | url-status=dead | access-date=15 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;) later focus on DIY garden watering systems for 1990s; both of them make money from the business.&lt;ref name=purtill/&gt;

As climate change dey make weather hotter and drier for different continents, new drip irrigation systems wey dey use less water dey develop. Also desalination plants don build or restart for Perth, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, and Brisbane to help supply water wey fit maintain plants and tree canopy growth.&lt;ref name=purtill/&gt;

== Challenges ==

=== Environmental impacts ===

{{Main|Environmental impact of irrigation}}

[[File:1960- Groundwater loss - depletion - Central Valley of California.svg|thumb |Long-term groundwater depletion for California Central Valley show say short recovery periods mostly come from extreme weather like flood, but dem dey bring serious social and environmental problems.&lt;ref name=NatureComms_20221219&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Pang-Wei |last2=Famiglietti |first2=James S. |last3=Purdy |first3=Adam J. |last4=Adams |first4=Kyra H. |last5=McEvoy |first5=Avery L. |last6=Reager |first6=John T. |last7=Bindlish |first7=Rajat |last8=Wiese |first8=David N. |last9=David |first9=Cédric H. |last10=Rodell |first10=Matthew |display-authors=4 |title=Groundwater depletion in California's Central Valley accelerates during megadrought |journal=Nature Communications |date=19 December 2022 |volume=13 |issue=7825 |page=7825 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-35582-x |doi-access=free |pmid=36535940 |pmc=9763392 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.7825L }}]]]]

Big irrigation projects plenty times dey come with environmental problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Some projects wey divert surface water for irrigation dry up water source, make region climate become more extreme.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;[[#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]] pp.164-165.&lt;/ref&gt; When people overuse groundwater and pump am too much, e fit cause land to sink (subsidence) and salt to enter fresh water (salinization). Salty irrigation water fit damage crops and even affect drinking water.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt;

Still water inside canals and ponds fit make mosquitoes and disease organisms increase, leading to diseases like malaria and schistosomiasis.&lt;ref name=&quot;McNeill 200&quot;&gt;[[#refJohnson2019|McNeill 2019]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceI&quot;&gt;[[#refWorster1992|Worster 1992]] pp.112-13.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceJ&quot;&gt;[[#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]] pp.171.&lt;/ref&gt; Government sometimes use irrigation projects encourage migration, especially bring preferred population go some areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parker 2020&quot;&gt;[[#refParker2020|Parker 2020]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Visser 2018&quot;&gt;[[#refVisser2018|Visser 2018]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceK&quot;&gt;[[#refWorster1992|Worster 1992]] pp.156-57.&lt;/ref&gt; Some big national irrigation projects even fail, cost more than wetting wey dem gain from crop increase.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceL&quot;&gt;[[#refPisani2002|Pisani 2002]] p.5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McNeill 2000&quot;&gt;[[#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Overdrafting (over-pumping) underground aquifers happen when motor pump technology allow people extract groundwater faster than nature fit refill am. This fit cause permanent water loss, poor water quality, land sinking, and other issues. Areas like North China Plain, Punjab region (India and Pakistan), and US Great Plains dey under threat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2013-06-22 |title=A new report says we're draining our aquifers faster than ever |newspaper=High Country News |url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/45.12/a-new-report-says-were-draining-our-aquifers-faster-than-ever |access-date=2014-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Management of aquifer recharge and discharge processes and aquifer storage equilibrium |url=http://www.groundwatergovernance.org/fileadmin/user_upload/groundwatergovernance/docs/Thematic_papers/GWG_Thematic_Paper_4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921042755/http://www.groundwatergovernance.org/fileadmin/user_upload/groundwatergovernance/docs/Thematic_papers/GWG_Thematic_Paper_4.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-21 |access-date=2014-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Technical challenges ===

[[File:Сток воды при орошении.png|thumb|Overirrigation from poor water distribution for furrow system. Potato plants suffer and turn yellow]]

Irrigation systems need engineering and economic planning while dem still try reduce environmental damage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Common problems include:

Ground subsidence (for example New Orleans, Louisiana)

Underirrigation (like drip system wey give just enough water) fit reduce soil salinity control, make salt build up on soil surface in hot dry areas. This require leaching and drainage system to remove salt.&lt;ref&gt;EOS magazine, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Overirrigation from poor management waste water, chemicals, and cause water pollution.&lt;ref&gt;Hukkinen, Janne, Emery Roe, and Gene I. Rochlin. &quot;A salt on the land: A narrative analysis of the controversy over irrigation-related salinity and toxicity in California's San Joaquin Valley.&quot; ''Policy Sciences'' 23.4 (1990): 307–329.&lt;/ref&gt;

Deep drainage from excess irrigation fit raise water table and cause salinity problem, so dem need subsurface drainage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title = Drainage Manual: A Guide to Integrating Plant, Soil, and Water Relationships for Drainage of Irrigated Lands | year = 1993 | publisher = Interior Dept., Bureau of Reclamation | isbn = 978-0-16-061623-5 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Waterlog&quot;/&gt;

Drainage instability (viscous fingering) where water flow form finger-like patterns in soil

Saline or high-sodium water fit destroy soil structure

Filter clogging by algae for drip system

Difficulty in measuring irrigation performance accurately over time and space&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-01|title=A scale-based framework to understand the promises, pitfalls and paradoxes of irrigation efficiency to meet major water challenges|journal=Global Environmental Change|volume=65|article-number=102182|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102182}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Large-scale irrigation plus agrochemicals fit cause eutrophication


=== Social aspects ===

Competition for surface water rights&lt;ref&gt;Rosegrant, Mark W., and Hans P. Binswanger. &quot;Markets in tradable water rights: potential for efficiency gains in developing country water resource allocation.&quot; ''World development'' (1994) 22#11 pp: 1613–1625.&lt;/ref&gt;

Helping small farmers manage irrigation systems sustainably and adapt to technology change.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Venot |first=Jean-Philippe |title=Drip Irrigation for Agriculture |date=2017-07-06 |isbn=978-1-315-53714-6 |editor1-last=Venot |editor1-first=Jean-Philippe |doi=10.4324/9781315537146 |editor2-last=Kuper |editor2-first=Marcel |editor3-last=Zwarteveen |editor3-first=Margreet}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== History ==

=== Ancient history ===

[[File:David Roberts ancient fountain.jpg|thumb|upright|Animal-powered irrigation, Upper Egypt, ca. 1846]]

Archaeologists discover say irrigation start for places wey rain no enough for farming. One of the earliest evidence come from 6th millennium BCE for Khuzestan, south-west Iran.&lt;ref name=&quot;Transaction Publishers&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Flannery |first1=Kent V. |title=The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1969 |isbn=978-0-202-36557-2 |editor1-last=Ucko |editor1-first=Peter John |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey |page=89}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Choga Mami site for Iraq show early canal irrigation around 6000 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;Alexander R. Thomas, Gregory M. Fulkerson (2021), City and Country: The Historical Evolution of Urban-Rural Systems.&lt;/ref&gt;

Indus Valley Civilization use irrigation around 4500 BCE and build canal and reservoir systems that support agriculture growth.&lt;ref name=&quot;basis&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The Basis of Civilization--water Science? |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mesopotamia people also use irrigation from 3rd millennium BCE by directing water through small channels in fields.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ancient Egypt use basin irrigation using Nile flood water. Nubia also develop sakia waterwheel system.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Ancient civilizations of Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In sub-Saharan Africa, Niger region people also use flood-based irrigation systems.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Traditional technologies |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/y0969e/y0969e03.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Americas, Zaña Valley Peru show irrigation canals dating from 3400 BCE or earlier.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dillehay, 2005&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Preceramic irrigation canals in the Peruvian Andes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ancient Persia develop qanat system around 800 BCE, and later waterwheel systems spread across regions.

Sri Lanka develop advanced reservoir irrigation systems for paddy farming from around 300 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Reservoirs of Sri Lanka and their fisheries}}&lt;/ref&gt;

China develop advanced hydraulic irrigation engineering like Dujiangyan system by Li Bing in 256 BCE.

Korea introduce early rainfall measurement system (uryanggye) in 1441 CE for agriculture planning.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Jang Yeong-sil 장영실}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North America Hohokam culture build large canal irrigation system in desert Southwest supporting farming and urban growth.

== Modern history ==

Global irrigation increase sharply in 20th century—from 8 million hectares in 1800 to over 235 million hectares by 1990. Governments and foreign powers invest heavily in irrigation for food production and cash crops like wheat, rice, cotton.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;/&gt;

In American West, irrigation expand using groundwater pumping, wind pumps, later gas-powered pumps, and large dams like Hoover Dam. Federal laws like Desert Land Act, Carey Act, and National Reclamation Act support expansion, though many projects face political and environmental challenges.&lt;ref&gt;[[#refWorster1992|Worster 1992]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Colorado River become major irrigation source for states like Arizona, California, Nevada, feeding millions of acres of farmland.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Colorado River Basin Studies |date=March 24, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Overall, irrigation change agriculture worldwide but also bring environmental pressure like water depletion, salinity, and ecosystem damage.
==== Soviet Central Asia ====
When the [[Bolsheviks]] conquered [[Soviet Central Asia]] in 1917, the native [[Kazakhs]], [[Uzbeks]], and [[Turkmens]] used minimal irrigation. The Slavic immigrants pushed into the area by the Tsarist government&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Slavic peasant settlers in Russian Turkestan, 1886-1917 |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5c4e60e0-12a8-442c-ade8-ac43e403afc6/files/m9da4614a83470507950e0f86166d3968 |access-date=6 May 2022 |vauthors=Morrison A}}&lt;/ref&gt; brought their irrigation methods, including waterwheels, the use of [[rice paddies]] to restore salted land, and underground irrigation channels. Russians dismissed these techniques as crude and inefficient. Despite this, tsarist officials maintained these systems through the late 19th century without other solutions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;[[#refPeterson2016|Peterson 2016]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Before conquering the area, the Russian government accepted a 1911 American proposal to send hydraulic experts to Central Asia to investigate the potential for large-scale irrigation. A 1918 decree by [[Lenin]] then encouraged irrigation development in the region, which began in the 1930s. When it did, [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] and other Soviet leaders prioritized large-scale, ambitious hydraulic projects, especially along the [[Volga]] River. The Soviet irrigation push stemmed mainly from their late 19th-century fears of the American cotton monopoly and subsequent desire to achieve cotton self-sufficiency.&lt;ref&gt;[[#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]] p. 163&lt;/ref&gt; They had built up their textile manufacturing industry in the 19th century, requiring increased cotton and irrigation, as the region did not receive enough rainfall to support cotton farming.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot; /&gt;

The Russians built dams on the [[Don River|Don]] and [[Kuban River|Kuban]] rivers for irrigation, reducing freshwater flow into the [[Sea of Azov]] and making it much saltier. Depletion and salinization also affected other areas of the Russian irrigation project. In the 1950s, Soviet officials began diverting the [[Syr Darya]] and the [[Amu Darya]], which fed the [[Aral Sea]]. Before diversion, the rivers delivered {{convert|55|km3|cumi|0}} of water to the Aral Sea per year, but after diversion they delivered only {{convert|6|km3|cumi|1}}. Because of reduced inflow, the Aral Sea shrank to less than half its original area, making the regional climate more extreme and creating airborne salinization that reduced nearby crop yields.&lt;ref&gt;[[#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]] pp. 164–165.&lt;/ref&gt;

By 1975, the USSR used eight times as much water as it had in 1913, mostly for irrigation. Irrigated hectares in Central Asia peaked at 7 million. [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] cancelled a proposed plan to reverse the Ob and Yenisei rivers for irrigation in 1986, and the breakup of the USSR in 1991 ended Russian investment in Central Asian cotton irrigation.&lt;ref&gt;[[#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]] p. 166&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Africa ====
Various irrigation schemes with different goals and success rates were implemented across Africa in the 20th century, but all were influenced by colonial forces. The [[Tana River Irrigation Scheme]] in eastern [[Kenya]], completed between 1948 and 1963, opened up new land for agriculture. The Kenyan government attempted to resettle the area with detainees from the [[Mau Mau uprising]].&lt;ref&gt;[[#refParker2020|Parker 2020]].&lt;/ref&gt; Italian oil drillers discovered Libya’s underground water resources during the [[Italian colonization of Libya]]. This water remained largely unused until 1969, when [[Muammar Gaddafi]] and American businessman [[Armand Hammer]] built the [[Great Man-Made River]] to transport Saharan water to the coast. The project contributed to irrigation but cost four to ten times more than the crops it produced were worth.&lt;ref&gt;[[#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]] p. 155&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1912, the [[Union of South Africa]] established an irrigation department and began investing in water storage infrastructure and irrigation systems. The government used irrigation and dam-building to pursue social goals such as poverty relief by creating construction jobs for poor whites and developing irrigation schemes to increase white farming. One of the first major projects was the [[Hartbeespoort Dam]], begun in 1916 to improve living conditions for “poor whites” and later completed as a “whites only” employment project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/60573 |title=White South Africa's 'weak sons': Poor whites and the Hartbeespoort Dam |vauthors=Clynick T |date=2007 |publisher=Wits University Press |isbn=978-1-86814-669-7 |veditors=Esterhuysen A, Jenkins T, Bonner P |pages=248–274 |chapter=A Search for Origins: Science, history and South Africa's &quot;Cradle of Humankind&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Pretoria]] irrigation scheme, the Kammanassie project, and the Buchuberg irrigation scheme on the [[Orange River]] followed in the 1920s and 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Visser 2018&quot; /&gt;

In Egypt, modern irrigation began under [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]] in the mid-1800s, who sought economic independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]] through cotton exports.&lt;ref&gt;[[#refRoss2017|Ross 2017]] p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; His administration proposed replacing traditional [[basin irrigation]] with barrages on the lower Nile to support cotton production. Cotton cultivation expanded rapidly, and Egypt became a major supplier to Britain during the American Civil War cotton shortage.&lt;ref&gt;[[#refRoss2017|Ross 2017]] p. 32.&lt;/ref&gt; Under British occupation after 1882, perennial irrigation was expanded through construction of the Delta Barrage, Assiut Barrage, and the first Aswan Dam. This reduced local control over water and contributed to peasant hardship and unrest leading to the 1879–1882 ʻUrabi revolt.&lt;ref&gt;[[#refRoss2017|Ross 2017]] pp. 37–38.&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;Ayensu River na one river wey dey Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/economy/artikel.php?ID=42788 &quot;DCE launches River Basin Afforestation to sustain water&quot;.] ''www.ghanaweb.com''. Retrieved 2015-05-28.&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="240" sha1="q50y1hbtm2lngm9qu91e0uhmnmh5vph" xml:space="preserve">Ayensu River na one river wey dey Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/economy/artikel.php?ID=42788 &quot;DCE launches River Basin Afforestation to sustain water&quot;.] ''www.ghanaweb.com''. Retrieved 2015-05-28.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="309" sha1="t3mh84t77bz1pszgme6py13wm6pjdx1" xml:space="preserve">Ayensu River na one river wey dey Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/economy/artikel.php?ID=42788 &quot;DCE launches River Basin Afforestation to sustain water&quot;.] ''www.ghanaweb.com''. Retrieved 2015-05-28.&lt;/ref&gt; E dey pour enter Ouiba Lagoon, plus Winneba Wetlands dey surround am

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="518" sha1="7jwf10nhb5jl4b35hcr4fgq4h1ug536" xml:space="preserve">Ayensu River na one river wey dey Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/economy/artikel.php?ID=42788 &quot;DCE launches River Basin Afforestation to sustain water&quot;.] ''www.ghanaweb.com''. Retrieved 2015-05-28.&lt;/ref&gt; E dey pour enter Ouiba Lagoon, plus Winneba Wetlands dey surround am&lt;ref&gt;Hughes, R. H.; Hughes, J. S.; Bernacsek, G. M. (1992). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PA365 A Directory of African Wetlands]''. IUCN. p. 365. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-2-88032-949-5&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="649" sha1="7wtyubhoyj1tutp94cojylavz9iocxw" xml:space="preserve">Ayensu River na one river wey dey Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/economy/artikel.php?ID=42788 &quot;DCE launches River Basin Afforestation to sustain water&quot;.] ''www.ghanaweb.com''. Retrieved 2015-05-28.&lt;/ref&gt; E dey pour enter Ouiba Lagoon, plus Winneba Wetlands dey surround am.&lt;ref&gt;Hughes, R. H.; Hughes, J. S.; Bernacsek, G. M. (1992). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PA365 A Directory of African Wetlands]''. IUCN. p. 365. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-2-88032-949-5&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1939 dem dey plan say bridge go dey near Jahadzi. For ground matter, Ayensuadzi-Brusheng Quartz Schists dey the river side.

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="775" sha1="spfvm8jai07pi5pfr9vt1pa6ttx4ca5" xml:space="preserve">Ayensu River na one river wey dey Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/economy/artikel.php?ID=42788 &quot;DCE launches River Basin Afforestation to sustain water&quot;.] ''www.ghanaweb.com''. Retrieved 2015-05-28.&lt;/ref&gt; E dey pour enter Ouiba Lagoon, plus Winneba Wetlands dey surround am.&lt;ref&gt;Hughes, R. H.; Hughes, J. S.; Bernacsek, G. M. (1992). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PA365 A Directory of African Wetlands]''. IUCN. p. 365. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-2-88032-949-5&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1939 dem dey plan say bridge go dey near Jahadzi.&lt;ref&gt;Ghana Geological Survey (1939). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=CZURAAAAIAAJ Report of the Director]''. p. 41.&lt;/ref&gt; For ground matter, Ayensuadzi-Brusheng Quartz Schists dey the river side.

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="886" sha1="rs0edg7ap5icagdblrmvx9c8s3o1c1u" xml:space="preserve">Ayensu River na one river wey dey Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/economy/artikel.php?ID=42788 &quot;DCE launches River Basin Afforestation to sustain water&quot;.] ''www.ghanaweb.com''. Retrieved 2015-05-28.&lt;/ref&gt; E dey pour enter Ouiba Lagoon, plus Winneba Wetlands dey surround am.&lt;ref&gt;Hughes, R. H.; Hughes, J. S.; Bernacsek, G. M. (1992). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PA365 A Directory of African Wetlands]''. IUCN. p. 365. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-2-88032-949-5&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1939 dem dey plan say bridge go dey near Jahadzi.&lt;ref&gt;Ghana Geological Survey (1939). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=CZURAAAAIAAJ Report of the Director]''. p. 41.&lt;/ref&gt; For ground matter, Ayensuadzi-Brusheng Quartz Schists dey the river side.&lt;ref&gt;Ghana Geological Survey (1958). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NJQRAAAAIAAJ Bulletin]''. p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

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Ayensu River na one river wey dey Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/economy/artikel.php?ID=42788 &quot;DCE launches River Basin Afforestation to sustain water&quot;.] ''www.ghanaweb.com''. Retrieved 2015-05-28.&lt;/ref&gt; E dey pour enter Ouiba Lagoon, plus Winneba Wetlands dey surround am.&lt;ref&gt;Hughes, R. H.; Hughes, J. S.; Bernacsek, G. M. (1992). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PA365 A Directory of African Wetlands]''. IUCN. p. 365. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-2-88032-949-5&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1939 dem dey plan say bridge go dey near Jahadzi.&lt;ref&gt;Ghana Geological Survey (1939). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=CZURAAAAIAAJ Report of the Director]''. p. 41.&lt;/ref&gt; For ground matter, Ayensuadzi-Brusheng Quartz Schists dey the river side.&lt;ref&gt;Ghana Geological Survey (1958). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NJQRAAAAIAAJ Bulletin]''. p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <comment>Created page with &quot;Ankobra River dey southwest Ghana. E start for northeast Wiawso, then e flow like 190 kilometre go south till e reach Gulf of Guinea. E enter sea about 60 kilometre west of Takoradi city.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm Rivers and Lakes]&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="258" sha1="jt3bwvsim1ne0uw530fqxaraxt7xnnq" xml:space="preserve">Ankobra River dey southwest Ghana. E start for northeast Wiawso, then e flow like 190 kilometre go south till e reach Gulf of Guinea. E enter sea about 60 kilometre west of Takoradi city.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm Rivers and Lakes]&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="277" sha1="1agot00jkvl5ihkeez8zg7ueel3b35a" xml:space="preserve">Ankobra River dey southwest Ghana. E start for northeast Wiawso, then e flow like 190 kilometre go south till e reach Gulf of Guinea. E enter sea about 60 kilometre west of Takoradi city.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm Rivers and Lakes]&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="398" sha1="q8he0y48kp4dcsx79ey9dhvdkyd3gui" xml:space="preserve">Ankobra River dey southwest Ghana. E start for northeast Wiawso, then e flow like 190 kilometre go south till e reach Gulf of Guinea. E enter sea about 60 kilometre west of Takoradi city.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm Rivers and Lakes]&lt;/ref&gt; Near where e dey enter sea, you go see remains of Fort Elize Carthago. Na Dutch trading post wey dem abandon since 1711. 

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      <text bytes="580" sha1="ktyq30blret3lb2y6lyrtc1q87e65sx" xml:space="preserve">Ankobra River dey southwest Ghana. E start for northeast Wiawso, then e flow like 190 kilometre go south till e reach Gulf of Guinea. E enter sea about 60 kilometre west of Takoradi city.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm Rivers and Lakes]&lt;/ref&gt; Near where e dey enter sea, you go see remains of Fort Elize Carthago. Na Dutch trading post wey dem abandon since 1711. Ankobra River dey chop water from Nini River. Small ships fit waka like 80 kilometre inside, but up side get rapids. Dem don propose plenty hydro electric plans for the upper side.  

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="607" sha1="lj0emax9ka7ov3m9tzu4dmai8my1qwq" xml:space="preserve">Ankobra River dey southwest Ghana. E start for northeast Wiawso, then e flow like 190 kilometre go south till e reach Gulf of Guinea. E enter sea about 60 kilometre west of Takoradi city.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm Rivers and Lakes]&lt;/ref&gt; Near where e dey enter sea, you go see remains of Fort Elize Carthago. Na Dutch trading post wey dem abandon since 1711. Ankobra River dey chop water from Nini River. Small ships fit waka like 80 kilometre inside, but up side get rapids. Dem don propose plenty hydro electric plans for the upper side.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="703" sha1="1e0s3wv8uguv62pslieze4zzjm5wern" xml:space="preserve">Ankobra River dey southwest Ghana. E start for northeast Wiawso, then e flow like 190 kilometre go south till e reach Gulf of Guinea. E enter sea about 60 kilometre west of Takoradi city.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm Rivers and Lakes]&lt;/ref&gt; Near where e dey enter sea, you go see remains of Fort Elize Carthago. Na Dutch trading post wey dem abandon since 1711. Ankobra River dey chop water from Nini River. Small ships fit waka like 80 kilometre inside, but up side get rapids. Dem don propose plenty hydro electric plans for the upper side.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; For 2003, dem report say mercury plus arsenic dey the gold mining area for Ankobra River Basin.  

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1051" sha1="p2sl3mqo6rykkbfs341ka60g6lae4u5" xml:space="preserve">Ankobra River dey southwest Ghana. E start for northeast Wiawso, then e flow like 190 kilometre go south till e reach Gulf of Guinea. E enter sea about 60 kilometre west of Takoradi city.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm Rivers and Lakes]&lt;/ref&gt; Near where e dey enter sea, you go see remains of Fort Elize Carthago. Na Dutch trading post wey dem abandon since 1711. Ankobra River dey chop water from Nini River. Small ships fit waka like 80 kilometre inside, but up side get rapids. Dem don propose plenty hydro electric plans for the upper side.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; For 2003, dem report say mercury plus arsenic dey the gold mining area for Ankobra River Basin.&lt;ref&gt;Bannerman, W.; Potin-Gautier, M.; Amoureux, D.; Tellier, S.; Rambaud, A.; Babut, M.; Adimado, A.; Beinhoff, C. (2003). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215898701 &quot;Mercury and arsenic in the gold mining regions of the Ankobra River basin in Ghana&quot;]. Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings). 107: 107–110. doi:10.1051/jp4:20030255.&lt;/ref&gt;  

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      <text bytes="1381" sha1="8bslinm1l6v07zhrzrqcipggtzkm816" xml:space="preserve">Ankobra River dey southwest Ghana. E start for northeast Wiawso, then e flow like 190 kilometre go south till e reach Gulf of Guinea. E enter sea about 60 kilometre west of Takoradi city.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm Rivers and Lakes]&lt;/ref&gt; Near where e dey enter sea, you go see remains of Fort Elize Carthago. Na Dutch trading post wey dem abandon since 1711. Ankobra River dey chop water from Nini River. Small ships fit waka like 80 kilometre inside, but up side get rapids. Dem don propose plenty hydro electric plans for the upper side.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; For 2003, dem report say mercury plus arsenic dey the gold mining area for Ankobra River Basin.&lt;ref&gt;Bannerman, W.; Potin-Gautier, M.; Amoureux, D.; Tellier, S.; Rambaud, A.; Babut, M.; Adimado, A.; Beinhoff, C. (2003). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215898701 &quot;Mercury and arsenic in the gold mining regions of the Ankobra River basin in Ghana&quot;]. Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings). 107: 107–110. doi:10.1051/jp4:20030255.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Asare-Donkor, Noah Kyame; Adimado, Anthony Apeke (2016). [[doi:10.1186/s40068-016-0055-4|&quot;Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana&quot;]]. ''Environmental Systems Research''. '''5'''. doi:10.1186/s40068-016-0055-4.&lt;/ref&gt;  

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Ankobra River dey southwest Ghana. E start for northeast Wiawso, then e flow like 190 kilometre go south till e reach Gulf of Guinea. E enter sea about 60 kilometre west of Takoradi city.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm Rivers and Lakes]&lt;/ref&gt; Near where e dey enter sea, you go see remains of Fort Elize Carthago. Na Dutch trading post wey dem abandon since 1711. Ankobra River dey chop water from Nini River. Small ships fit waka like 80 kilometre inside, but up side get rapids. Dem don propose plenty hydro electric plans for the upper side.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; For 2003, dem report say mercury plus arsenic dey the gold mining area for Ankobra River Basin.&lt;ref&gt;Bannerman, W.; Potin-Gautier, M.; Amoureux, D.; Tellier, S.; Rambaud, A.; Babut, M.; Adimado, A.; Beinhoff, C. (2003). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215898701 &quot;Mercury and arsenic in the gold mining regions of the Ankobra River basin in Ghana&quot;]. Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings). 107: 107–110. doi:10.1051/jp4:20030255.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Asare-Donkor, Noah Kyame; Adimado, Anthony Apeke (2016). [[doi:10.1186/s40068-016-0055-4|&quot;Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana&quot;]]. ''Environmental Systems Research''. '''5'''. doi:10.1186/s40068-016-0055-4.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>os000dzgnx87jx4mtbomzhhs8534lr0</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lake Tana</title>
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      <id>101019</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T16:54:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="233" sha1="0o6lcxi1je037s7fjf7ubzkbvx5p8hr" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de[[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]].</text>
      <sha1>0o6lcxi1je037s7fjf7ubzkbvx5p8hr</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>101020</id>
      <parentid>101019</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T16:55:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="258" sha1="dn9sgr5ekzvv06kv3cceenamlmbsaoi" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de[[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]].</text>
      <sha1>dn9sgr5ekzvv06kv3cceenamlmbsaoi</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>101021</id>
      <parentid>101020</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T16:56:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101021</origin>
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      <text bytes="277" sha1="sleean2e2jmb7rrq74bnejpm6dvh75p" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]].

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>sleean2e2jmb7rrq74bnejpm6dvh75p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101022</id>
      <parentid>101021</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T16:57:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101022</origin>
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      <text bytes="623" sha1="f17ifgz2v1fbog8dz770o1tz0vndrst" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}}, den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>f17ifgz2v1fbog8dz770o1tz0vndrst</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101023</id>
      <parentid>101022</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T16:58:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101023</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="705" sha1="dp14491owaev33n6183cafk1858swk2" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>dp14491owaev33n6183cafk1858swk2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101024</id>
      <parentid>101023</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T17:00:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101024</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="974" sha1="qxlxu4w5c7crtexq1ohdehc3hqlv0xf" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>qxlxu4w5c7crtexq1ohdehc3hqlv0xf</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>101025</id>
      <parentid>101024</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T17:00:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101025</origin>
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      <text bytes="1088" sha1="6trsy0kblbaabpfwnr3nv8jay1bmsc6" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>6trsy0kblbaabpfwnr3nv8jay1bmsc6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101026</id>
      <parentid>101025</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T17:01:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101026</origin>
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      <text bytes="1208" sha1="tt8s7opq0ryrut0xk86dl3kh5hkgkwk" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>tt8s7opq0ryrut0xk86dl3kh5hkgkwk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101027</id>
      <parentid>101026</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T17:01:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101027</origin>
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      <text bytes="1335" sha1="32m8jfiivh347ouzfd54dfvrnkf29b4" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile.    

== References ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101028</id>
      <parentid>101027</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T17:02:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101028</origin>
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      <text bytes="1442" sha1="czlj3sn791v1jxbyyu1k39rl6yufu23" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>czlj3sn791v1jxbyyu1k39rl6yufu23</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101029</id>
      <parentid>101028</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T17:02:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101029</origin>
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      <text bytes="1638" sha1="tp6cdcmqnnry95qzg1ayrtyor4lmizr" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.    

== References ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101030</id>
      <parentid>101029</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T17:02:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101030</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1725" sha1="qxoekjje2aebf0o28pfjhgexk8k3qej" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>qxoekjje2aebf0o28pfjhgexk8k3qej</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>101030</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T17:04:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101031</origin>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ll0co180gffu2fp4yhakj6cjpzubex5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101032</id>
      <parentid>101031</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T17:05:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101032</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1749" sha1="tun99jk8g9qjszwninwpkbhuahhhjl7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Overview ==

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>tun99jk8g9qjszwninwpkbhuahhhjl7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101033</id>
      <parentid>101032</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T17:06:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101033</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1808" sha1="hryhq3sbl0jvc9vvpc9kbszvz05dkx5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Overview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>hryhq3sbl0jvc9vvpc9kbszvz05dkx5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101034</id>
      <parentid>101033</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T17:07:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101034</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1889" sha1="10h96hk9ebxtmaimwx5g6jjqx2fqs3u" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Overview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>10h96hk9ebxtmaimwx5g6jjqx2fqs3u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101035</id>
      <parentid>101034</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T17:08:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101035</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2051" sha1="g5c8lgr26nd6gr0175jbm13l57nsjap" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Overview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>g5c8lgr26nd6gr0175jbm13l57nsjap</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101036</id>
      <parentid>101035</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T17:11:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101036</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2151" sha1="046ybpavu1d0ovp0o4qjsrrkglupcjr" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Overview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]


== References ==</text>
      <sha1>046ybpavu1d0ovp0o4qjsrrkglupcjr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101037</id>
      <parentid>101036</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T17:13:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101037</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2257" sha1="n1dt8bk60dusol7ltm2vxa5peatxzvq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Overview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]


== References ==</text>
      <sha1>n1dt8bk60dusol7ltm2vxa5peatxzvq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101038</id>
      <parentid>101037</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T17:47:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101038</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2412" sha1="2af9thqtmlvuib2fcm3uoqaik6hnfh7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Overview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>2af9thqtmlvuib2fcm3uoqaik6hnfh7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101039</id>
      <parentid>101038</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T17:48:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101039</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2464" sha1="3ysf1zwqxrhpiz5u01po3tdrez3nb7x" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>3ysf1zwqxrhpiz5u01po3tdrez3nb7x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101040</id>
      <parentid>101039</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T17:53:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101040</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2548" sha1="02j1w0qxqx1sr6t3cddubr6sbf170ee" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>02j1w0qxqx1sr6t3cddubr6sbf170ee</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101041</id>
      <parentid>101040</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T18:00:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101041</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2655" sha1="ktmzamd9ji3txz0crvcrd8ttoq5rp10" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ktmzamd9ji3txz0crvcrd8ttoq5rp10</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101042</id>
      <parentid>101041</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T18:00:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101042</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2738" sha1="g7kmo5lalljaf58vcvidazqmrkrwaaa" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>g7kmo5lalljaf58vcvidazqmrkrwaaa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101043</id>
      <parentid>101042</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T18:06:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101043</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2800" sha1="3l0hwxlnuvlcxjfa6g4p75tmb3nvpvj" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>3l0hwxlnuvlcxjfa6g4p75tmb3nvpvj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101044</id>
      <parentid>101043</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T18:06:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101044</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3045" sha1="00dq5qilrp84ctu1nhnep7jkmnfpfu9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>00dq5qilrp84ctu1nhnep7jkmnfpfu9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101045</id>
      <parentid>101044</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T18:07:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101045</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3237" sha1="q8eiy1qbwviydz2f6ku02fcokgdihnq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much. &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;     

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>q8eiy1qbwviydz2f6ku02fcokgdihnq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101046</id>
      <parentid>101045</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T18:08:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101046</origin>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much. &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps, den dem count 44 islands.      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>dkpk8259zyt2y3fapz1t5wsd0mvpcsc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101047</id>
      <parentid>101046</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T18:09:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101047</origin>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much. &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps, den dem count 44 islands. A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>9ce9kigpzvurofgzx7ysx0cnszwxm7x</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>101048</id>
      <parentid>101047</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T18:09:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much. &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps, den dem count 44 islands. A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam).       

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>101049</id>
      <parentid>101048</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T18:10:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much. &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps, den dem count 44 islands. A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;        

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>101050</id>
      <parentid>101049</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T18:10:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much. &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps, den dem count 44 islands. A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top.         

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>101051</id>
      <parentid>101050</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much. &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps, den dem count 44 islands. A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]].          

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>cv8garp3xloe1aynjfp6vdv56aubbco</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101052</id>
      <parentid>101051</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T18:11:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="4891" sha1="qhhdc9jd0fui45oqevauxor5oboy46r" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much. &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps, den dem count 44 islands. A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].          

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>qhhdc9jd0fui45oqevauxor5oboy46r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101053</id>
      <parentid>101052</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T18:12:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101053</origin>
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      <text bytes="4985" sha1="5pandnl1yxmlief06cwvf2ecn2k4yvr" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much. &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps, den dem count 44 islands. A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]]. Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites.           

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>5pandnl1yxmlief06cwvf2ecn2k4yvr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101054</id>
      <parentid>101053</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="5333" sha1="4dfer4robbk6ty42beqhluzsw7kydn2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much. &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps, den dem count 44 islands. A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]]. Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]].            

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>4dfer4robbk6ty42beqhluzsw7kydn2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101055</id>
      <parentid>101054</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T18:13:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101055</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much. &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps, den dem count 44 islands. A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]]. Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus[[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>oc6jawqtmcafomu7tntusqfxqt5xsjl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101056</id>
      <parentid>101055</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T18:13:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101056</origin>
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      <text bytes="5561" sha1="masmzeqrejwxzisajj0bt8fp7q9jqth" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much. &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps, den dem count 44 islands. A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]]. Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top.             

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>masmzeqrejwxzisajj0bt8fp7q9jqth</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101057</id>
      <parentid>101056</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T18:14:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101057</origin>
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      <text bytes="5626" sha1="4an7uqalz3t7ja76fbkdh2b5t6xemz6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much. &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps, den dem count 44 islands. A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]]. Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>4an7uqalz3t7ja76fbkdh2b5t6xemz6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101058</id>
      <parentid>101057</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T18:14:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101058</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5851" sha1="layzmdk97pvjtmte49pkb68qz0qmlwx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much. &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps, den dem count 44 islands. A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]]. Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd, before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== References ==</text>
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      <id>101059</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much. &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps, den dem count 44 islands. A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]]. Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd, before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== References ==</text>
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      <id>101060</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much. &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps, den dem count 44 islands. A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]]. Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd, before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== References ==</text>
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      <id>101061</id>
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      <contributor>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps, den dem count 44 islands. A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]]. Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd, before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== References ==</text>
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      <id>101062</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps, den dem count 44 islands. A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]]. Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd, before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>101063</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-08T18:18:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands. A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]]. Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd, before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== References ==</text>
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      <id>101064</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands. A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]]. Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd, before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>1692</id>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]]. Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd, before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd, before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>101067</id>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>1692</id>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>101068</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-08T18:23:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101068</origin>
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      <text bytes="7464" sha1="hjxvhm66w72t18qgaxapwqc9neo4v2m" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>hjxvhm66w72t18qgaxapwqc9neo4v2m</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>101069</id>
      <parentid>101068</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T18:29:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101069</origin>
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      <text bytes="7616" sha1="0pqyt89xqara9b6m2hu9de5b1cvk2y4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). 

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low. 

== References ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-08T18:30:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low. 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season.  

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low. 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.  

== References ==</text>
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      <id>101073</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-08T18:33:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.  

== References ==</text>
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      <id>101074</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;  

== References ==</text>
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      <id>101075</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-08T18:35:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>9p4oi59abm5ywzhu46y5ctoq97ieaqt</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]

== References ==</text>
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      <id>101077</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de[[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].

== References ==</text>
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        <id>1692</id>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low. 

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; 

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>101084</id>
      <parentid>101083</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T19:24:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101084</origin>
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      <text bytes="9644" sha1="cbmcgazivp7ppexbjfo17e7d6lw10rq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). 

== References ==</text>
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      <id>101085</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>p1cabqcxak2bso3hkmwqf2uly8mgvsb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101086</id>
      <parentid>101085</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T19:25:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101086</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10331" sha1="b41lduvook1gpviyu060005vks8unap" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead. Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>b41lduvook1gpviyu060005vks8unap</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101087</id>
      <parentid>101086</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T19:26:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101087</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="10441" sha1="cbg83xhkjkdpchnm48v718rwbmkogap" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead. Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous. Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>cbg83xhkjkdpchnm48v718rwbmkogap</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>101088</id>
      <parentid>101087</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T19:27:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101088</origin>
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      <text bytes="10526" sha1="dl7depw7exrr168igoinjc96a6gmgb3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead. Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous. Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species. De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits:    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>dl7depw7exrr168igoinjc96a6gmgb3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101089</id>
      <parentid>101088</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T19:28:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead. Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous. Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species. De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top.     

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>bezdh5myvbbmuev7xcnqonuhz2v9aeu</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>101090</id>
      <parentid>101089</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T19:29:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101090</origin>
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      <text bytes="11600" sha1="cptn4wygarckhknapfyhscsgpyb2uq2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead. Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous. Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species. De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.     

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>cptn4wygarckhknapfyhscsgpyb2uq2</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>101091</id>
      <parentid>101090</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T19:29:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101091</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11978" sha1="07i6w1s36sitmktvlwk6naw01g9vv8o" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead. Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous. Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species. De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]).      

== References ==</text>
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      <id>101092</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead. Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous. Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species. De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>o3cyvxd300qoz9r5b0dztda5xzi3y7c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101093</id>
      <parentid>101092</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T19:31:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101093</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12378" sha1="58hzosiv78ny409an7ekrhhiixoxxr1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous. Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species. De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>58hzosiv78ny409an7ekrhhiixoxxr1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101094</id>
      <parentid>101093</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T19:31:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101094</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12787" sha1="cgx5qzejh7t9j258vomexyghj3vz2fk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous. Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species. De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].      

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species. De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].      

== References ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101096</id>
      <parentid>101095</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T19:33:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101096</origin>
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      <text bytes="12845" sha1="3r4n5o6by6gy77ghx8gznfuxngue7ex" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>3r4n5o6by6gy77ghx8gznfuxngue7ex</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>101097</id>
      <parentid>101096</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T19:34:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101097</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12866" sha1="13n0tiy88js1xse1axelpwmxswmktru" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].      

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].      

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>101099</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-08T19:36:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="13301" sha1="9bpad08926dtgpymgfg3t3u73g5dl1c" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].      

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;      

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>9te0d4avu214kja0hnyevquykhlkk73</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>101102</id>
      <parentid>101101</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T19:40:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101102</origin>
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      <text bytes="13374" sha1="3s5j55kz84ckkgv21ewgekmm474mqer" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====

== References ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-08T19:43:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. 

== References ==</text>
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      <id>101105</id>
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        <id>1692</id>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.  

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount. Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.   

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount. Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly. Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>7v0qrt4q6cuqukw02fr91tguvfsvqyr</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>101108</id>
      <parentid>101107</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T20:38:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101108</origin>
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      <text bytes="14683" sha1="1qkgubeufaie3oi7sg4blsvuk2beu2v" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount. Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly. Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]]. For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.    

== References ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-08T20:40:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly. Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]]. For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.    

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]]. For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.    

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>7v6hjmnitqao2xvc961azm3d95nn2zm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101112</id>
      <parentid>101111</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T20:42:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101112</origin>
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      <text bytes="15300" sha1="38k0snnp0uunr4g3usor4bpdzoz7422" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;    

== References ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-08T20:48:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.     

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake. De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace.      

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake. De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd.       

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake. De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.       

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>q5uws68ogrzzdsol8nfcsaa5u5vcb5z</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>101117</id>
      <parentid>101116</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T20:50:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="16127" sha1="ck5qmyh5fob6w3g6r7bb4srvdmvo9z7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.       

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ck5qmyh5fob6w3g6r7bb4srvdmvo9z7</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>101118</id>
      <parentid>101117</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T20:52:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101118</origin>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;       

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====
[[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>eciupsq3u4vk4brrty6wapb8d7enk5r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101121</id>
      <parentid>101120</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T21:02:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101121</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16359" sha1="9hnxi14343tj3vyotv5g56z1hu32x3k" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====
[[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>9hnxi14343tj3vyotv5g56z1hu32x3k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101122</id>
      <parentid>101121</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T21:03:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101122</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16495" sha1="k2vdbn4kbzssm6mmrwxse7ke3d8vpzq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====
[[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: Der be fifteen species of [[:en:Mollusk|mollusks]], wey dey include one endemic, den sanso an endemic freshwater [[:en:Sponge|sponge]]. 

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====
[[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: Der be fifteen species of [[:en:Mollusk|mollusks]], wey dey include one endemic, den sanso an endemic freshwater [[:en:Sponge|sponge]]. 

About 230 species of birds, wey dey include more dan 80 wetland birds such as de [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Hamerkop|hamerkop]], [[:en:Stork|storks]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:Ibis|ibis]], [[:en:Duck|ducks]], [[:en:Kingfisher|kingfishers]] den [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], dem know'em from Lake Tana.  

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====
[[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: Der be fifteen species of [[:en:Mollusk|mollusks]], wey dey include one endemic, den sanso an endemic freshwater [[:en:Sponge|sponge]]. 

About 230 species of birds, wey dey include more dan 80 wetland birds such as de [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Hamerkop|hamerkop]], [[:en:Stork|storks]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:Ibis|ibis]], [[:en:Duck|ducks]], [[:en:Kingfisher|kingfishers]] den [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], dem know'em from Lake Tana. E be an important resting den feeding ground give many [[:en:Palearctic|Palearctic]] migrant waterbirds.  

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====
[[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: Der be fifteen species of [[:en:Mollusk|mollusks]], wey dey include one endemic, den sanso an endemic freshwater [[:en:Sponge|sponge]]. 

About 230 species of birds, wey dey include more dan 80 wetland birds such as de [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Hamerkop|hamerkop]], [[:en:Stork|storks]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:Ibis|ibis]], [[:en:Duck|ducks]], [[:en:Kingfisher|kingfishers]] den [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], dem know'em from Lake Tana. E be an important resting den feeding ground give many [[:en:Palearctic|Palearctic]] migrant waterbirds.  

Der dey no [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], but de [[:en:African_softshell_turtle|African softshell turtle]] den [[:en:Nile_monitor|Nile monitor]] dem already record am near de Blue Nile outflow from de lake.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>6znpo5h12elaog9xqwob2m7wayla26q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101126</id>
      <parentid>101125</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T21:04:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101126</origin>
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      <text bytes="17293" sha1="kutsgh3xdbpe0n8dvg5n5uqlbqijh5d" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====
[[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: Der be fifteen species of [[:en:Mollusk|mollusks]], wey dey include one endemic, den sanso an endemic freshwater [[:en:Sponge|sponge]]. 

About 230 species of birds, wey dey include more dan 80 wetland birds such as de [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Hamerkop|hamerkop]], [[:en:Stork|storks]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:Ibis|ibis]], [[:en:Duck|ducks]], [[:en:Kingfisher|kingfishers]] den [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], dem know'em from Lake Tana. E be an important resting den feeding ground give many [[:en:Palearctic|Palearctic]] migrant waterbirds.  

Der dey no [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], but de [[:en:African_softshell_turtle|African softshell turtle]] den [[:en:Nile_monitor|Nile monitor]] dem already record am near de Blue Nile outflow from de lake. [[:en:Hippo|Hippos]] dey present, mostly near de Blue Nile outflow.   

== References ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101127</id>
      <parentid>101126</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T21:05:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101127</origin>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====
[[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: Der be fifteen species of [[:en:Mollusk|mollusks]], wey dey include one endemic, den sanso an endemic freshwater [[:en:Sponge|sponge]]. 

About 230 species of birds, wey dey include more dan 80 wetland birds such as de [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Hamerkop|hamerkop]], [[:en:Stork|storks]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:Ibis|ibis]], [[:en:Duck|ducks]], [[:en:Kingfisher|kingfishers]] den [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], dem know'em from Lake Tana. E be an important resting den feeding ground give many [[:en:Palearctic|Palearctic]] migrant waterbirds.  

Der dey no [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], but de [[:en:African_softshell_turtle|African softshell turtle]] den [[:en:Nile_monitor|Nile monitor]] dem already record am near de Blue Nile outflow from de lake.&lt;ref&gt;Largen and Spawls (2010). ''The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea.'' {{ISBN|978-3-89973-466-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Hippo|Hippos]] dey present, mostly near de Blue Nile outflow.   

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====
[[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: Der be fifteen species of [[:en:Mollusk|mollusks]], wey dey include one endemic, den sanso an endemic freshwater [[:en:Sponge|sponge]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt; 

About 230 species of birds, wey dey include more dan 80 wetland birds such as de [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Hamerkop|hamerkop]], [[:en:Stork|storks]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:Ibis|ibis]], [[:en:Duck|ducks]], [[:en:Kingfisher|kingfishers]] den [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], dem know'em from Lake Tana. E be an important resting den feeding ground give many [[:en:Palearctic|Palearctic]] migrant waterbirds.  

Der dey no [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], but de [[:en:African_softshell_turtle|African softshell turtle]] den [[:en:Nile_monitor|Nile monitor]] dem already record am near de Blue Nile outflow from de lake.&lt;ref&gt;Largen and Spawls (2010). ''The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea.'' {{ISBN|978-3-89973-466-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Hippo|Hippos]] dey present, mostly near de Blue Nile outflow.   

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====
[[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: Der be fifteen species of [[:en:Mollusk|mollusks]], wey dey include one endemic, den sanso an endemic freshwater [[:en:Sponge|sponge]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt; 

About 230 species of birds, wey dey include more dan 80 wetland birds such as de [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Hamerkop|hamerkop]], [[:en:Stork|storks]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:Ibis|ibis]], [[:en:Duck|ducks]], [[:en:Kingfisher|kingfishers]] den [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], dem know'em from Lake Tana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; E be an important resting den feeding ground give many [[:en:Palearctic|Palearctic]] migrant waterbirds.  

Der dey no [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], but de [[:en:African_softshell_turtle|African softshell turtle]] den [[:en:Nile_monitor|Nile monitor]] dem already record am near de Blue Nile outflow from de lake.&lt;ref&gt;Largen and Spawls (2010). ''The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea.'' {{ISBN|978-3-89973-466-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Hippo|Hippos]] dey present, mostly near de Blue Nile outflow.   

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====
[[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: Der be fifteen species of [[:en:Mollusk|mollusks]], wey dey include one endemic, den sanso an endemic freshwater [[:en:Sponge|sponge]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt; 

About 230 species of birds, wey dey include more dan 80 wetland birds such as de [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Hamerkop|hamerkop]], [[:en:Stork|storks]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:Ibis|ibis]], [[:en:Duck|ducks]], [[:en:Kingfisher|kingfishers]] den [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], dem know'em from Lake Tana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; E be an important resting den feeding ground give many [[:en:Palearctic|Palearctic]] migrant waterbirds.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;  

Der dey no [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], but de [[:en:African_softshell_turtle|African softshell turtle]] den [[:en:Nile_monitor|Nile monitor]] dem already record am near de Blue Nile outflow from de lake.&lt;ref&gt;Largen and Spawls (2010). ''The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea.'' {{ISBN|978-3-89973-466-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Hippo|Hippos]] dey present, mostly near de Blue Nile outflow.   

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====
[[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: Der be fifteen species of [[:en:Mollusk|mollusks]], wey dey include one endemic, den sanso an endemic freshwater [[:en:Sponge|sponge]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt; 

About 230 species of birds, wey dey include more dan 80 wetland birds such as de [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Hamerkop|hamerkop]], [[:en:Stork|storks]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:Ibis|ibis]], [[:en:Duck|ducks]], [[:en:Kingfisher|kingfishers]] den [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], dem know'em from Lake Tana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; E be an important resting den feeding ground give many [[:en:Palearctic|Palearctic]] migrant waterbirds.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;  

Der dey no [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], but de [[:en:African_softshell_turtle|African softshell turtle]] den [[:en:Nile_monitor|Nile monitor]] dem already record am near de Blue Nile outflow from de lake.&lt;ref&gt;Largen and Spawls (2010). ''The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea.'' {{ISBN|978-3-89973-466-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Hippo|Hippos]] dey present, mostly near de Blue Nile outflow.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;   

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====
[[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: Der be fifteen species of [[:en:Mollusk|mollusks]], wey dey include one endemic, den sanso an endemic freshwater [[:en:Sponge|sponge]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt; 

About 230 species of birds, wey dey include more dan 80 wetland birds such as de [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Hamerkop|hamerkop]], [[:en:Stork|storks]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:Ibis|ibis]], [[:en:Duck|ducks]], [[:en:Kingfisher|kingfishers]] den [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], dem know'em from Lake Tana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; E be an important resting den feeding ground give many [[:en:Palearctic|Palearctic]] migrant waterbirds.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;  

Der dey no [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], but de [[:en:African_softshell_turtle|African softshell turtle]] den [[:en:Nile_monitor|Nile monitor]] dem already record am near de Blue Nile outflow from de lake.&lt;ref&gt;Largen and Spawls (2010). ''The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea.'' {{ISBN|978-3-89973-466-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Hippo|Hippos]] dey present, mostly near de Blue Nile outflow.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;   

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==== Works cited ====</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====
[[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: Der be fifteen species of [[:en:Mollusk|mollusks]], wey dey include one endemic, den sanso an endemic freshwater [[:en:Sponge|sponge]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt; 

About 230 species of birds, wey dey include more dan 80 wetland birds such as de [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Hamerkop|hamerkop]], [[:en:Stork|storks]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:Ibis|ibis]], [[:en:Duck|ducks]], [[:en:Kingfisher|kingfishers]] den [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], dem know'em from Lake Tana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; E be an important resting den feeding ground give many [[:en:Palearctic|Palearctic]] migrant waterbirds.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;  

Der dey no [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], but de [[:en:African_softshell_turtle|African softshell turtle]] den [[:en:Nile_monitor|Nile monitor]] dem already record am near de Blue Nile outflow from de lake.&lt;ref&gt;Largen and Spawls (2010). ''The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea.'' {{ISBN|978-3-89973-466-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Hippo|Hippos]] dey present, mostly near de Blue Nile outflow.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;   

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==== Works cited ====

* Garstin, William Edmund; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Tsana|&quot;Tsana&quot;]] . In [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]] (ed.). ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 347–348.</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====
[[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: Der be fifteen species of [[:en:Mollusk|mollusks]], wey dey include one endemic, den sanso an endemic freshwater [[:en:Sponge|sponge]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt; 

About 230 species of birds, wey dey include more dan 80 wetland birds such as de [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Hamerkop|hamerkop]], [[:en:Stork|storks]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:Ibis|ibis]], [[:en:Duck|ducks]], [[:en:Kingfisher|kingfishers]] den [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], dem know'em from Lake Tana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; E be an important resting den feeding ground give many [[:en:Palearctic|Palearctic]] migrant waterbirds.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;  

Der dey no [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], but de [[:en:African_softshell_turtle|African softshell turtle]] den [[:en:Nile_monitor|Nile monitor]] dem already record am near de Blue Nile outflow from de lake.&lt;ref&gt;Largen and Spawls (2010). ''The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea.'' {{ISBN|978-3-89973-466-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Hippo|Hippos]] dey present, mostly near de Blue Nile outflow.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;   

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==== Works cited ====

* Garstin, William Edmund; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Tsana|&quot;Tsana&quot;]] . In [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]] (ed.). ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 347–348.

== External links ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>101135</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101135</origin>
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      <text bytes="17959" sha1="9hl7f3rvy4db3g1wpb51k5itl6bx259" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====
[[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: Der be fifteen species of [[:en:Mollusk|mollusks]], wey dey include one endemic, den sanso an endemic freshwater [[:en:Sponge|sponge]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt; 

About 230 species of birds, wey dey include more dan 80 wetland birds such as de [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Hamerkop|hamerkop]], [[:en:Stork|storks]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:Ibis|ibis]], [[:en:Duck|ducks]], [[:en:Kingfisher|kingfishers]] den [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], dem know'em from Lake Tana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; E be an important resting den feeding ground give many [[:en:Palearctic|Palearctic]] migrant waterbirds.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;  

Der dey no [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], but de [[:en:African_softshell_turtle|African softshell turtle]] den [[:en:Nile_monitor|Nile monitor]] dem already record am near de Blue Nile outflow from de lake.&lt;ref&gt;Largen and Spawls (2010). ''The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea.'' {{ISBN|978-3-89973-466-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Hippo|Hippos]] dey present, mostly near de Blue Nile outflow.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;   

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==== Works cited ====

* Garstin, William Edmund; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Tsana|&quot;Tsana&quot;]] . In [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]] (ed.). ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 347–348.

== External links ==

* [http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====
[[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: Der be fifteen species of [[:en:Mollusk|mollusks]], wey dey include one endemic, den sanso an endemic freshwater [[:en:Sponge|sponge]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt; 

About 230 species of birds, wey dey include more dan 80 wetland birds such as de [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Hamerkop|hamerkop]], [[:en:Stork|storks]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:Ibis|ibis]], [[:en:Duck|ducks]], [[:en:Kingfisher|kingfishers]] den [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], dem know'em from Lake Tana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; E be an important resting den feeding ground give many [[:en:Palearctic|Palearctic]] migrant waterbirds.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;  

Der dey no [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], but de [[:en:African_softshell_turtle|African softshell turtle]] den [[:en:Nile_monitor|Nile monitor]] dem already record am near de Blue Nile outflow from de lake.&lt;ref&gt;Largen and Spawls (2010). ''The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea.'' {{ISBN|978-3-89973-466-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Hippo|Hippos]] dey present, mostly near de Blue Nile outflow.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;   

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==== Works cited ====

* Garstin, William Edmund; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Tsana|&quot;Tsana&quot;]] . In [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]] (ed.). ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 347–348.

== External links ==

* [http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]
* [https://en.nabu.de/projects/ethiopia/tana/index.html Lake Tana project webpage of The Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU e.V.)]</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====
[[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: Der be fifteen species of [[:en:Mollusk|mollusks]], wey dey include one endemic, den sanso an endemic freshwater [[:en:Sponge|sponge]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt; 

About 230 species of birds, wey dey include more dan 80 wetland birds such as de [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Hamerkop|hamerkop]], [[:en:Stork|storks]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:Ibis|ibis]], [[:en:Duck|ducks]], [[:en:Kingfisher|kingfishers]] den [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], dem know'em from Lake Tana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; E be an important resting den feeding ground give many [[:en:Palearctic|Palearctic]] migrant waterbirds.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;  

Der dey no [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], but de [[:en:African_softshell_turtle|African softshell turtle]] den [[:en:Nile_monitor|Nile monitor]] dem already record am near de Blue Nile outflow from de lake.&lt;ref&gt;Largen and Spawls (2010). ''The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea.'' {{ISBN|978-3-89973-466-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Hippo|Hippos]] dey present, mostly near de Blue Nile outflow.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;   

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==== Works cited ====

* Garstin, William Edmund; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Tsana|&quot;Tsana&quot;]] . In [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]] (ed.). ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 347–348.

== External links ==

* [http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]
* [https://en.nabu.de/projects/ethiopia/tana/index.html Lake Tana project webpage of De Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU e.V.)]
* [https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/ Lake Tana project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223747/http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/|date=3 March 2016}} at [[:en:Aberystwyth_University|Aberystwyth University]]</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====
[[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: Der be fifteen species of [[:en:Mollusk|mollusks]], wey dey include one endemic, den sanso an endemic freshwater [[:en:Sponge|sponge]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt; 

About 230 species of birds, wey dey include more dan 80 wetland birds such as de [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Hamerkop|hamerkop]], [[:en:Stork|storks]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:Ibis|ibis]], [[:en:Duck|ducks]], [[:en:Kingfisher|kingfishers]] den [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], dem know'em from Lake Tana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; E be an important resting den feeding ground give many [[:en:Palearctic|Palearctic]] migrant waterbirds.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;  

Der dey no [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], but de [[:en:African_softshell_turtle|African softshell turtle]] den [[:en:Nile_monitor|Nile monitor]] dem already record am near de Blue Nile outflow from de lake.&lt;ref&gt;Largen and Spawls (2010). ''The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea.'' {{ISBN|978-3-89973-466-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Hippo|Hippos]] dey present, mostly near de Blue Nile outflow.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;   

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==== Works cited ====

* Garstin, William Edmund; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Tsana|&quot;Tsana&quot;]] . In [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]] (ed.). ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 347–348.

== External links ==

* [http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]
* [https://en.nabu.de/projects/ethiopia/tana/index.html Lake Tana project webpage of De Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU e.V.)]
* [https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/ Lake Tana project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223747/http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/|date=3 March 2016}} at [[:en:Aberystwyth_University|Aberystwyth University]]
* [http://www.galenfrysinger.com/blue_nile_ethiopia.htm Photographs of the lake]</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====
[[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: Der be fifteen species of [[:en:Mollusk|mollusks]], wey dey include one endemic, den sanso an endemic freshwater [[:en:Sponge|sponge]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt; 

About 230 species of birds, wey dey include more dan 80 wetland birds such as de [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Hamerkop|hamerkop]], [[:en:Stork|storks]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:Ibis|ibis]], [[:en:Duck|ducks]], [[:en:Kingfisher|kingfishers]] den [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], dem know'em from Lake Tana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; E be an important resting den feeding ground give many [[:en:Palearctic|Palearctic]] migrant waterbirds.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;  

Der dey no [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], but de [[:en:African_softshell_turtle|African softshell turtle]] den [[:en:Nile_monitor|Nile monitor]] dem already record am near de Blue Nile outflow from de lake.&lt;ref&gt;Largen and Spawls (2010). ''The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea.'' {{ISBN|978-3-89973-466-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Hippo|Hippos]] dey present, mostly near de Blue Nile outflow.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;   

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==== Works cited ====

* Garstin, William Edmund; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Tsana|&quot;Tsana&quot;]] . In [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]] (ed.). ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 347–348.

== External links ==

* [http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]
* [https://en.nabu.de/projects/ethiopia/tana/index.html Lake Tana project webpage of De Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU e.V.)]
* [https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/ Lake Tana project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223747/http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/|date=3 March 2016}} at [[:en:Aberystwyth_University|Aberystwyth University]]
* [http://www.galenfrysinger.com/blue_nile_ethiopia.htm Photographs of de lake]</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====
[[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: Der be fifteen species of [[:en:Mollusk|mollusks]], wey dey include one endemic, den sanso an endemic freshwater [[:en:Sponge|sponge]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt; 

About 230 species of birds, wey dey include more dan 80 wetland birds such as de [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Hamerkop|hamerkop]], [[:en:Stork|storks]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:Ibis|ibis]], [[:en:Duck|ducks]], [[:en:Kingfisher|kingfishers]] den [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], dem know'em from Lake Tana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; E be an important resting den feeding ground give many [[:en:Palearctic|Palearctic]] migrant waterbirds.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;  

Der dey no [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], but de [[:en:African_softshell_turtle|African softshell turtle]] den [[:en:Nile_monitor|Nile monitor]] dem already record am near de Blue Nile outflow from de lake.&lt;ref&gt;Largen and Spawls (2010). ''The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea.'' {{ISBN|978-3-89973-466-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Hippo|Hippos]] dey present, mostly near de Blue Nile outflow.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;   

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==== Works cited ====

* Garstin, William Edmund; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Tsana|&quot;Tsana&quot;]] . In [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]] (ed.). ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 347–348.

== External links ==

* [http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]
* [https://en.nabu.de/projects/ethiopia/tana/index.html Lake Tana project webpage of De Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU e.V.)]
* [https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/ Lake Tana project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223747/http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/|date=3 March 2016}} at [[:en:Aberystwyth_University|Aberystwyth University]]
* [http://www.galenfrysinger.com/blue_nile_ethiopia.htm Photographs of de lake]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040913205524/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D2511%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html Unesco plan for Lake T'ana]</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====
[[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: Der be fifteen species of [[:en:Mollusk|mollusks]], wey dey include one endemic, den sanso an endemic freshwater [[:en:Sponge|sponge]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt; 

About 230 species of birds, wey dey include more dan 80 wetland birds such as de [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Hamerkop|hamerkop]], [[:en:Stork|storks]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:Ibis|ibis]], [[:en:Duck|ducks]], [[:en:Kingfisher|kingfishers]] den [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], dem know'em from Lake Tana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; E be an important resting den feeding ground give many [[:en:Palearctic|Palearctic]] migrant waterbirds.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;  

Der dey no [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], but de [[:en:African_softshell_turtle|African softshell turtle]] den [[:en:Nile_monitor|Nile monitor]] dem already record am near de Blue Nile outflow from de lake.&lt;ref&gt;Largen and Spawls (2010). ''The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea.'' {{ISBN|978-3-89973-466-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Hippo|Hippos]] dey present, mostly near de Blue Nile outflow.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;   

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==== Works cited ====

* Garstin, William Edmund; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Tsana|&quot;Tsana&quot;]] . In [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]] (ed.). ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 347–348.

== External links ==

* [http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]
* [https://en.nabu.de/projects/ethiopia/tana/index.html Lake Tana project webpage of De Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU e.V.)]
* [https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/ Lake Tana project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223747/http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/|date=3 March 2016}} at [[:en:Aberystwyth_University|Aberystwyth University]]
* [http://www.galenfrysinger.com/blue_nile_ethiopia.htm Photographs of de lake]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040913205524/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D2511%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html Unesco plan give Lake T'ana]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031127223905/http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8568 LakeNet Profile]</text>
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'''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station.    

For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ovaview ==
[[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]]
[[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]]
[[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]]
[[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]]
[[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]]

Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;springer&quot; /&gt;  

Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top &quot;formerly large, but rydee diminish much.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat &quot;de number go fi be about eleven.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt; Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckham&quot; /&gt;       

Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be &quot;allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]].             

Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages.            

Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery.             

Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}&lt;/ref&gt; before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]].             

== Water characteristics den floods ==
Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
[[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Fish ====
Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barbs2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;     

For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;

==== Fishing den threats ====
[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;

==== Oda fauna ====
[[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: Der be fifteen species of [[:en:Mollusk|mollusks]], wey dey include one endemic, den sanso an endemic freshwater [[:en:Sponge|sponge]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt; 

About 230 species of birds, wey dey include more dan 80 wetland birds such as de [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Hamerkop|hamerkop]], [[:en:Stork|storks]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:Ibis|ibis]], [[:en:Duck|ducks]], [[:en:Kingfisher|kingfishers]] den [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], dem know'em from Lake Tana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt; E be an important resting den feeding ground give many [[:en:Palearctic|Palearctic]] migrant waterbirds.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEOW&quot; /&gt;  

Der dey no [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], but de [[:en:African_softshell_turtle|African softshell turtle]] den [[:en:Nile_monitor|Nile monitor]] dem already record am near de Blue Nile outflow from de lake.&lt;ref&gt;Largen and Spawls (2010). ''The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea.'' {{ISBN|978-3-89973-466-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Hippo|Hippos]] dey present, mostly near de Blue Nile outflow.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijverberg2009&quot; /&gt;   

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==== Works cited ====

* Garstin, William Edmund; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Tsana|&quot;Tsana&quot;]] . In [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]] (ed.). ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 347–348.

== External links ==

* [http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]
* [https://en.nabu.de/projects/ethiopia/tana/index.html Lake Tana project webpage of De Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU e.V.)]
* [https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/ Lake Tana project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223747/http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/|date=3 March 2016}} at [[:en:Aberystwyth_University|Aberystwyth University]]
* [http://www.galenfrysinger.com/blue_nile_ethiopia.htm Photographs of de lake]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040913205524/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D2511%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html Unesco plan give Lake T'ana]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031127223905/http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8568 LakeNet Profile]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090701031152/http://www.impetusinmundum.de/documentation/Album.html?Bildliste=5a0c198f-5a0c19cc&amp;Region=Lake+Tana Pictures from Lake Tana den de Monasteries]</text>
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    <title>Category:Kafue River</title>
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    <title>Category:Geography of Johannesburg</title>
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    <title>Category:Crocodile River (Limpopo)</title>
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    <title>Category:Rivers of Gauteng</title>
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    <title>Zambezi Watercourse Commission</title>
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      <text bytes="288" sha1="dj0gocj91j0pkm2z5nlkzi8y2fkcqw7" xml:space="preserve">De '''Zambezi Watercourse Commission''' (ZAMCOM) be a water management organization wey establish by member states of de [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) whose territory contains de [[Zambezi]] river basin.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}}  

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="305" sha1="1y5eu29gxp8kixug7jlrz4xbabjzemw" xml:space="preserve">De '''Zambezi Watercourse Commission''' (ZAMCOM) be a water management organization wey establish by member states of de [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) whose territory contains de [[Zambezi]] river basin.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}}  
==Zambezi River==
== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="379" sha1="77d5lwhhax1cj7atcq4h4jvsaplxur5" xml:space="preserve">De '''Zambezi Watercourse Commission''' (ZAMCOM) be a water management organization wey establish by member states of de [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) whose territory contains de [[Zambezi]] river basin.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}}  
==Zambezi River==
[[File:Zambezi river basin cropped.jpg|thumb|240px|Zambezi River Basin]]

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1079" sha1="mxqwlt6jmf8z9zb4u4ow3ua7r4v9yxv" xml:space="preserve">De '''Zambezi Watercourse Commission''' (ZAMCOM) be a water management organization wey establish by member states of de [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) whose territory contains de [[Zambezi]] river basin.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}}  
==Zambezi River==
[[File:Zambezi river basin cropped.jpg|thumb|240px|Zambezi River Basin]]
De Zambezi originates insyd northwestern Zambia, den runs west den then southwest through [[Angola]] before reentering Zambia. E flows south den forms part of de border between Zambia den [[Namibia]].  After picking up de waters of de Chobe River at de quadripoint wey Zambia, Namibia, [[Botswana]] den Zimbabwe meet, de river flows east along de border between Zambia den Zimbabwe, powering de shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering [[Mozambique]] den flowing to de Indian Ocean.{{sfn|Basin Map and Description}}De Zambezi basin sanso includes parts of Malawi den Tanzania.
De Zambezi be de fourth largest river insyd Africa after de Nile, Congo den Niger.{{sfn|Moran|2011|p=244}}

== References ==</text>
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    <title>Category:Lake Mweru</title>
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    <title>Category:Geography of Luapula Province</title>
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    <title>Category:Miombo</title>
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    <title>Lake Nasser</title>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="229" sha1="j0j61oy7fzffpqb0apbels6np7z0foa" xml:space="preserve">Lake Nasser (Arabic: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]) is a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] in [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] and northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]].</text>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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      <text bytes="400" sha1="f7srau39ph6v8ihfeksfp4w8xp9w8sr" xml:space="preserve">Lake Nasser (Arabic: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]) is a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.</text>
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      <parentid>101193</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-09T08:54:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101194</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="418" sha1="k9h6vrll5p6dwhwdrkcw4f6s3uu2kxc" xml:space="preserve">Lake Nasser (Arabic: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]) is a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>k9h6vrll5p6dwhwdrkcw4f6s3uu2kxc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101195</id>
      <parentid>101194</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-09T08:55:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101195</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="624" sha1="o8rgvay9yu5xv9e5qepka7ctb7masoh" xml:space="preserve">Lake Nasser (Arabic: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]) is a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>o8rgvay9yu5xv9e5qepka7ctb7masoh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101196</id>
      <parentid>101195</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-09T08:56:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101196</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="833" sha1="pjhu2z4xlyudcj5dwfn3oquqre0gu8g" xml:space="preserve">Lake Nasser (Arabic: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]) is a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>pjhu2z4xlyudcj5dwfn3oquqre0gu8g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101197</id>
      <parentid>101196</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-09T08:58:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101197</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1143" sha1="p0rtsgjfjycpkpgo7c3y9j6bww06ujt" xml:space="preserve">Lake Nasser (Arabic: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]) is a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResettlingNubians&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>p0rtsgjfjycpkpgo7c3y9j6bww06ujt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101198</id>
      <parentid>101197</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-09T08:58:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101198</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1405" sha1="gm3jqie8j2yrr6yjoylog8dugkpuhzj" xml:space="preserve">Lake Nasser (Arabic: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]) is a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResettlingNubians&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&amp;q=lake+nasser&amp;pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>gm3jqie8j2yrr6yjoylog8dugkpuhzj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101199</id>
      <parentid>101198</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-09T08:59:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101199</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1490" sha1="of90mqwg06t4vwwhpqp6zbipx1azz4u" xml:space="preserve">Lake Nasser (Arabic: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]) is a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResettlingNubians&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&amp;q=lake+nasser&amp;pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt; For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>of90mqwg06t4vwwhpqp6zbipx1azz4u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101200</id>
      <parentid>101199</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-09T08:59:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101200</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1679" sha1="esevyazggedeljo4l718o2iw0bmitcu" xml:space="preserve">Lake Nasser (Arabic: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]) is a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResettlingNubians&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&amp;q=lake+nasser&amp;pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt; For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries (&quot;Statoids&quot;)}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>esevyazggedeljo4l718o2iw0bmitcu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101201</id>
      <parentid>101200</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-09T09:00:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101201</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1818" sha1="0r9wirg1eg11c0ib3t3zlxtuz8p8sz5" xml:space="preserve">Lake Nasser (Arabic: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]) is a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResettlingNubians&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&amp;q=lake+nasser&amp;pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt; For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries (&quot;Statoids&quot;)}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>0r9wirg1eg11c0ib3t3zlxtuz8p8sz5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101202</id>
      <parentid>101201</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-09T09:01:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101202</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2148" sha1="2e1b59n0gb1najybmyqz836ysc4l6l4" xml:space="preserve">Lake Nasser (Arabic: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]) is a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResettlingNubians&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&amp;q=lake+nasser&amp;pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt; For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries (&quot;Statoids&quot;)}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries.  

Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' (Egyptian Arabic: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]).  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>2e1b59n0gb1najybmyqz836ysc4l6l4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101203</id>
      <parentid>101202</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-09T09:02:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101203</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2205" sha1="cpfwwgdyhib2xj7ntqtfoioeq542lhf" xml:space="preserve">Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResettlingNubians&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&amp;q=lake+nasser&amp;pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt; For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries (&quot;Statoids&quot;)}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries.  

Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' (Egyptian Arabic: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]).  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>cpfwwgdyhib2xj7ntqtfoioeq542lhf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101204</id>
      <parentid>101203</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-09T09:03:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101204</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2271" sha1="pk1sm8yytsceva5ria2n0u0cveg8gwp" xml:space="preserve">Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResettlingNubians&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&amp;q=lake+nasser&amp;pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt; For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries (&quot;Statoids&quot;)}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries.  

Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>pk1sm8yytsceva5ria2n0u0cveg8gwp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101205</id>
      <parentid>101204</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-09T09:04:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101205</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2628" sha1="1bwiyulx37a75vldmuqola1mqn73i63" xml:space="preserve">Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResettlingNubians&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&amp;q=lake+nasser&amp;pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt; For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries (&quot;Statoids&quot;)}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries.  

Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&amp;q=lake+nubia&amp;pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food &amp; Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>1bwiyulx37a75vldmuqola1mqn73i63</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101206</id>
      <parentid>101205</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-09T09:08:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101206</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2640" sha1="rgnvbui5qi3khgv48s67byjfizhpa2h" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResettlingNubians&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&amp;q=lake+nasser&amp;pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt; For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries (&quot;Statoids&quot;)}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries.  

Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&amp;q=lake+nubia&amp;pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food &amp; Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>rgnvbui5qi3khgv48s67byjfizhpa2h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101207</id>
      <parentid>101206</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-09T09:29:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101207</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2670" sha1="p7tlm96rmq1b5wi3ilva5ypbyviy48f" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResettlingNubians&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&amp;q=lake+nasser&amp;pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt; For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries (&quot;Statoids&quot;)}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries.  

Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&amp;q=lake+nubia&amp;pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food &amp; Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical characteristics ==

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>p7tlm96rmq1b5wi3ilva5ypbyviy48f</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101208</id>
      <parentid>101207</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-09T09:30:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101208</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2750" sha1="j4574r128ujxnyphomlops72ay9njd3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResettlingNubians&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&amp;q=lake+nasser&amp;pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt; For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries (&quot;Statoids&quot;)}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries.  

Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&amp;q=lake+nubia&amp;pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food &amp; Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical characteristics ==
[[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>j4574r128ujxnyphomlops72ay9njd3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101209</id>
      <parentid>101208</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-09T10:03:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101209</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2867" sha1="9lviewemed6vzs9xq20u2etm6vto1zl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResettlingNubians&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&amp;q=lake+nasser&amp;pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt; For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries (&quot;Statoids&quot;)}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries.  

Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&amp;q=lake+nubia&amp;pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food &amp; Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical characteristics ==
[[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>9lviewemed6vzs9xq20u2etm6vto1zl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101210</id>
      <parentid>101209</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-09T10:04:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101210</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3012" sha1="tvi87nj3ngklxytkje687cpm3ms409y" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResettlingNubians&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&amp;q=lake+nasser&amp;pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt; For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries (&quot;Statoids&quot;)}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries.  

Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&amp;q=lake+nubia&amp;pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food &amp; Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical characteristics ==
[[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (32 cu mi) of water. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>tvi87nj3ngklxytkje687cpm3ms409y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101211</id>
      <parentid>101210</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-09T10:05:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101211</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3565" sha1="4n17p6rmbnhgnl1ju59e2rv6etrm7zl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResettlingNubians&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&amp;q=lake+nasser&amp;pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt; For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries (&quot;Statoids&quot;)}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries.  

Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&amp;q=lake+nubia&amp;pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food &amp; Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical characteristics ==
[[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (32 cu mi) of water.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>4n17p6rmbnhgnl1ju59e2rv6etrm7zl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101213</id>
      <parentid>101211</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-09T10:19:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101213</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3927" sha1="350cyyl2viaim30bzicdvkzhs3hkfqs" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResettlingNubians&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&amp;q=lake+nasser&amp;pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt; For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries (&quot;Statoids&quot;)}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries.  

Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&amp;q=lake+nubia&amp;pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food &amp; Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical characteristics ==
[[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (32 cu mi) of water.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==

==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ====
Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>350cyyl2viaim30bzicdvkzhs3hkfqs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101214</id>
      <parentid>101213</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-09T10:19:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101214</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4100" sha1="c1w3p34a9k50ag1itd0yawptwk1huiv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResettlingNubians&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&amp;q=lake+nasser&amp;pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt; For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries (&quot;Statoids&quot;)}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries.  

Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&amp;q=lake+nubia&amp;pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food &amp; Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical characteristics ==
[[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (32 cu mi) of water.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==

==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ====
Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>c1w3p34a9k50ag1itd0yawptwk1huiv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>101215</id>
      <parentid>101214</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-09T10:22:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>101215</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4205" sha1="219zcpw9rlryjb3kzbt0wodpte28782" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.&lt;ref name=&quot;ResettlingNubians&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&amp;q=lake+nasser&amp;pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt; For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries (&quot;Statoids&quot;)}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries.  

Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&amp;q=lake+nubia&amp;pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food &amp; Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical characteristics ==
[[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (32 cu mi) of water.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==

==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ====
Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ====
[[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>219zcpw9rlryjb3kzbt0wodpte28782</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Akaki Stormwater Channel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27390</id>
    <revision>
      <id>101216</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-09T10:26:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
        <id>64</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I don start one article</comment>
      <origin>101216</origin>
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{{Short description|Stormwater channel wey dey connected to Akaki River basin for Addis Ababa, Ethiopia}}

The '''Akaki Stormwater Channel''' be stormwater drainage infrastructure wey dey connected to Akaki River basin for Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Akaki River |date=2025-06-19 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akaki_River&amp;oldid=1296425640 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dis channel system be part of di bigger stormwater drainage network wey dey serve Akaki Kality area for Addis Ababa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Addis Ababa |date=2026-05-30 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Addis_Ababa&amp;oldid=1356939938 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Background ==

Akaki River be di biggest river system for Addis Ababa, and e get Little Akaki and Great Akaki rivers as part of am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-31 |title=Updates {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/updates |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fast urbanisation and lack of enough drainage infrastructure don contribute to flooding problems for Akaki Kality sub-city.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ENA - ENA English - ENA |url=https://www.ena.et/web/eng/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=ENA English |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Shimelis |first=Eyerusalem |title=Investigating the Causes of Stormwater Drain Failure: The Case of Akaki Kality Subcity, |date=2024-05-01 |publisher=Addis Ababa University |url=https://etd.aau.edu.et/handle/123456789/3855 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Drainage Issues ==

Research wey Addis Ababa University do show say drainage channels for Akaki Kality dey get problems because of poor design, poor construction practices, and improper waste disposal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Teshome |first=Beakal |date=2022-02-24 |title=Ethiopian News {{!}} The Reporter - #1 Top News Site In Ethiopia |url=https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.thereporterethiopia.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di study also talk say stormwater overflow fit flood roads, block traffic movement, and create transportation hazards inside di sub-city.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Flood Risk ==

Flood-mapping research for Great Akaki River identify serious flood exposure for some parts of Akaki Kality and recommend flood-protection infrastructure plus risk-management measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Ethiopia}}

[[Category:Water in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Addis Ababa]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Addis Ababa]]</text>
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    <title>Cocody Flood Canal</title>
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{{Short description|Flood-control canal for Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}

De '''Cocody Flood Canal''' (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be stormwater drainage infrastructure wey dey inside Cocody commune for Abidjan, Ivory Coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be part of di city ein bigger flood management system wey dem design to reduce recurring flooding for low-lying urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Background ==

Cocody be one of di biggest and most populated communes for Abidjan, and e dey north side of Ébrié Lagoon. Di area dey receive heavy seasonal rainfall, and annual rainfall dey pass 1,800 mm, so flood management be very important part of urban infrastructure for di area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Abidjan |date=2026-05-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&amp;oldid=1354283212 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fast urbanization and expansion of informal settlements don put serious pressure on di commune ein drainage systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inadequate drainage capacity and poor waste management be some of di main reasons wey dey contribute to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Infrastructure and function ==

Di canal dey designed make e channel excess stormwater comot from residential neighborhoods and major roads, and direct di runoff go Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey operate together with smaller collector drains and retention basins wey dey spread across di commune.

Di Cocody drainage network don go through several rehabilitation projects wey di Ivorian government and international development partners, including di World Bank, fund as part of di Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flooding issues ==

Even though di canal dey, Cocody still dey experience flooding during periods of heavy rainfall. Research and government reports point to several causes, including:&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot; /&gt;

* Sedimentation and silt accumulation inside di canal
* Blockage by solid waste and plastic debris
* Informal structures wey encroach on drainage easements
* Inadequate maintenance and cleaning schedules

For June 2018, severe flooding for Cocody cause multiple deaths and significant property damage. Dis event make government focus again on investing in drainage infrastructure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Recent developments ==

For 2020, di Ivorian government launch di ''Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan'' (Integrated Stormwater Management Project for Abidjan), wey include rehabilitation and expansion of di Cocody drainage canal system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement ::  Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di project get support from Agence Française de Développement (AFD) and e aim to reduce flood risk for more than 500,000 residents.

== See Also ==

* Geography of Ivory Coast
* Ébrié Lagoon

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Ivory Coast}}

[[Category:Water in Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Abidjan]]
[[Category:Cocody]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Abidjan]]</text>
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    <title>Yopougon Stormwater Drain</title>
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{{Short description|Stormwater drainage infrastructure project for flood control in Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}

The '''Yopougon Stormwater Drain''' be stormwater drainage infrastructure project wey dey for Yopougon commune inside Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-12-10 |title=Yopougon : Une délégation de la Banque mondiale visite le chantier canaux de drainage des eaux pluviales du PARU {{!}} AbidjanTV.net {{!}} AbidjanTV.net |url=https://abidjantv.net/societe/yopougon-une-delegation-de-la-banque-mondiale-visite-le-chantier-canaux-de-drainage-des-eaux-pluviales-du-paru/,%20https://abidjantv.net/societe/yopougon-une-delegation-de-la-banque-mondiale-visite-le-chantier-canaux-de-drainage-des-eaux-pluviales-du-paru/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem dey carry out the drainage works under the ''Projet d’Assainissement et de Résilience Urbaine'' (PARU), one flood-management and urban resilience programme wey get support from the Government of Côte d'Ivoire and the World Bank.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=La Banque mondiale salue les progrès des travaux de drainage à Yopougon - Abidjan.net News |url=https://news.abidjan.net/articles/737509/la-banque-mondiale-salue-les-progres-des-travaux-de-drainage-a-yopougon |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260305204725/https://news.abidjan.net/articles/737509/la-banque-mondiale-salue-les-progres-des-travaux-de-drainage-a-yopougon |archive-date=2026-03-05 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Background ==

Yopougon don face flooding problems many times, wey affect local people and urban infrastructure for the area.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

According to World Bank infrastructure director Franz Drees-Gross, serious flooding issues for the commune be one of the main reasons why dem start this new drainage infrastructure project.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-05-26 |title=Côte d’Ivoire-AIP/ La Banque mondiale salue les progrès des travaux de drainage à Yopougon – AIP – Agence Ivoirienne de Presse |url=https://www.aip.ci/134447/cote-divoire-aip-la-banque-mondiale-salue-les-progres-des-travaux-de-drainage-a-yopougon/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Construction ==

For December 2024, officials from the World Bank visit the drainage construction site for Yopougon.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

During the visit, Franz Drees-Gross talk say the project include one drainage canal wey get almost four kilometres length.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Project officials also talk say about 230,000 people fit benefit from the improved drainage infrastructure and flood-protection measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Water in Ivory Coast]] [[Category:Abidjan]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Abidjan]]</text>
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    <title>Guédiawaye Stormwater Channel</title>
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De '''Guédiawaye Stormwater Channel''' (French: ''Canal d'évacuation des eaux pluviales de Guédiawaye'') be drainage infrastructure wey dey for Guédiawaye, one suburban department inside Dakar Region for Senegal. The channel be important part of the Peri-Urban Stormwater Management Program (''Programme de Gestion des Eaux Pluviales Périurbaines'') wey dem implement to solve the long-time flooding problem for Dakar ein densely populated suburbs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-13 |title=Senegal {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/senegal |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Development Projects : DRC Catalytic Project to Strengthen the INS - P125509 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P125509 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Development Projects : Stormwater Mgt. and Climate Change Adaptation Project - P122841 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P122841 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Background ==

Guédiawaye be one of the most densely populated areas for Senegal, with estimated population of more than 400,000 people for relatively small area.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Guédiawaye |date=2025-01-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gu%C3%A9diawaye&amp;oldid=1271314145 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The department dey experience serious flooding during the annual rainy season (July to October), wey dey come with heavy rainfall within short periods.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Rapid urbanisation since the 1970s, together with inadequate drainage infrastructure and low-lying landform, make Guédiawaye one of the areas wey flooding affect pass for the Dakar metropolitan region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senegal |url=https://unhabitat.org/senegal/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20150426145210/https://unhabitat.org/senegal/ |archive-date=2015-04-26 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=unhabitat.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== The PROGEP project ==

The Guédiawaye stormwater channel be constructed as part of the Projet de Gestion des Eaux Pluviales et d'adaptation au changement climatique (PROGEP), one major flood-management initiative wey the World Bank, the French Development Agency (AFD), and the Senegalese government fund.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

PROGEP, wey start for 2012, aim to reduce flood risk for peri-urban Dakar through:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Transition Écologique |url=https://environnement.gouv.sn/?password-protected=login&amp;redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.environnement.gouv.sn%2F |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=environnement.gouv.sn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Construction of primary drainage channels and retention basins

Rehabilitation of existing stormwater infrastructure

Improvement of solid waste management to prevent channel blockages

Community-based early warning systems


== Infrastructure design ==

The channel system for Guédiawaye consist of:

'''Primary canals''' – Large-capacity concrete-lined channels wey dey carry stormwater go the Atlantic Ocean through the Mbao and Malika natural outlets

'''Secondary collectors''' – Smaller drains wey dey collect runoff from individual neighbourhoods

'''Retention basins''' – Temporary water-storage areas wey dem design to reduce peak water flow during heavy rainfall


The infrastructure be designed to handle rainfall events with return periods of up to 10 years, although extreme rainfall events still dey challenge the system ein capacity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ScienceDirect.com {{!}} Science, health and medical journals, full text articles and books. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Challenges and flood events ==

Despite the PROGEP investments, Guédiawaye still dey experience flooding. Some of the main challenges include:

Sedimentation and sand accumulation inside channels

Solid waste disposal wey dey block drainage inlets

Unauthorised construction on drainage easements

Rising groundwater levels for low-lying areas

Increasing rainfall intensity wey fit be linked to climate change


For September 2020, heavy rainfall cause flooding wey affect thousands of residents for Guédiawaye and neighbouring Pikine, showing say the drainage system still dey vulnerable.

== See also ==

Geography of Senegal

Dakar

Climate change in Senegal


== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Senegal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guediawaye Stormwater Channel}} [[Category:Water in Senegal]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Senegal]]</text>
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