Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.5 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2828 101262 79770 2026-06-09T18:30:26Z Cornelius Agordome 28 Add link 101262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Labadi Beach''' dem sana dey bell am '''La Pleasure Beach.''' Ebe de busiest beach for [[Ghana]] ein coast.  Edey mong of [[Accra]] ein beaches wey ebe de local hotels wey dey maintain am. Labadi Beach dey de La town insyd, chaw menners dey bell am town Labadi, edey near Teshie for de [[Greater Accra Region]] of Ghana insyd. For den squad wey dem no dey de hotel insyd dem dey pay entrance fee. For holidays den weekends, morti dem get performances of reggae, hiplife, playback, den cultural drumming den dancing.<ref>[http://www.touringghana.com/regions/greateraccra_region.asp Ghana Tourist Board] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120411133930/http://www.touringghana.com/regions/greateraccra_region.asp Archived] 2012-04-11 at the Wayback Machine. touringghana.com</ref><ref>[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/ghana/accra/sights/438138 The Lonely Planet: Ghana/Accra/Sights]. lonelyplanet.com.</ref> For 2014 insyd, de beach cam dey under intense scrutiny from de community, so say dem go alleviate de ongoing issue of [[open defecation]] present for de beach top. Dem carry proposals wey dem go take build additional designated sanitation facilities wey fi accommodate de issue cam give de local council den hotels near de beach.  Aside menners wey dey visit de beach den have fun, sam menners dey visit de place early morning den do work out, mostly for de weekends. == References == <references responsive="1"></references> == External links == Wikimedia Commons get media wey relate to '''''[[commons:Category:Labadi|Labadi]]''''' * Photographs of [https://independent-travellers.com/ghana/accra/labadi_beach/ Labadi Beach], April 2016 * Ultimate guide here [https://thebusinessalert.com/labadi-beach-hotel-accra/ Labadi Beach Hotel Accra] [[Category:Greater Accra Region]] [[Category:Beaches for Ghana insyd]] [[Category:Tourism for Ghana insyd]] [[Category:Tourist attractions for Ghana insyd]] mf4rlz1qtlwqk13izuahggsxxquiz10 0 27238 101242 100822 2026-06-09T17:09:08Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 101242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Orange River''' (from Afrikaans/Dutch: '''''Oranjerivier''''') be a river insyd Southern Africa. E be de longest river insyd [[South Africa]]. Plus a total length of 2,432 km (1,511 mi), de Orange River Basin dey extend from [[Lesotho]] into South Africa den [[Namibia]] to de north. E dey rise insyd de Drakensberg mountains insyd Lesotho, dey flow westwards thru South Africa to de [[Atlantic Ocean]]. De river dey form part of de international borders between South Africa den Lesotho den between South Africa den Namibia, as well as several provincial borders within South Africa. Except for Upington, e no dey pass thru any major cities. De Orange River dey play an important role insyd de South African economy by providing water for irrigation den hydroelectric power. De river be named de Orange River in honour of de Dutch ruling family, de House of Orange, by de Dutch explorer Robert Jacob Gordon. Oda names include simply de word for river, insyd Khoekhoegowab orthography dem wrep as '''!Garib''', wich be rendered insyd Afrikaans as '''Gariep River''' plus de intrusion of a velar fricative in place of de alveolar click,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Travel |first=Wild Africa |title=Wild Africa Travel: Orange River |url=http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220031736/http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-03 |website=www.wildafricatravel.com}}</ref> '''Groote River''' (dem derive from '''Kai !Garib''') anaa '''Senqu River''' (dem use insyd Lesotho), dem derive from '''ǂNū''' "Black".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orange River Basin |url=https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213081531/https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx |archive-date=13 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-03 |website=www.dwa.gov.za}}</ref> E be known insyd isiZulu as '''isAngqu.'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doke |first=C.M |title=Zulu-English Dictionary |publisher=Witwatersrand University Press |year=1972 |isbn=0-85494-027-8 |location=Johannesburg |pages=11 |language=en, zu}}</ref> == Course == [[File:Orange_River_basin_map.svg|left|thumb|De course den watershed of de Orange River, Caledon River den Vaal River (ǀHaiǃarib). Dis map dey show a conservative border for de watershed. Specifically, de Kalahari basin be excluded, as sam sources say e be endorheic. Sam oda sources wey dey use computational methods show a basin wich dey include parts of [[Botswana]] (den hence of de Kalahari).<ref name="wri2">Revenga, C.; Murray, S.; Abramovitz, J. and Hammond, A .</ref>]] De Orange dey rise insyd de Drakensberg mountains along de border between South Africa den Lesotho, about 193 km (120 mi) west of de Indian Ocean den at an altitude of over 3,000 m (9,800 ft). De extremity of de Orange River insyd Lesotho be known as de '''Senqu'''. Parts of de Senqu River freeze insyd winter secof de high altitude. Dis dey create droughts downstream, wich mainly dey affect goat den cattle production.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|title=Orange River {{!}} Physical Features & Exploration {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Orange-River|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260506034950/https://www.britannica.com/place/Orange-River|archive-date=2026-05-06|access-date=2026-06-01|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Rosh_Pinah_Orange_River.jpg|thumb|Orange River south of Rosh Pinah]] [[File:Senqu_River_in_Lesotho.jpg|thumb|Senqu River Near Ha Potomane (Cutting Camp) insyd Quthing, Lesotho]] [[File:Orange_River_near_Oranjerivier.jpg|thumb|Orange River near Hopetown]] De Orange River dey then run westward thru South Africa, dey form de south-western boundary of de Free State province. Insyd dis section, de river dey flow first into de Gariep Dam den later into de Vanderkloof Dam. From de border of Lesotho to below de Vanderkloof Dam, de river bed deeply be incised. Further downstream, de land be flatter, den de river be used extensively for irrigation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orange River {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://sahistory.org.za/place/orange-river |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=sahistory.org.za |language=en}}</ref> === Catchment den rainfall === De total catchment of de Orange River (wey dey include de Vaal) dey extend over 973,000 km2 (376,000 sq mi), i.e. equivalent to about 77% of de land area of South Africa (1,221,037 km2 (471,445 sq mi)). Around 366,000 km2 (141,000 sq mi) (38%), however, be situated outsyd de country insyd Lesotho, Botswana, den Namibia. === Tributaries === * Vaal River - 1,458 km (906 mi) * Caledon River - 642 km (399 mi) * Khubelu River - 144 km (89 mi) === Dams === * Armenia Dam * Egmont Dam * Gariep Dam * Newberry Dam * Vanderkloof Dam * Welbedacht Dam == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [http://www.orasecom.org/ Orange-Senqu River Commission (ORASECOM)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727172756/http://www.orasecom.org/ |date=27 July 2013}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100716045208/http://www.orangesenqurak.org/ Orange-Senqu River Awareness Kit - knowledge hub for the Orange-Senqu River basin] * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world |date=13 August 2012 |title=Map of the Orange River basin at Water Resources eAtlas}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061007235833/http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/estuary/catch/orange.html Map of portion of Orange River basin forming part of South Africa] * [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/148587/seeing-orange-in-the-kalahari "Seeing Orange in the Kalahari"], article and astronaut photo at NASA Earth Observatory, July 18, 2021 * [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/orange/ Information on the Orange River from the South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Orange River| ]] [[Category:Geography of de ǁKharas Region]] [[Category:Internal borders of South Africa]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Karoo]] [[Category:Lesotho–South Africa border]] [[Category:Namibia–South Africa border]] [[Category:Ramsar sites insyd Namibia]] [[Category:Ramsar sites insyd South Africa]] [[Category:Rivers of Lesotho]] [[Category:Rivers of Namibia]] [[Category:Rivers of de Eastern Cape]] [[Category:Rivers of de Free State (province)]] [[Category:Rivers of de Northern Cape]] [[Category:Vaal River]] [[Category:Border rivers]] qw9atf9ewo7kiq3z2965ytq7udg0jyw 0 27254 101222 101185 2026-06-09T12:31:11Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 101222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a freshwater lake for de longest arm of [[Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[Congo River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein Luapula River (upstream) den Luvua River (downstream) segments.<ref name="Google">[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.</ref> '''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of Bantu languages, so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.<ref name="Anderson">The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: "Kilwa Island and the Luapula." Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)</ref> == Physical geography == De Luapula River mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de Kalungwishi River from de east. At ein north end de Luvua River drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de Lualaba River den then to de Congo. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein drainage basin insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name="Google" /> De Luapula dey form a swampy delta almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.<ref name="BKZ">{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}</ref> Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de Bangweulu Swamps den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.<ref name="Google" /> A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua. Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).<ref name="Google" /> E be a rift valley lake lying insyd de Lake Mweru-Luapula graben, wich be a branch of de East African Rift.<ref name="Master">[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: "Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure"]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.</ref> De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep escarpment typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de Kundelungu Mountains beyond, buh de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top. Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.<ref name="BKZ" /> A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am Mweru Wantipa (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly endorheic den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a dambo most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.<ref>See the [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.</ref> == Human geography == === Exploration === Dem know de lake to Arab den Swahili traders (of ivory, copper den slaves) wey use Kilwa Island for de lake top as a base at one time. Dem use trade routes from Zanzibar for de Indian Ocean top to Ujiji for Lake Tanganyika top to Mweru den then to de Lunda, Luba, Yeke anaa Kazembe kingdoms, de last wey dey be for de southern shores of Mweru top. Western trade routes go from dem kingdoms to de Atlantic, so Mweru dey lay for a transcontinental trade route top.<ref name="Watson">[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: "The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6"]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).</ref> Between 1796 den 1831 Portuguese traders/explorers Pereira, Francisco de Lacerda den odas visit Kazembe from [[Mozambique]] to get treaties to use de trade route between demma territories of Mozambique den [[Angola]]. De Portuguese for know de lake already, den de visitors only get to walk to higher ground about {{convert|5|km}} north of Kazembe ein Kanyembo capital to see de lake {{convert|10|km}} distant. Howeva, dem dey more interested for trade routes insyd dan discovery, dem approach from de south den Mwata Kazembe restrict demma movements, den dem no provide an account of am.<ref name="Paine">[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: "Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry."] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. "Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru," p7. Greek fishermen: p8.</ref> Explorer den missionary David Livingstone, wey refer am 'Moero', dem credit am plus ein discovery during ein travels of 1867-'8.<ref>[[David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.</ref> Livingstone witness de devastation den suffering wey de slave trade for de area to de north den east of Mweru insyd cause am, den ein accounts do help rally opposition to am. De last of de slave trading for de area insyd be as late as de 1890s, howeva. Meanwhile, between 1870 den 1891, skirmishes den wars between de Yeke king Msiri den neighbouring chiefs den traders unsettle de area. Few Europeans visit Mweru since Livingstone, until Alfred Sharpe for 1890–1 insyd den de Stairs Expedition for 1892 insyd both pass by for demma way top to seek treaties plus Msiri. De Stairs Expedition kill Msiri den take Katanga give de King Leopold II of Belgium. Sharpe lef one of ein officers to set up de first colonial outpost for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, de British boma at Chiengi for 1891 insyd. ==== Historical development ==== [[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Lake Mweru den ein main inlets, de lower Luapula River den ein swamps, den de Kalungwishi. Wat dem sanso show be Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua River going for north top to de Lualaba de Congo rivers. Water dey show up as black for dis false-colour NASA satellite image insyd. De solid blue line show de extent of de swamps, den dem show de extent of floodplain as a dotted line. De towns be, for Zambia insyd: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; for DR Congo insyd: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Oda features: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 de largest swamp island (for DR Congo insyd), 11 de main floodplain.]] De western shore of Luapula-Mweru becam part of de [[Belgian Congo]] den de eastern shore part of Northern Rhodesia, a British protectorate. '''Lake Mweru''' to Tanganyika be an area wey dem expose to European influence at a very early date, wen de lakes be de chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |date=April 1937 |title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru |journal=Africa |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.2307/1155780 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1155780 |s2cid=143768444}}</ref> Although Kilwa Island dey closer to de western shore, dem allocate am to Northern Rhodesia, den consequently Zambia get 58% of de lake waters, den DR Congo 42%. Dem set up de first Belgian outposts for de lake top at Lukonzolwa den Pweto wey dey at various times de headquarters of demma administration of Katanga. Dem stamp out de slave trade wey dey go north-east around de lake. Scottish missionary Dan Crawford of de Plymouth Brethren establish de first mission station for de lake top for 1892 insyd at Luanza for de Belgian side of de lake top. De British move demma boma from Chiengi to de Kalungwishi, plus one anaa two British officers (such as Blair Watson), den a force of African police. For conjunction insyd plus operations around Abercorn further down de trade route, dis dey enough to end de slave trade wey dey go east from Mweru, but no dey enough to bring Mwata Kazembe under British rule, den dem get to send a military expedition for 1899 insyd from British Central Africa (Nyasaland) to do dat job (see de article for Alfred Sharpe top give more details). De move of de boma from Chiengi to Kalungwishi get de effect of leaving de Belgian boma at Pweto a free rein at de northern end of de lake, wey e lead a hundred years later to about {{convert|33|km2}} of Zambian territory next to Pweto be ceded to de DR Congo (then Zaire). Make you see de Luapula Province border dispute give further details den references. After 1900, de Belgian Congo province of Katanga for de western shores of de lake top develop faster dan de Northern Rhodesian side, de Luapula Province den de town of Kasenga a few hours by boat up de Luapula River becam de most developed for de Luapula-Mweru valley insyd, den until de 1960s be de main commercial centre plus better services den infrastructure dan elsewhere. De Elizabethville mines start up more quickly dan those of de Copperbelt, den Kasenga supply ein workforce plus fish. Since 1960, political crises, government neglect den wars for de Congolese side top produce a deterioration for infrastructure insyd, while peace for de Zambian side top produce an increase for population den services insyd, wey e cause de balance to change. ==== Centres of population ==== Chaw fishing villages dey dot Mweru ein shores. A number be seasonal camps. De main towns for de Zambian side top be Nchelenge, Kashikishi den Chiengi, den for de DR Congo side top, Kilwa (de town wey dey opposite de island), Lukonzolwa den Pweto. Besides Kilwa Island, der be two oda inhabited islands for de lake insyd: Zambia ein Isokwe Island of {{convert|3|km2}}, den a {{convert|2|km2}} Congolese island next to de mouth of de Luapula. (Two oda islands for de Luapula swamps insyd get shores for de lake top). De Second Congo War of 1999–2003 affect de Congolese side of de lake, from wey e still dey recover. Chaw refugees enter Zambia at Pweto den dem accommodate am for camps insyd for Mporokoso den Kawambwa districts insyd. ==== Transport ==== De Belgians operate a regular service by a paddle steamer, de ''Charles Lemaire'', between Kasenga for de Luapula den Pweto top at de outlet of de Luvua River, a distance of nearly {{convert|300|km}} if dem include a stop at Kilwa. Boats still dey ply dat route today. Dem use water transport less for de Zambian side top, except to Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island den Chisenga Island (for de Luapula swamps insyd). Dem serve de Mweru area only by dirt roads until dem tar de main Luapula Province road for de Zambian side top to Nchelenge for 1987 insyd; de population around de lake grow, much of am dey exploit de rich fishery of de lake. Wen de Copperbelt mines shed workers for de 1980s den 1990s insyd, chaw ex-miners relocate to de lake shores, particularly around Nchelenge-Kashikishi. Dem neglect de dirt roads for de Congolese side top den dey for poor condition insyd, den many pippoe cross into Zambia to travel by road. Make you see Congo Pedicle road give more details. ==== Fishery ==== [[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Drawing of a syntype of ''[[:en:Thoracochromis|Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), a haplochromine cichlid from Lake Mweru]] Dem always note Mweru give ein longfin tilapia, (''Oreochromis macrochir''), dem bell am ''pale'' ('pa-lay') for Chibemba insyd, wey dry traditionally for racks anaa mats top for de sun insyd den pack for baskets insyd give market. (Smoking den salting fish be more recent processes for de area insyd). Catfish (one species of wey dey grow up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) for length insyd), a kind of carp, tigerfish, elephantfish den dem sanso catch sardine-like fish. Greek fishermen from de Dodecanese islands pioneer commercial fishing for Lake Mweru den de Luapula River top wey settle for Kasenga insyd, DR Congo, for de western bank of de Luapula {{convert|150|km}} upriver from de lake top for de first half of de 19th Century insyd. Dem use boats wey dem build for Greek style insyd wey charcoal-fuelled steam engines power am, wey dem later replace am plus diesel. Dem supply de workforce of de copper mines for Lubumbashi insyd (later de whole Copperbelt) plus fish wey dem pack for ice insyd at Kasenga den dem transport am from der for trucks insyd. Dem estimate am for 1950 insyd der dey 50 Greek boats wey dey catch {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} of fresh fish per year. E go take a week give a boat to do de round trip to de lake den fill ein hold, wey line plus ice wey dem carry for board top.<ref name="Paine" /><ref name="Peters">[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: "Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm".] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.</ref> For recent decades insyd de catch decline sekof ova-fishing den dem estimate am at {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} tonnes wey dem catch from 4,500 small craft, mainly plank boats. Congolese fishermen dey catch de most despite having a slightly smaller share of de waters.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=14 March 2008}} accessed 30 March 2007.</ref> Gill nets catch Tilapia, den no dey reach de size dem once do. Since de 1980s, 'chisense' fishing increase. Dem use dis method to catch small pelagic fish wey dem bell kapenta, originally from beaches but rydee dey use lights for boats top at night to attract de fish wey dem then scoop up for fine nets insyd.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: "Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia."] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.</ref> ==== Mining ==== De Dikulushi Copper Mine be an open-cast mine {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of Kilwa for DR Congo insyd by dirt road, den {{convert|23|km|mi}} west of de lake. Anvil Mining sell de mine to Mawson West, an Australian company, for March 2010 insyd.<ref name="BusSpec">[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010</ref> Wen dem dey operate de mine, heavy trucks wey dey carry concentrate cross Mweru for a large motorised pontoon ferry top from Kilwa to Nchelenge, a distance of {{convert|44|km|mi}}, then drive {{convert|2500|km|mi}} to a copper smelter for Tsumeb, [[Namibia]] insyd.<ref>[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: "Dikulushi Operation".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064409/http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml|date=28 September 2007}} Website accessed 30 March 2007.</ref> ==== Tourism ==== Lake Mweru be undeveloped give tourism despite dem regard am as "truly beautiful".<ref name="Spectrum">Camerapix: "Spectrum Guide to Zambia." Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.</ref> Lack of access for de past insyd, a lack of wildlife conservation, den wars for DR Congo insyd between 1996 den 2003 no help. 60 years ago de western den northern shores of de lake be home to large herds of elephant, de Luapula floodplain support herds of lechwe, den dem note de Lusenga Plain National Park den Mweru Wantipa National Park give Cape buffalo, a great variety of antelope den lion. Hunting, loss of habitat, den poaching reduce most animal populations. For de Zambian side top perhaps only Mweru Wantipa National Park get tourism potential. For de Congolese side top de Parc National de Kundelungu for de mountains {{convert|75|km}} south-west of de lake insyd go dey be for better condition insyd. == References == <references />'''General references''' * For area, depth and volume data: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577_Update_on_the_bathymetry_of_Lake_Mweru_with_notes_on_water_level_fluctuations AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten: "Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations".] ''African Journal of Aquatic Science'', 31 (1) : 145–150 (2006). Accessed 4 March 2007. * For distances: Google Earth. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312203551/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dsafr026.html World Lakes Database entry for Lake Mweru] == External links == {{Commons}} * [http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/places/lakmweru.htm Zambia tourism info with picture] * [https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/a-trans-africa-inland-waterway-system A Trans-Africa Inland Waterway System?] * [https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.5+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo+Waterways+Assessment Democratic Republic of Congo Waterways Assessment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720034052/https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.5+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo+Waterways+Assessment |date=20 July 2021 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mweru}} [[Category:Lake Mweru| ]] [[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]] [[Category:International lakes of Africa]] [[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:Lakes of Zambia]] [[Category:Congo River]] [[Category:Miombo]] [[Category:Geography of Luapula Province]] [[Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Zambia border]] 4d48p3wc2uymx3kig4dhg4fxtot57r8 0 27255 101221 100467 2026-06-09T12:27:21Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Tsavo_national_park_map_en.png|thumb|Athi-Galana-Sabaki River system.]] De '''Athi-Galana-Sabaki''' '''River''' be de second longest river insyd [[Kenya]] (after the [[Tana River (Kenya)|Tana River]]). E get a total length of {{convert|390|km}} den dey drain an area of {{convert|58,639|km2}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=nick |date=2023-10-27 |title=Where two rivers meet: battling pollution in the Athi River |url=https://tsavotrust.org/where-two-rivers-meet-battling-pollution-in-the-athi-river/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Tsavo Trust |language=en-US}}</ref> De river dey rise insyd Gatamaiyo Forest as de '''Athi River''' dey enter Indian Ocean as de '''Galana River''' (dem sanso know as de '''Sabaki River'''). == References == <references /> == External links == 3nodkzx19zpbbcvij8z0kwrnulsgzqf 101225 101221 2026-06-09T12:35:56Z DaSupremo 9 /* Flow */ Improve article 101225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Tsavo_national_park_map_en.png|thumb|Athi-Galana-Sabaki River system.]] De '''Athi-Galana-Sabaki''' '''River''' be de second longest river insyd [[Kenya]] (after the [[Tana River (Kenya)|Tana River]]). E get a total length of {{convert|390|km}} den dey drain an area of {{convert|58,639|km2}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=nick |date=2023-10-27 |title=Where two rivers meet: battling pollution in the Athi River |url=https://tsavotrust.org/where-two-rivers-meet-battling-pollution-in-the-athi-river/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Tsavo Trust |language=en-US}}</ref> De river dey rise insyd Gatamaiyo Forest as de '''Athi River''' dey enter Indian Ocean as de '''Galana River''' (dem sanso know as de '''Sabaki River'''). == Flow == De Athi River dey flow across de Kapote den Athi plains, thru Athi River town, wey e then dey take a northeast direction wer e be met by de Nairobi River. Near Thika, de river dey form de Fourteen Falls den dey turn south-east under de wooded slopes of de Yatta ridge, wich dey shut insyd ein basin on de east. Apart from de numerous small feeders of de upper river, de oda tributary per be de Tsavo River, from de east side of de Kilimanjaro, wich dey enter at about 3° S. E then dey turn east, den insyd ein lower course be known as de Sabaki (anaa Galana) River, wich dey traverse de sterile quartz-land of de outer plateau. De valley be low den flat, covered plus forest den scrub, wey dey contain small lakes den backwaters dem connect to de river during de rainy season. During de rainy season, de river dey rise as much as {{convert|10|m}} insyd places, now strongly dey flow plus a turbid yellow colour, navigation be interrupted by a series of rapids, at de Lugard falls. Dey flow east, e dey enter de Indian Ocean {{convert|10|km}} north of Malindi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sabaki - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sabaki |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref> <gallery> File:Fourteen falls Thika,Kenya.JPG|De Fourteen Falls near Thika File:Flickr - don macauley - A drongo at Sabaki River.jpg|A drongo at Sabaka River </gallery> == References == <references /> == External links == 9twwa851jdxzgo79358o11cf5rex8o5 101226 101225 2026-06-09T12:38:05Z DaSupremo 9 /* Wildlife */ Improve article 101226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Tsavo_national_park_map_en.png|thumb|Athi-Galana-Sabaki River system.]] De '''Athi-Galana-Sabaki''' '''River''' be de second longest river insyd [[Kenya]] (after the [[Tana River (Kenya)|Tana River]]). E get a total length of {{convert|390|km}} den dey drain an area of {{convert|58,639|km2}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=nick |date=2023-10-27 |title=Where two rivers meet: battling pollution in the Athi River |url=https://tsavotrust.org/where-two-rivers-meet-battling-pollution-in-the-athi-river/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Tsavo Trust |language=en-US}}</ref> De river dey rise insyd Gatamaiyo Forest as de '''Athi River''' dey enter Indian Ocean as de '''Galana River''' (dem sanso know as de '''Sabaki River'''). == Flow == De Athi River dey flow across de Kapote den Athi plains, thru Athi River town, wey e then dey take a northeast direction wer e be met by de Nairobi River. Near Thika, de river dey form de Fourteen Falls den dey turn south-east under de wooded slopes of de Yatta ridge, wich dey shut insyd ein basin on de east. Apart from de numerous small feeders of de upper river, de oda tributary per be de Tsavo River, from de east side of de Kilimanjaro, wich dey enter at about 3° S. E then dey turn east, den insyd ein lower course be known as de Sabaki (anaa Galana) River, wich dey traverse de sterile quartz-land of de outer plateau. De valley be low den flat, covered plus forest den scrub, wey dey contain small lakes den backwaters dem connect to de river during de rainy season. During de rainy season, de river dey rise as much as {{convert|10|m}} insyd places, now strongly dey flow plus a turbid yellow colour, navigation be interrupted by a series of rapids, at de Lugard falls. Dey flow east, e dey enter de Indian Ocean {{convert|10|km}} north of Malindi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sabaki - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sabaki |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref> <gallery> File:Fourteen falls Thika,Kenya.JPG|De Fourteen Falls near Thika File:Flickr - don macauley - A drongo at Sabaki River.jpg|A drongo at Sabaka River </gallery> == Wildlife == De river dey flow thru de Tsavo East National Park wey e dey host diverse fish, as well as hippopotamus, crocodiles, den birds such as African fish eagles. A large portion of Kenyans dey rely on de river for drinking water den irrigation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=nick |date=2023-10-27 |title=Where two rivers meet: battling pollution in the Athi River |url=https://tsavotrust.org/where-two-rivers-meet-battling-pollution-in-the-athi-river/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Tsavo Trust |language=en-US}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == go3xsb4mb5avv5a3q2hghmcavk8e5p4 101227 101226 2026-06-09T12:39:12Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Tsavo_national_park_map_en.png|thumb|Athi-Galana-Sabaki River system.]] De '''Athi-Galana-Sabaki''' '''River''' be de second longest river insyd [[Kenya]] (after the [[Tana River (Kenya)|Tana River]]). E get a total length of {{convert|390|km}} den dey drain an area of {{convert|58,639|km2}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=nick |date=2023-10-27 |title=Where two rivers meet: battling pollution in the Athi River |url=https://tsavotrust.org/where-two-rivers-meet-battling-pollution-in-the-athi-river/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Tsavo Trust |language=en-US}}</ref> De river dey rise insyd Gatamaiyo Forest as de '''Athi River''' dey enter Indian Ocean as de '''Galana River''' (dem sanso know as de '''Sabaki River'''). == Flow == De Athi River dey flow across de Kapote den Athi plains, thru Athi River town, wey e then dey take a northeast direction wer e be met by de Nairobi River. Near Thika, de river dey form de Fourteen Falls den dey turn south-east under de wooded slopes of de Yatta ridge, wich dey shut insyd ein basin on de east. Apart from de numerous small feeders of de upper river, de oda tributary per be de Tsavo River, from de east side of de Kilimanjaro, wich dey enter at about 3° S. E then dey turn east, den insyd ein lower course be known as de Sabaki (anaa Galana) River, wich dey traverse de sterile quartz-land of de outer plateau. De valley be low den flat, covered plus forest den scrub, wey dey contain small lakes den backwaters dem connect to de river during de rainy season. During de rainy season, de river dey rise as much as {{convert|10|m}} insyd places, now strongly dey flow plus a turbid yellow colour, navigation be interrupted by a series of rapids, at de Lugard falls. Dey flow east, e dey enter de Indian Ocean {{convert|10|km}} north of Malindi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sabaki - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sabaki |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref> <gallery> File:Fourteen falls Thika,Kenya.JPG|De Fourteen Falls near Thika File:Flickr - don macauley - A drongo at Sabaki River.jpg|A drongo at Sabaka River </gallery> == Wildlife == De river dey flow thru de Tsavo East National Park wey e dey host diverse fish, as well as hippopotamus, crocodiles, den birds such as African fish eagles. A large portion of Kenyans dey rely on de river for drinking water den irrigation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=nick |date=2023-10-27 |title=Where two rivers meet: battling pollution in the Athi River |url=https://tsavotrust.org/where-two-rivers-meet-battling-pollution-in-the-athi-river/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Tsavo Trust |language=en-US}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} *[https://www.google.com.au/maps/@-3.1675064,40.0870486,12z Google Maps, Galana River] [[Category:Athi-Galana-Sabaki River| ]] [[Category:Rivers of Kenya]] 9262sj6yr916cmztncu3vq3vu14rapp 0 27256 101229 100475 2026-06-09T12:51:23Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Limpopo River''' (/lɪmˈpoʊpoʊ/) dey rise for [[South Africa]] wey edey flow generally eastward thru [[Mozambique]] go de Indian Ocean. De river be like 1,750 km (1,090 mi) long, wey eget drainage basin of like 415,000 km2 (160,000 mi2) for ein size insyd. De mean discharge dey measure over a year be 170 m3/s (6,000 cu ft/s) to 313 m3/s (11,100 cu ft/s) for ein morf.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nakayama |first=Mikiyasu |title=International Waters in Southern Africa |publisher=United Nations University Press |year=2003 |isbn=92-808-1077-4 |pages=9}}</ref> De Limpopo be de second largest river for Africa wey dey drain go de Indian Ocean insyd after de [[Zambezi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhu |first=Tingju |last2=Ringler |first2=Claudia |title=Climate change impact on water availability and use in the Limpopo river basin |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232271837 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=Researchgate.net}}</ref> Na de first European to sight de river be Vasco da Gama, wey anchor off ein mouth insyd 1498 wey he name am {{lang|pt|Rio do Espírito Santo}} (<abbr>lit.</abbr> 'River of the Holy Spirit'). Ein lower course be explored by St Vincent Whitshed Erskine insyd 1868–69, den Captain J F Elton travel down ein middle course insyd 1870. Na de river be called de Vhembe by local Venda communities of de area wer now dat name be adopted by de South African government as ein District Municipality insyd de north. De drainage area of de Limpopo really decrease over geological time. Up to Late Pliocene anaa Pleistocene times, de upper course of de Zambezi River drain go de Limpopo River insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=A.S. |author-link=Andrew Goudie (geographer) |date=2005 |title=The drainage of Africa since the Cretaceous |journal=[[Geomorphology (journal)|Geomorphology]] |volume=67 |issue=3–4 |pages=437–456 |bibcode=2005Geomo..67..437G |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.11.008}}</ref> De change of de drainage divide be de result of epeirogenic movement wey uplift de surface north of present-day Limpopo River, wey dey divert waters go de Zambezi River<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=A.E. |date=1999 |title=A reapprisal of epeirogenic flexure axes in southern Africa |journal=[[South African Journal of Geology]] |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=363–376}}</ref> insyd. == References == <references /> == External links == 8pqnov6avkcbgioh1nhdqt51m70ja03 101230 101229 2026-06-09T12:53:56Z DaSupremo 9 /* Tributaries */ Improve article 101230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Limpopo River''' (/lɪmˈpoʊpoʊ/) dey rise for [[South Africa]] wey edey flow generally eastward thru [[Mozambique]] go de Indian Ocean. De river be like 1,750 km (1,090 mi) long, wey eget drainage basin of like 415,000 km2 (160,000 mi2) for ein size insyd. De mean discharge dey measure over a year be 170 m3/s (6,000 cu ft/s) to 313 m3/s (11,100 cu ft/s) for ein morf.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nakayama |first=Mikiyasu |title=International Waters in Southern Africa |publisher=United Nations University Press |year=2003 |isbn=92-808-1077-4 |pages=9}}</ref> De Limpopo be de second largest river for Africa wey dey drain go de Indian Ocean insyd after de [[Zambezi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhu |first=Tingju |last2=Ringler |first2=Claudia |title=Climate change impact on water availability and use in the Limpopo river basin |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232271837 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=Researchgate.net}}</ref> Na de first European to sight de river be Vasco da Gama, wey anchor off ein mouth insyd 1498 wey he name am {{lang|pt|Rio do Espírito Santo}} (<abbr>lit.</abbr> 'River of the Holy Spirit'). Ein lower course be explored by St Vincent Whitshed Erskine insyd 1868–69, den Captain J F Elton travel down ein middle course insyd 1870. Na de river be called de Vhembe by local Venda communities of de area wer now dat name be adopted by de South African government as ein District Municipality insyd de north. De drainage area of de Limpopo really decrease over geological time. Up to Late Pliocene anaa Pleistocene times, de upper course of de Zambezi River drain go de Limpopo River insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=A.S. |author-link=Andrew Goudie (geographer) |date=2005 |title=The drainage of Africa since the Cretaceous |journal=[[Geomorphology (journal)|Geomorphology]] |volume=67 |issue=3–4 |pages=437–456 |bibcode=2005Geomo..67..437G |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.11.008}}</ref> De change of de drainage divide be de result of epeirogenic movement wey uplift de surface north of present-day Limpopo River, wey dey divert waters go de Zambezi River<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=A.E. |date=1999 |title=A reapprisal of epeirogenic flexure axes in southern Africa |journal=[[South African Journal of Geology]] |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=363–376}}</ref> insyd. == Tributaries == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Left hand ! Right hand |- | *Notwane River *Bonwapitse River *Mahalapswe River *Lotsane River *Motloutse River *Shashe River *Umzingwani River *Bubi River *Mwenezi River *Changane River | *Marico River *Crocodile River *Matlabas River *Mokolo River *Palala River *Mogalakwena River *Kolope River *Sand River *Nwanedi River *Luvuvhu River *Olifants River |} == References == <references /> == External links == 6ukxusgl1lxc7as594vq9mx3i8lvmu9 101231 101230 2026-06-09T12:56:06Z DaSupremo 9 /* Gallery */ Improve article 101231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Limpopo River''' (/lɪmˈpoʊpoʊ/) dey rise for [[South Africa]] wey edey flow generally eastward thru [[Mozambique]] go de Indian Ocean. De river be like 1,750 km (1,090 mi) long, wey eget drainage basin of like 415,000 km2 (160,000 mi2) for ein size insyd. De mean discharge dey measure over a year be 170 m3/s (6,000 cu ft/s) to 313 m3/s (11,100 cu ft/s) for ein morf.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nakayama |first=Mikiyasu |title=International Waters in Southern Africa |publisher=United Nations University Press |year=2003 |isbn=92-808-1077-4 |pages=9}}</ref> De Limpopo be de second largest river for Africa wey dey drain go de Indian Ocean insyd after de [[Zambezi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhu |first=Tingju |last2=Ringler |first2=Claudia |title=Climate change impact on water availability and use in the Limpopo river basin |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232271837 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=Researchgate.net}}</ref> Na de first European to sight de river be Vasco da Gama, wey anchor off ein mouth insyd 1498 wey he name am {{lang|pt|Rio do Espírito Santo}} (<abbr>lit.</abbr> 'River of the Holy Spirit'). Ein lower course be explored by St Vincent Whitshed Erskine insyd 1868–69, den Captain J F Elton travel down ein middle course insyd 1870. Na de river be called de Vhembe by local Venda communities of de area wer now dat name be adopted by de South African government as ein District Municipality insyd de north. De drainage area of de Limpopo really decrease over geological time. Up to Late Pliocene anaa Pleistocene times, de upper course of de Zambezi River drain go de Limpopo River insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=A.S. |author-link=Andrew Goudie (geographer) |date=2005 |title=The drainage of Africa since the Cretaceous |journal=[[Geomorphology (journal)|Geomorphology]] |volume=67 |issue=3–4 |pages=437–456 |bibcode=2005Geomo..67..437G |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.11.008}}</ref> De change of de drainage divide be de result of epeirogenic movement wey uplift de surface north of present-day Limpopo River, wey dey divert waters go de Zambezi River<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=A.E. |date=1999 |title=A reapprisal of epeirogenic flexure axes in southern Africa |journal=[[South African Journal of Geology]] |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=363–376}}</ref> insyd. == Tributaries == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Left hand ! Right hand |- | *Notwane River *Bonwapitse River *Mahalapswe River *Lotsane River *Motloutse River *Shashe River *Umzingwani River *Bubi River *Mwenezi River *Changane River | *Marico River *Crocodile River *Matlabas River *Mokolo River *Palala River *Mogalakwena River *Kolope River *Sand River *Nwanedi River *Luvuvhu River *Olifants River |} == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Crook's corner.jpg|De river as dem see from Crook's Corner insyd Kruger National Park, [[South Africa]]. Straight ahead of de river be [[Mozambique]]. Across de river be [[Zimbabwe]]. File:Limpopo - Over the river we go 5.jpg|Crossing Limpopo insyd Mozambique </gallery> == References == <references /> == External links == kgdl0ndgskmsxz1mzegre4te16xxwcb 101232 101231 2026-06-09T12:57:21Z DaSupremo 9 /* External links */ Improve article 101232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Limpopo River''' (/lɪmˈpoʊpoʊ/) dey rise for [[South Africa]] wey edey flow generally eastward thru [[Mozambique]] go de Indian Ocean. De river be like 1,750 km (1,090 mi) long, wey eget drainage basin of like 415,000 km2 (160,000 mi2) for ein size insyd. De mean discharge dey measure over a year be 170 m3/s (6,000 cu ft/s) to 313 m3/s (11,100 cu ft/s) for ein morf.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nakayama |first=Mikiyasu |title=International Waters in Southern Africa |publisher=United Nations University Press |year=2003 |isbn=92-808-1077-4 |pages=9}}</ref> De Limpopo be de second largest river for Africa wey dey drain go de Indian Ocean insyd after de [[Zambezi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhu |first=Tingju |last2=Ringler |first2=Claudia |title=Climate change impact on water availability and use in the Limpopo river basin |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232271837 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=Researchgate.net}}</ref> Na de first European to sight de river be Vasco da Gama, wey anchor off ein mouth insyd 1498 wey he name am {{lang|pt|Rio do Espírito Santo}} (<abbr>lit.</abbr> 'River of the Holy Spirit'). Ein lower course be explored by St Vincent Whitshed Erskine insyd 1868–69, den Captain J F Elton travel down ein middle course insyd 1870. Na de river be called de Vhembe by local Venda communities of de area wer now dat name be adopted by de South African government as ein District Municipality insyd de north. De drainage area of de Limpopo really decrease over geological time. Up to Late Pliocene anaa Pleistocene times, de upper course of de Zambezi River drain go de Limpopo River insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=A.S. |author-link=Andrew Goudie (geographer) |date=2005 |title=The drainage of Africa since the Cretaceous |journal=[[Geomorphology (journal)|Geomorphology]] |volume=67 |issue=3–4 |pages=437–456 |bibcode=2005Geomo..67..437G |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.11.008}}</ref> De change of de drainage divide be de result of epeirogenic movement wey uplift de surface north of present-day Limpopo River, wey dey divert waters go de Zambezi River<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=A.E. |date=1999 |title=A reapprisal of epeirogenic flexure axes in southern Africa |journal=[[South African Journal of Geology]] |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=363–376}}</ref> insyd. == Tributaries == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Left hand ! Right hand |- | *Notwane River *Bonwapitse River *Mahalapswe River *Lotsane River *Motloutse River *Shashe River *Umzingwani River *Bubi River *Mwenezi River *Changane River | *Marico River *Crocodile River *Matlabas River *Mokolo River *Palala River *Mogalakwena River *Kolope River *Sand River *Nwanedi River *Luvuvhu River *Olifants River |} == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Crook's corner.jpg|De river as dem see from Crook's Corner insyd Kruger National Park, [[South Africa]]. Straight ahead of de river be [[Mozambique]]. Across de river be [[Zimbabwe]]. File:Limpopo - Over the river we go 5.jpg|Crossing Limpopo insyd Mozambique </gallery> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} *[http://www.ifpri.org/publication/climate-change-implications-water-resources-limpopo-river-basin Climate change implications for water resources in the Limpopo River Basin], study by IFPRI *[http://www.ifpri.org/publication/green-and-blue-water-accounting-limpopo-and-nile-basins Green and blue water accounting in the Limpopo and Nile Basins], study by IFPRI *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110219043758/http://www.limcom.org/ Limpopo Watercourse Commission (LIMCOM) www.limcom.org] *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/froc.asp FROC - Reference frequency of occurrence of fish species in South Africa] * {{cite news |url=https://news.iwlearn.net/bolstering-sustainable-groundwater-development-in-the-limpopo-basin |title=Bolstering sustainable groundwater development in the Limpopo Basin |work=IW:Learn |date=27 March 2024 |access-date=1 April 2024}} {{Authority control}} c7j6unuibrrq4d7s3yusop7srprlgkd 101233 101232 2026-06-09T12:59:16Z DaSupremo 9 Add categories 101233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Limpopo River''' (/lɪmˈpoʊpoʊ/) dey rise for [[South Africa]] wey edey flow generally eastward thru [[Mozambique]] go de Indian Ocean. De river be like 1,750 km (1,090 mi) long, wey eget drainage basin of like 415,000 km2 (160,000 mi2) for ein size insyd. De mean discharge dey measure over a year be 170 m3/s (6,000 cu ft/s) to 313 m3/s (11,100 cu ft/s) for ein morf.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nakayama |first=Mikiyasu |title=International Waters in Southern Africa |publisher=United Nations University Press |year=2003 |isbn=92-808-1077-4 |pages=9}}</ref> De Limpopo be de second largest river for Africa wey dey drain go de Indian Ocean insyd after de [[Zambezi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhu |first=Tingju |last2=Ringler |first2=Claudia |title=Climate change impact on water availability and use in the Limpopo river basin |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232271837 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=Researchgate.net}}</ref> Na de first European to sight de river be Vasco da Gama, wey anchor off ein mouth insyd 1498 wey he name am {{lang|pt|Rio do Espírito Santo}} (<abbr>lit.</abbr> 'River of the Holy Spirit'). Ein lower course be explored by St Vincent Whitshed Erskine insyd 1868–69, den Captain J F Elton travel down ein middle course insyd 1870. Na de river be called de Vhembe by local Venda communities of de area wer now dat name be adopted by de South African government as ein District Municipality insyd de north. De drainage area of de Limpopo really decrease over geological time. Up to Late Pliocene anaa Pleistocene times, de upper course of de Zambezi River drain go de Limpopo River insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=A.S. |author-link=Andrew Goudie (geographer) |date=2005 |title=The drainage of Africa since the Cretaceous |journal=[[Geomorphology (journal)|Geomorphology]] |volume=67 |issue=3–4 |pages=437–456 |bibcode=2005Geomo..67..437G |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.11.008}}</ref> De change of de drainage divide be de result of epeirogenic movement wey uplift de surface north of present-day Limpopo River, wey dey divert waters go de Zambezi River<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=A.E. |date=1999 |title=A reapprisal of epeirogenic flexure axes in southern Africa |journal=[[South African Journal of Geology]] |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=363–376}}</ref> insyd. == Tributaries == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Left hand ! Right hand |- | *Notwane River *Bonwapitse River *Mahalapswe River *Lotsane River *Motloutse River *Shashe River *Umzingwani River *Bubi River *Mwenezi River *Changane River | *Marico River *Crocodile River *Matlabas River *Mokolo River *Palala River *Mogalakwena River *Kolope River *Sand River *Nwanedi River *Luvuvhu River *Olifants River |} == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Crook's corner.jpg|De river as dem see from Crook's Corner insyd Kruger National Park, [[South Africa]]. Straight ahead of de river be [[Mozambique]]. Across de river be [[Zimbabwe]]. File:Limpopo - Over the river we go 5.jpg|Crossing Limpopo insyd Mozambique </gallery> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} *[http://www.ifpri.org/publication/climate-change-implications-water-resources-limpopo-river-basin Climate change implications for water resources in the Limpopo River Basin], study by IFPRI *[http://www.ifpri.org/publication/green-and-blue-water-accounting-limpopo-and-nile-basins Green and blue water accounting in the Limpopo and Nile Basins], study by IFPRI *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110219043758/http://www.limcom.org/ Limpopo Watercourse Commission (LIMCOM) www.limcom.org] *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/froc.asp FROC - Reference frequency of occurrence of fish species in South Africa] * {{cite news |url=https://news.iwlearn.net/bolstering-sustainable-groundwater-development-in-the-limpopo-basin |title=Bolstering sustainable groundwater development in the Limpopo Basin |work=IW:Learn |date=27 March 2024 |access-date=1 April 2024}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Limpopo River| ]] [[Category:Rivers of Botswana]] [[Category:Rivers of Zimbabwe]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Rivers of Mozambique]] [[Category:Mozambique Channel]] [[Category:Border rivers]] [[Category:Botswana–South Africa border]] [[Category:South Africa–Zimbabwe border]] [[Category:Rivers of North West (South African province)]] [[Category:Rivers of Limpopo]] r7cqjeld2qzyokhxnhm2o3c26fdzv1b 0 27257 101245 100473 2026-06-09T17:43:45Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''River Sondu Miriu''' be an expansive river insyd western Kenya wey dey flow insyd [[Lake Victoria]]. Edey contribute significantly to de region ein hydrology, energy generation, biodiversity, den cultural heritage. De river ein catchment basin dey encompass sections of Kericho, Kisumu, Nyando, den Homa Bay counties, wey dey make am important resource ein communities, agriculture, den national development.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ochieng |first1=Willis Owino |last2=Oludhe |first2=Christopher |last3=Dulo |first3=Simeon |last4=Olaka |first4=Lydia |date=2022 |title=Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Hydropower Development in Sondu Miriu Basin |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2022 |issue=1 |bibcode=2022AdMet202285960O |doi=10.1155/2022/6485960 |issn=1687-9317 |doi-access=free |article-number=6485960}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya: Resistance to the Sondu Miriu Dam project {{!}} World Rainforest Movement |url=https://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin-articles/kenya-resistance-to-the-sondu-miriu-dam-project |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=www.wrm.org.uy |language=en}}</ref> == Geography den course == De Sondu Miriu River dey originate on de Mau Escarpment insyd de Rift Valley region den dey flow thru Bomet, Kericho den Kisumu counties before draining into Lake Victoria.De basin dey comprise around 3,470&nbsp;km² den dey include marshes, forested uplands, den agricultural plains. == References == cgibkewxvbwq1e9qnuskcgyhvuwk2l5 101246 101245 2026-06-09T17:45:23Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''River Sondu Miriu''' be an expansive river insyd western Kenya wey dey flow insyd [[Lake Victoria]]. Edey contribute significantly to de region ein hydrology, energy generation, biodiversity, den cultural heritage. De river ein catchment basin dey encompass sections of Kericho, Kisumu, Nyando, den Homa Bay counties, wey dey make am important resource ein communities, agriculture, den national development.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ochieng |first1=Willis Owino |last2=Oludhe |first2=Christopher |last3=Dulo |first3=Simeon |last4=Olaka |first4=Lydia |date=2022 |title=Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Hydropower Development in Sondu Miriu Basin |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2022 |issue=1 |bibcode=2022AdMet202285960O |doi=10.1155/2022/6485960 |issn=1687-9317 |doi-access=free |article-number=6485960}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya: Resistance to the Sondu Miriu Dam project {{!}} World Rainforest Movement |url=https://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin-articles/kenya-resistance-to-the-sondu-miriu-dam-project |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=www.wrm.org.uy |language=en}}</ref> == Geography den course == De Sondu Miriu River dey originate on de Mau Escarpment insyd de Rift Valley region den dey flow thru Bomet, Kericho den Kisumu counties before draining into Lake Victoria.De basin dey comprise around 3,470&nbsp;km² den dey include marshes, forested uplands, den agricultural plains. == Cultural importance == De river be culturally significant to communities insyd western Kenya, particularly de Luo people. E dey promote traditional fishing activities wey e be recognized insyd local history as a sacred den symbolic water source. == References == ha2n9t2yb19ye05ilksmnolmo62hah6 101247 101246 2026-06-09T17:46:26Z DaSupremo 9 Add categories 101247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''River Sondu Miriu''' be an expansive river insyd western Kenya wey dey flow insyd [[Lake Victoria]]. Edey contribute significantly to de region ein hydrology, energy generation, biodiversity, den cultural heritage. De river ein catchment basin dey encompass sections of Kericho, Kisumu, Nyando, den Homa Bay counties, wey dey make am important resource ein communities, agriculture, den national development.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ochieng |first1=Willis Owino |last2=Oludhe |first2=Christopher |last3=Dulo |first3=Simeon |last4=Olaka |first4=Lydia |date=2022 |title=Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Hydropower Development in Sondu Miriu Basin |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2022 |issue=1 |bibcode=2022AdMet202285960O |doi=10.1155/2022/6485960 |issn=1687-9317 |doi-access=free |article-number=6485960}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya: Resistance to the Sondu Miriu Dam project {{!}} World Rainforest Movement |url=https://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin-articles/kenya-resistance-to-the-sondu-miriu-dam-project |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=www.wrm.org.uy |language=en}}</ref> == Geography den course == De Sondu Miriu River dey originate on de Mau Escarpment insyd de Rift Valley region den dey flow thru Bomet, Kericho den Kisumu counties before draining into Lake Victoria.De basin dey comprise around 3,470&nbsp;km² den dey include marshes, forested uplands, den agricultural plains. == Cultural importance == De river be culturally significant to communities insyd western Kenya, particularly de Luo people. E dey promote traditional fishing activities wey e be recognized insyd local history as a sacred den symbolic water source. == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Kenya]] [[Category:Tributaries of Lake Victoria]] dx88pesnk2d4sf81hu0jmn3e08tq5hz 0 27258 101252 100474 2026-06-09T18:04:15Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bridges-across-Mara-2012.JPG|thumb|Bridges wey dey on de border of Kenya den Tanzania]] [[File:Hipp04(js).jpg|thumb|Hippo plus calf, Mara River, Kenya]] De '''Mara River''' be a river wey dey begin dey flow from Narok County insyd [[Kenya]] den dey end insyd Mara Region insyd [[Tanzania]]. E dey lie across de migration path of ungulates insyd de Maasai Mara/Serengeti ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Serengeti Ecosystem {{!}} Management {{!}} Vancouver Island University {{!}} Canada |url=https://management.viu.ca/landscape-level/serengeti-ecosystem |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=management.viu.ca}}</ref> ==De River ein flow== De Mara River basin dey cover a surface of 13,504 km² (5,214 sq mi), of wich approximately 65% dey locate insyd Kenya den 35% insyd Tanzania.<ref>Jim K. Kairu, "Biodiversity Action Plan for Sustainable Management: Mara River Basin" (WWF, 2008)</ref> From ein sources insyd de Kenyan highlands, de river dey flow for about 395 km (245 mi) den dey originate from de Mau Escarpment den dey drain into [[Lake Victoria]]. De basin fi be roughly divided into four land use den/anaa administrative units. == References == <references /> == External links == t4fu02gp4pgiwa30x3xluq5piw43yrp 101254 101252 2026-06-09T18:07:00Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Mara River''' be a river wey dey begin dey flow from Narok County insyd [[Kenya]] den dey end insyd Mara Region insyd [[Tanzania]]. E dey lie across de migration path of ungulates insyd de Maasai Mara/Serengeti ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Serengeti Ecosystem {{!}} Management {{!}} Vancouver Island University {{!}} Canada |url=https://management.viu.ca/landscape-level/serengeti-ecosystem |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=management.viu.ca}}</ref> ==De River ein flow== De Mara River basin dey cover a surface of 13,504 km² (5,214 sq mi), of wich approximately 65% dey locate insyd Kenya den 35% insyd Tanzania.<ref>Jim K. Kairu, "Biodiversity Action Plan for Sustainable Management: Mara River Basin" (WWF, 2008)</ref> From ein sources insyd de Kenyan highlands, de river dey flow for about 395 km (245 mi) den dey originate from de Mau Escarpment den dey drain into [[Lake Victoria]]. De basin fi be roughly divided into four land use den/anaa administrative units. == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Bridges-across-Mara-2012.JPG|thumb|Bridges wey dey on de border of Kenya den Tanzania File:Hipp04(js).jpg|thumb|Hippo plus calf, Mara River, Kenya </gallery> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [http://www.gabepalacio.com/mara.html gabepalacio.com: Mara River virtual Tour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518203348/http://www.gabepalacio.com/mara.html |date=2020-05-18 }} (requires QuickTime plugin) * [http://www.maratriangle.org The Mara Triangle] The Mara River defines the boundaries of the Mara Triangle in the Masai Mara * [https://www.serengeti.com/ Serengeti] Mara River flows from Masai Mara into Serengeti {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rivers of Kenya]] [[Category:Rivers of Tanzania]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Tributaries of Lake Victoria]] [[Category:Geography of Mara Region]] n5gg5sik6ex1hx39ie4abj4ji0b0702 0 27259 101405 100497 2026-06-09T21:08:36Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 101405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} De '''Maputo River''' (Portuguese: Rio Maputo), dem sanso call '''Great Usutu River''', '''Lusutfu River''', anaa '''Suthu River''', be river insyd [[South Africa]], [[Eswatini]], den [[Mozambique]]. De name ''Suthu'' dey refer to Basotho people wey dey near de source of de river, buh dem attacked den displaced by de Swazis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Von Willig |first=G.R. |title=Langs die Lebombo |date=1925 |publisher=J.L. van Schaik, Pretoria |pages=175, 217}}</ref> Dem sanso say e dey to mean 'dark brown', a description give de river muddy water.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raper |first=P.E. |title=South African place names |date=2004 |publisher=Jonathan Ball, Johannesburg and Cape Town |isbn=1-86842-190-2 |pages=387}}</ref> Meanwhile de name Maputo de refer to King Mabhudu Tembe, wey reign during de XVIII century at dat region.<ref>Kloppers, Roelie J. (2003). The History and Representation of the History of the Mabudu-Tembe (MA thesis). University of Stellenbosch. Retrieved 11 November 2025.</ref> == Course == De river dey rise near Amsterdam, Mpumalanga, South Africa, den dey flow easterly thru Eswatini, wer e dey enter de Lebombo Mountains. De 13&nbsp;km gorge dey form de boundary between Eswatini den South Africa. For approximately twenty kilometres, e dey form de border between South Africa (province of KwaZulu-Natal) den Mozambique. Der, insyd de Ndumo Game Reserve, e dey absorb ein largest tributary, de Pongola River. E then dey meander thru de Mozambican coastal plain den dey empty into southern Maputo Bay, sam 85 kilometres downstream.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rauken|first1=T.|last2=Kelman|first2=I.|date=2010-10-19|title=River flood vulnerability in Norway through the pressure and release model|journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management|volume=3|issue=4|pages=314–322|doi=10.1111/j.1753-318x.2010.01080.x|issn=1753-318X}}</ref> Insyd Eswatini, dem call de river de Great Usutu anaa Lusutfu wey e dey flow thru de towns of Bhunya, Luyengo, Siphofaneni, den Big Bend. De town of Big Bend be near a point insyd wich de river dey meander abruptly. De Great Usutu be de largest river insyd Eswatini, e be de site of Eswatini ein lowest point (21 m above sea level), wey e be known for whitewater rafting. No large towns be able to form along ein banks secof deep narrow valleys den dense forests. E be, however, home to sam golf courses, hotels, den nature reserves. == Tributaries == From de origin to ein mouth, in order, tributaries be de: Sihanahana, Bonnie Brook, Mpuluzi, Buhlungu, Umvenvane, Lusushwana, Sidvokodvo, Mkhondvo, Mhlamani, Mzimneni, Mzimphofu, Mhlathuzane, Mtsindzekwa, Nyetane, Funuane, den de Pongola Rivers.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA6UsuthuMhlatuze.jpg Usuthu/Mhlatuze WMA 6]</ref> == Dams for dis river top == * Westoe Dam * Lubovane Dam == References == <references /> ==External links== {{Commons}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20151002072531/http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/riverbasin/97 Maputo River Basin - SADC Water Sector ICP Collaboration Portal] [[Category:Maputo River| ]] [[Category:Rivers of Mozambique]] [[Category:Rivers of Eswatini]] [[Category:Geography of Maputo]] [[Category:Mozambique–South Africa border]] [[Category:Eswatini–South Africa border]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Border rivers]] [[Category:Rivers of Mpumalanga]] [[Category:Lowest points of countries]] 4qx51kxkbsdc6y031krzfvzfdxw9vvf 0 27260 101432 100481 2026-06-09T21:55:49Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 101432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Côte_d'Ivoire_map.png|right|frame|Map of Côte d'Ivoire wey dey show de Bandama River insyd de center of de country]] De '''Bandama River''' be de longest river insyd [[Ivory Coast]] plus de length den some 800 kilometers. De south-flowing river be fed by De Marahoué, Solomougou, Kan den Nzi rivers den dey empty insyd de Tagba Lagoon den de [[Gulf of Guinea]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulf of Guinea {{!}} Africa, Map, Location, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gulf-of-Guinea |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> De Bandama dey flow thru Lake Kossou, de large artificial lake dem create insyd 1973 for de construction de ein Kossou Dam for Kossou. Yamoussoukro, de capital de [[Ivory Coast]], be located adjacent de de Bandama River. De Rallye Côte d'Ivoire often be hosted around de Bandama. == References == <references /> ==External links== {{Commons}} * [http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9356502 concise.britannica.com] * [http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/ivory-coast/GEOGRAPHY.html country-study] at mongabay.com [[Category:Rivers of Ivory Coast]] ehh3ur9fkm32lpjj7mlx8bcotsd4g3r 0 27261 101438 100503 2026-06-09T22:16:14Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 101438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Saint Paul River''' be river of western [[Africa]]. Ein headwaters dey southeastern [[Guinea]]. Ein upper portion wey dey Guinea be known as de '''Diani River''' anaa '''Niandi River''', wey edey form part of de boundary between Guinea den [[Liberia]]. De Gola people insyd Liberia dey bell am d'''e Du'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dunn |first=Elwood D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qt0_RrW8ghkC |title=Historical Dictionary of Liberia |last2=Beyan |first2=Amos J. |last3=Burrowes |first3=Carl Patrick |date=2000 |isbn= |location= |page=287 |language=English |trans-title=}}</ref> De river den dey enter Liberia about 50 km (31 mi) north of Gbarnga wey edey cross Liberia ein southwesterly direction der. Edey empty go de [[Atlantic Ocean]] for Cape Mesurado insyd Monrovia wey dey near Bushrod Island, wey edey separate Monrovia from ein suburb Brewerville. == Ein History == De Portuguese navigators name de river insyd de 15th century, wey first sight de river for St. Paul's feast day insyd. De river cam be important insyd slave trade: wey Robert Bostock establish ein factory for here. Secof de soil wey dey around Monrovia, na [[Liberia]] be poor wey na de coastal areas cover insyd dense jungle, chaw early African-American emigrants to Liberia insyd de 19th century move up go de nearby St. Paul River, where dem find land suitable give agriculture. Ebe der dem establish small settlements. American Lutheran missionaries sana set up de Muhlenberg Mission Station wey dey along de river, where dem teach Kidies various academics, technical/agricultural skills (lyk de cultivation insyd coffee), den catechism. Wey David A. Day introduce steam ship insyd river wey ein purpose for commerce den travel. Kiddies wey dey for school build am. == Sana spy == * Mount Coffee Hydropower Project * Saint Paul Bridge (Monrovia) [de] == References == <references /> ==External links== {{commons}} *[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064933/Saint-Paul-River Encyclopædia Britannica entry] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100616065800/http://www.sage.wisc.edu/riverdata/scripts/station_table.php?qual=32&filenum=2221 World River Discharge Database] [[Category:Saint Paul River| ]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Rivers of Guinea]] [[Category:Rivers of Liberia]] [[Category:Guinea–Liberia border]] [[Category:Border rivers]] romee5oy7sk3wubfqeisww6lnmufgqe 0 27262 101453 100483 2026-06-09T22:42:52Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 101453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Ruvu River''' be river wey dey eastern [[Tanzania]]. De Ruvu River dey originate insyd de southern Uluguru Mountains den dey flow eastwards to empty into de Indian Ocean near Bagamoyo. Ein chief tributary be de Ngerengere River, wich dey rise insyd de northern Ulugurus den dey flow thru de city of Morogoro before joining de Ruvu. De Ruvu dey drain a catchment of 11,789&nbsp;km²,<ref>Alphayo, Stephano M. and M. P. Sharma (2018). "Water Quality Assessment of Ruvu River in Tanzania Using NSFWQI". ''Journal of Scientific Research & Reports'', 20(3): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JSRR.44324 ISSN: 2320-0227. Published 08 October 2018.</ref> wich dey include portions of Morogoro den Pwani regions. De Wami River catchment dey lie to de north den west, den de [[Rufiji River]] catchment dey lie to de south. De Ruvu River be an important source of water give households, irrigated farms, den industries in communities along de river. E sanso be de principal source of water give Dar es Salaam, Tanzania ein largest city, wich dey lie on de coast east of de Ruvu catchment.<ref>"Managing water for Dar es Salaam". ''UN Habitat''. Accessed 30 September 2019. [https://mirror.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=3221&catid=237&typeid=13]</ref> E dey suffer increasing levels of pollution from de release of untreated households den industrial wastewater into de river.<ref>Alphayo, Stephano M. and M. P. Sharma (2018). "Water Quality Assessment of Ruvu River in Tanzania Using NSFWQI". ''Journal of Scientific Research & Reports'', 20(3): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JSRR.44324 ISSN: 2320-0227. Published 08 October 2018.</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Geography of Morogoro Region]] [[Category:Geography of Pwani Region]] [[Category:Rivers of Tanzania]] pvz6l782jf85tkzvn6qq253m58wtjnx 0 27263 101463 100499 2026-06-09T23:13:10Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nahal Paran''' (Hebrew: נחל פארן, lit. 'Paran Stream') be seasonal stream insufferable [[Egypt]] ein Sinai Peninsula den Israel ein Negev Desert. plus a length of 150 kilometers, ebe de third largest watercourse insyd Israel after de Jordan River den Yarmouk River. Esana be de widest watercourse insyd Israel. == Hydrology == De origin of de river dey de Paran Desert of de Sinai Peninsula, den dey flow go de estuary of Nahal HaArava. Water flow only dey exist during flash floods. Dis be de drainage ein basin largest river, plus ein area of thousands of square kilometers, wey dey create broad planes wey dey separate de Negev ein high north den deEilat mountains of de south.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wohl |first=Ellen E. |last2=Greenbaum |first2=Noam |last3=Schick |first3=Ascher P. |last4=Baker |first4=Victor R. |year=1994 |title=Controls on bedrock channel incision along nahal paran, Israel |journal=[[Earth Surface Processes and Landforms]] |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.1002/esp.3290190102}}</ref> Insyd de past, during floods, like oda major rivers insyd de Negev, Nahal paran go flood de Arava Road (de main road wey dey go Eilat), till de construction of bridge ova de river. Na de stream get de highest recorded flow insyd Israel of 1,150 cubic meters per second on 6 November 1970. Insyd 2014, de record break by flow of 1,280 cubic meters per second measured at Zin. For comparison, de average flow insyd de Jordan River be 16 cubic meters per second. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rivers of Israel]] [[Category:Rivers of Egypt]] jl83sj2c9wn6x060g5yneqjv3g2hv9l 0 27264 101465 100486 2026-06-09T23:27:32Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 101465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Aba River''' be river wey dey southern [[Nigeria]]. A tributary of [[Imo River|Imo river]] wey dey flow thru de city insyd Aba, Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Map of Aba, Southeast Nigeria showing the sampling stations of Aba River |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-Aba-Southeast-Nigeria-showing-the-sampling-stations-of-Aba-River_fig1_316862250}}</ref> Ebe headwater wey dey Okpu-Umuobo area (Okpu-Umuobo, Isiala-Okpu den Mgboko-Umuette autonomous communities) Osisioma Ngwa LGA wey dey Ngwa heartland. Dis Aba River wey sanso be known as Waterside.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/457093-special-report-govt-looks-away-as-companies-spew-waste-into-aba-river-endangering-lives.html?tztc=1|access-date=2023-07-10|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]|title=SPECIAL REPORT: Govt looks away as companies spew waste into Aba River endangering lives|date=Apr 24, 2021}}</ref> De river wey dem largely jie-eye despite ein uniqueness den importance. Activities of local sand dredges wey dey source sharp sand for construction purposes wey dey keep de river flowing.<ref>Izugbara, C. O.; Umoh, J. O. (2004). "Indigenous Waste Management Practices among the Ngwa of Southeastern [[Nigeria]]: Some lessons and policy implications". The Environmentalist . 24 (2): 87–92. doi :10.1007/s10669-004-4799-4 </ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]] [[Category:Aba, Nigeria]] bcl8se9hsmhe93bbzsqy4kb254hnyes 101467 101465 2026-06-09T23:50:10Z DaSupremo 9 /* Pollution */ Improve article 101467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Aba River''' be river wey dey southern [[Nigeria]]. A tributary of [[Imo River|Imo river]] wey dey flow thru de city insyd Aba, Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Map of Aba, Southeast Nigeria showing the sampling stations of Aba River |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-Aba-Southeast-Nigeria-showing-the-sampling-stations-of-Aba-River_fig1_316862250}}</ref> Ebe headwater wey dey Okpu-Umuobo area (Okpu-Umuobo, Isiala-Okpu den Mgboko-Umuette autonomous communities) Osisioma Ngwa LGA wey dey Ngwa heartland. Dis Aba River wey sanso be known as Waterside.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/457093-special-report-govt-looks-away-as-companies-spew-waste-into-aba-river-endangering-lives.html?tztc=1|access-date=2023-07-10|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]|title=SPECIAL REPORT: Govt looks away as companies spew waste into Aba River endangering lives|date=Apr 24, 2021}}</ref> De river wey dem largely jie-eye despite ein uniqueness den importance. Activities of local sand dredges wey dey source sharp sand for construction purposes wey dey keep de river flowing.<ref>Izugbara, C. O.; Umoh, J. O. (2004). "Indigenous Waste Management Practices among the Ngwa of Southeastern [[Nigeria]]: Some lessons and policy implications". The Environmentalist . 24 (2): 87–92. doi :10.1007/s10669-004-4799-4 </ref> ==Pollution == De Aba River over de years face different level of pollution from Multinationals, Cattle farmers, den residents insyd neighboring communities. Residents, chaw of whom na previously use de river ein resources, assert say na de river be teeming plus aquatic life wey e provide drinking water den oda domestic uses give de people of de communities along ein banks before de emergence of various businesses wey no longer discharge dema wastes into de water body insyd de 1970s.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/457093-special-report-govt-looks-away-as-companies-spew-waste-into-aba-river-endangering-lives.html?tztc=1 |access-date=2023-07-10 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]|title=SPECIAL REPORT: Govt looks away as companies spew waste into Aba River endangering lives|date=Apr 24, 2021}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]] [[Category:Aba, Nigeria]] he7u910oj7sya9wip13dl9tcfe6sj1r 0 27265 101536 101190 2026-06-10T11:39:22Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas dem base on de aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts be indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).<ref>{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}</ref>]] [[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]] '''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation dey play a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies show say, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.<ref name=":8" /> Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dem be washed away by flash floods, wey dey leave infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den cam be an unproductive hardpan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey dem sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation secof de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities. Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth ein land area wey be home to more dan 2billion people.<ref name=":5">[https://web.archive.org/web/20250711080657/https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018</ref> Effects of desertification dey include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty. Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification dey include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation). Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.<ref name=":6" /> ==Definitions== Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as "land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions wey dey result from various factors, wey dey include climatic variations den human activities."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas secof climate change den human activities dem call desertification. As of 2005, na considerable controversy exist over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more dan 100 formal definitions insyd existence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}</ref> De most widely accepted of dese be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich define am as "de process of fertile land wey dey ''transform into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture". Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.<ref name="EB2">{{cite encyclopedia | title = Desertification | first1 = John P. | last1 = Rafferty | first2 = Stuart L. | last2 = Pimm | encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification | access-date = 6 November 2019 | date = 26 January 2023 | quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems. }}</ref> Der sanso exist controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, wey dey include, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as "man-made desert" den "non-pattern desert".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Causes== === Immediate causes === De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.<ref name=":8">{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan. === Influence of human activities === Early studies dey argue say one of de most common causes of desertification be overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle anaa oda livestock.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, de role of local overexploitation insyd driving desertification insyd de recent past be controversial.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}</ref> Drought insyd de Sahel region be now thought to be principally de result of seasonal variability insyd rainfall wey cause by large-scale sea surface temperature variations, largely driven by natural variability den anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective sulphate particles) den greenhouse gases.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}</ref> As a result, changing ocean temperature den reductions insyd sulfate emissions dey cause a re-greening of de region.<ref name=":3" /> Dis dey lead some scholars to argue dat agriculture-induced vegetation loss be a minor factor insyd desertification.<ref name=":6" /> Na Human population dynamics dey get a considerable impact on overgrazing, over-farming den deforestation, as previously acceptable techniques have becam unsustainable.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}</ref> There are multiple reasons farmers use intensive farming as opposed to extensive farming but de main reason be to maximize yields.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> By increasing productivity, they require a lot more fertilizer, pesticides, den labor to upkeep machinery. Dis continuous use of de land rapidly depletes de nutrients of de soil causing desertification to spread.<ref>{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}</ref> === Natural variations === Scientists agree dat de existence of a desert insyd de place wey de Sahara desert be now dey locate be due to natural variations insyd solar insolation due to orbital procession of de Earth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}</ref> Such variations influence de strength of de West African Monsoon, inducing feedback insyd vegetation den dust emission dat amplify de cycle of wet den dry Sahara climate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}</ref> There be sanso a suggestion de transition of de Sahara from savanna to desert during de mid-Holocene be partially due to overgrazing by de cattle of de local population.<ref name="Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period">{{cite journal |last1=K. Wright |first1=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Scientists have further studied critical regions, confirming dat human activities den soil health join meteorogical factors as main contributors towards desertification. Insyd de Mu Us Desert, soil health makes up 37% of desertification events while meteorological den human activities work to counteract dis phenomenon by 46% den 17%, respectively. Inner Mongolia desertification be characterize by 24% meteorological contributions den 34.7% soil benefits throughout dis environment. Shaanxi be a counterexample insyd wich meteorological factors work against desertification den soil exacerbates am, demonstrating de various influences of natural factors throughout regions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi-access=free |issn=2071-1050}}</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{Commons}} * [https://www.unccd.int Official website of the Secretariat] of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) ** [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/unccd/unccd.html Procedural history and related documents] on the UNCCD, from the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law * [http://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification Official website] of Action Against Desertification, a [[United Nations]] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] initiative of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States *[https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/global-deserts-outlook ''Global Deserts Outlook''] (2006), thematic assessment report in the Global Environment Outlook (GEO) series of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). {{Authority control}} [[Category:Desertification| ]] [[Category:Environmental soil science]] [[Category:Paleoclimatology]] j94wsxe0xdru08sq7802w18zim9v3hf 0 27278 101224 100536 2026-06-09T12:33:37Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 101224 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lake Turkana''' (/tɜːrˈkɑːnə, -ˈkæn-/) be a saline lake insyd de Kenyan Rift Valley, predominantly insyd northern Kenya; de far northern end dey cross into Ethiopia.<ref>The boundary between Ethiopia and Kenya has been a contentious matter. A brief consideration of the topic can be found in the State Department document, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090318063413/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS152.pdf Ethiopia – Kenya Boundary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318063413/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS152.pdf|date=18 March 2009}}</ref> E be de world ein largest permanent desert lake den de world ein largest alkaline lake. By volume e be de world ein fourth-largest salt lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Turkana in Kenya - The Jade Sea |url=http://www.kenyasafari.com/lake-turkana-kenya.html |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=www.kenyasafari.com}}</ref> after de Caspian Sea, Issyk-Kul, den Lake Van (wey dey pass de shrinking South Aral Sea), den among all lakes e dey rank 22nd. Lake Turkana now be threatened by de construction of de Gilgel Gibe III Dam insyd Ethiopia secof de damming of de Omo River wich dey supply chaw of de lake ein water.<ref name="Moran20172">{{cite news|author=Moran, B.|date=23 May 2017|title=A way of life under threat in Kenya as Lake Turkana shrinks|url=http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/feature/2017/05/23/way-life-under-threat-kenya-lake-turkana-shrinks|publisher=The New Humanitarian|access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref> Although de lake commonly be—den to sam degree still be—dem use for drinking water, ein salinity (slightly brackish) den very high levels of fluoride (much higher dan insyd fluoridated water) generally make am unsuitable give drinking; e sanso be a source of diseases wey contaminated water spread. Increasingly, communities around de lake dey rely on underground springs for drinking water.<ref name="Serem20122">{{cite news|author=Serem, B.|date=29 November 2012|title=For villages in Turkana, Kenya, a new initiative that brings clean water to the community is life-changing|url=https://www.unicef.org/wash/kenya_66520.html|publisher=UNICEF|access-date=8 November 2019|archive-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108110615/https://www.unicef.org/wash/kenya_66520.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> De same characteristics wey dey make am unsuitable for drinking limit ein use for irrigation.<ref name="Johnson2009">{{Cite book |last=Johnson, T.C. |title=The Nile |last2=J.O. Malala |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor-last=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=287–306 |chapter=Lake Turkana and its connection to the Nile}}</ref> De climate be hot den very dry. De rocks of de surrounding area predominantly be volcanic. Central Island be an active volcano, wey dey emit vapour. Outcrops den rocky shores be found on de east den southern shores of de lake, while dunes, spits den flats be on de west den north, at a lower elevation. On-shore den off-shore winds fi be extremely strong, as de lake warms den cools more slowly dan de land. Sudden, violent storms be frequent. Three rivers (de Omo, Turkwel den Kerio) flow into de lake, buh lacking outflow, ein only water loss be by evaporation. Lake volume den dimensions vary. For example, de level fell by 10 metres (33 ft) between 1975 den 1993.<ref>Historic lake levels are graphed in the [https://web.archive.org/web/20060118225224/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-20.html World Lakes Database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118225224/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-20.html|date=18 January 2006}}.</ref> Despite de lack of outflow, insyd ecology e be often regarded as a part of — anaa at least associated plus — de [[Nile]] basin secof ein prehistoric connection to dis system den de similarities insyd dema aquatic faunas.<ref name="Johnson2009" /> == References == 0tyacp9ttbki4fadr6y4g2w1mwg2dlx 0 27281 101539 100661 2026-06-10T11:42:00Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101539 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Voi River''' (wey people also dey call am '''Goshi River''') na one river wey dey [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]] for Kenya, East Africa. E dey start from di Taita Hills, flow pass di town of [[:en:Voi|Voi]], enter [[:en:Tsavo_East_National_Park|Tsavo National Park East]] before e go empty inside sea for [[:en:Kilifi|Kilifi]]<ref>Muslim, F. "Kenya National Report". ''[http://iwlearn.net/publications/regional-seas-reports/unep-regional-seas-reports-and-studies-no-49/view Legal aspects of protecting and managing the marine and coastal environment of the East African region: National Reports]''. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 49. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). pp. 31–57, page 52</ref>. Di river length na about 210 kilometres (130 miles). But for dry season, na only di last eighty kilometres wey still get water inside. == Aruba Dam == Aruba Dam wey dem build for 1952 across di Voi River create one reservoir. Di reservoir dey attract plenty animals and water birds come gather around am.For di mouth of Voi, di river dey enter Goshi Estuary. Di Goshi Estuary dey flow go one narrow neck wey get bridge between Shauri Moyo beach and Kilifi. Dat neck dem dey call am Kilifi Creek, e long reach about 3 kilometre (1.86 mile) from di estuary reach di sea. == Reference == c4zxr89x6s8f6wmnhf1esxnj8qw11ui 101541 101539 2026-06-10T11:42:32Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101541 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Voi River''' (wey people also dey call am '''Goshi River''') na one river wey dey [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]] for Kenya, East Africa. E dey start from di Taita Hills, flow pass di town of [[:en:Voi|Voi]], enter [[:en:Tsavo_East_National_Park|Tsavo National Park East]] before e go empty inside sea for [[:en:Kilifi|Kilifi]]<ref>Muslim, F. "Kenya National Report". ''[http://iwlearn.net/publications/regional-seas-reports/unep-regional-seas-reports-and-studies-no-49/view Legal aspects of protecting and managing the marine and coastal environment of the East African region: National Reports]''. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 49. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). pp. 31–57, page 52</ref>. Di river length na about 210 kilometres (130 miles). But for dry season, na only di last eighty kilometres wey still get water inside. == Aruba Dam == Aruba Dam wey dem build for 1952 across di Voi River create one reservoir. Di reservoir dey attract plenty animals and water birds come gather around am. == Mouth == For di mouth of Voi, di river dey enter Goshi Estuary. Di Goshi Estuary dey flow go one narrow neck wey get bridge between Shauri Moyo beach and Kilifi. Dat neck dem dey call am Kilifi Creek, e long reach about 3 kilometre (1.86 mile) from di estuary reach di sea. == Reference == g3sk4br5003wvw30pqu1n3tj0w8e5t3 101542 101541 2026-06-10T11:43:11Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101542 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Voi River''' (wey people also dey call am '''Goshi River''') na one river wey dey [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]] for Kenya, East Africa. E dey start from di Taita Hills, flow pass di town of [[:en:Voi|Voi]], enter [[:en:Tsavo_East_National_Park|Tsavo National Park East]] before e go empty inside sea for [[:en:Kilifi|Kilifi]]<ref>Muslim, F. "Kenya National Report". ''[http://iwlearn.net/publications/regional-seas-reports/unep-regional-seas-reports-and-studies-no-49/view Legal aspects of protecting and managing the marine and coastal environment of the East African region: National Reports]''. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 49. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). pp. 31–57, page 52</ref>. Di river length na about 210 kilometres (130 miles). But for dry season, na only di last eighty kilometres wey still get water inside. == Aruba Dam == Aruba Dam wey dem build for 1952 across di Voi River create one [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]]. Di reservoir dey attract plenty animals and water birds come gather around am. == Mouth == For di mouth of Voi, di river dey enter Goshi Estuary. Di Goshi Estuary dey flow go one narrow neck wey get bridge between Shauri Moyo beach and Kilifi. Dat neck dem dey call am Kilifi Creek, e long reach about 3 kilometre (1.86 mile) from di estuary reach di sea. == Reference == eyrxlgj7thpkzt3mz82nq13d5glniu2 101543 101542 2026-06-10T11:44:58Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101543 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Voi River''' (wey people also dey call am '''Goshi River''') na one river wey dey [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]] for Kenya, East Africa. E dey start from di Taita Hills, flow pass di town of [[:en:Voi|Voi]], enter [[:en:Tsavo_East_National_Park|Tsavo National Park East]] before e go empty inside sea for [[:en:Kilifi|Kilifi]]<ref>Muslim, F. "Kenya National Report". ''[http://iwlearn.net/publications/regional-seas-reports/unep-regional-seas-reports-and-studies-no-49/view Legal aspects of protecting and managing the marine and coastal environment of the East African region: National Reports]''. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 49. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). pp. 31–57, page 52</ref>. Di river length na about 210 kilometres (130 miles). But for dry season, na only di last eighty kilometres wey still get water inside. == Aruba Dam == Aruba Dam wey dem build for 1952 across di Voi River create one [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]]. Di reservoir dey attract plenty animals and water birds come gather around am.<ref>Caputo, Philip (2002). "Among the Man-Eaters (from ''National Geographic Adventure'')". ''The Best American Travel Writing 2001''. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 47–74, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6Vzo5glJNgC&pg=PA54 page 54]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-618-11877-2|0-618-11877-2]]</bdi>.</ref> == Mouth == For di mouth of Voi, di river dey enter Goshi Estuary. Di Goshi Estuary dey flow go one narrow neck wey get bridge between Shauri Moyo beach and Kilifi. Dat neck dem dey call am Kilifi Creek, e long reach about 3 kilometre (1.86 mile) from di estuary reach di sea. == Reference == 6749fnyssql13fnsgtsn7sgevytokq1 101544 101543 2026-06-10T11:46:55Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101544 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Voi River'''<ref>[https://geonames.nga.mil/geon-ags/rest/services/RESEARCH/GIS_OUTPUT/MapServer/0/query?outfields=*&where=full_name%3D+%27Voi%27 Voi (Variant)] at [[:en:GEOnet_Names_Server|GEOnet Names Server]], [[:en:National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> (wey people also dey call am '''Goshi River''') na one river wey dey [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]] for Kenya, East Africa. E dey start from di Taita Hills, flow pass di town of [[:en:Voi|Voi]], enter [[:en:Tsavo_East_National_Park|Tsavo National Park East]] before e go empty inside sea for [[:en:Kilifi|Kilifi]]<ref>Muslim, F. "Kenya National Report". ''[http://iwlearn.net/publications/regional-seas-reports/unep-regional-seas-reports-and-studies-no-49/view Legal aspects of protecting and managing the marine and coastal environment of the East African region: National Reports]''. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 49. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). pp. 31–57, page 52</ref>. Di river length na about 210 kilometres (130 miles). But for dry season, na only di last eighty kilometres wey still get water inside. == Aruba Dam == Aruba Dam wey dem build for 1952 across di Voi River create one [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]]. Di reservoir dey attract plenty animals and water birds come gather around am.<ref>Caputo, Philip (2002). "Among the Man-Eaters (from ''National Geographic Adventure'')". ''The Best American Travel Writing 2001''. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 47–74, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6Vzo5glJNgC&pg=PA54 page 54]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-618-11877-2|0-618-11877-2]]</bdi>.</ref> == Mouth == For di mouth of Voi, di river dey enter Goshi Estuary. Di Goshi Estuary dey flow go one narrow neck wey get bridge between Shauri Moyo beach and Kilifi. Dat neck dem dey call am Kilifi Creek, e long reach about 3 kilometre (1.86 mile) from di estuary reach di sea. == Reference == l10hbtdhb1x9xs7vog0ilossdndzf68 101545 101544 2026-06-10T11:49:56Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101545 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Voi River'''<ref>[https://geonames.nga.mil/geon-ags/rest/services/RESEARCH/GIS_OUTPUT/MapServer/0/query?outfields=*&where=full_name%3D+%27Voi%27 Voi (Variant)] at [[:en:GEOnet_Names_Server|GEOnet Names Server]], [[:en:National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> (wey people also dey call am '''Goshi River''') na one river wey dey [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]] for Kenya, East Africa. E dey start from di Taita Hills, flow pass di town of [[:en:Voi|Voi]], enter [[:en:Tsavo_East_National_Park|Tsavo National Park East]] before e go empty inside sea for [[:en:Kilifi|Kilifi]]<ref>Muslim, F. "Kenya National Report". ''[http://iwlearn.net/publications/regional-seas-reports/unep-regional-seas-reports-and-studies-no-49/view Legal aspects of protecting and managing the marine and coastal environment of the East African region: National Reports]''. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 49. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). pp. 31–57, page 52</ref>. Di river length na about 210 kilometres (130 miles). But for dry season, na only di last eighty kilometres wey still get water inside. == Aruba Dam == Aruba Dam wey dem build for 1952 across di Voi River create one [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]]. Di reservoir dey attract plenty animals and water birds come gather around am.<ref>Caputo, Philip (2002). "Among the Man-Eaters (from ''National Geographic Adventure'')". ''The Best American Travel Writing 2001''. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 47–74, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6Vzo5glJNgC&pg=PA54 page 54]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-618-11877-2|0-618-11877-2]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>Ayeni, J. S. O. (July 1977). "[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00128325.1977.11662879 Some Aspects of Evolution and Management of Waterholes in Tsavo National Park (East), Kenya]". ''East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal''. '''43''' (1): 45–69. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00128325.1977.11662879|10.1080/00128325.1977.11662879]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8325 0012-8325].</ref> == Mouth == For di mouth of Voi, di river dey enter Goshi Estuary. Di Goshi Estuary dey flow go one narrow neck wey get bridge between Shauri Moyo beach and Kilifi. Dat neck dem dey call am Kilifi Creek, e long reach about 3 kilometre (1.86 mile) from di estuary reach di sea. == Reference == bgu4q7hi4w8t9n58724jghvdwbvj57v 101546 101545 2026-06-10T11:51:09Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101546 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Voi River'''<ref>[https://geonames.nga.mil/geon-ags/rest/services/RESEARCH/GIS_OUTPUT/MapServer/0/query?outfields=*&where=full_name%3D+%27Voi%27 Voi (Variant)] at [[:en:GEOnet_Names_Server|GEOnet Names Server]], [[:en:National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> (wey people also dey call am '''Goshi River''') na one river wey dey [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]] for Kenya, East Africa. E dey start from di Taita Hills, flow pass di town of [[:en:Voi|Voi]], enter [[:en:Tsavo_East_National_Park|Tsavo National Park East]] before e go empty inside sea for [[:en:Kilifi|Kilifi]]<ref>Muslim, F. "Kenya National Report". ''[http://iwlearn.net/publications/regional-seas-reports/unep-regional-seas-reports-and-studies-no-49/view Legal aspects of protecting and managing the marine and coastal environment of the East African region: National Reports]''. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 49. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). pp. 31–57, page 52</ref>. Di river length na about 210 kilometres (130 miles). But for dry season, na only di last eighty kilometres wey still get water inside. == Aruba Dam == Aruba Dam wey dem build for 1952 across di Voi River create one [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]]. Di reservoir dey attract plenty animals and water birds come gather around am.<ref>Caputo, Philip (2002). "Among the Man-Eaters (from ''National Geographic Adventure'')". ''The Best American Travel Writing 2001''. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 47–74, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6Vzo5glJNgC&pg=PA54 page 54]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-618-11877-2|0-618-11877-2]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>Ayeni, J. S. O. (July 1977). "[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00128325.1977.11662879 Some Aspects of Evolution and Management of Waterholes in Tsavo National Park (East), Kenya]". ''East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal''. '''43''' (1): 45–69. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00128325.1977.11662879|10.1080/00128325.1977.11662879]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8325 0012-8325].</ref> == Mouth == For di mouth of Voi, di river dey enter Goshi Estuary. Di Goshi Estuary dey flow go one narrow neck wey get [[:en:Kilifi_Bridge|bridge]] between Shauri Moyo beach and Kilifi. Dat neck dem dey call am Kilifi Creek, e long reach about 3 kilometre (1.86 mile) from di estuary reach di sea. == Reference == cw0njasvvwy6jkwakqfyxo795zxvvjc 101547 101546 2026-06-10T11:54:30Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101547 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Voi River'''<ref>[https://geonames.nga.mil/geon-ags/rest/services/RESEARCH/GIS_OUTPUT/MapServer/0/query?outfields=*&where=full_name%3D+%27Voi%27 Voi (Variant)] at [[:en:GEOnet_Names_Server|GEOnet Names Server]], [[:en:National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> (wey people also dey call am '''Goshi River''') na one river wey dey [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]] for Kenya, East Africa. E dey start from di Taita Hills, flow pass di town of [[:en:Voi|Voi]], enter [[:en:Tsavo_East_National_Park|Tsavo National Park East]] before e go empty inside sea for [[:en:Kilifi|Kilifi]]<ref>Muslim, F. "Kenya National Report". ''[http://iwlearn.net/publications/regional-seas-reports/unep-regional-seas-reports-and-studies-no-49/view Legal aspects of protecting and managing the marine and coastal environment of the East African region: National Reports]''. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 49. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). pp. 31–57, page 52</ref>. Di river length na about 210 kilometres (130 miles). But for dry season, na only di last eighty kilometres wey still get water inside. == Aruba Dam == Aruba Dam wey dem build for 1952 across di Voi River create one [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]]. Di reservoir dey attract plenty animals and water birds come gather around am.<ref>Caputo, Philip (2002). "Among the Man-Eaters (from ''National Geographic Adventure'')". ''The Best American Travel Writing 2001''. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 47–74, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6Vzo5glJNgC&pg=PA54 page 54]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-618-11877-2|0-618-11877-2]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>Ayeni, J. S. O. (July 1977). "[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00128325.1977.11662879 Some Aspects of Evolution and Management of Waterholes in Tsavo National Park (East), Kenya]". ''East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal''. '''43''' (1): 45–69. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00128325.1977.11662879|10.1080/00128325.1977.11662879]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8325 0012-8325].</ref> == Mouth == For di mouth of Voi, di river dey enter Goshi Estuary. Di Goshi Estuary dey flow go one narrow neck wey get [[:en:Kilifi_Bridge|bridge]] between Shauri Moyo beach and Kilifi<ref>Weiss, Robert; Bahlburg, Heinrich (2006). "[https://zenodo.org/record/1236210 The Coast of Kenya Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami]". ''Earthquake Spectra''. '''22''' (S3): 238. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006EarSp..22..235W 2006EarSp..22..235W]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1193/1.2201970|10.1193/1.2201970]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110486072 110486072]</ref>. Dat neck dem dey call am Kilifi Creek, e long reach about 3 kilometre (1.86 mile) from di estuary reach di sea. == Reference == qdd2wdm2kxoln0r2jpz1ig0stmxvnxr 0 27379 101223 101142 2026-06-09T12:32:40Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 101223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] insyd for de north-western [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]] insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},<ref>{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}</ref> den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}</ref> De [[:en:Gilgel_Abay|Gilgel Abay]], [[:en:Reb_River|Reb]] den [[:en:Gumara_River|Gumara]] rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station. For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a [[:en:UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.<ref>[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]</ref> == Ovaview == [[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]] [[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]] [[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]] [[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]] [[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]] Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] insyd, about 5 million years ago.<ref name="springer">{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}</ref> De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.<ref name="springer" /> Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to [[:en:Manuel_de_Almeida|Manuel de Almeida]], a [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top "formerly large, but rydee diminish much.<ref name="Beckham">{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}</ref> "Wen [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]] visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat "de number go fi be about eleven."<ref name="Beckham" /> Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder & Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}</ref> A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.<ref name="Beckham" /> Dem keep remains of ancient [[:en:List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia|Ethiopian emperors]] den treasures of [[:en:Oriental_Orthodox_Churches|Ethiopic Christianity]] for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include [[:en:Kebran_Gabriel|Kebran Gabriel]], [[:en:Ura_Kidane_Mehret|Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[:en:Narga_Selassie|Narga Selassie]], [[:en:Daga_Estifanos|Daga Estifanos]], [[:en:Medhane_Alem|Medhane Alem]] of [[:en:Rema_Island|Rema Island]], Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of [[:en:Tana_Qirqos|Tana Qirqos]] top be a rock wey dem show to [[:en:Paul_B._Henze|Paul B. Henze]], for wey dem tell am [[:en:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Mary, mother of Jesus]] rest for ein journey back from [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]], wey introduce [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] to Ethiopia, be "allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top."<ref>{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}</ref> Dem inter de body of [[:en:Yekuno_Amlak|Yekuno Amlak]] for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for [[:en:Daga_Island|Daga Island]] top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include [[:en:Dawit_I|Dawit I]], [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], [[:en:Za_Dengel|Za Dengel]], den [[:en:Fasilides|Fasilides]]. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include [[:en:Dek_Island|Dek]], [[:en:Mitraha_Island|Mitraha]], [[:en:Gelila_Zakarias|Gelila Zakarias]], [[:en:Halimun|Halimun]] den [[:en:Briguida|Briguida]]. Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century [[:en:Debre_Maryam|Debre Maryam]], den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|Ark of]] [[:en:Ark_of_the_Covenant|de Covenant]] before dem move am to [[:en:Axum|Axum]], den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein [[:en:Regalia|regalia]]. A ferry service dey link [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] plus [[:en:Gorgora|Gorgora]] via Dek den various lakeshore villages. Der sanso be [[:en:Zege_Peninsula|Zege Peninsula]] for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de [[:en:Azwa_Maryam|Azwa Maryam]] monastery. Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de [[:en:Beta_Israel|Beta Israel]], wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}</ref> before demma [[:en:Aliyah_from_Ethiopia|immigration to Israel]]. == Water characteristics den floods == Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat [[:en:Alkaline|alkaline]] den ein transparency be quite low.<ref name="Vijverberg2009">{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}</ref> Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> == Fauna == [[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]], de [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]].<ref name="FEOW">{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}</ref> De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> ==== Fish ==== Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be [[:en:Endemism|endemic]].<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> Dis dey include one of only two [[:en:Cyprinid|cyprinid]] [[:en:Species_flock|species flocks]] wey dem know (de oda, from [[:en:Lake_Lanao|Lake Lanao]] for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''[[:en:Barbus|Barbus]]'' insyd instead.<ref name="FEOW" /><ref name="barbs1">{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}</ref> Among dem, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' dey strictly [[:en:Piscivorous|piscivorous]], den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' dey mostly piscivorous.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> Demma most important prey be de small ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'' den ''[[:en:Garra|Garra]]'' species.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /><ref name="barbs1" /><ref name="barbs2">{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}</ref> De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''[[:en:African_scraping_feeder|L. beso]]'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for [[:en:Algae|algae]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_surkis|L. surkis]]'' mostly for [[:en:Macrophytes|macrophytes]] top, ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' for macrophytes top den [[:en:Mollusc|molluscs]], ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' for [[:en:Zooplankton|zooplankton]] top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (non-endemic but dem closely relate am to de odas), ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' den ''[[:en:Labeobarbus_tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' for benthic invertebrates like [[:en:Chironomid|chironomid]] larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''[[:en:Enteromius_pleurogramma|Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_regressus|Garra regressus]]'' den ''[[:en:Afronemacheilus_abyssinicus|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (one of only two African [[:en:Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]]). De remaining non-endemic species be [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (widespread for Africa insyd, but plus de endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]] ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''[[:en:Enteromius_humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[:en:Garra_dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' den de large [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]].<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /><ref name="FEOW" /> ==== Fishing den threats ==== [[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large [[:en:Fishing_in_Ethiopia|fishing]] industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]], wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm "Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003</ref> Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened ([[:en:Endangered_species|endangered]] anaa [[:en:Vulnerable_species|vulnerable]]) anaa [[:en:Data_deficient|data deficient]] (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}<!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --></ref> For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein [[:en:Wastewater|wastewater]] directly into de lake.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an [[:en:Introduced_species|introduction]] of a large den efficient predatory species like de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> ==== Oda fauna ==== [[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: Der be fifteen species of [[:en:Mollusk|mollusks]], wey dey include one endemic, den sanso an endemic freshwater [[:en:Sponge|sponge]].<ref name="FEOW" /> About 230 species of birds, wey dey include more dan 80 wetland birds such as de [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Hamerkop|hamerkop]], [[:en:Stork|storks]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:Ibis|ibis]], [[:en:Duck|ducks]], [[:en:Kingfisher|kingfishers]] den [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], dem know'em from Lake Tana.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> E be an important resting den feeding ground give many [[:en:Palearctic|Palearctic]] migrant waterbirds.<ref name="FEOW" /> Der dey no [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], but de [[:en:African_softshell_turtle|African softshell turtle]] den [[:en:Nile_monitor|Nile monitor]] dem already record am near de Blue Nile outflow from de lake.<ref>Largen and Spawls (2010). ''The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea.'' {{ISBN|978-3-89973-466-9}}</ref> [[:en:Hippo|Hippos]] dey present, mostly near de Blue Nile outflow.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> == References == <references /> ==== Works cited ==== * Garstin, William Edmund; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Tsana|"Tsana"]] . In [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]] (ed.). ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 347–348. == External links == * [http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve] * [https://en.nabu.de/projects/ethiopia/tana/index.html Lake Tana project webpage of De Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU e.V.)] * [https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/ Lake Tana project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223747/http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/|date=3 March 2016}} at [[:en:Aberystwyth_University|Aberystwyth University]] * [http://www.galenfrysinger.com/blue_nile_ethiopia.htm Photographs of de lake] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040913205524/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D2511%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html Unesco plan give Lake T'ana] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20031127223905/http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8568 LakeNet Profile] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090701031152/http://www.impetusinmundum.de/documentation/Album.html?Bildliste=5a0c198f-5a0c19cc&Region=Lake+Tana Pictures from Lake Tana den de Monasteries] bvr2vsikc6p9qprup6tkcx50fuga35e 0 27385 101249 101182 2026-06-09T17:49:10Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add databox 101249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Zambezi Watercourse Commission''' (ZAMCOM) be a water management organization wey establish by member states of de [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) whose territory contains de [[Zambezi]] river basin.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} ==Zambezi River== [[File:Zambezi river basin cropped.jpg|thumb|240px|Zambezi River Basin]] De Zambezi originates insyd northwestern Zambia, den runs west den then southwest through [[Angola]] before reentering Zambia. E flows south den forms part of de border between Zambia den [[Namibia]]. After picking up de waters of de Chobe River at de quadripoint wey Zambia, Namibia, [[Botswana]] den Zimbabwe meet, de river flows east along de border between Zambia den Zimbabwe, powering de shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering [[Mozambique]] den flowing to de Indian Ocean.{{sfn|Basin Map and Description}}De Zambezi basin sanso includes parts of Malawi den Tanzania. De Zambezi be de fourth largest river insyd Africa after de Nile, Congo den Niger.{{sfn|Moran|2011|p=244}} == References == 8g9mdy68u1puneyoeaww9ad0f51p61l 101250 101249 2026-06-09T17:50:05Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 101250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Zambezi Watercourse Commission''' (ZAMCOM) be a water management organization wey establish by member states of de [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) whose territory contains de [[Zambezi]] river basin.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} ==Zambezi River== [[File:Zambezi river basin cropped.jpg|thumb|240px|Zambezi River Basin]] De Zambezi originates insyd northwestern Zambia, den runs west den then southwest through [[Angola]] before reentering Zambia. E flows south den forms part of de border between Zambia den [[Namibia]]. After picking up de waters of de Chobe River at de quadripoint wey Zambia, Namibia, [[Botswana]] den Zimbabwe meet, de river flows east along de border between Zambia den Zimbabwe, powering de shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering [[Mozambique]] den flowing to de Indian Ocean.{{sfn|Basin Map and Description}}De Zambezi basin sanso includes parts of Malawi den Tanzania. De Zambezi be de fourth largest river insyd Africa after de Nile, Congo den Niger.{{sfn|Moran|2011|p=244}} ==Organisation== == References == aqe0tdmvw5l93ru3uek6bjj9vcald68 101251 101250 2026-06-09T17:56:51Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 101251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Zambezi Watercourse Commission''' (ZAMCOM) be a water management organization wey establish by member states of de [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) whose territory contains de [[Zambezi]] river basin.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} ==Zambezi River== [[File:Zambezi river basin cropped.jpg|thumb|240px|Zambezi River Basin]] De Zambezi originates insyd northwestern Zambia, den runs west den then southwest through [[Angola]] before reentering Zambia. E flows south den forms part of de border between Zambia den [[Namibia]]. After picking up de waters of de Chobe River at de quadripoint wey Zambia, Namibia, [[Botswana]] den Zimbabwe meet, de river flows east along de border between Zambia den Zimbabwe, powering de shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering [[Mozambique]] den flowing to de Indian Ocean.{{sfn|Basin Map and Description}}De Zambezi basin sanso includes parts of Malawi den Tanzania. De Zambezi be de fourth largest river insyd Africa after de Nile, Congo den Niger.{{sfn|Moran|2011|p=244}} ==Organisation== De eight Zambezi Basin riparian states dat participate insyd ZAMCOM are [[Angola]], [[Botswana]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Namibia]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. ZAMCOM operations are insyd line plus de revised SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} De SADC Protocol was adopted insyd 1995 den by SADC member states, including all Zambezi riparian states, den came into force insyd 1998.<ref>{{cite web|title=SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses (original 1995)|url=http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|publisher=SADC Water Sector ICP Collaboration Portal|access-date=16 July 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051555/http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|url-status=dead}}</ref> Seven of de riparian states signed de ZAMCOM Agreement on 13 July 2004 at Kasane insyd Botswana.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Zambia committed to signing after further national consultation before de August 2004 SADC Summit,{{sfn|SADC TODAY|2004}} but e did not sign de agreement. De agreement came into force insyd June 2011 without Zambia having signed den without key institutions such as de Council of Ministers den a Permanent Secretariat having been set up.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stuurman|first=Siphosethu|title=Zambezi Commission Comes of Age|url=http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618025730/http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 18, 2012|publisher=IPS Africa Terra Viva|access-date=16 July 2013|date=7 June 2012}}</ref> == References == a6pivoo9m0dpzfdww4n5587lugs2wbg 101253 101251 2026-06-09T18:04:32Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve article 101253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Zambezi Watercourse Commission''' (ZAMCOM) be a water management organization wey establish by member states of de [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) whose territory contains de [[Zambezi]] river basin.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} ==Zambezi River== [[File:Zambezi river basin cropped.jpg|thumb|240px|Zambezi River Basin]] De Zambezi originates insyd northwestern Zambia, den runs west den then southwest through [[Angola]] before reentering Zambia. E flows south den forms part of de border between Zambia den [[Namibia]]. After picking up de waters of de Chobe River at de quadripoint wey Zambia, Namibia, [[Botswana]] den Zimbabwe meet, de river flows east along de border between Zambia den Zimbabwe, powering de shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering [[Mozambique]] den flowing to de Indian Ocean.{{sfn|Basin Map and Description}}De Zambezi basin sanso includes parts of Malawi den Tanzania. De Zambezi be de fourth largest river insyd Africa after de Nile, Congo den Niger.{{sfn|Moran|2011|p=244}} ==Organisation== De eight Zambezi Basin riparian states dat participate insyd ZAMCOM are [[Angola]], [[Botswana]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Namibia]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. ZAMCOM operations are insyd line plus de revised SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} De SADC Protocol was adopted insyd 1995 den by SADC member states, including all Zambezi riparian states, den came into force insyd 1998.<ref>{{cite web|title=SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses (original 1995)|url=http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|publisher=SADC Water Sector ICP Collaboration Portal|access-date=16 July 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051555/http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|url-status=dead}}</ref> Seven of de riparian states signed de ZAMCOM Agreement on 13 July 2004 at Kasane insyd Botswana.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Zambia committed to signing after further national consultation before de August 2004 SADC Summit,{{sfn|SADC TODAY|2004}} but e did not sign de agreement. De agreement came into force insyd June 2011 without Zambia having signed den without key institutions such as de Council of Ministers den a Permanent Secretariat having been set up.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stuurman|first=Siphosethu|title=Zambezi Commission Comes of Age|url=http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618025730/http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 18, 2012|publisher=IPS Africa Terra Viva|access-date=16 July 2013|date=7 June 2012}}</ref> De Interim ZAMCOM Secretariat (IZS) based insyd [[Gaborone]], Botswana, was established insyd May 2011. De IZS, wey dey head by an Executive Secretary, be financially supported by de Norwegian Government, den get de objective of making de ZAMCOM Agreement operational den establishing its Permanent Secretariat. E be given strategic guidance den oversight by de Ministers responsible for Water insyd de member countries.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Insyd May 2013 at a meeting of SADC Water Ministers insyd Luanda, Angola, de ZAMCOM Council of Ministers was established den Zimbabwe was designed to host de Commission’s headquarters, de permanent Secretariat. De Ministerial Council elected Angola to serve as a chair for one year. Zambia announced at de meeting dat e be "ready to join de commission".<ref>{{cite web|title=ZAMCOM Press release|url=http://www.zambezicommission.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=42:press-release&catid=14&Itemid=118|access-date=16 July 2013|date=31 May 2013}}</ref> == References == j2zj9hq7de0tm445f6puh44ugcnanx8 101255 101253 2026-06-09T18:07:16Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 101255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Zambezi Watercourse Commission''' (ZAMCOM) be a water management organization wey establish by member states of de [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) whose territory contains de [[Zambezi]] river basin.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} ==Zambezi River== [[File:Zambezi river basin cropped.jpg|thumb|240px|Zambezi River Basin]] De Zambezi originates insyd northwestern Zambia, den runs west den then southwest through [[Angola]] before reentering Zambia. E flows south den forms part of de border between Zambia den [[Namibia]]. After picking up de waters of de Chobe River at de quadripoint wey Zambia, Namibia, [[Botswana]] den Zimbabwe meet, de river flows east along de border between Zambia den Zimbabwe, powering de shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering [[Mozambique]] den flowing to de Indian Ocean.{{sfn|Basin Map and Description}}De Zambezi basin sanso includes parts of Malawi den Tanzania. De Zambezi be de fourth largest river insyd Africa after de Nile, Congo den Niger.{{sfn|Moran|2011|p=244}} ==Organisation== De eight Zambezi Basin riparian states dat participate insyd ZAMCOM are [[Angola]], [[Botswana]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Namibia]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. ZAMCOM operations are insyd line plus de revised SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} De SADC Protocol was adopted insyd 1995 den by SADC member states, including all Zambezi riparian states, den came into force insyd 1998.<ref>{{cite web|title=SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses (original 1995)|url=http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|publisher=SADC Water Sector ICP Collaboration Portal|access-date=16 July 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051555/http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|url-status=dead}}</ref> Seven of de riparian states signed de ZAMCOM Agreement on 13 July 2004 at Kasane insyd Botswana.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Zambia committed to signing after further national consultation before de August 2004 SADC Summit,{{sfn|SADC TODAY|2004}} but e did not sign de agreement. De agreement came into force insyd June 2011 without Zambia having signed den without key institutions such as de Council of Ministers den a Permanent Secretariat having been set up.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stuurman|first=Siphosethu|title=Zambezi Commission Comes of Age|url=http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618025730/http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 18, 2012|publisher=IPS Africa Terra Viva|access-date=16 July 2013|date=7 June 2012}}</ref> De Interim ZAMCOM Secretariat (IZS) based insyd [[Gaborone]], Botswana, was established insyd May 2011. De IZS, wey dey head by an Executive Secretary, be financially supported by de Norwegian Government, den get de objective of making de ZAMCOM Agreement operational den establishing its Permanent Secretariat. E be given strategic guidance den oversight by de Ministers responsible for Water insyd de member countries.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Insyd May 2013 at a meeting of SADC Water Ministers insyd Luanda, Angola, de ZAMCOM Council of Ministers was established den Zimbabwe was designed to host de Commission’s headquarters, de permanent Secretariat. De Ministerial Council elected Angola to serve as a chair for one year. Zambia announced at de meeting dat e be "ready to join de commission".<ref>{{cite web|title=ZAMCOM Press release|url=http://www.zambezicommission.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=42:press-release&catid=14&Itemid=118|access-date=16 July 2013|date=31 May 2013}}</ref> ==Objectives den activities== == References == cequpklam81qy0adjn9kn2k8978j84q 101256 101255 2026-06-09T18:10:16Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve article 101256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Zambezi Watercourse Commission''' (ZAMCOM) be a water management organization wey establish by member states of de [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) whose territory contains de [[Zambezi]] river basin.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} ==Zambezi River== [[File:Zambezi river basin cropped.jpg|thumb|240px|Zambezi River Basin]] De Zambezi originates insyd northwestern Zambia, den runs west den then southwest through [[Angola]] before reentering Zambia. E flows south den forms part of de border between Zambia den [[Namibia]]. After picking up de waters of de Chobe River at de quadripoint wey Zambia, Namibia, [[Botswana]] den Zimbabwe meet, de river flows east along de border between Zambia den Zimbabwe, powering de shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering [[Mozambique]] den flowing to de Indian Ocean.{{sfn|Basin Map and Description}}De Zambezi basin sanso includes parts of Malawi den Tanzania. De Zambezi be de fourth largest river insyd Africa after de Nile, Congo den Niger.{{sfn|Moran|2011|p=244}} ==Organisation== De eight Zambezi Basin riparian states dat participate insyd ZAMCOM are [[Angola]], [[Botswana]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Namibia]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. ZAMCOM operations are insyd line plus de revised SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} De SADC Protocol was adopted insyd 1995 den by SADC member states, including all Zambezi riparian states, den came into force insyd 1998.<ref>{{cite web|title=SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses (original 1995)|url=http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|publisher=SADC Water Sector ICP Collaboration Portal|access-date=16 July 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051555/http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|url-status=dead}}</ref> Seven of de riparian states signed de ZAMCOM Agreement on 13 July 2004 at Kasane insyd Botswana.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Zambia committed to signing after further national consultation before de August 2004 SADC Summit,{{sfn|SADC TODAY|2004}} but e did not sign de agreement. De agreement came into force insyd June 2011 without Zambia having signed den without key institutions such as de Council of Ministers den a Permanent Secretariat having been set up.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stuurman|first=Siphosethu|title=Zambezi Commission Comes of Age|url=http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618025730/http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 18, 2012|publisher=IPS Africa Terra Viva|access-date=16 July 2013|date=7 June 2012}}</ref> De Interim ZAMCOM Secretariat (IZS) based insyd [[Gaborone]], Botswana, was established insyd May 2011. De IZS, wey dey head by an Executive Secretary, be financially supported by de Norwegian Government, den get de objective of making de ZAMCOM Agreement operational den establishing its Permanent Secretariat. E be given strategic guidance den oversight by de Ministers responsible for Water insyd de member countries.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Insyd May 2013 at a meeting of SADC Water Ministers insyd Luanda, Angola, de ZAMCOM Council of Ministers was established den Zimbabwe was designed to host de Commission’s headquarters, de permanent Secretariat. De Ministerial Council elected Angola to serve as a chair for one year. Zambia announced at de meeting dat e be "ready to join de commission".<ref>{{cite web|title=ZAMCOM Press release|url=http://www.zambezicommission.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=42:press-release&catid=14&Itemid=118|access-date=16 July 2013|date=31 May 2013}}</ref> ==Objectives den activities== Na De purpose of ZAMCOM be "to promote de equitable den reasonable utilization of de water resources of de Zambezi Watercourse as well as de efficient management den sustainable development thereof".{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Poverty reduction be de first priority of SADC, den ZAMCOM get a primary goal of poverty reduction through de shared water resource.{{sfn|SADC TODAY|2004}} ZAMCOM must address de concerns of downstream users over extraction of water upstream. == References == 0d9v12nnme3adt49j3xm82jkou828eg 101257 101256 2026-06-09T18:18:29Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey improve am 101257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Zambezi Watercourse Commission''' (ZAMCOM) be a water management organization wey establish by member states of de [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) whose territory contains de [[Zambezi]] river basin.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} ==Zambezi River== [[File:Zambezi river basin cropped.jpg|thumb|240px|Zambezi River Basin]] De Zambezi originates insyd northwestern Zambia, den runs west den then southwest through [[Angola]] before reentering Zambia. E flows south den forms part of de border between Zambia den [[Namibia]]. After picking up de waters of de Chobe River at de quadripoint wey Zambia, Namibia, [[Botswana]] den Zimbabwe meet, de river flows east along de border between Zambia den Zimbabwe, powering de shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering [[Mozambique]] den flowing to de Indian Ocean.{{sfn|Basin Map and Description}}De Zambezi basin sanso includes parts of Malawi den Tanzania. De Zambezi be de fourth largest river insyd Africa after de Nile, Congo den Niger.{{sfn|Moran|2011|p=244}} ==Organisation== De eight Zambezi Basin riparian states dat participate insyd ZAMCOM are [[Angola]], [[Botswana]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Namibia]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. ZAMCOM operations are insyd line plus de revised SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} De SADC Protocol was adopted insyd 1995 den by SADC member states, including all Zambezi riparian states, den came into force insyd 1998.<ref>{{cite web|title=SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses (original 1995)|url=http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|publisher=SADC Water Sector ICP Collaboration Portal|access-date=16 July 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051555/http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|url-status=dead}}</ref> Seven of de riparian states signed de ZAMCOM Agreement on 13 July 2004 at Kasane insyd Botswana.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Zambia committed to signing after further national consultation before de August 2004 SADC Summit,{{sfn|SADC TODAY|2004}} but e did not sign de agreement. De agreement came into force insyd June 2011 without Zambia having signed den without key institutions such as de Council of Ministers den a Permanent Secretariat having been set up.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stuurman|first=Siphosethu|title=Zambezi Commission Comes of Age|url=http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618025730/http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 18, 2012|publisher=IPS Africa Terra Viva|access-date=16 July 2013|date=7 June 2012}}</ref> De Interim ZAMCOM Secretariat (IZS) based insyd [[Gaborone]], Botswana, was established insyd May 2011. De IZS, wey dey head by an Executive Secretary, be financially supported by de Norwegian Government, den get de objective of making de ZAMCOM Agreement operational den establishing its Permanent Secretariat. E be given strategic guidance den oversight by de Ministers responsible for Water insyd de member countries.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Insyd May 2013 at a meeting of SADC Water Ministers insyd Luanda, Angola, de ZAMCOM Council of Ministers was established den Zimbabwe was designed to host de Commission’s headquarters, de permanent Secretariat. De Ministerial Council elected Angola to serve as a chair for one year. Zambia announced at de meeting dat e be "ready to join de commission".<ref>{{cite web|title=ZAMCOM Press release|url=http://www.zambezicommission.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=42:press-release&catid=14&Itemid=118|access-date=16 July 2013|date=31 May 2013}}</ref> ==Objectives den activities== Na De purpose of ZAMCOM be "to promote de equitable den reasonable utilization of de water resources of de Zambezi Watercourse as well as de efficient management den sustainable development thereof".{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Poverty reduction be de first priority of SADC, den ZAMCOM get a primary goal of poverty reduction through de shared water resource.{{sfn|SADC TODAY|2004}} ZAMCOM must address de concerns of downstream users over extraction of water upstream. Thus Mozambique be concerned dat its prawn industry insyd de Zambezi delta be not affect by reduced flows, den dat de Cahora Bassa hydroelectric plant receives sufficient water.{{sfn|Valy|2004}} Planned upstream water abstractions include de Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project insyd Zimbabwe dat fit bring water from de Zambezi to Bulawayo den its surrounding areas, as well as a proposed extension of de existing North-South Carrier insyd Botswana dat would connect de carrier to de Zambezi River. Zambia den Namibia both have plans to expand irrigation insyd de upper river basin. South Africa, although not a riparian to de Zambezi river, sanso get plans to draw substantial amounts of water from de Zambezi River once de Lesotho Highlands Water Project be "fully developed".<ref>{{cite web|last=Mutembwa|first=Ammon|title=Water and the Potential for Resource Conflicts in Southern Africa|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gsfi/gsfiweb/htmls/papers/text3.htm|publisher=University of Cambridge, Global Security Fellows Initiative, Occasional Paper No. 3|access-date=16 July 2013|year=1998|archive-date=25 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725114626/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gsfi/gsfiweb/htmls/papers/text3.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == ho7es90qjbqv2zhmwnm6h6tdv1ryhz0 101258 101257 2026-06-09T18:19:51Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add link 101258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Zambezi Watercourse Commission''' (ZAMCOM) be a water management organization wey establish by member states of de [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) whose territory contains de [[Zambezi]] river basin.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} ==Zambezi River== [[File:Zambezi river basin cropped.jpg|thumb|240px|Zambezi River Basin]] De Zambezi originates insyd northwestern Zambia, den runs west den then southwest through [[Angola]] before reentering Zambia. E flows south den forms part of de border between Zambia den [[Namibia]]. After picking up de waters of de Chobe River at de quadripoint wey Zambia, Namibia, [[Botswana]] den Zimbabwe meet, de river flows east along de border between Zambia den Zimbabwe, powering de shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering [[Mozambique]] den flowing to de Indian Ocean.{{sfn|Basin Map and Description}}De Zambezi basin sanso includes parts of Malawi den Tanzania. De Zambezi be de fourth largest river insyd Africa after de Nile, Congo den Niger.{{sfn|Moran|2011|p=244}} ==Organisation== De eight Zambezi Basin riparian states dat participate insyd ZAMCOM are [[Angola]], [[Botswana]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Namibia]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. ZAMCOM operations are insyd line plus de revised SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} De SADC Protocol was adopted insyd 1995 den by SADC member states, including all Zambezi riparian states, den came into force insyd 1998.<ref>{{cite web|title=SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses (original 1995)|url=http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|publisher=SADC Water Sector ICP Collaboration Portal|access-date=16 July 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051555/http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|url-status=dead}}</ref> Seven of de riparian states signed de ZAMCOM Agreement on 13 July 2004 at Kasane insyd Botswana.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Zambia committed to signing after further national consultation before de August 2004 SADC Summit,{{sfn|SADC TODAY|2004}} but e did not sign de agreement. De agreement came into force insyd June 2011 without Zambia having signed den without key institutions such as de Council of Ministers den a Permanent Secretariat having been set up.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stuurman|first=Siphosethu|title=Zambezi Commission Comes of Age|url=http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618025730/http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 18, 2012|publisher=IPS Africa Terra Viva|access-date=16 July 2013|date=7 June 2012}}</ref> De Interim ZAMCOM Secretariat (IZS) based insyd [[Gaborone]], Botswana, was established insyd May 2011. De IZS, wey dey head by an Executive Secretary, be financially supported by de Norwegian Government, den get de objective of making de ZAMCOM Agreement operational den establishing its Permanent Secretariat. E be given strategic guidance den oversight by de Ministers responsible for Water insyd de member countries.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Insyd May 2013 at a meeting of SADC Water Ministers insyd Luanda, Angola, de ZAMCOM Council of Ministers was established den Zimbabwe was designed to host de Commission’s headquarters, de permanent Secretariat. De Ministerial Council elected Angola to serve as a chair for one year. Zambia announced at de meeting dat e be "ready to join de commission".<ref>{{cite web|title=ZAMCOM Press release|url=http://www.zambezicommission.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=42:press-release&catid=14&Itemid=118|access-date=16 July 2013|date=31 May 2013}}</ref> ==Objectives den activities== Na De purpose of ZAMCOM be "to promote de equitable den reasonable utilization of de water resources of de Zambezi Watercourse as well as de efficient management den sustainable development thereof".{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Poverty reduction be de first priority of SADC, den ZAMCOM get a primary goal of poverty reduction through de shared water resource.{{sfn|SADC TODAY|2004}} ZAMCOM must address de concerns of downstream users over extraction of water upstream. Thus [[Mozambique]] be concerned dat its prawn industry insyd de Zambezi delta be not affect by reduced flows, den dat de Cahora Bassa hydroelectric plant receives sufficient water.{{sfn|Valy|2004}} Planned upstream water abstractions include de Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project insyd Zimbabwe dat fit bring water from de Zambezi to Bulawayo den its surrounding areas, as well as a proposed extension of de existing North-South Carrier insyd Botswana dat would connect de carrier to de Zambezi River. Zambia den Namibia both have plans to expand irrigation insyd de upper river basin. South Africa, although not a riparian to de Zambezi river, sanso get plans to draw substantial amounts of water from de Zambezi River once de Lesotho Highlands Water Project be "fully developed".<ref>{{cite web|last=Mutembwa|first=Ammon|title=Water and the Potential for Resource Conflicts in Southern Africa|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gsfi/gsfiweb/htmls/papers/text3.htm|publisher=University of Cambridge, Global Security Fellows Initiative, Occasional Paper No. 3|access-date=16 July 2013|year=1998|archive-date=25 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725114626/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gsfi/gsfiweb/htmls/papers/text3.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == 2axj5cx0sfe6nyntm6s1qwvryg6b2wh 101259 101258 2026-06-09T18:21:24Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 101259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Zambezi Watercourse Commission''' (ZAMCOM) be a water management organization wey establish by member states of de [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) whose territory contains de [[Zambezi]] river basin.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} ==Zambezi River== [[File:Zambezi river basin cropped.jpg|thumb|240px|Zambezi River Basin]] De Zambezi originates insyd northwestern Zambia, den runs west den then southwest through [[Angola]] before reentering Zambia. E flows south den forms part of de border between Zambia den [[Namibia]]. After picking up de waters of de Chobe River at de quadripoint wey Zambia, Namibia, [[Botswana]] den Zimbabwe meet, de river flows east along de border between Zambia den Zimbabwe, powering de shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering [[Mozambique]] den flowing to de Indian Ocean.{{sfn|Basin Map and Description}}De Zambezi basin sanso includes parts of Malawi den Tanzania. De Zambezi be de fourth largest river insyd Africa after de Nile, Congo den Niger.{{sfn|Moran|2011|p=244}} ==Organisation== De eight Zambezi Basin riparian states dat participate insyd ZAMCOM are [[Angola]], [[Botswana]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Namibia]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. ZAMCOM operations are insyd line plus de revised SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} De SADC Protocol was adopted insyd 1995 den by SADC member states, including all Zambezi riparian states, den came into force insyd 1998.<ref>{{cite web|title=SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses (original 1995)|url=http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|publisher=SADC Water Sector ICP Collaboration Portal|access-date=16 July 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051555/http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|url-status=dead}}</ref> Seven of de riparian states signed de ZAMCOM Agreement on 13 July 2004 at Kasane insyd Botswana.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Zambia committed to signing after further national consultation before de August 2004 SADC Summit,{{sfn|SADC TODAY|2004}} but e did not sign de agreement. De agreement came into force insyd June 2011 without Zambia having signed den without key institutions such as de Council of Ministers den a Permanent Secretariat having been set up.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stuurman|first=Siphosethu|title=Zambezi Commission Comes of Age|url=http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618025730/http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 18, 2012|publisher=IPS Africa Terra Viva|access-date=16 July 2013|date=7 June 2012}}</ref> De Interim ZAMCOM Secretariat (IZS) based insyd [[Gaborone]], Botswana, was established insyd May 2011. De IZS, wey dey head by an Executive Secretary, be financially supported by de Norwegian Government, den get de objective of making de ZAMCOM Agreement operational den establishing its Permanent Secretariat. E be given strategic guidance den oversight by de Ministers responsible for Water insyd de member countries.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Insyd May 2013 at a meeting of SADC Water Ministers insyd Luanda, Angola, de ZAMCOM Council of Ministers was established den Zimbabwe was designed to host de Commission’s headquarters, de permanent Secretariat. De Ministerial Council elected Angola to serve as a chair for one year. Zambia announced at de meeting dat e be "ready to join de commission".<ref>{{cite web|title=ZAMCOM Press release|url=http://www.zambezicommission.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=42:press-release&catid=14&Itemid=118|access-date=16 July 2013|date=31 May 2013}}</ref> ==Objectives den activities== Na De purpose of ZAMCOM be "to promote de equitable den reasonable utilization of de water resources of de Zambezi Watercourse as well as de efficient management den sustainable development thereof".{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Poverty reduction be de first priority of SADC, den ZAMCOM get a primary goal of poverty reduction through de shared water resource.{{sfn|SADC TODAY|2004}} ZAMCOM must address de concerns of downstream users over extraction of water upstream. Thus [[Mozambique]] be concerned dat its prawn industry insyd de Zambezi delta be not affect by reduced flows, den dat de Cahora Bassa hydroelectric plant receives sufficient water.{{sfn|Valy|2004}} Planned upstream water abstractions include de Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project insyd Zimbabwe dat fit bring water from de Zambezi to Bulawayo den its surrounding areas, as well as a proposed extension of de existing North-South Carrier insyd Botswana dat would connect de carrier to de Zambezi River. Zambia den Namibia both have plans to expand irrigation insyd de upper river basin. South Africa, although not a riparian to de Zambezi river, sanso get plans to draw substantial amounts of water from de Zambezi River once de Lesotho Highlands Water Project be "fully developed".<ref>{{cite web|last=Mutembwa|first=Ammon|title=Water and the Potential for Resource Conflicts in Southern Africa|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gsfi/gsfiweb/htmls/papers/text3.htm|publisher=University of Cambridge, Global Security Fellows Initiative, Occasional Paper No. 3|access-date=16 July 2013|year=1998|archive-date=25 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725114626/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gsfi/gsfiweb/htmls/papers/text3.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Zambezi basin]] n1rl0cl3uxx8b2zaamuvk02tha8ja2t 101260 101259 2026-06-09T18:21:55Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 101260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Zambezi Watercourse Commission''' (ZAMCOM) be a water management organization wey establish by member states of de [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) whose territory contains de [[Zambezi]] river basin.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} ==Zambezi River== [[File:Zambezi river basin cropped.jpg|thumb|240px|Zambezi River Basin]] De Zambezi originates insyd northwestern Zambia, den runs west den then southwest through [[Angola]] before reentering Zambia. E flows south den forms part of de border between Zambia den [[Namibia]]. After picking up de waters of de Chobe River at de quadripoint wey Zambia, Namibia, [[Botswana]] den Zimbabwe meet, de river flows east along de border between Zambia den Zimbabwe, powering de shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering [[Mozambique]] den flowing to de Indian Ocean.{{sfn|Basin Map and Description}}De Zambezi basin sanso includes parts of Malawi den Tanzania. De Zambezi be de fourth largest river insyd Africa after de Nile, Congo den Niger.{{sfn|Moran|2011|p=244}} ==Organisation== De eight Zambezi Basin riparian states dat participate insyd ZAMCOM are [[Angola]], [[Botswana]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Namibia]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. ZAMCOM operations are insyd line plus de revised SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} De SADC Protocol was adopted insyd 1995 den by SADC member states, including all Zambezi riparian states, den came into force insyd 1998.<ref>{{cite web|title=SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses (original 1995)|url=http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|publisher=SADC Water Sector ICP Collaboration Portal|access-date=16 July 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051555/http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|url-status=dead}}</ref> Seven of de riparian states signed de ZAMCOM Agreement on 13 July 2004 at Kasane insyd Botswana.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Zambia committed to signing after further national consultation before de August 2004 SADC Summit,{{sfn|SADC TODAY|2004}} but e did not sign de agreement. De agreement came into force insyd June 2011 without Zambia having signed den without key institutions such as de Council of Ministers den a Permanent Secretariat having been set up.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stuurman|first=Siphosethu|title=Zambezi Commission Comes of Age|url=http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618025730/http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 18, 2012|publisher=IPS Africa Terra Viva|access-date=16 July 2013|date=7 June 2012}}</ref> De Interim ZAMCOM Secretariat (IZS) based insyd [[Gaborone]], Botswana, was established insyd May 2011. De IZS, wey dey head by an Executive Secretary, be financially supported by de Norwegian Government, den get de objective of making de ZAMCOM Agreement operational den establishing its Permanent Secretariat. E be given strategic guidance den oversight by de Ministers responsible for Water insyd de member countries.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Insyd May 2013 at a meeting of SADC Water Ministers insyd Luanda, Angola, de ZAMCOM Council of Ministers was established den Zimbabwe was designed to host de Commission’s headquarters, de permanent Secretariat. De Ministerial Council elected Angola to serve as a chair for one year. Zambia announced at de meeting dat e be "ready to join de commission".<ref>{{cite web|title=ZAMCOM Press release|url=http://www.zambezicommission.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=42:press-release&catid=14&Itemid=118|access-date=16 July 2013|date=31 May 2013}}</ref> ==Objectives den activities== Na De purpose of ZAMCOM be "to promote de equitable den reasonable utilization of de water resources of de Zambezi Watercourse as well as de efficient management den sustainable development thereof".{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Poverty reduction be de first priority of SADC, den ZAMCOM get a primary goal of poverty reduction through de shared water resource.{{sfn|SADC TODAY|2004}} ZAMCOM must address de concerns of downstream users over extraction of water upstream. Thus [[Mozambique]] be concerned dat its prawn industry insyd de Zambezi delta be not affect by reduced flows, den dat de Cahora Bassa hydroelectric plant receives sufficient water.{{sfn|Valy|2004}} Planned upstream water abstractions include de Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project insyd Zimbabwe dat fit bring water from de Zambezi to Bulawayo den its surrounding areas, as well as a proposed extension of de existing North-South Carrier insyd Botswana dat would connect de carrier to de Zambezi River. Zambia den Namibia both have plans to expand irrigation insyd de upper river basin. South Africa, although not a riparian to de Zambezi river, sanso get plans to draw substantial amounts of water from de Zambezi River once de Lesotho Highlands Water Project be "fully developed".<ref>{{cite web|last=Mutembwa|first=Ammon|title=Water and the Potential for Resource Conflicts in Southern Africa|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gsfi/gsfiweb/htmls/papers/text3.htm|publisher=University of Cambridge, Global Security Fellows Initiative, Occasional Paper No. 3|access-date=16 July 2013|year=1998|archive-date=25 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725114626/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gsfi/gsfiweb/htmls/papers/text3.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Zambezi basin]] [[Category:Zambezi River]] 45jcy69itbd3b8x52pdf9ml7iouimdt 101271 101260 2026-06-09T19:07:34Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 101271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Zambezi Watercourse Commission''' (ZAMCOM) be a water management organization wey establish by member states of de [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) whose territory contains de [[Zambezi]] river basin.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} ==Zambezi River== [[File:Zambezi river basin cropped.jpg|thumb|240px|Zambezi River Basin]] De Zambezi originates insyd northwestern Zambia, den runs west den then southwest through [[Angola]] before reentering Zambia. E flows south den forms part of de border between Zambia den [[Namibia]]. After picking up de waters of de Chobe River at de quadripoint wey Zambia, Namibia, [[Botswana]] den Zimbabwe meet, de river flows east along de border between Zambia den Zimbabwe, powering de shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering [[Mozambique]] den flowing to de Indian Ocean.{{sfn|Basin Map and Description}}De Zambezi basin sanso includes parts of Malawi den Tanzania. De Zambezi be de fourth largest river insyd Africa after de Nile, Congo den Niger.{{sfn|Moran|2011|p=244}} ==Organisation== De eight Zambezi Basin riparian states dat participate insyd ZAMCOM are [[Angola]], [[Botswana]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Namibia]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. ZAMCOM operations are insyd line plus de revised SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} De SADC Protocol was adopted insyd 1995 den by SADC member states, including all Zambezi riparian states, den came into force insyd 1998.<ref>{{cite web|title=SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses (original 1995)|url=http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|publisher=SADC Water Sector ICP Collaboration Portal|access-date=16 July 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051555/http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|url-status=dead}}</ref> Seven of de riparian states signed de ZAMCOM Agreement on 13 July 2004 at Kasane insyd Botswana.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Zambia committed to signing after further national consultation before de August 2004 SADC Summit,{{sfn|SADC TODAY|2004}} but e did not sign de agreement. De agreement came into force insyd June 2011 without Zambia having signed den without key institutions such as de Council of Ministers den a Permanent Secretariat having been set up.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stuurman|first=Siphosethu|title=Zambezi Commission Comes of Age|url=http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618025730/http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 18, 2012|publisher=IPS Africa Terra Viva|access-date=16 July 2013|date=7 June 2012}}</ref> De Interim ZAMCOM Secretariat (IZS) based insyd [[Gaborone]], Botswana, was established insyd May 2011. De IZS, wey dey head by an Executive Secretary, be financially supported by de Norwegian Government, den get de objective of making de ZAMCOM Agreement operational den establishing its Permanent Secretariat. E be given strategic guidance den oversight by de Ministers responsible for Water insyd de member countries.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Insyd May 2013 at a meeting of SADC Water Ministers insyd Luanda, Angola, de ZAMCOM Council of Ministers was established den Zimbabwe was designed to host de Commission’s headquarters, de permanent Secretariat. De Ministerial Council elected Angola to serve as a chair for one year. Zambia announced at de meeting dat e be "ready to join de commission".<ref>{{cite web|title=ZAMCOM Press release|url=http://www.zambezicommission.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=42:press-release&catid=14&Itemid=118|access-date=16 July 2013|date=31 May 2013}}</ref> ==Objectives den activities== Na De purpose of ZAMCOM be "to promote de equitable den reasonable utilization of de water resources of de Zambezi Watercourse as well as de efficient management den sustainable development thereof".{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Poverty reduction be de first priority of SADC, den ZAMCOM get a primary goal of poverty reduction through de shared water resource.{{sfn|SADC TODAY|2004}} ZAMCOM must address de concerns of downstream users over extraction of water upstream. Thus [[Mozambique]] be concerned dat its prawn industry insyd de Zambezi delta be not affect by reduced flows, den dat de Cahora Bassa hydroelectric plant receives sufficient water.{{sfn|Valy|2004}} Planned upstream water abstractions include de Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project insyd Zimbabwe dat fit bring water from de Zambezi to Bulawayo den its surrounding areas, as well as a proposed extension of de existing North-South Carrier insyd Botswana dat would connect de carrier to de Zambezi River. Zambia den Namibia both have plans to expand irrigation insyd de upper river basin. South Africa, although not a riparian to de Zambezi river, sanso get plans to draw substantial amounts of water from de Zambezi River once de Lesotho Highlands Water Project be "fully developed".<ref>{{cite web|last=Mutembwa|first=Ammon|title=Water and the Potential for Resource Conflicts in Southern Africa|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gsfi/gsfiweb/htmls/papers/text3.htm|publisher=University of Cambridge, Global Security Fellows Initiative, Occasional Paper No. 3|access-date=16 July 2013|year=1998|archive-date=25 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725114626/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gsfi/gsfiweb/htmls/papers/text3.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Zambezi basin]] [[Category:Zambezi River]] [[Category:Organizations established insyd 2004]] 1g9ly303zvarlmzryrcw440nu2xzl26 101272 101271 2026-06-09T19:08:53Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 101272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Zambezi Watercourse Commission''' (ZAMCOM) be a water management organization wey establish by member states of de [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) whose territory contains de [[Zambezi]] river basin.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} ==Zambezi River== [[File:Zambezi river basin cropped.jpg|thumb|240px|Zambezi River Basin]] De Zambezi originates insyd northwestern Zambia, den runs west den then southwest through [[Angola]] before reentering Zambia. E flows south den forms part of de border between Zambia den [[Namibia]]. After picking up de waters of de Chobe River at de quadripoint wey Zambia, Namibia, [[Botswana]] den Zimbabwe meet, de river flows east along de border between Zambia den Zimbabwe, powering de shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering [[Mozambique]] den flowing to de Indian Ocean.{{sfn|Basin Map and Description}}De Zambezi basin sanso includes parts of Malawi den Tanzania. De Zambezi be de fourth largest river insyd Africa after de Nile, Congo den Niger.{{sfn|Moran|2011|p=244}} ==Organisation== De eight Zambezi Basin riparian states dat participate insyd ZAMCOM are [[Angola]], [[Botswana]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Namibia]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. ZAMCOM operations are insyd line plus de revised SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} De SADC Protocol was adopted insyd 1995 den by SADC member states, including all Zambezi riparian states, den came into force insyd 1998.<ref>{{cite web|title=SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses (original 1995)|url=http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|publisher=SADC Water Sector ICP Collaboration Portal|access-date=16 July 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051555/http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|url-status=dead}}</ref> Seven of de riparian states signed de ZAMCOM Agreement on 13 July 2004 at Kasane insyd Botswana.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Zambia committed to signing after further national consultation before de August 2004 SADC Summit,{{sfn|SADC TODAY|2004}} but e did not sign de agreement. De agreement came into force insyd June 2011 without Zambia having signed den without key institutions such as de Council of Ministers den a Permanent Secretariat having been set up.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stuurman|first=Siphosethu|title=Zambezi Commission Comes of Age|url=http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618025730/http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 18, 2012|publisher=IPS Africa Terra Viva|access-date=16 July 2013|date=7 June 2012}}</ref> De Interim ZAMCOM Secretariat (IZS) based insyd [[Gaborone]], Botswana, was established insyd May 2011. De IZS, wey dey head by an Executive Secretary, be financially supported by de Norwegian Government, den get de objective of making de ZAMCOM Agreement operational den establishing its Permanent Secretariat. E be given strategic guidance den oversight by de Ministers responsible for Water insyd de member countries.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Insyd May 2013 at a meeting of SADC Water Ministers insyd Luanda, Angola, de ZAMCOM Council of Ministers was established den Zimbabwe was designed to host de Commission’s headquarters, de permanent Secretariat. De Ministerial Council elected Angola to serve as a chair for one year. Zambia announced at de meeting dat e be "ready to join de commission".<ref>{{cite web|title=ZAMCOM Press release|url=http://www.zambezicommission.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=42:press-release&catid=14&Itemid=118|access-date=16 July 2013|date=31 May 2013}}</ref> ==Objectives den activities== Na De purpose of ZAMCOM be "to promote de equitable den reasonable utilization of de water resources of de Zambezi Watercourse as well as de efficient management den sustainable development thereof".{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Poverty reduction be de first priority of SADC, den ZAMCOM get a primary goal of poverty reduction through de shared water resource.{{sfn|SADC TODAY|2004}} ZAMCOM must address de concerns of downstream users over extraction of water upstream. Thus [[Mozambique]] be concerned dat its prawn industry insyd de Zambezi delta be not affect by reduced flows, den dat de Cahora Bassa hydroelectric plant receives sufficient water.{{sfn|Valy|2004}} Planned upstream water abstractions include de Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project insyd Zimbabwe dat fit bring water from de Zambezi to Bulawayo den its surrounding areas, as well as a proposed extension of de existing North-South Carrier insyd Botswana dat would connect de carrier to de Zambezi River. Zambia den Namibia both have plans to expand irrigation insyd de upper river basin. South Africa, although not a riparian to de Zambezi river, sanso get plans to draw substantial amounts of water from de Zambezi River once de Lesotho Highlands Water Project be "fully developed".<ref>{{cite web|last=Mutembwa|first=Ammon|title=Water and the Potential for Resource Conflicts in Southern Africa|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gsfi/gsfiweb/htmls/papers/text3.htm|publisher=University of Cambridge, Global Security Fellows Initiative, Occasional Paper No. 3|access-date=16 July 2013|year=1998|archive-date=25 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725114626/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gsfi/gsfiweb/htmls/papers/text3.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Zambezi basin]] [[Category:Zambezi River]] [[Category:Organizations established insyd 2004]] [[Category:2004 establishment insyd Africa]] f72gvdpcst3qhepaezx9ymn9dbbsmnd 101274 101272 2026-06-09T19:10:25Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 101274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Zambezi Watercourse Commission''' (ZAMCOM) be a water management organization wey establish by member states of de [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) whose territory contains de [[Zambezi]] river basin.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} ==Zambezi River== [[File:Zambezi river basin cropped.jpg|thumb|240px|Zambezi River Basin]] De Zambezi originates insyd northwestern Zambia, den runs west den then southwest through [[Angola]] before reentering Zambia. E flows south den forms part of de border between Zambia den [[Namibia]]. After picking up de waters of de Chobe River at de quadripoint wey Zambia, Namibia, [[Botswana]] den Zimbabwe meet, de river flows east along de border between Zambia den Zimbabwe, powering de shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering [[Mozambique]] den flowing to de Indian Ocean.{{sfn|Basin Map and Description}}De Zambezi basin sanso includes parts of Malawi den Tanzania. De Zambezi be de fourth largest river insyd Africa after de Nile, Congo den Niger.{{sfn|Moran|2011|p=244}} ==Organisation== De eight Zambezi Basin riparian states dat participate insyd ZAMCOM are [[Angola]], [[Botswana]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Namibia]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. ZAMCOM operations are insyd line plus de revised SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} De SADC Protocol was adopted insyd 1995 den by SADC member states, including all Zambezi riparian states, den came into force insyd 1998.<ref>{{cite web|title=SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses (original 1995)|url=http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|publisher=SADC Water Sector ICP Collaboration Portal|access-date=16 July 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051555/http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|url-status=dead}}</ref> Seven of de riparian states signed de ZAMCOM Agreement on 13 July 2004 at Kasane insyd Botswana.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Zambia committed to signing after further national consultation before de August 2004 SADC Summit,{{sfn|SADC TODAY|2004}} but e did not sign de agreement. De agreement came into force insyd June 2011 without Zambia having signed den without key institutions such as de Council of Ministers den a Permanent Secretariat having been set up.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stuurman|first=Siphosethu|title=Zambezi Commission Comes of Age|url=http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618025730/http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 18, 2012|publisher=IPS Africa Terra Viva|access-date=16 July 2013|date=7 June 2012}}</ref> De Interim ZAMCOM Secretariat (IZS) based insyd [[Gaborone]], Botswana, was established insyd May 2011. De IZS, wey dey head by an Executive Secretary, be financially supported by de Norwegian Government, den get de objective of making de ZAMCOM Agreement operational den establishing its Permanent Secretariat. E be given strategic guidance den oversight by de Ministers responsible for Water insyd de member countries.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Insyd May 2013 at a meeting of SADC Water Ministers insyd Luanda, Angola, de ZAMCOM Council of Ministers was established den Zimbabwe was designed to host de Commission’s headquarters, de permanent Secretariat. De Ministerial Council elected Angola to serve as a chair for one year. Zambia announced at de meeting dat e be "ready to join de commission".<ref>{{cite web|title=ZAMCOM Press release|url=http://www.zambezicommission.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=42:press-release&catid=14&Itemid=118|access-date=16 July 2013|date=31 May 2013}}</ref> ==Objectives den activities== Na De purpose of ZAMCOM be "to promote de equitable den reasonable utilization of de water resources of de Zambezi Watercourse as well as de efficient management den sustainable development thereof".{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Poverty reduction be de first priority of SADC, den ZAMCOM get a primary goal of poverty reduction through de shared water resource.{{sfn|SADC TODAY|2004}} ZAMCOM must address de concerns of downstream users over extraction of water upstream. Thus [[Mozambique]] be concerned dat its prawn industry insyd de Zambezi delta be not affect by reduced flows, den dat de Cahora Bassa hydroelectric plant receives sufficient water.{{sfn|Valy|2004}} Planned upstream water abstractions include de Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project insyd Zimbabwe dat fit bring water from de Zambezi to Bulawayo den its surrounding areas, as well as a proposed extension of de existing North-South Carrier insyd Botswana dat would connect de carrier to de Zambezi River. Zambia den Namibia both have plans to expand irrigation insyd de upper river basin. South Africa, although not a riparian to de Zambezi river, sanso get plans to draw substantial amounts of water from de Zambezi River once de Lesotho Highlands Water Project be "fully developed".<ref>{{cite web|last=Mutembwa|first=Ammon|title=Water and the Potential for Resource Conflicts in Southern Africa|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gsfi/gsfiweb/htmls/papers/text3.htm|publisher=University of Cambridge, Global Security Fellows Initiative, Occasional Paper No. 3|access-date=16 July 2013|year=1998|archive-date=25 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725114626/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gsfi/gsfiweb/htmls/papers/text3.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Zambezi basin]] [[Category:Zambezi River]] [[Category:Organizations established insyd 2004]] [[Category:2004 establishment insyd Africa]] [[Category:Southern African Development Community]] 90i8929ccgkwzevlpzqiosfbtirhuev 101275 101274 2026-06-09T19:10:53Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 101275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Zambezi Watercourse Commission''' (ZAMCOM) be a water management organization wey establish by member states of de [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) whose territory contains de [[Zambezi]] river basin.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} ==Zambezi River== [[File:Zambezi river basin cropped.jpg|thumb|240px|Zambezi River Basin]] De Zambezi originates insyd northwestern Zambia, den runs west den then southwest through [[Angola]] before reentering Zambia. E flows south den forms part of de border between Zambia den [[Namibia]]. After picking up de waters of de Chobe River at de quadripoint wey Zambia, Namibia, [[Botswana]] den Zimbabwe meet, de river flows east along de border between Zambia den Zimbabwe, powering de shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering [[Mozambique]] den flowing to de Indian Ocean.{{sfn|Basin Map and Description}}De Zambezi basin sanso includes parts of Malawi den Tanzania. De Zambezi be de fourth largest river insyd Africa after de Nile, Congo den Niger.{{sfn|Moran|2011|p=244}} ==Organisation== De eight Zambezi Basin riparian states dat participate insyd ZAMCOM are [[Angola]], [[Botswana]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Namibia]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. ZAMCOM operations are insyd line plus de revised SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} De SADC Protocol was adopted insyd 1995 den by SADC member states, including all Zambezi riparian states, den came into force insyd 1998.<ref>{{cite web|title=SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses (original 1995)|url=http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|publisher=SADC Water Sector ICP Collaboration Portal|access-date=16 July 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051555/http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/sadc-protocol-shared-watercourses-original-1995|url-status=dead}}</ref> Seven of de riparian states signed de ZAMCOM Agreement on 13 July 2004 at Kasane insyd Botswana.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Zambia committed to signing after further national consultation before de August 2004 SADC Summit,{{sfn|SADC TODAY|2004}} but e did not sign de agreement. De agreement came into force insyd June 2011 without Zambia having signed den without key institutions such as de Council of Ministers den a Permanent Secretariat having been set up.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stuurman|first=Siphosethu|title=Zambezi Commission Comes of Age|url=http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618025730/http://africa.ipsterraviva.net/2012/06/07/zambezi-commission-comes-of-age/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 18, 2012|publisher=IPS Africa Terra Viva|access-date=16 July 2013|date=7 June 2012}}</ref> De Interim ZAMCOM Secretariat (IZS) based insyd [[Gaborone]], Botswana, was established insyd May 2011. De IZS, wey dey head by an Executive Secretary, be financially supported by de Norwegian Government, den get de objective of making de ZAMCOM Agreement operational den establishing its Permanent Secretariat. E be given strategic guidance den oversight by de Ministers responsible for Water insyd de member countries.{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Insyd May 2013 at a meeting of SADC Water Ministers insyd Luanda, Angola, de ZAMCOM Council of Ministers was established den Zimbabwe was designed to host de Commission’s headquarters, de permanent Secretariat. De Ministerial Council elected Angola to serve as a chair for one year. Zambia announced at de meeting dat e be "ready to join de commission".<ref>{{cite web|title=ZAMCOM Press release|url=http://www.zambezicommission.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=42:press-release&catid=14&Itemid=118|access-date=16 July 2013|date=31 May 2013}}</ref> ==Objectives den activities== Na De purpose of ZAMCOM be "to promote de equitable den reasonable utilization of de water resources of de Zambezi Watercourse as well as de efficient management den sustainable development thereof".{{sfn|Zambezi Watercourse Commission - SADC}} Poverty reduction be de first priority of SADC, den ZAMCOM get a primary goal of poverty reduction through de shared water resource.{{sfn|SADC TODAY|2004}} ZAMCOM must address de concerns of downstream users over extraction of water upstream. Thus [[Mozambique]] be concerned dat its prawn industry insyd de Zambezi delta be not affect by reduced flows, den dat de Cahora Bassa hydroelectric plant receives sufficient water.{{sfn|Valy|2004}} Planned upstream water abstractions include de Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project insyd Zimbabwe dat fit bring water from de Zambezi to Bulawayo den its surrounding areas, as well as a proposed extension of de existing North-South Carrier insyd Botswana dat would connect de carrier to de Zambezi River. Zambia den Namibia both have plans to expand irrigation insyd de upper river basin. South Africa, although not a riparian to de Zambezi river, sanso get plans to draw substantial amounts of water from de Zambezi River once de Lesotho Highlands Water Project be "fully developed".<ref>{{cite web|last=Mutembwa|first=Ammon|title=Water and the Potential for Resource Conflicts in Southern Africa|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gsfi/gsfiweb/htmls/papers/text3.htm|publisher=University of Cambridge, Global Security Fellows Initiative, Occasional Paper No. 3|access-date=16 July 2013|year=1998|archive-date=25 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725114626/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gsfi/gsfiweb/htmls/papers/text3.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Zambezi basin]] [[Category:Zambezi River]] [[Category:Organizations established insyd 2004]] [[Category:2004 establishment insyd Africa]] [[Category:Southern African Development Community]] [[Category:AWC2026]] bxmoo8faovq66e02sy0btcbfv4j8v5u 0 27389 101288 101215 2026-06-09T19:57:03Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. == References == hqo3u5gmc7iuzkhtoniqi2brh7t715q 101289 101288 2026-06-09T19:58:00Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd. == References == 5s4zo014kjxzs50arge19ytigaezt3b 101290 101289 2026-06-09T19:58:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> == References == 2ug920i6i1kvbi8qgw910yl5zehapvm 101291 101290 2026-06-09T19:59:14Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. == References == pgh3sl208lomcn3n1fsphzw212jcinp 101294 101291 2026-06-09T20:02:33Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt. == References == it8vouelt0ef2tnmmgyobqjsec1yr6f 101300 101294 2026-06-09T20:07:19Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> == References == ixjq8ot47aghktdgxo3u22ocrecn0x3 101308 101300 2026-06-09T20:11:59Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. == References == 39xjrvosa2hswkdgazhq6ucbysagin6 101311 101308 2026-06-09T20:15:30Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere. == References == o93ibwz8ceg3f8pj4fq84o71w5ub0k5 101312 101311 2026-06-09T20:15:52Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. == References == 8h9jx1lzrufxorajjlf635okbrpvj65 101315 101312 2026-06-09T20:24:08Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. == References == 6lqegw33ebgwdfcxlme5438rqxqmi9x 101317 101315 2026-06-09T20:25:05Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. == References == 8x1fkhbq60rjphtu9qfazc0dtbhz7si 101318 101317 2026-06-09T20:25:29Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am. == References == 511ls2z83xwfffb81bidl4b5bmrc6l5 101319 101318 2026-06-09T20:25:53Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == References == oteivquuzqdoc2kps1y3noed9hnktad 101321 101319 2026-06-09T20:26:43Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd. == References == q5srgnb68wxxk5pbpa17evpv7af6cvz 101323 101321 2026-06-09T20:27:03Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> == References == bnggb6lvtglfuqcbqefo9o6vinpalv4 101324 101323 2026-06-09T20:27:30Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser. == References == myjkr7zo6t8vnwbapqffx8jalsvl6uq 101325 101324 2026-06-09T20:27:52Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> == References == fcqj1lpuq5ehyca4h0nc1uqgkunpzjm 101326 101325 2026-06-09T20:28:06Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> == References == 791a52216grvy8sb4dksf7n8ytjtva6 101328 101326 2026-06-09T20:29:07Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== == References == lfaxp94ge2noocxpytravh2bcpgesy3 101335 101328 2026-06-09T20:34:12Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. == References == 3fno6d1cyr131an2ofo36a4a0n3b3ir 101336 101335 2026-06-09T20:34:51Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. == References == if1t6op5j7kj1f05yqdi2ktfeyrnenl 101337 101336 2026-06-09T20:35:16Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. == References == 4zwh6t2ldpby3lpd7en8unsjyhk7zs3 101338 101337 2026-06-09T20:35:50Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable. == References == ci6118lm5ks22p2lyoxmdk46bjm0lmy 101339 101338 2026-06-09T20:36:11Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == References == 0vt43js2ti9s9jhaxemujjoqc1mgm92 101340 101339 2026-06-09T20:36:51Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == == References == n9a4m4a4swb2un8xrdwv2mzhdw0h23y 101341 101340 2026-06-09T20:43:02Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. == References == ln0utqu5wqan2zpbxyvwakyztrd8lfg 101342 101341 2026-06-09T20:43:34Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. == References == 26ox4bt9gxla4b7dlgz8r87k7n7j33v 101343 101342 2026-06-09T20:44:07Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%. == References == 8bj7zn8s9qshyzun699vtfueuzdu5e7 101344 101343 2026-06-09T20:44:39Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == References == ndmlbensq1n0g68bgolhejieh8q7y3g 101345 101344 2026-06-09T20:45:40Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches, as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores. == References == mig4uwdx5rw62nmbqzada5nwc2y0gs6 101346 101345 2026-06-09T20:45:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores. == References == gsf8umj1egr30k2cqqgau3bc4ixp679 101347 101346 2026-06-09T20:46:33Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> == References == 7eez1vydilu63ywlnxnhkqlt7fjl4l0 101348 101347 2026-06-09T20:47:09Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples. == References == 0vkxqe7fs5533z1l2xrugm9bvexn710 101349 101348 2026-06-09T20:47:38Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> == References == spzb4mmmrdhh409rddgn7clcx0u5ajx 101350 101349 2026-06-09T20:48:07Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem completeam for 1970 insyd). == References == jp2ftq3zmdx8d06jnxgmq2th845o9qb 101351 101350 2026-06-09T20:48:24Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem completeam for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == References == dvntnd10aclufw1i4v8vdzufzvzf1ou 101352 101351 2026-06-09T20:49:38Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem completeam for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == ==== Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ==== == References == bq4c4gl8rph9lt2exm1oppc6ot23vur 101362 101352 2026-06-09T20:56:26Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem completeam for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == ==== Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ==== Plus de beginning of construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD) for 2011 insyd, Egypt dey face de threat of water shortage as de new upstream dam go reduce de amount of water wey dey flow downstream to Lake Nasser. == References == q5os0yhn90bq7n6lvjhkr1tupstpsf2 101363 101362 2026-06-09T20:57:08Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem completeam for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == ==== Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ==== Plus de beginning of construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD) for 2011 insyd, Egypt dey face de threat of water shortage as de new upstream dam go reduce de amount of water wey dey flow downstream to Lake Nasser. As dis flow of water from de Nile into Egypt den Sudan dey constitute a major part for demma economy insyd, ein reduction sekof de construction of de GERD fi potentially dey devastate give de nations. == References == p0o1ls6793arm8dgmuz0fygnqcgq66b 101366 101363 2026-06-09T20:57:32Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem completeam for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == ==== Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ==== Plus de beginning of construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD) for 2011 insyd, Egypt dey face de threat of water shortage as de new upstream dam go reduce de amount of water wey dey flow downstream to Lake Nasser. As dis flow of water from de Nile into Egypt den Sudan dey constitute a major part for demma economy insyd, ein reduction sekof de construction of de GERD fi potentially dey devastate give de nations. De project be about 90% wey dem complete by 2023; staged filling of de reservoir begin for 2020 insyd. == References == koi1cf2tarl07qnmqcm9n081v6jmvke 101368 101366 2026-06-09T20:58:02Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem completeam for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == ==== Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ==== Plus de beginning of construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD) for 2011 insyd, Egypt dey face de threat of water shortage as de new upstream dam go reduce de amount of water wey dey flow downstream to Lake Nasser. As dis flow of water from de Nile into Egypt den Sudan dey constitute a major part for demma economy insyd, ein reduction sekof de construction of de GERD fi potentially dey devastate give de nations. De project be about 90% wey dem complete by 2023; staged filling of de reservoir begin for 2020 insyd. De GERD already begin dey affect Egypt as e reduce de flow of water down de Nile River den decrease available agricultural land give de country. == References == blnoxhzqqwz4h5w3dbgmq63uwg3zf78 101370 101368 2026-06-09T20:58:24Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem completeam for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == ==== Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ==== Plus de beginning of construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD) for 2011 insyd, Egypt dey face de threat of water shortage as de new upstream dam go reduce de amount of water wey dey flow downstream to Lake Nasser. As dis flow of water from de Nile into Egypt den Sudan dey constitute a major part for demma economy insyd, ein reduction sekof de construction of de GERD fi potentially dey devastate give de nations. De project be about 90% wey dem complete by 2023; staged filling of de reservoir begin for 2020 insyd. De GERD already begin dey affect Egypt as e reduce de flow of water down de Nile River den decrease available agricultural land give de country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MENAFN |title=Egyptian agriculture crisis worsens, mainly due to lack of water |url=https://menafn.com/1094975988/Egyptian-agriculture-crisis-worsens-mainly-due-to-lack-of-water |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=menafn.com |language=en}}</ref> == References == l9jnx2oj402cvlx5hvb2k5hcnhlb509 101373 101370 2026-06-09T20:58:53Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem completeam for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == ==== Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ==== Plus de beginning of construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD) for 2011 insyd, Egypt dey face de threat of water shortage as de new upstream dam go reduce de amount of water wey dey flow downstream to Lake Nasser. As dis flow of water from de Nile into Egypt den Sudan dey constitute a major part for demma economy insyd, ein reduction sekof de construction of de GERD fi potentially dey devastate give de nations. De project be about 90% wey dem complete by 2023; staged filling of de reservoir begin for 2020 insyd. De GERD already begin dey affect Egypt as e reduce de flow of water down de Nile River den decrease available agricultural land give de country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MENAFN |title=Egyptian agriculture crisis worsens, mainly due to lack of water |url=https://menafn.com/1094975988/Egyptian-agriculture-crisis-worsens-mainly-due-to-lack-of-water |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=menafn.com |language=en}}</ref> If Egypt, Sudan, den Ethiopia dey unable to work out possible solutions give dis water problem, de GERD fi pose an existential threat to Lake Nasser, wey e get a destabilizing effect for Egypt den Sudan top wey dey rely for am top give many sectors for demma economies insyd. == References == ixseib9az35r642wgezk01ala43nlkw 101375 101373 2026-06-09T20:59:13Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem completeam for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == ==== Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ==== Plus de beginning of construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD) for 2011 insyd, Egypt dey face de threat of water shortage as de new upstream dam go reduce de amount of water wey dey flow downstream to Lake Nasser. As dis flow of water from de Nile into Egypt den Sudan dey constitute a major part for demma economy insyd, ein reduction sekof de construction of de GERD fi potentially dey devastate give de nations. De project be about 90% wey dem complete by 2023; staged filling of de reservoir begin for 2020 insyd. De GERD already begin dey affect Egypt as e reduce de flow of water down de Nile River den decrease available agricultural land give de country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MENAFN |title=Egyptian agriculture crisis worsens, mainly due to lack of water |url=https://menafn.com/1094975988/Egyptian-agriculture-crisis-worsens-mainly-due-to-lack-of-water |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=menafn.com |language=en}}</ref> If Egypt, Sudan, den Ethiopia dey unable to work out possible solutions give dis water problem, de GERD fi pose an existential threat to Lake Nasser, wey e get a destabilizing effect for Egypt den Sudan top wey dey rely for am top give many sectors for demma economies insyd.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep33478 |title=The Political Deadlock on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |last1=Attia |first1=Hana |last2=Saleh |first2=Mona |date=2021 |publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)}}</ref> == References == kbqbnhdkga2sdw2tup1k1ybvuew791p 101378 101375 2026-06-09T20:59:43Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem completeam for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == ==== Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ==== Plus de beginning of construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD) for 2011 insyd, Egypt dey face de threat of water shortage as de new upstream dam go reduce de amount of water wey dey flow downstream to Lake Nasser. As dis flow of water from de Nile into Egypt den Sudan dey constitute a major part for demma economy insyd, ein reduction sekof de construction of de GERD fi potentially dey devastate give de nations. De project be about 90% wey dem complete by 2023; staged filling of de reservoir begin for 2020 insyd. De GERD already begin dey affect Egypt as e reduce de flow of water down de Nile River den decrease available agricultural land give de country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MENAFN |title=Egyptian agriculture crisis worsens, mainly due to lack of water |url=https://menafn.com/1094975988/Egyptian-agriculture-crisis-worsens-mainly-due-to-lack-of-water |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=menafn.com |language=en}}</ref> If Egypt, Sudan, den Ethiopia dey unable to work out possible solutions give dis water problem, de GERD fi pose an existential threat to Lake Nasser, wey e get a destabilizing effect for Egypt den Sudan top wey dey rely for am top give many sectors for demma economies insyd.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep33478 |title=The Political Deadlock on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |last1=Attia |first1=Hana |last2=Saleh |first2=Mona |date=2021 |publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)}}</ref> == Gallery == == References == jp1o4ql2y8zn5aq8d7gj1dzv7hsy1od 101380 101378 2026-06-09T21:00:14Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem completeam for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == ==== Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ==== Plus de beginning of construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD) for 2011 insyd, Egypt dey face de threat of water shortage as de new upstream dam go reduce de amount of water wey dey flow downstream to Lake Nasser. As dis flow of water from de Nile into Egypt den Sudan dey constitute a major part for demma economy insyd, ein reduction sekof de construction of de GERD fi potentially dey devastate give de nations. De project be about 90% wey dem complete by 2023; staged filling of de reservoir begin for 2020 insyd. De GERD already begin dey affect Egypt as e reduce de flow of water down de Nile River den decrease available agricultural land give de country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MENAFN |title=Egyptian agriculture crisis worsens, mainly due to lack of water |url=https://menafn.com/1094975988/Egyptian-agriculture-crisis-worsens-mainly-due-to-lack-of-water |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=menafn.com |language=en}}</ref> If Egypt, Sudan, den Ethiopia dey unable to work out possible solutions give dis water problem, de GERD fi pose an existential threat to Lake Nasser, wey e get a destabilizing effect for Egypt den Sudan top wey dey rely for am top give many sectors for demma economies insyd.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep33478 |title=The Political Deadlock on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |last1=Attia |first1=Hana |last2=Saleh |first2=Mona |date=2021 |publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Lake-nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake-nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser at dawn File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|View of Abu Simbel from Lake Nasser </gallery> == References == rop45t5a3i1uxltt1n7fogi5uob7f5e 101383 101380 2026-06-09T21:00:49Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem completeam for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == ==== Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ==== Plus de beginning of construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD) for 2011 insyd, Egypt dey face de threat of water shortage as de new upstream dam go reduce de amount of water wey dey flow downstream to Lake Nasser. As dis flow of water from de Nile into Egypt den Sudan dey constitute a major part for demma economy insyd, ein reduction sekof de construction of de GERD fi potentially dey devastate give de nations. De project be about 90% wey dem complete by 2023; staged filling of de reservoir begin for 2020 insyd. De GERD already begin dey affect Egypt as e reduce de flow of water down de Nile River den decrease available agricultural land give de country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MENAFN |title=Egyptian agriculture crisis worsens, mainly due to lack of water |url=https://menafn.com/1094975988/Egyptian-agriculture-crisis-worsens-mainly-due-to-lack-of-water |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=menafn.com |language=en}}</ref> If Egypt, Sudan, den Ethiopia dey unable to work out possible solutions give dis water problem, de GERD fi pose an existential threat to Lake Nasser, wey e get a destabilizing effect for Egypt den Sudan top wey dey rely for am top give many sectors for demma economies insyd.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep33478 |title=The Political Deadlock on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |last1=Attia |first1=Hana |last2=Saleh |first2=Mona |date=2021 |publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Lake-nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake-nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser at dawn File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|View of Abu Simbel from Lake Nasser </gallery> == Further reading == == References == 0kyzuvch4azusr4en8z0rstakynyi8i 101384 101383 2026-06-09T21:01:17Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem completeam for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == ==== Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ==== Plus de beginning of construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD) for 2011 insyd, Egypt dey face de threat of water shortage as de new upstream dam go reduce de amount of water wey dey flow downstream to Lake Nasser. As dis flow of water from de Nile into Egypt den Sudan dey constitute a major part for demma economy insyd, ein reduction sekof de construction of de GERD fi potentially dey devastate give de nations. De project be about 90% wey dem complete by 2023; staged filling of de reservoir begin for 2020 insyd. De GERD already begin dey affect Egypt as e reduce de flow of water down de Nile River den decrease available agricultural land give de country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MENAFN |title=Egyptian agriculture crisis worsens, mainly due to lack of water |url=https://menafn.com/1094975988/Egyptian-agriculture-crisis-worsens-mainly-due-to-lack-of-water |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=menafn.com |language=en}}</ref> If Egypt, Sudan, den Ethiopia dey unable to work out possible solutions give dis water problem, de GERD fi pose an existential threat to Lake Nasser, wey e get a destabilizing effect for Egypt den Sudan top wey dey rely for am top give many sectors for demma economies insyd.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep33478 |title=The Political Deadlock on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |last1=Attia |first1=Hana |last2=Saleh |first2=Mona |date=2021 |publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Lake-nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake-nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser at dawn File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|View of Abu Simbel from Lake Nasser </gallery> == Further reading == * [[:en:Helen_Chapin_Metz|Helen Chapin Metz]], ed., ''[http://countrystudies.us/egypt/49.htm Egypt: A Country Study]''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1990. == References == 0wr3tkx3lq2fc3vevo20vyy4m49pq97 101385 101384 2026-06-09T21:01:47Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem completeam for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == ==== Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ==== Plus de beginning of construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD) for 2011 insyd, Egypt dey face de threat of water shortage as de new upstream dam go reduce de amount of water wey dey flow downstream to Lake Nasser. As dis flow of water from de Nile into Egypt den Sudan dey constitute a major part for demma economy insyd, ein reduction sekof de construction of de GERD fi potentially dey devastate give de nations. De project be about 90% wey dem complete by 2023; staged filling of de reservoir begin for 2020 insyd. De GERD already begin dey affect Egypt as e reduce de flow of water down de Nile River den decrease available agricultural land give de country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MENAFN |title=Egyptian agriculture crisis worsens, mainly due to lack of water |url=https://menafn.com/1094975988/Egyptian-agriculture-crisis-worsens-mainly-due-to-lack-of-water |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=menafn.com |language=en}}</ref> If Egypt, Sudan, den Ethiopia dey unable to work out possible solutions give dis water problem, de GERD fi pose an existential threat to Lake Nasser, wey e get a destabilizing effect for Egypt den Sudan top wey dey rely for am top give many sectors for demma economies insyd.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep33478 |title=The Political Deadlock on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |last1=Attia |first1=Hana |last2=Saleh |first2=Mona |date=2021 |publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Lake-nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake-nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser at dawn File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|View of Abu Simbel from Lake Nasser </gallery> == Further reading == * [[:en:Helen_Chapin_Metz|Helen Chapin Metz]], ed., ''[http://countrystudies.us/egypt/49.htm Egypt: A Country Study]''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1990. == Make you sanso see == == References == n029zrsfzxn9g3uc8kzjxj93dpysh1q 101386 101385 2026-06-09T21:02:44Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem completeam for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == ==== Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ==== Plus de beginning of construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD) for 2011 insyd, Egypt dey face de threat of water shortage as de new upstream dam go reduce de amount of water wey dey flow downstream to Lake Nasser. As dis flow of water from de Nile into Egypt den Sudan dey constitute a major part for demma economy insyd, ein reduction sekof de construction of de GERD fi potentially dey devastate give de nations. De project be about 90% wey dem complete by 2023; staged filling of de reservoir begin for 2020 insyd. De GERD already begin dey affect Egypt as e reduce de flow of water down de Nile River den decrease available agricultural land give de country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MENAFN |title=Egyptian agriculture crisis worsens, mainly due to lack of water |url=https://menafn.com/1094975988/Egyptian-agriculture-crisis-worsens-mainly-due-to-lack-of-water |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=menafn.com |language=en}}</ref> If Egypt, Sudan, den Ethiopia dey unable to work out possible solutions give dis water problem, de GERD fi pose an existential threat to Lake Nasser, wey e get a destabilizing effect for Egypt den Sudan top wey dey rely for am top give many sectors for demma economies insyd.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep33478 |title=The Political Deadlock on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |last1=Attia |first1=Hana |last2=Saleh |first2=Mona |date=2021 |publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Lake-nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake-nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser at dawn File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|View of Abu Simbel from Lake Nasser </gallery> == Further reading == * [[:en:Helen_Chapin_Metz|Helen Chapin Metz]], ed., ''[http://countrystudies.us/egypt/49.htm Egypt: A Country Study]''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1990. == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:Aniba_(Nubia)|Aniba (Nubia)]], a region wey Lake Nasser flood am == References == 4qtuwfus0sru43j033o2l8b3dyj18tl 101387 101386 2026-06-09T21:03:59Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem completeam for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == ==== Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ==== Plus de beginning of construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD) for 2011 insyd, Egypt dey face de threat of water shortage as de new upstream dam go reduce de amount of water wey dey flow downstream to Lake Nasser. As dis flow of water from de Nile into Egypt den Sudan dey constitute a major part for demma economy insyd, ein reduction sekof de construction of de GERD fi potentially dey devastate give de nations. De project be about 90% wey dem complete by 2023; staged filling of de reservoir begin for 2020 insyd. De GERD already begin dey affect Egypt as e reduce de flow of water down de Nile River den decrease available agricultural land give de country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MENAFN |title=Egyptian agriculture crisis worsens, mainly due to lack of water |url=https://menafn.com/1094975988/Egyptian-agriculture-crisis-worsens-mainly-due-to-lack-of-water |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=menafn.com |language=en}}</ref> If Egypt, Sudan, den Ethiopia dey unable to work out possible solutions give dis water problem, de GERD fi pose an existential threat to Lake Nasser, wey e get a destabilizing effect for Egypt den Sudan top wey dey rely for am top give many sectors for demma economies insyd.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep33478 |title=The Political Deadlock on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |last1=Attia |first1=Hana |last2=Saleh |first2=Mona |date=2021 |publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Lake-nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake-nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser at dawn File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|View of Abu Simbel from Lake Nasser </gallery> == Further reading == * [[:en:Helen_Chapin_Metz|Helen Chapin Metz]], ed., ''[http://countrystudies.us/egypt/49.htm Egypt: A Country Study]''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1990. == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:Aniba_(Nubia)|Aniba (Nubia)]], a region wey Lake Nasser flood am * [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], region wey Lake Nasser flood am == References == 923s63xtwsom7akrxcybpe56au79coz 101388 101387 2026-06-09T21:04:46Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem completeam for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == ==== Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ==== Plus de beginning of construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD) for 2011 insyd, Egypt dey face de threat of water shortage as de new upstream dam go reduce de amount of water wey dey flow downstream to Lake Nasser. As dis flow of water from de Nile into Egypt den Sudan dey constitute a major part for demma economy insyd, ein reduction sekof de construction of de GERD fi potentially dey devastate give de nations. De project be about 90% wey dem complete by 2023; staged filling of de reservoir begin for 2020 insyd. De GERD already begin dey affect Egypt as e reduce de flow of water down de Nile River den decrease available agricultural land give de country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MENAFN |title=Egyptian agriculture crisis worsens, mainly due to lack of water |url=https://menafn.com/1094975988/Egyptian-agriculture-crisis-worsens-mainly-due-to-lack-of-water |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=menafn.com |language=en}}</ref> If Egypt, Sudan, den Ethiopia dey unable to work out possible solutions give dis water problem, de GERD fi pose an existential threat to Lake Nasser, wey e get a destabilizing effect for Egypt den Sudan top wey dey rely for am top give many sectors for demma economies insyd.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep33478 |title=The Political Deadlock on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |last1=Attia |first1=Hana |last2=Saleh |first2=Mona |date=2021 |publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Lake-nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake-nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser at dawn File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|View of Abu Simbel from Lake Nasser </gallery> == Further reading == * [[:en:Helen_Chapin_Metz|Helen Chapin Metz]], ed., ''[http://countrystudies.us/egypt/49.htm Egypt: A Country Study]''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1990. == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:Aniba_(Nubia)|Aniba (Nubia)]], a region wey Lake Nasser flood am * [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], region wey Lake Nasser flood am * [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], dam dat create Lake Nasser == References == p9yos1nywobflg98i0u66bsg02kwfll 101393 101388 2026-06-09T21:06:06Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem completeam for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == ==== Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ==== Plus de beginning of construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD) for 2011 insyd, Egypt dey face de threat of water shortage as de new upstream dam go reduce de amount of water wey dey flow downstream to Lake Nasser. As dis flow of water from de Nile into Egypt den Sudan dey constitute a major part for demma economy insyd, ein reduction sekof de construction of de GERD fi potentially dey devastate give de nations. De project be about 90% wey dem complete by 2023; staged filling of de reservoir begin for 2020 insyd. De GERD already begin dey affect Egypt as e reduce de flow of water down de Nile River den decrease available agricultural land give de country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MENAFN |title=Egyptian agriculture crisis worsens, mainly due to lack of water |url=https://menafn.com/1094975988/Egyptian-agriculture-crisis-worsens-mainly-due-to-lack-of-water |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=menafn.com |language=en}}</ref> If Egypt, Sudan, den Ethiopia dey unable to work out possible solutions give dis water problem, de GERD fi pose an existential threat to Lake Nasser, wey e get a destabilizing effect for Egypt den Sudan top wey dey rely for am top give many sectors for demma economies insyd.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep33478 |title=The Political Deadlock on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |last1=Attia |first1=Hana |last2=Saleh |first2=Mona |date=2021 |publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Lake-nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake-nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser at dawn File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|View of Abu Simbel from Lake Nasser </gallery> == Further reading == * [[:en:Helen_Chapin_Metz|Helen Chapin Metz]], ed., ''[http://countrystudies.us/egypt/49.htm Egypt: A Country Study]''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1990. == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:Aniba_(Nubia)|Aniba (Nubia)]], a region wey Lake Nasser flood am * [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], region wey Lake Nasser flood am * [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], dam dat create Lake Nasser * [[:en:Toshka_Lakes|Toshka Lakes]], wey recently form [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] lakes wey periodic ovaflow from Lake Nasser cause am == References == c2xbpeykadylcye46oirijz3qhbxtwl 101395 101393 2026-06-09T21:06:41Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem completeam for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == ==== Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ==== Plus de beginning of construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD) for 2011 insyd, Egypt dey face de threat of water shortage as de new upstream dam go reduce de amount of water wey dey flow downstream to Lake Nasser. As dis flow of water from de Nile into Egypt den Sudan dey constitute a major part for demma economy insyd, ein reduction sekof de construction of de GERD fi potentially dey devastate give de nations. De project be about 90% wey dem complete by 2023; staged filling of de reservoir begin for 2020 insyd. De GERD already begin dey affect Egypt as e reduce de flow of water down de Nile River den decrease available agricultural land give de country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MENAFN |title=Egyptian agriculture crisis worsens, mainly due to lack of water |url=https://menafn.com/1094975988/Egyptian-agriculture-crisis-worsens-mainly-due-to-lack-of-water |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=menafn.com |language=en}}</ref> If Egypt, Sudan, den Ethiopia dey unable to work out possible solutions give dis water problem, de GERD fi pose an existential threat to Lake Nasser, wey e get a destabilizing effect for Egypt den Sudan top wey dey rely for am top give many sectors for demma economies insyd.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep33478 |title=The Political Deadlock on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |last1=Attia |first1=Hana |last2=Saleh |first2=Mona |date=2021 |publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Lake-nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake-nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser at dawn File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|View of Abu Simbel from Lake Nasser </gallery> == Further reading == * [[:en:Helen_Chapin_Metz|Helen Chapin Metz]], ed., ''[http://countrystudies.us/egypt/49.htm Egypt: A Country Study]''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1990. == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:Aniba_(Nubia)|Aniba (Nubia)]], a region wey Lake Nasser flood am * [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], region wey Lake Nasser flood am * [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], dam dat create Lake Nasser * [[:en:Toshka_Lakes|Toshka Lakes]], wey recently form [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] lakes wey periodic ovaflow from Lake Nasser cause am == References == <references /> == External links == kbn6s1512mjtiay3s2cyorbp4d69ovj 101398 101395 2026-06-09T21:07:22Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem completeam for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == ==== Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ==== Plus de beginning of construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD) for 2011 insyd, Egypt dey face de threat of water shortage as de new upstream dam go reduce de amount of water wey dey flow downstream to Lake Nasser. As dis flow of water from de Nile into Egypt den Sudan dey constitute a major part for demma economy insyd, ein reduction sekof de construction of de GERD fi potentially dey devastate give de nations. De project be about 90% wey dem complete by 2023; staged filling of de reservoir begin for 2020 insyd. De GERD already begin dey affect Egypt as e reduce de flow of water down de Nile River den decrease available agricultural land give de country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MENAFN |title=Egyptian agriculture crisis worsens, mainly due to lack of water |url=https://menafn.com/1094975988/Egyptian-agriculture-crisis-worsens-mainly-due-to-lack-of-water |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=menafn.com |language=en}}</ref> If Egypt, Sudan, den Ethiopia dey unable to work out possible solutions give dis water problem, de GERD fi pose an existential threat to Lake Nasser, wey e get a destabilizing effect for Egypt den Sudan top wey dey rely for am top give many sectors for demma economies insyd.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep33478 |title=The Political Deadlock on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |last1=Attia |first1=Hana |last2=Saleh |first2=Mona |date=2021 |publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Lake-nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake-nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser at dawn File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|View of Abu Simbel from Lake Nasser </gallery> == Further reading == * [[:en:Helen_Chapin_Metz|Helen Chapin Metz]], ed., ''[http://countrystudies.us/egypt/49.htm Egypt: A Country Study]''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1990. == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:Aniba_(Nubia)|Aniba (Nubia)]], a region wey Lake Nasser flood am * [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], region wey Lake Nasser flood am * [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], dam dat create Lake Nasser * [[:en:Toshka_Lakes|Toshka Lakes]], wey recently form [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] lakes wey periodic ovaflow from Lake Nasser cause am == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Nasser Lake Nasser] at [[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]] 85q9mjg0h6zpr1iwbz9zw6gzcv605ta 101400 101398 2026-06-09T21:07:48Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem completeam for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == ==== Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ==== Plus de beginning of construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD) for 2011 insyd, Egypt dey face de threat of water shortage as de new upstream dam go reduce de amount of water wey dey flow downstream to Lake Nasser. As dis flow of water from de Nile into Egypt den Sudan dey constitute a major part for demma economy insyd, ein reduction sekof de construction of de GERD fi potentially dey devastate give de nations. De project be about 90% wey dem complete by 2023; staged filling of de reservoir begin for 2020 insyd. De GERD already begin dey affect Egypt as e reduce de flow of water down de Nile River den decrease available agricultural land give de country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MENAFN |title=Egyptian agriculture crisis worsens, mainly due to lack of water |url=https://menafn.com/1094975988/Egyptian-agriculture-crisis-worsens-mainly-due-to-lack-of-water |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=menafn.com |language=en}}</ref> If Egypt, Sudan, den Ethiopia dey unable to work out possible solutions give dis water problem, de GERD fi pose an existential threat to Lake Nasser, wey e get a destabilizing effect for Egypt den Sudan top wey dey rely for am top give many sectors for demma economies insyd.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep33478 |title=The Political Deadlock on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |last1=Attia |first1=Hana |last2=Saleh |first2=Mona |date=2021 |publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Lake-nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake-nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser at dawn File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|View of Abu Simbel from Lake Nasser </gallery> == Further reading == * [[:en:Helen_Chapin_Metz|Helen Chapin Metz]], ed., ''[http://countrystudies.us/egypt/49.htm Egypt: A Country Study]''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1990. == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:Aniba_(Nubia)|Aniba (Nubia)]], a region wey Lake Nasser flood am * [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], region wey Lake Nasser flood am * [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], dam dat create Lake Nasser * [[:en:Toshka_Lakes|Toshka Lakes]], wey recently form [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] lakes wey periodic ovaflow from Lake Nasser cause am == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Nasser Lake Nasser] at [[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]] * [http://www.360tourist.net/everything-everywhere/toska-from-the-lake 360 Degree Panorama of Lake Nasser] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201172808/http://www.360tourist.net/everything-everywhere/toska-from-the-lake|date=1 February 2014}} aybx963ri4gm7qzvcllfuu22yrmxzaw 101403 101400 2026-06-09T21:08:16Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Nasser ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: بحيرة ناصر Boħeiret Nāṣer,  Egyptian Arabic: [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]]]) be a large [[:en:Reservoir_(water)|reservoir]] for [[:en:Southern_Egypt|southern Egypt]] den northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] create am den e be one of de [[:en:List_of_reservoirs_by_volume|largest man-made lakes]] for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many [[:en:Nubian_people|Nubian people]] live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' ([[:en:Egyptian_Arabic_language|Egyptian Arabic]]: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [[:en:Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic|[boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == ==== Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser ==== Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], home to several [[:en:Pharaoh|pharaohs]] of Egypt den empires such as dat of de [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 ==== [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second [[:en:President_of_Egypt|presido of Egypt]], [[:en:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido [[:en:Anwar_Sadat|Anwar Sadat]] wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|International Campaign to Save]] [[:en:International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia|de Monuments of Nubia]] insyd wey [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of [[:en:Temple_of_Kalabsha|Kalabsha]], [[:en:Temples_of_Wadi_es-Sebua|Wadi es-Sebua]], den [[:en:Temple_of_Amada|Amada]], sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at [[:en:Abu_Simbel|Abu Simbel]] wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]], dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of [[:en:Nile_tilapia|tilapia]] dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem completeam for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == ==== Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ==== Plus de beginning of construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD) for 2011 insyd, Egypt dey face de threat of water shortage as de new upstream dam go reduce de amount of water wey dey flow downstream to Lake Nasser. As dis flow of water from de Nile into Egypt den Sudan dey constitute a major part for demma economy insyd, ein reduction sekof de construction of de GERD fi potentially dey devastate give de nations. De project be about 90% wey dem complete by 2023; staged filling of de reservoir begin for 2020 insyd. De GERD already begin dey affect Egypt as e reduce de flow of water down de Nile River den decrease available agricultural land give de country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MENAFN |title=Egyptian agriculture crisis worsens, mainly due to lack of water |url=https://menafn.com/1094975988/Egyptian-agriculture-crisis-worsens-mainly-due-to-lack-of-water |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=menafn.com |language=en}}</ref> If Egypt, Sudan, den Ethiopia dey unable to work out possible solutions give dis water problem, de GERD fi pose an existential threat to Lake Nasser, wey e get a destabilizing effect for Egypt den Sudan top wey dey rely for am top give many sectors for demma economies insyd.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep33478 |title=The Political Deadlock on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |last1=Attia |first1=Hana |last2=Saleh |first2=Mona |date=2021 |publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Lake-nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake-nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser at dawn File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|View of Abu Simbel from Lake Nasser </gallery> == Further reading == * [[:en:Helen_Chapin_Metz|Helen Chapin Metz]], ed., ''[http://countrystudies.us/egypt/49.htm Egypt: A Country Study]''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1990. == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:Aniba_(Nubia)|Aniba (Nubia)]], a region wey Lake Nasser flood am * [[:en:Nubia|Nubia]], region wey Lake Nasser flood am * [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], dam dat create Lake Nasser * [[:en:Toshka_Lakes|Toshka Lakes]], wey recently form [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] lakes wey periodic ovaflow from Lake Nasser cause am == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Nasser Lake Nasser] at [[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]] * [http://www.360tourist.net/everything-everywhere/toska-from-the-lake 360 Degree Panorama of Lake Nasser] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201172808/http://www.360tourist.net/everything-everywhere/toska-from-the-lake|date=1 February 2014}} * [https://www.livescience.com/37360-abu-simbel.html Abu Simbel: The Temples That Moved] 2fxqxhfcb1o3cbrg2azm377riqwvnxi 0 27394 101220 2026-06-09T12:26:23Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start one article 101220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}De '''Pikine Drainage Network''' be one large-scale stormwater management system wey dey serve the densely populated suburban areas of Pikine, Keur Massar, and Guédiawaye, wey dey for the outskirts of Dakar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=AYOBA |date=2026-03-11 |title=Gestion des inondations : Cheikh Tidiane DIEYE satisfait des résultats du PROGEP 2 |url=https://walf-groupe.com/blog/2026/03/11/gestion-des-inondations-cheikh-tidiane-dieye-satisfait-des-resultats-du-progep-2/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Walf NET |language=fr-FR}}</ref> This network be the main physical output of the ''Projet de Gestion des Eaux Pluviales et d’Adaptation au Changement Climatique (PROGEP 2)'', wey the World Bank, the African Development Bank, and the Nordic Development Fund co-finance.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Visite de terrain: l’ADM s’engage pour une gestion durable des inondations |url=https://www.pressafrik.com/Visite-de-terrain-l-ADM-s-engage-pour-une-gestion-durable-des-inondations_a155548.html?print=1 |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=www.pressafrik.com}}</ref> By 2026, reports show say the project construct 46,000 linear metres of drainage canals inside the "Pikine–Keur Massar–Guédiawaye triangle".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seneweb |date=2026-03-11 |title=Second Steering Committee meeting of PROGEP 2: ADM unveils satisfactory results |url=https://www.seneweb.com/fr/news/Societe/second-steering-committee-meeting-of-progep-2-adm-unveils-satisfactory-results_n_486111.html |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Seneweb |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == History and Design == The first phase of the project start around 2012, with focus on reducing flooding for the low-lying suburbs of Dalifort, Wakhinane, and Nimzatt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainably Managing Flood Risks in Dakar’s Outer Suburbs |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/02/03/sustainably-managing-flood-risks-in-dakars-outer-suburbs |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The system mainly dey use gravity-fed mechanism wey direct stormwater go natural outlets without the need for constant pumping. E dey take advantage of the area's topography to make water flow naturally go the sea.<ref name=":1" /> Apart from the open canals, the network also include 30 kilometres of self-locking paved roads wey dem design to help water infiltrate into the groundwater table, thereby reducing surface runoff.<ref name=":0" /> === Operational Impact === Hydrological engineers report say the system fit effectively manage rainfall events wey exceed 130 millimetres, allowing water to flow by gravity without causing major urban backflow problems.<ref name=":1" /> Despite the success, officials note say the work never finish completely. Dem still need extend collector pipes to nearby areas such as the Technopôle and continue regular maintenance to prevent sediment from blocking the drainage system.<ref name=":1" /> The World Bank cite the PROGEP 2 model as an "innovation benchmark" for urban flood management across West and Central Africa.<ref name=":0" /> == References == <references /> [[Category:Drainage canals]] [[Category:Infrastructure in Senegal]] [[Category:Dakar]] [[Category:World Bank Group]] [[Category:Flood control]] [[Category:Water supply and sanitation by country]] [[Category:Stormwater management]] [[Category:Water in Senegal]] dnpx1rahbvxakklbvxp1cqxlr83m6ms 14 27395 101228 2026-06-09T12:39:40Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101228 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27396 101234 2026-06-09T12:59:52Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101234 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27397 101235 2026-06-09T13:00:03Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101235 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27398 101236 2026-06-09T13:00:16Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101236 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27399 101237 2026-06-09T13:01:26Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101237 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27400 101238 2026-06-09T13:01:36Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101238 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27401 101239 2026-06-09T13:01:48Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101239 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 27402 101240 2026-06-09T15:45:25Z Cornelius Agordome 28 I create a new article 101240 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Drinking water''' or '''potable water''' be [[:en:Water|water]] wey dey safe for [[:en:Ingestion|ingestion]], either you drink am directly insyd [[:en:Liquid|liquid]] form or consume am indirectly through [[:en:Outline_of_food_preparation|food preparation]]. Ebe often supply through taps, dat one we dey call am [[:en:Tap_water|tap water]]. De amount of drinking water wey dey require to maintain good health varies, den edey depend on physical activity, age, health-related issues, den environmental conditions.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://doi.org/10.55277/researchhub.m8xzcv8d.1 |title=Read Online Highly Recommended A History of the World in Six Plagues: How Contagion, Class, and Captivity Shaped Us, from Cholera to COVID-19 by Edna Bonhomme PDF 2026 Edition Full Book |last=Tod |first=Kurnia |date=2026-04-08 |publisher=ResearchHub Technologies, Inc.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.epa.gov/ncea/efh/pdfs/efh-complete.pdf |title=Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition |date=September 2011 |publisher=National Center for Environmental Assessment |access-date=24 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093656/http://www.epa.gov/ncea/efh/pdfs/efh-complete.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> For those who dey work insyd hot climate, up to 16 liters (4.2 U.S. gal) per day wey may be require. kkyj1p6bv34wjfm4hhbttuiy3gmdgsg 101241 101240 2026-06-09T15:46:23Z Cornelius Agordome 28 101241 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Drinking water''' or '''potable water''' be [[:en:Water|water]] wey dey safe for [[:en:Ingestion|ingestion]], either you drink am directly insyd [[:en:Liquid|liquid]] form or consume am indirectly through [[:en:Outline_of_food_preparation|food preparation]]. Ebe often supply through taps, dat one we dey call am [[:en:Tap_water|tap water]]. De amount of drinking water wey dey require to maintain good health varies, den edey depend on physical activity, age, health-related issues, den environmental conditions.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://doi.org/10.55277/researchhub.m8xzcv8d.1 |title=Read Online Highly Recommended A History of the World in Six Plagues: How Contagion, Class, and Captivity Shaped Us, from Cholera to COVID-19 by Edna Bonhomme PDF 2026 Edition Full Book |last=Tod |first=Kurnia |date=2026-04-08 |publisher=ResearchHub Technologies, Inc.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.epa.gov/ncea/efh/pdfs/efh-complete.pdf |title=Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition |date=September 2011 |publisher=National Center for Environmental Assessment |access-date=24 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093656/http://www.epa.gov/ncea/efh/pdfs/efh-complete.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> For those who dey work insyd hot climate, up to 16 liters (4.2 U.S. gal) per day wey may be require. == Reference == 6gjrydp88bpsprorc45n30j8nsee5om 0 27403 101243 2026-06-09T17:33:42Z Cornelius Agordome 28 Created new article 101243 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sanitation''' refer to [[:en:Public_health|public health]] conditions wey dey relate to clean drinking water den treatment plus disposal of human ein excreta den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=sanitation {{!}} Definition of sanitation in English by Oxford Dictionaries |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sanitation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117175208/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sanitation |archive-date=2017-11-17 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English}}</ref> [[:en:Risk_management|Preventing]] human contact plus [[:en:Feces|faeces]] be part of sanitation, like washing your hand plus soap. Sanitation system dey aim to protect human health thru providing clean environment wey go stop de [[:en:Transmission_(medicine)|transmission of disease]], especially thru de fecal–oral route.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SuSanA Library - Sustainable Sanitation Alliance - SuSanA |url=https://www.susana.org/knowledge-hub/resources?id=267 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=www.susana.org}}</ref> For example, [[:en:Diarrhea|diarrhea]], one of de main cause of [[:en:Undernutrition_in_children|malnutrition]] den [[:en:Stunted_growth|stunted growth]] insyd children, go fit be reduce thru adequate sanitation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diarrhoeal disease |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Oda diseases wey be easily transmitted insyd communities dat get low levels of sanitation, be [[:en:Ascariasis|ascariasis]] (a type of intestinal worm infection or [[:en:Helminthiasis|helminthiasis]]), [[:en:Cholera|cholera]], [[:en:Hepatitis|hepatitis]], [[polio]], [[:en:Schistosomiasis|schistosomiasis]], den [[:en:Trachoma|trachoma]], for now. == References == b3gifgue29jh7edk2lmy9pp2fhwxf1k 101244 101243 2026-06-09T17:35:39Z Cornelius Agordome 28 101244 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sanitation''' refer to [[:en:Public_health|public health]] conditions wey dey relate to clean [[drinking water]] den treatment plus disposal of human ein excreta den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=sanitation {{!}} Definition of sanitation in English by Oxford Dictionaries |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sanitation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117175208/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sanitation |archive-date=2017-11-17 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English}}</ref> [[:en:Risk_management|Preventing]] human contact plus [[:en:Feces|faeces]] be part of sanitation, like washing your hand plus soap. Sanitation system dey aim to protect human health thru providing clean environment wey go stop de [[:en:Transmission_(medicine)|transmission of disease]], especially thru de fecal–oral route.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SuSanA Library - Sustainable Sanitation Alliance - SuSanA |url=https://www.susana.org/knowledge-hub/resources?id=267 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=www.susana.org}}</ref> For example, [[:en:Diarrhea|diarrhea]], one of de main cause of [[:en:Undernutrition_in_children|malnutrition]] den [[:en:Stunted_growth|stunted growth]] insyd children, go fit be reduce thru adequate sanitation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diarrhoeal disease |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Oda diseases wey be easily transmitted insyd communities dat get low levels of sanitation, be [[:en:Ascariasis|ascariasis]] (a type of intestinal worm infection or [[:en:Helminthiasis|helminthiasis]]), [[:en:Cholera|cholera]], [[:en:Hepatitis|hepatitis]], [[polio]], [[:en:Schistosomiasis|schistosomiasis]], den [[:en:Trachoma|trachoma]], for now. == References == 5xv033xk0bge3tdekvzv67dt2qbhiuf 14 27404 101248 2026-06-09T17:47:31Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101248 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 27405 101261 2026-06-09T18:27:12Z Cornelius Agordome 28 I create a new article 101261 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Open defecation''' be de human practice for [[:en:Defecating|defecating]] outside ("for de open") rather than for [[:en:Toilet|toilet]]. People dey choose fields, bushes, forests, ditches, streets, canals, plus oder open spaces for defecation. Dey do so either because dey no get toilet wey be accessible or due to dema archaic traditional cultural practices.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Clasen T, Boisson S, Routray P, Torondel B, Bell M, Cumming O, Ensink J, Freeman M, Jenkins M, Odagiri M, Ray S, Sinha A, Suar M, Schmidt WP |date=November 2014 |title=Effectiveness of a rural sanitation program on diarrhea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomized trial |journal=The Lancet. Global Health |volume=2 |issue=11 |pages=e645-53 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70307-9 |pmid=25442689 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De practice be common where sanitation infrastructure den services no dey available. Even if toilets dey available, behavior change efforts go be needed to promote de use of toilets. 'Open defecation free' (ODF) be term used to describe communities dat make de shift to dey use toilets instead of open defecation. Dis go fit happen, for example, afta [[:en:Community-led_total_sanitation|community-led total sanitation]] programs get implemention. Open defecation go fit pollute de environment den cause health problems den diseases. High levels of open defecation dey link to high [[:en:Child_mortality|child mortality]], poor [[:en:Undernutrition|nutrition]], [[:en:Poverty|poverty]], plus large disparities between rich den poor people.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2036 |title=Progress on drinking water and sanitation, 2014 Update |date=2014 |publisher=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) |isbn=978-92-4-150724-0 |access-date=12 March 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> == References == l5gfszy29zq48oipf7ye6jb880552vu 14 27406 101263 2026-06-09T18:43:08Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101263 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27407 101264 2026-06-09T18:44:24Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101264 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27408 101265 2026-06-09T18:45:15Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101265 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27409 101266 2026-06-09T18:46:58Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101266 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27410 101267 2026-06-09T18:47:50Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101267 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27411 101268 2026-06-09T18:48:06Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101268 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 27412 101269 2026-06-09T18:56:03Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338150297|Lake Kyoga]]" 101269 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lake Kyoga''' anaa '''Lake Kioga''' (literally 'the place of bathing' insyd Runyoro language) be a large shallow lake insyd [[Uganda]], about 1,720 km2 (660 sq mi) insyd area de at an elevation of 1,033 metres.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=Govt starts irrigation schemes in Serere |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/govt-starts-irrigation-schemes-in-serere-4621462 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> De [[White Nile|Victoria Nile]] dey flow thru de lake on ein way from [[Lake Victoria]] to [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]]. De main inflow from Lake Victoria be regulated by de Nalubaale Power Station insyd Jinja. Anoda source of water be de Mount Elgon region on de border between Uganda den [[Kenya]]. While Lake Kyoga be part of de [[African Great Lakes]] system, e no be einself considered a great lake. == References == rrox2yfdhwc3ivfcxsnxchdgrt83uqn 101270 101269 2026-06-09T19:04:01Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kyoga''' anaa '''Lake Kioga''' (literally 'the place of bathing' insyd Runyoro language) be a large shallow lake insyd [[Uganda]], about {{convert|1,720|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} insyd area de at an elevation of 1,033 metres.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=Govt starts irrigation schemes in Serere |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/govt-starts-irrigation-schemes-in-serere-4621462 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> De [[White Nile|Victoria Nile]] dey flow thru de lake on ein way from [[Lake Victoria]] to [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]]. De main inflow from Lake Victoria be regulated by de Nalubaale Power Station insyd Jinja. Anoda source of water be de Mount Elgon region on de border between Uganda den [[Kenya]]. While Lake Kyoga be part of de [[African Great Lakes]] system, e no be einself considered a great lake. De lake dey reach a depth of about 5.7 metres, den chaw of am be less dan 4 metres deep.<ref name=":0" /> Areas wey be less dan 3 metres deep be completely covered by water lilies, while much of de swampy shoreline be covered plus papyrus den de invasive water hyacinth.<ref name=":0" /> De papyrus sanso dey form floating islands wey dey drift between a number of small permanent islands. Extensive wetlands feed by a complex system of streams den rivers surround de lakes. == References == qekoukqetkevrpwr49n4vv4qwjetzlw 101273 101270 2026-06-09T19:09:01Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kyoga''' anaa '''Lake Kioga''' (literally 'the place of bathing' insyd Runyoro language) be a large shallow lake insyd [[Uganda]], about {{convert|1,720|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Kyoga {{!}} World Lakes Database - ILEC |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake.asp?LakeID=AFR-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204122325/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake.asp?LakeID=AFR-15 |archive-date=2015-02-04 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=wldb.ilec.or.jp |language=en}}</ref> insyd area de at an elevation of 1,033 metres.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=Govt starts irrigation schemes in Serere |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/govt-starts-irrigation-schemes-in-serere-4621462 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> De [[White Nile|Victoria Nile]] dey flow thru de lake on ein way from [[Lake Victoria]] to [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]]. De main inflow from Lake Victoria be regulated by de Nalubaale Power Station insyd Jinja. Anoda source of water be de Mount Elgon region on de border between Uganda den [[Kenya]]. While Lake Kyoga be part of de [[African Great Lakes]] system, e no be einself considered a great lake. De lake dey reach a depth of about 5.7 metres, den chaw of am be less dan 4 metres deep.<ref name=":0" /> Areas wey be less dan 3 metres deep be completely covered by water lilies, while much of de swampy shoreline be covered plus papyrus den de invasive water hyacinth.<ref name=":0" /> De papyrus sanso dey form floating islands wey dey drift between a number of small permanent islands. Extensive wetlands feed by a complex system of streams den rivers surround de lakes. Ein extensions dey include; Lake Kwania, Lake Bisina, lake Bugondo den Lake Opeta.<ref name=":0" /> == References == <references /> == External links == se0jdat7zknlwqlh28p3f87k1e8l123 101277 101273 2026-06-09T19:19:13Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kyoga''' anaa '''Lake Kioga''' (literally 'the place of bathing' insyd Runyoro language) be a large shallow lake insyd [[Uganda]], about {{convert|1,720|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Kyoga {{!}} World Lakes Database - ILEC |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake.asp?LakeID=AFR-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204122325/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake.asp?LakeID=AFR-15 |archive-date=2015-02-04 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=wldb.ilec.or.jp |language=en}}</ref> insyd area de at an elevation of 1,033 metres.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=Govt starts irrigation schemes in Serere |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/govt-starts-irrigation-schemes-in-serere-4621462 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> De [[White Nile|Victoria Nile]] dey flow thru de lake on ein way from [[Lake Victoria]] to [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]]. De main inflow from Lake Victoria be regulated by de Nalubaale Power Station insyd Jinja. Anoda source of water be de Mount Elgon region on de border between Uganda den [[Kenya]]. While Lake Kyoga be part of de [[African Great Lakes]] system, e no be einself considered a great lake. De lake dey reach a depth of about 5.7 metres, den chaw of am be less dan 4 metres deep.<ref name=":0" /> Areas wey be less dan 3 metres deep be completely covered by water lilies, while much of de swampy shoreline be covered plus papyrus den de invasive water hyacinth.<ref name=":0" /> De papyrus sanso dey form floating islands wey dey drift between a number of small permanent islands. Extensive wetlands feed by a complex system of streams den rivers surround de lakes. Ein extensions dey include; Lake Kwania, Lake Bisina, lake Bugondo den Lake Opeta.<ref name=":0" /> ==Fauna den fishing== Nile crocodiles be numerous, as dem be aquatic fauna. Der be at least 60 haplochromine cichlid species, as well as a smaller number of oda fish species like Lake Victoria sardine den marbled lungfish. Chaw of de haplochromine cichlids be endemic, buh dem very closely relate to de Lake Victoria species,<ref name=Green2009>{{cite book| author=Green, J. | year=2009 | chapter=The Kyoga Catchment | pages=205–214 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref><ref name=Mwanja2001>{{cite journal| author1=Mwanja, W.W. | author2=A.S. Armoudlian | author3=S.B. Wandera | author4=L. Kaufman | author5=L. Wu | author6=G.C. Booton | author7=P.A. Fuerst | year=2001 | title=The bounty of minor lakes: the role of small satellite water bodies in evolution and conservation of fishes in the Lake Victoria Region, East Africa | journal=Hydrobiologia | volume=458 | issue=1 | pages=55–62 | doi=10.1023/A:1013167725047 | s2cid=6439470 }}</ref> den dey show a similar level of diversity in terms of feeding.<ref name=Mbabazi2004>{{cite journal| author1=Mbabazi, D. | author2=R. Ogutu-Ohwayo | author3=S.B. Wandera | author4=Y. Kiziito | year=2004 | title=Fish species and trophic diversity of haplochromine cichlids in the Kyoga satellite lakes (Uganda) | journal=African Journal of Ecology | volume=42 | issue=1 | pages=59–68 | doi=10.1111/j.0141-6707.2004.00492.x }}</ref> De Kyoga cichlids dey include both described species like ''Haplochromis latifasciatus'' den ''H. worthingtoni'', den undescribed like ''H.'' sp. "Kyoga flameback" den ''H.'' sp. "ruby".<ref>{{cite web| author=Bauman, K. | title=African Cichlids from the Lake Victoria basin | url=http://www.african-cichlid.com/Lake_Victoria.htm | accessdate=25 September 2019 }}</ref> As insyd Lake Victoria, de Kyoga cichlids be decimated by de introduced Nile perch den sam species already be extinct. Secof Kyoga generally be shallow and swampy, sam subsections—"satellite lakes"—be isolated to various degrees from de main lake. De number of surviving haplochromine cichlids insyd each subsection directly be related to de status of de Nile perch. Despite e be de largest by far, less dan 50 haplochromine species survive insyd de main section wer de Nile perch be common. In comparison, de much smaller satellite lakes Lemwa, Nyaguo den Nawampasa dey lack Nile perch, buh at least 50 haplochromine species survive insyd each of de first two, den at least 60 insyd de last. Conversely, de small satellite lakes Nakuwa den Nyasala wer Nile perch be abundant less dan 30 den 5 surviving haplochromines respectively.<ref name=Green2009/><ref name=Mwanja2001/> Dis sanso dey mean say fishing insyd de Lake Kyoga system gradually shift from once targeting chaw native species, to now primarily dey target de native Lake Victoria sardine, de introduced Nile perch wey dem introduce Nile tilapia<ref name=Witte2009>{{cite book| author1=Witte, F.| author2=M. de Graaf | author3=O.C. Mkumbo | author4=A.I. El-Moghraby | author5=F.A. Sibbing | year=2009 | chapter=Fisheries in the Nile System | pages=723–748 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> (de two native tilapias, de Singida den Victoria, cam be very rare, except insyd sam satellite lakes).<ref name=Mwanja2001/> Insyd 2006, 4% per of catches be haplochromine cichlids.<ref name=Witte2009/> == References == <references /> == External links == 9npe92f6fo8opgj4rr4rimhd7b67fru 101278 101277 2026-06-09T19:21:44Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kyoga''' anaa '''Lake Kioga''' (literally 'the place of bathing' insyd Runyoro language) be a large shallow lake insyd [[Uganda]], about {{convert|1,720|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Kyoga {{!}} World Lakes Database - ILEC |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake.asp?LakeID=AFR-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204122325/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake.asp?LakeID=AFR-15 |archive-date=2015-02-04 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=wldb.ilec.or.jp |language=en}}</ref> insyd area de at an elevation of 1,033 metres.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=Govt starts irrigation schemes in Serere |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/govt-starts-irrigation-schemes-in-serere-4621462 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> De [[White Nile|Victoria Nile]] dey flow thru de lake on ein way from [[Lake Victoria]] to [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]]. De main inflow from Lake Victoria be regulated by de Nalubaale Power Station insyd Jinja. Anoda source of water be de Mount Elgon region on de border between Uganda den [[Kenya]]. While Lake Kyoga be part of de [[African Great Lakes]] system, e no be einself considered a great lake. De lake dey reach a depth of about 5.7 metres, den chaw of am be less dan 4 metres deep.<ref name=":0" /> Areas wey be less dan 3 metres deep be completely covered by water lilies, while much of de swampy shoreline be covered plus papyrus den de invasive water hyacinth.<ref name=":0" /> De papyrus sanso dey form floating islands wey dey drift between a number of small permanent islands. Extensive wetlands feed by a complex system of streams den rivers surround de lakes. Ein extensions dey include; Lake Kwania, Lake Bisina, lake Bugondo den Lake Opeta.<ref name=":0" /> ==Fauna den fishing== Nile crocodiles be numerous, as dem be aquatic fauna. Der be at least 60 haplochromine cichlid species, as well as a smaller number of oda fish species like Lake Victoria sardine den marbled lungfish. Chaw of de haplochromine cichlids be endemic, buh dem very closely relate to de Lake Victoria species,<ref name=Green2009>{{cite book| author=Green, J. | year=2009 | chapter=The Kyoga Catchment | pages=205–214 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref><ref name=Mwanja2001>{{cite journal| author1=Mwanja, W.W. | author2=A.S. Armoudlian | author3=S.B. Wandera | author4=L. Kaufman | author5=L. Wu | author6=G.C. Booton | author7=P.A. Fuerst | year=2001 | title=The bounty of minor lakes: the role of small satellite water bodies in evolution and conservation of fishes in the Lake Victoria Region, East Africa | journal=Hydrobiologia | volume=458 | issue=1 | pages=55–62 | doi=10.1023/A:1013167725047 | s2cid=6439470 }}</ref> den dey show a similar level of diversity in terms of feeding.<ref name=Mbabazi2004>{{cite journal| author1=Mbabazi, D. | author2=R. Ogutu-Ohwayo | author3=S.B. Wandera | author4=Y. Kiziito | year=2004 | title=Fish species and trophic diversity of haplochromine cichlids in the Kyoga satellite lakes (Uganda) | journal=African Journal of Ecology | volume=42 | issue=1 | pages=59–68 | doi=10.1111/j.0141-6707.2004.00492.x }}</ref> De Kyoga cichlids dey include both described species like ''Haplochromis latifasciatus'' den ''H. worthingtoni'', den undescribed like ''H.'' sp. "Kyoga flameback" den ''H.'' sp. "ruby".<ref>{{cite web| author=Bauman, K. | title=African Cichlids from the Lake Victoria basin | url=http://www.african-cichlid.com/Lake_Victoria.htm | accessdate=25 September 2019 }}</ref> As insyd Lake Victoria, de Kyoga cichlids be decimated by de introduced Nile perch den sam species already be extinct. Secof Kyoga generally be shallow and swampy, sam subsections—"satellite lakes"—be isolated to various degrees from de main lake. De number of surviving haplochromine cichlids insyd each subsection directly be related to de status of de Nile perch. Despite e be de largest by far, less dan 50 haplochromine species survive insyd de main section wer de Nile perch be common. In comparison, de much smaller satellite lakes Lemwa, Nyaguo den Nawampasa dey lack Nile perch, buh at least 50 haplochromine species survive insyd each of de first two, den at least 60 insyd de last. Conversely, de small satellite lakes Nakuwa den Nyasala wer Nile perch be abundant less dan 30 den 5 surviving haplochromines respectively.<ref name=Green2009/><ref name=Mwanja2001/> Dis sanso dey mean say fishing insyd de Lake Kyoga system gradually shift from once targeting chaw native species, to now primarily dey target de native Lake Victoria sardine, de introduced Nile perch wey dem introduce Nile tilapia<ref name=Witte2009>{{cite book| author1=Witte, F.| author2=M. de Graaf | author3=O.C. Mkumbo | author4=A.I. El-Moghraby | author5=F.A. Sibbing | year=2009 | chapter=Fisheries in the Nile System | pages=723–748 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> (de two native tilapias, de Singida den Victoria, cam be very rare, except insyd sam satellite lakes).<ref name=Mwanja2001/> Insyd 2006, 4% per of catches be haplochromine cichlids.<ref name=Witte2009/> == Flora == [[File:Lake Kyoga Papyrus.jpg|alt=Lake Kyoga Papyrus|thumb|Lake Kyoga Papyrus]] Lake Kyoga get flora wey dey include ''Pistia stratiotes'' (water lettuce), ''Cyperus papyrus'', ''Vossia cuspidata'' (hippo grass) den water lily (''Nymphaea'' spp.).<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNF - Lake Kyoga |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35625/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kyoga/resindex.aspx#:~:text=Lake%20Kyoga%20has%20a%20rich,also%20found%20in%20the%20lake. |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=www.globalnature.org |archive-date=2024-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521070219/https://www.globalnature.org/35625/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kyoga/resindex.aspx#:~:text=Lake%20Kyoga%20has%20a%20rich,also%20found%20in%20the%20lake. |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3596|title=Lake Kyoga|website=World Lake Database|publisher=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation|access-date=2025-10-27}}</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{Commons}} *[http://www.photius.com/countries/uganda/geography/uganda_geography_lakes_and_rivers.html Lakes and rivers in Uganda] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150204122325/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake.asp?LakeID=AFR-15 Lake Kyoga] (World Lakes Database) [[Category:Lake Kyoga| ]] [[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley|Kyoga, Lake]] [[Category:Nile basin]] [[Category:Lakes of Uganda]] sbte8hcozanqn3dc2l36u9kyne4vlpo 0 27413 101276 2026-06-09T19:14:58Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Create a fresh article 101276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] l6b04pxc3r2xvtiiyti3kustcn5f81b 101279 101276 2026-06-09T19:22:01Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve article 101279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> == References == bumlpm2e3fjeslxisprwng1sluae7jt 101281 101279 2026-06-09T19:26:55Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 101281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== == References == hzqn12ikso1tf4c0obplm36g581dlcv 101282 101281 2026-06-09T19:35:37Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 101282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Acuifero arenito nubio.jpg|thumb|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] Since 2001, de Nubian Sandstone aquifer wey dey situate between de Toshka den Abu Simbel areas of Egypt has undergone intensive drilling den development as part of a land reclamation project. Drilling information dey used to conduct a variety of studies regarding de hydrogeological setting of de area's aquifer. == References == elbdsm43mk68ljy0l7mre6lx43wkjfd 101283 101282 2026-06-09T19:38:52Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve article 101283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Acuifero arenito nubio.jpg|thumb|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] Since 2001, de Nubian Sandstone aquifer wey dey situate between de Toshka den Abu Simbel areas of Egypt has undergone intensive drilling den development as part of a land reclamation project. Drilling information dey used to conduct a variety of studies regarding de hydrogeological setting of de area's aquifer. Results dey indicate dat lithological characteristics den tectonic settings have a substantial effect on groundwater flow patterns den de area's overall aquifer potentiality, wich be considered relatively low wen compared to neighboring areas insyd eastern Oweinat anaa Dakhla. == References == il7f1upbunorhtwsevjjkhy2sics2z2 101284 101283 2026-06-09T19:39:33Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 101284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Acuifero arenito nubio.jpg|thumb|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] Since 2001, de Nubian Sandstone aquifer wey dey situate between de Toshka den Abu Simbel areas of Egypt has undergone intensive drilling den development as part of a land reclamation project. Drilling information dey used to conduct a variety of studies regarding de hydrogeological setting of de area's aquifer. Results dey indicate dat lithological characteristics den tectonic settings have a substantial effect on groundwater flow patterns den de area's overall aquifer potentiality, wich be considered relatively low wen compared to neighboring areas insyd eastern Oweinat anaa Dakhla. ===Geology=== == References == 94pmdin30jjaicbxic4c2aniagjt3vd 101285 101284 2026-06-09T19:48:41Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 101285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Acuifero arenito nubio.jpg|thumb|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] Since 2001, de Nubian Sandstone aquifer wey dey situate between de Toshka den Abu Simbel areas of Egypt has undergone intensive drilling den development as part of a land reclamation project. Drilling information dey used to conduct a variety of studies regarding de hydrogeological setting of de area's aquifer. Results dey indicate dat lithological characteristics den tectonic settings have a substantial effect on groundwater flow patterns den de area's overall aquifer potentiality, wich be considered relatively low wen compared to neighboring areas insyd eastern Oweinat anaa Dakhla. ===Geology=== De aquifer be largely composed of hard ferruginous sandstone plus great shale den clay intercalation, having a thickness dat ranges between 140 den 230 meters. Groundwater type varies from fresh to slightly brackish (salinity ranges from 240 to 1300 ppm). De ion dominance ordering shows dat sodium cation be most commonly predominating over calcium den magnesium – whereas chloride be predominant over sulfate den bicarbonate. De groundwater be of meteoric origin<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100400100140 | doi=10.1007/s100400100140 | title=Groundwater recharge and flow in the Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Sinai Peninsula, using isotopic techniques and hydrochemistry | year=2001 | last1=Samie | first1=S. Abd El | last2=M. | first2=Sadek | journal=Hydrogeology Journal | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=378–389 | bibcode=2001HydJ....9..378E | s2cid=129513948 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> (de term meteoric water dey refers to water dat wey originate as precipitation; most groundwater be meteoric insyd origin). == References == ivsu49p09tw3nnr8oyr9cqyveiyngki 101286 101285 2026-06-09T19:52:48Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 101286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Acuifero arenito nubio.jpg|thumb|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] Since 2001, de Nubian Sandstone aquifer wey dey situate between de Toshka den Abu Simbel areas of Egypt has undergone intensive drilling den development as part of a land reclamation project. Drilling information dey used to conduct a variety of studies regarding de hydrogeological setting of de area's aquifer. Results dey indicate dat lithological characteristics den tectonic settings have a substantial effect on groundwater flow patterns den de area's overall aquifer potentiality, wich be considered relatively low wen compared to neighboring areas insyd eastern Oweinat anaa Dakhla. ===Geology=== De aquifer be largely composed of hard ferruginous sandstone plus great shale den clay intercalation, having a thickness dat ranges between 140 den 230 meters. Groundwater type varies from fresh to slightly brackish (salinity ranges from 240 to 1300 ppm). De ion dominance ordering shows dat sodium cation be most commonly predominating over calcium den magnesium – whereas chloride be predominant over sulfate den bicarbonate. De groundwater be of meteoric origin<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100400100140 | doi=10.1007/s100400100140 | title=Groundwater recharge and flow in the Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Sinai Peninsula, using isotopic techniques and hydrochemistry | year=2001 | last1=Samie | first1=S. Abd El | last2=M. | first2=Sadek | journal=Hydrogeology Journal | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=378–389 | bibcode=2001HydJ....9..378E | s2cid=129513948 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> (de term meteoric water dey refers to water dat wey originate as precipitation; most groundwater be meteoric insyd origin). High concentrations of sodium, chloride, den sulfates reflect de leaching den dissolution processes of gypsiferous shales den clay, insyd addition to a lengthy duration of water residence.<ref>''A Study of Hydrogeological Conditions of the Nubian Sandstone Aguifer in the Area between Abu Simbel & Toschka, Western Desert, Egypt''. American Geophysical Union, Spring 2001</ref> Two recharge locations tied to specific epochs have been identified by Reika Yokochj et al.: one 38,000 years ago originating from de Mediterranean, den de second dated at around 361,000 years ago from de tropical Atlantic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yokochi |first1=Reika |last2=Ram |first2=Roi |last3=Zappala |first3=Jake C. |last4=Jiang |first4=Wei |last5=Adar |first5=Eilon |last6=Bernier |first6=Ryan |last7=Burg |first7=Avihu |last8=Dayan |first8=Uri |last9=Lu |first9=Zheng-Tian |last10=Mueller |first10=Peter |last11=Purtschert |first11=Roland |last12=Yechieli |first12=Yoseph |title=Radiokrypton unveils dual moisture sources of a deep desert aquifer |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=13 August 2019 |volume=116 |issue=33 |pages=16222–16227 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1904260116|pmc=6697870 }}</ref> == References == nywbdd2hkne30kk09g7t5c6o3r9zdkz 101287 101286 2026-06-09T19:53:31Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 101287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Acuifero arenito nubio.jpg|thumb|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] Since 2001, de Nubian Sandstone aquifer wey dey situate between de Toshka den Abu Simbel areas of Egypt has undergone intensive drilling den development as part of a land reclamation project. Drilling information dey used to conduct a variety of studies regarding de hydrogeological setting of de area's aquifer. Results dey indicate dat lithological characteristics den tectonic settings have a substantial effect on groundwater flow patterns den de area's overall aquifer potentiality, wich be considered relatively low wen compared to neighboring areas insyd eastern Oweinat anaa Dakhla. ===Geology=== De aquifer be largely composed of hard ferruginous sandstone plus great shale den clay intercalation, having a thickness dat ranges between 140 den 230 meters. Groundwater type varies from fresh to slightly brackish (salinity ranges from 240 to 1300 ppm). De ion dominance ordering shows dat sodium cation be most commonly predominating over calcium den magnesium – whereas chloride be predominant over sulfate den bicarbonate. De groundwater be of meteoric origin<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100400100140 | doi=10.1007/s100400100140 | title=Groundwater recharge and flow in the Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Sinai Peninsula, using isotopic techniques and hydrochemistry | year=2001 | last1=Samie | first1=S. Abd El | last2=M. | first2=Sadek | journal=Hydrogeology Journal | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=378–389 | bibcode=2001HydJ....9..378E | s2cid=129513948 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> (de term meteoric water dey refers to water dat wey originate as precipitation; most groundwater be meteoric insyd origin). High concentrations of sodium, chloride, den sulfates reflect de leaching den dissolution processes of gypsiferous shales den clay, insyd addition to a lengthy duration of water residence.<ref>''A Study of Hydrogeological Conditions of the Nubian Sandstone Aguifer in the Area between Abu Simbel & Toschka, Western Desert, Egypt''. American Geophysical Union, Spring 2001</ref> Two recharge locations tied to specific epochs have been identified by Reika Yokochj et al.: one 38,000 years ago originating from de Mediterranean, den de second dated at around 361,000 years ago from de tropical Atlantic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yokochi |first1=Reika |last2=Ram |first2=Roi |last3=Zappala |first3=Jake C. |last4=Jiang |first4=Wei |last5=Adar |first5=Eilon |last6=Bernier |first6=Ryan |last7=Burg |first7=Avihu |last8=Dayan |first8=Uri |last9=Lu |first9=Zheng-Tian |last10=Mueller |first10=Peter |last11=Purtschert |first11=Roland |last12=Yechieli |first12=Yoseph |title=Radiokrypton unveils dual moisture sources of a deep desert aquifer |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=13 August 2019 |volume=116 |issue=33 |pages=16222–16227 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1904260116|pmc=6697870 }}</ref> ==International development projects== == References == i30ro3q2ez9gfwdsgjzadkkyq3anjt0 101292 101287 2026-06-09T20:00:07Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 101292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Acuifero arenito nubio.jpg|thumb|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] Since 2001, de Nubian Sandstone aquifer wey dey situate between de Toshka den Abu Simbel areas of Egypt has undergone intensive drilling den development as part of a land reclamation project. Drilling information dey used to conduct a variety of studies regarding de hydrogeological setting of de area's aquifer. Results dey indicate dat lithological characteristics den tectonic settings have a substantial effect on groundwater flow patterns den de area's overall aquifer potentiality, wich be considered relatively low wen compared to neighboring areas insyd eastern Oweinat anaa Dakhla. ===Geology=== De aquifer be largely composed of hard ferruginous sandstone plus great shale den clay intercalation, having a thickness dat ranges between 140 den 230 meters. Groundwater type varies from fresh to slightly brackish (salinity ranges from 240 to 1300 ppm). De ion dominance ordering shows dat sodium cation be most commonly predominating over calcium den magnesium – whereas chloride be predominant over sulfate den bicarbonate. De groundwater be of meteoric origin<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100400100140 | doi=10.1007/s100400100140 | title=Groundwater recharge and flow in the Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Sinai Peninsula, using isotopic techniques and hydrochemistry | year=2001 | last1=Samie | first1=S. Abd El | last2=M. | first2=Sadek | journal=Hydrogeology Journal | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=378–389 | bibcode=2001HydJ....9..378E | s2cid=129513948 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> (de term meteoric water dey refers to water dat wey originate as precipitation; most groundwater be meteoric insyd origin). High concentrations of sodium, chloride, den sulfates reflect de leaching den dissolution processes of gypsiferous shales den clay, insyd addition to a lengthy duration of water residence.<ref>''A Study of Hydrogeological Conditions of the Nubian Sandstone Aguifer in the Area between Abu Simbel & Toschka, Western Desert, Egypt''. American Geophysical Union, Spring 2001</ref> Two recharge locations tied to specific epochs have been identified by Reika Yokochj et al.: one 38,000 years ago originating from de Mediterranean, den de second dated at around 361,000 years ago from de tropical Atlantic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yokochi |first1=Reika |last2=Ram |first2=Roi |last3=Zappala |first3=Jake C. |last4=Jiang |first4=Wei |last5=Adar |first5=Eilon |last6=Bernier |first6=Ryan |last7=Burg |first7=Avihu |last8=Dayan |first8=Uri |last9=Lu |first9=Zheng-Tian |last10=Mueller |first10=Peter |last11=Purtschert |first11=Roland |last12=Yechieli |first12=Yoseph |title=Radiokrypton unveils dual moisture sources of a deep desert aquifer |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=13 August 2019 |volume=116 |issue=33 |pages=16222–16227 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1904260116|pmc=6697870 }}</ref> ==International development projects== Since 2006, de international Atomic Energy Agency has been working insyd cooperation plus de four NSAS countries to help increase understanding of de aquifer's complexities through de IAEA-UNDP-GEF Nubian Project.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |journal=Science and Diplomacy |date=June 22, 2015 |title=The International Atomic Energy Agency: Linking Nuclear Science and Diplomacy |first=John |last=Brittain |access-date=June 22, 2015 |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002103/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |url-status=dead }}</ref> Project partners include de United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ Global Environment Facility (GEF), IAEA, United Nations Educational, Scientific den Cultural Organization ([[UNESCO]]) den government representatives from de NSAS countries. De project's long-term goal be establishing rational den equitable management of de NSAS as a productive way of advancing socio-economic development insyd de region den protecting biodiversity den land resources.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |title=IAEA/UNDP/GEF Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Medium Sized Project: Inception Meeting Report. November 9, 2006 |access-date=September 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190909/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == References == 6za58l3xzwxv8woh7it7851p6x9ke6s 101293 101292 2026-06-09T20:01:06Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 101293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Acuifero arenito nubio.jpg|thumb|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] Since 2001, de Nubian Sandstone aquifer wey dey situate between de Toshka den Abu Simbel areas of Egypt has undergone intensive drilling den development as part of a land reclamation project. Drilling information dey used to conduct a variety of studies regarding de hydrogeological setting of de area's aquifer. Results dey indicate dat lithological characteristics den tectonic settings have a substantial effect on groundwater flow patterns den de area's overall aquifer potentiality, wich be considered relatively low wen compared to neighboring areas insyd eastern Oweinat anaa Dakhla. ===Geology=== De aquifer be largely composed of hard ferruginous sandstone plus great shale den clay intercalation, having a thickness dat ranges between 140 den 230 meters. Groundwater type varies from fresh to slightly brackish (salinity ranges from 240 to 1300 ppm). De ion dominance ordering shows dat sodium cation be most commonly predominating over calcium den magnesium – whereas chloride be predominant over sulfate den bicarbonate. De groundwater be of meteoric origin<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100400100140 | doi=10.1007/s100400100140 | title=Groundwater recharge and flow in the Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Sinai Peninsula, using isotopic techniques and hydrochemistry | year=2001 | last1=Samie | first1=S. Abd El | last2=M. | first2=Sadek | journal=Hydrogeology Journal | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=378–389 | bibcode=2001HydJ....9..378E | s2cid=129513948 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> (de term meteoric water dey refers to water dat wey originate as precipitation; most groundwater be meteoric insyd origin). High concentrations of sodium, chloride, den sulfates reflect de leaching den dissolution processes of gypsiferous shales den clay, insyd addition to a lengthy duration of water residence.<ref>''A Study of Hydrogeological Conditions of the Nubian Sandstone Aguifer in the Area between Abu Simbel & Toschka, Western Desert, Egypt''. American Geophysical Union, Spring 2001</ref> Two recharge locations tied to specific epochs have been identified by Reika Yokochj et al.: one 38,000 years ago originating from de Mediterranean, den de second dated at around 361,000 years ago from de tropical Atlantic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yokochi |first1=Reika |last2=Ram |first2=Roi |last3=Zappala |first3=Jake C. |last4=Jiang |first4=Wei |last5=Adar |first5=Eilon |last6=Bernier |first6=Ryan |last7=Burg |first7=Avihu |last8=Dayan |first8=Uri |last9=Lu |first9=Zheng-Tian |last10=Mueller |first10=Peter |last11=Purtschert |first11=Roland |last12=Yechieli |first12=Yoseph |title=Radiokrypton unveils dual moisture sources of a deep desert aquifer |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=13 August 2019 |volume=116 |issue=33 |pages=16222–16227 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1904260116|pmc=6697870 }}</ref> ==International development projects== Since 2006, de international Atomic Energy Agency has been working insyd cooperation plus de four NSAS countries to help increase understanding of de aquifer's complexities through de IAEA-UNDP-GEF Nubian Project.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |journal=Science and Diplomacy |date=June 22, 2015 |title=The International Atomic Energy Agency: Linking Nuclear Science and Diplomacy |first=John |last=Brittain |access-date=June 22, 2015 |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002103/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |url-status=dead }}</ref> Project partners include de United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ Global Environment Facility (GEF), IAEA, United Nations Educational, Scientific den Cultural Organization ([[UNESCO]]) den government representatives from de NSAS countries. De project's long-term goal be establishing rational den equitable management of de NSAS as a productive way of advancing socio-economic development insyd de region den protecting biodiversity den land resources.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |title=IAEA/UNDP/GEF Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Medium Sized Project: Inception Meeting Report. November 9, 2006 |access-date=September 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190909/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == See sanso == == References == aaa3h93oihs6uekbzizdbtblwhj1jey 101295 101293 2026-06-09T20:02:44Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 101295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Acuifero arenito nubio.jpg|thumb|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] Since 2001, de Nubian Sandstone aquifer wey dey situate between de Toshka den Abu Simbel areas of Egypt has undergone intensive drilling den development as part of a land reclamation project. Drilling information dey used to conduct a variety of studies regarding de hydrogeological setting of de area's aquifer. Results dey indicate dat lithological characteristics den tectonic settings have a substantial effect on groundwater flow patterns den de area's overall aquifer potentiality, wich be considered relatively low wen compared to neighboring areas insyd eastern Oweinat anaa Dakhla. ===Geology=== De aquifer be largely composed of hard ferruginous sandstone plus great shale den clay intercalation, having a thickness dat ranges between 140 den 230 meters. Groundwater type varies from fresh to slightly brackish (salinity ranges from 240 to 1300 ppm). De ion dominance ordering shows dat sodium cation be most commonly predominating over calcium den magnesium – whereas chloride be predominant over sulfate den bicarbonate. De groundwater be of meteoric origin<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100400100140 | doi=10.1007/s100400100140 | title=Groundwater recharge and flow in the Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Sinai Peninsula, using isotopic techniques and hydrochemistry | year=2001 | last1=Samie | first1=S. Abd El | last2=M. | first2=Sadek | journal=Hydrogeology Journal | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=378–389 | bibcode=2001HydJ....9..378E | s2cid=129513948 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> (de term meteoric water dey refers to water dat wey originate as precipitation; most groundwater be meteoric insyd origin). High concentrations of sodium, chloride, den sulfates reflect de leaching den dissolution processes of gypsiferous shales den clay, insyd addition to a lengthy duration of water residence.<ref>''A Study of Hydrogeological Conditions of the Nubian Sandstone Aguifer in the Area between Abu Simbel & Toschka, Western Desert, Egypt''. American Geophysical Union, Spring 2001</ref> Two recharge locations tied to specific epochs have been identified by Reika Yokochj et al.: one 38,000 years ago originating from de Mediterranean, den de second dated at around 361,000 years ago from de tropical Atlantic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yokochi |first1=Reika |last2=Ram |first2=Roi |last3=Zappala |first3=Jake C. |last4=Jiang |first4=Wei |last5=Adar |first5=Eilon |last6=Bernier |first6=Ryan |last7=Burg |first7=Avihu |last8=Dayan |first8=Uri |last9=Lu |first9=Zheng-Tian |last10=Mueller |first10=Peter |last11=Purtschert |first11=Roland |last12=Yechieli |first12=Yoseph |title=Radiokrypton unveils dual moisture sources of a deep desert aquifer |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=13 August 2019 |volume=116 |issue=33 |pages=16222–16227 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1904260116|pmc=6697870 }}</ref> ==International development projects== Since 2006, de international Atomic Energy Agency has been working insyd cooperation plus de four NSAS countries to help increase understanding of de aquifer's complexities through de IAEA-UNDP-GEF Nubian Project.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |journal=Science and Diplomacy |date=June 22, 2015 |title=The International Atomic Energy Agency: Linking Nuclear Science and Diplomacy |first=John |last=Brittain |access-date=June 22, 2015 |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002103/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |url-status=dead }}</ref> Project partners include de United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ Global Environment Facility (GEF), IAEA, United Nations Educational, Scientific den Cultural Organization ([[UNESCO]]) den government representatives from de NSAS countries. De project's long-term goal be establishing rational den equitable management of de NSAS as a productive way of advancing socio-economic development insyd de region den protecting biodiversity den land resources.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |title=IAEA/UNDP/GEF Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Medium Sized Project: Inception Meeting Report. November 9, 2006 |access-date=September 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190909/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == See sanso == * Lake Ptolemy * African humid period == References == r155g4fogu5l124q1tysszl7gqrwry2 101296 101295 2026-06-09T20:03:26Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add databox 101296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Acuifero arenito nubio.jpg|thumb|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] Since 2001, de Nubian Sandstone aquifer wey dey situate between de Toshka den Abu Simbel areas of Egypt has undergone intensive drilling den development as part of a land reclamation project. Drilling information dey used to conduct a variety of studies regarding de hydrogeological setting of de area's aquifer. Results dey indicate dat lithological characteristics den tectonic settings have a substantial effect on groundwater flow patterns den de area's overall aquifer potentiality, wich be considered relatively low wen compared to neighboring areas insyd eastern Oweinat anaa Dakhla. ===Geology=== De aquifer be largely composed of hard ferruginous sandstone plus great shale den clay intercalation, having a thickness dat ranges between 140 den 230 meters. Groundwater type varies from fresh to slightly brackish (salinity ranges from 240 to 1300 ppm). De ion dominance ordering shows dat sodium cation be most commonly predominating over calcium den magnesium – whereas chloride be predominant over sulfate den bicarbonate. De groundwater be of meteoric origin<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100400100140 | doi=10.1007/s100400100140 | title=Groundwater recharge and flow in the Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Sinai Peninsula, using isotopic techniques and hydrochemistry | year=2001 | last1=Samie | first1=S. Abd El | last2=M. | first2=Sadek | journal=Hydrogeology Journal | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=378–389 | bibcode=2001HydJ....9..378E | s2cid=129513948 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> (de term meteoric water dey refers to water dat wey originate as precipitation; most groundwater be meteoric insyd origin). High concentrations of sodium, chloride, den sulfates reflect de leaching den dissolution processes of gypsiferous shales den clay, insyd addition to a lengthy duration of water residence.<ref>''A Study of Hydrogeological Conditions of the Nubian Sandstone Aguifer in the Area between Abu Simbel & Toschka, Western Desert, Egypt''. American Geophysical Union, Spring 2001</ref> Two recharge locations tied to specific epochs have been identified by Reika Yokochj et al.: one 38,000 years ago originating from de Mediterranean, den de second dated at around 361,000 years ago from de tropical Atlantic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yokochi |first1=Reika |last2=Ram |first2=Roi |last3=Zappala |first3=Jake C. |last4=Jiang |first4=Wei |last5=Adar |first5=Eilon |last6=Bernier |first6=Ryan |last7=Burg |first7=Avihu |last8=Dayan |first8=Uri |last9=Lu |first9=Zheng-Tian |last10=Mueller |first10=Peter |last11=Purtschert |first11=Roland |last12=Yechieli |first12=Yoseph |title=Radiokrypton unveils dual moisture sources of a deep desert aquifer |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=13 August 2019 |volume=116 |issue=33 |pages=16222–16227 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1904260116|pmc=6697870 }}</ref> ==International development projects== Since 2006, de international Atomic Energy Agency has been working insyd cooperation plus de four NSAS countries to help increase understanding of de aquifer's complexities through de IAEA-UNDP-GEF Nubian Project.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |journal=Science and Diplomacy |date=June 22, 2015 |title=The International Atomic Energy Agency: Linking Nuclear Science and Diplomacy |first=John |last=Brittain |access-date=June 22, 2015 |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002103/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |url-status=dead }}</ref> Project partners include de United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ Global Environment Facility (GEF), IAEA, United Nations Educational, Scientific den Cultural Organization ([[UNESCO]]) den government representatives from de NSAS countries. De project's long-term goal be establishing rational den equitable management of de NSAS as a productive way of advancing socio-economic development insyd de region den protecting biodiversity den land resources.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |title=IAEA/UNDP/GEF Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Medium Sized Project: Inception Meeting Report. November 9, 2006 |access-date=September 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190909/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == See sanso == * Lake Ptolemy * African humid period == References == c4iqmxmjeaof6tg7idninlefx9s4hnn 101297 101296 2026-06-09T20:05:29Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 101297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Acuifero arenito nubio.jpg|thumb|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] Since 2001, de Nubian Sandstone aquifer wey dey situate between de Toshka den Abu Simbel areas of Egypt has undergone intensive drilling den development as part of a land reclamation project. Drilling information dey used to conduct a variety of studies regarding de hydrogeological setting of de area's aquifer. Results dey indicate dat lithological characteristics den tectonic settings have a substantial effect on groundwater flow patterns den de area's overall aquifer potentiality, wich be considered relatively low wen compared to neighboring areas insyd eastern Oweinat anaa Dakhla. ===Geology=== De aquifer be largely composed of hard ferruginous sandstone plus great shale den clay intercalation, having a thickness dat ranges between 140 den 230 meters. Groundwater type varies from fresh to slightly brackish (salinity ranges from 240 to 1300 ppm). De ion dominance ordering shows dat sodium cation be most commonly predominating over calcium den magnesium – whereas chloride be predominant over sulfate den bicarbonate. De groundwater be of meteoric origin<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100400100140 | doi=10.1007/s100400100140 | title=Groundwater recharge and flow in the Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Sinai Peninsula, using isotopic techniques and hydrochemistry | year=2001 | last1=Samie | first1=S. Abd El | last2=M. | first2=Sadek | journal=Hydrogeology Journal | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=378–389 | bibcode=2001HydJ....9..378E | s2cid=129513948 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> (de term meteoric water dey refers to water dat wey originate as precipitation; most groundwater be meteoric insyd origin). High concentrations of sodium, chloride, den sulfates reflect de leaching den dissolution processes of gypsiferous shales den clay, insyd addition to a lengthy duration of water residence.<ref>''A Study of Hydrogeological Conditions of the Nubian Sandstone Aguifer in the Area between Abu Simbel & Toschka, Western Desert, Egypt''. American Geophysical Union, Spring 2001</ref> Two recharge locations tied to specific epochs have been identified by Reika Yokochj et al.: one 38,000 years ago originating from de Mediterranean, den de second dated at around 361,000 years ago from de tropical Atlantic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yokochi |first1=Reika |last2=Ram |first2=Roi |last3=Zappala |first3=Jake C. |last4=Jiang |first4=Wei |last5=Adar |first5=Eilon |last6=Bernier |first6=Ryan |last7=Burg |first7=Avihu |last8=Dayan |first8=Uri |last9=Lu |first9=Zheng-Tian |last10=Mueller |first10=Peter |last11=Purtschert |first11=Roland |last12=Yechieli |first12=Yoseph |title=Radiokrypton unveils dual moisture sources of a deep desert aquifer |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=13 August 2019 |volume=116 |issue=33 |pages=16222–16227 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1904260116|pmc=6697870 }}</ref> ==International development projects== Since 2006, de international Atomic Energy Agency has been working insyd cooperation plus de four NSAS countries to help increase understanding of de aquifer's complexities through de IAEA-UNDP-GEF Nubian Project.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |journal=Science and Diplomacy |date=June 22, 2015 |title=The International Atomic Energy Agency: Linking Nuclear Science and Diplomacy |first=John |last=Brittain |access-date=June 22, 2015 |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002103/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |url-status=dead }}</ref> Project partners include de United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ Global Environment Facility (GEF), IAEA, United Nations Educational, Scientific den Cultural Organization ([[UNESCO]]) den government representatives from de NSAS countries. De project's long-term goal be establishing rational den equitable management of de NSAS as a productive way of advancing socio-economic development insyd de region den protecting biodiversity den land resources.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |title=IAEA/UNDP/GEF Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Medium Sized Project: Inception Meeting Report. November 9, 2006 |access-date=September 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190909/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == See sanso == * Lake Ptolemy * African humid period == References == <references /> [[Category:Aquifers]] 1rlpjrl08m7wy9r3qi353098f90iecp 101298 101297 2026-06-09T20:06:00Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 101298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Acuifero arenito nubio.jpg|thumb|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] Since 2001, de Nubian Sandstone aquifer wey dey situate between de Toshka den Abu Simbel areas of Egypt has undergone intensive drilling den development as part of a land reclamation project. Drilling information dey used to conduct a variety of studies regarding de hydrogeological setting of de area's aquifer. Results dey indicate dat lithological characteristics den tectonic settings have a substantial effect on groundwater flow patterns den de area's overall aquifer potentiality, wich be considered relatively low wen compared to neighboring areas insyd eastern Oweinat anaa Dakhla. ===Geology=== De aquifer be largely composed of hard ferruginous sandstone plus great shale den clay intercalation, having a thickness dat ranges between 140 den 230 meters. Groundwater type varies from fresh to slightly brackish (salinity ranges from 240 to 1300 ppm). De ion dominance ordering shows dat sodium cation be most commonly predominating over calcium den magnesium – whereas chloride be predominant over sulfate den bicarbonate. De groundwater be of meteoric origin<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100400100140 | doi=10.1007/s100400100140 | title=Groundwater recharge and flow in the Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Sinai Peninsula, using isotopic techniques and hydrochemistry | year=2001 | last1=Samie | first1=S. Abd El | last2=M. | first2=Sadek | journal=Hydrogeology Journal | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=378–389 | bibcode=2001HydJ....9..378E | s2cid=129513948 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> (de term meteoric water dey refers to water dat wey originate as precipitation; most groundwater be meteoric insyd origin). High concentrations of sodium, chloride, den sulfates reflect de leaching den dissolution processes of gypsiferous shales den clay, insyd addition to a lengthy duration of water residence.<ref>''A Study of Hydrogeological Conditions of the Nubian Sandstone Aguifer in the Area between Abu Simbel & Toschka, Western Desert, Egypt''. American Geophysical Union, Spring 2001</ref> Two recharge locations tied to specific epochs have been identified by Reika Yokochj et al.: one 38,000 years ago originating from de Mediterranean, den de second dated at around 361,000 years ago from de tropical Atlantic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yokochi |first1=Reika |last2=Ram |first2=Roi |last3=Zappala |first3=Jake C. |last4=Jiang |first4=Wei |last5=Adar |first5=Eilon |last6=Bernier |first6=Ryan |last7=Burg |first7=Avihu |last8=Dayan |first8=Uri |last9=Lu |first9=Zheng-Tian |last10=Mueller |first10=Peter |last11=Purtschert |first11=Roland |last12=Yechieli |first12=Yoseph |title=Radiokrypton unveils dual moisture sources of a deep desert aquifer |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=13 August 2019 |volume=116 |issue=33 |pages=16222–16227 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1904260116|pmc=6697870 }}</ref> ==International development projects== Since 2006, de international Atomic Energy Agency has been working insyd cooperation plus de four NSAS countries to help increase understanding of de aquifer's complexities through de IAEA-UNDP-GEF Nubian Project.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |journal=Science and Diplomacy |date=June 22, 2015 |title=The International Atomic Energy Agency: Linking Nuclear Science and Diplomacy |first=John |last=Brittain |access-date=June 22, 2015 |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002103/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |url-status=dead }}</ref> Project partners include de United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ Global Environment Facility (GEF), IAEA, United Nations Educational, Scientific den Cultural Organization ([[UNESCO]]) den government representatives from de NSAS countries. De project's long-term goal be establishing rational den equitable management of de NSAS as a productive way of advancing socio-economic development insyd de region den protecting biodiversity den land resources.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |title=IAEA/UNDP/GEF Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Medium Sized Project: Inception Meeting Report. November 9, 2006 |access-date=September 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190909/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == See sanso == * Lake Ptolemy * African humid period == References == <references /> [[Category:Aquifers]] [[Category:Aquifers of Africa]] 89l7e9pfv8iakj9c2wp9m2uf3xs2q6e 101299 101298 2026-06-09T20:06:30Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 101299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Acuifero arenito nubio.jpg|thumb|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] Since 2001, de Nubian Sandstone aquifer wey dey situate between de Toshka den Abu Simbel areas of Egypt has undergone intensive drilling den development as part of a land reclamation project. Drilling information dey used to conduct a variety of studies regarding de hydrogeological setting of de area's aquifer. Results dey indicate dat lithological characteristics den tectonic settings have a substantial effect on groundwater flow patterns den de area's overall aquifer potentiality, wich be considered relatively low wen compared to neighboring areas insyd eastern Oweinat anaa Dakhla. ===Geology=== De aquifer be largely composed of hard ferruginous sandstone plus great shale den clay intercalation, having a thickness dat ranges between 140 den 230 meters. Groundwater type varies from fresh to slightly brackish (salinity ranges from 240 to 1300 ppm). De ion dominance ordering shows dat sodium cation be most commonly predominating over calcium den magnesium – whereas chloride be predominant over sulfate den bicarbonate. De groundwater be of meteoric origin<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100400100140 | doi=10.1007/s100400100140 | title=Groundwater recharge and flow in the Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Sinai Peninsula, using isotopic techniques and hydrochemistry | year=2001 | last1=Samie | first1=S. Abd El | last2=M. | first2=Sadek | journal=Hydrogeology Journal | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=378–389 | bibcode=2001HydJ....9..378E | s2cid=129513948 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> (de term meteoric water dey refers to water dat wey originate as precipitation; most groundwater be meteoric insyd origin). High concentrations of sodium, chloride, den sulfates reflect de leaching den dissolution processes of gypsiferous shales den clay, insyd addition to a lengthy duration of water residence.<ref>''A Study of Hydrogeological Conditions of the Nubian Sandstone Aguifer in the Area between Abu Simbel & Toschka, Western Desert, Egypt''. American Geophysical Union, Spring 2001</ref> Two recharge locations tied to specific epochs have been identified by Reika Yokochj et al.: one 38,000 years ago originating from de Mediterranean, den de second dated at around 361,000 years ago from de tropical Atlantic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yokochi |first1=Reika |last2=Ram |first2=Roi |last3=Zappala |first3=Jake C. |last4=Jiang |first4=Wei |last5=Adar |first5=Eilon |last6=Bernier |first6=Ryan |last7=Burg |first7=Avihu |last8=Dayan |first8=Uri |last9=Lu |first9=Zheng-Tian |last10=Mueller |first10=Peter |last11=Purtschert |first11=Roland |last12=Yechieli |first12=Yoseph |title=Radiokrypton unveils dual moisture sources of a deep desert aquifer |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=13 August 2019 |volume=116 |issue=33 |pages=16222–16227 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1904260116|pmc=6697870 }}</ref> ==International development projects== Since 2006, de international Atomic Energy Agency has been working insyd cooperation plus de four NSAS countries to help increase understanding of de aquifer's complexities through de IAEA-UNDP-GEF Nubian Project.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |journal=Science and Diplomacy |date=June 22, 2015 |title=The International Atomic Energy Agency: Linking Nuclear Science and Diplomacy |first=John |last=Brittain |access-date=June 22, 2015 |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002103/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |url-status=dead }}</ref> Project partners include de United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ Global Environment Facility (GEF), IAEA, United Nations Educational, Scientific den Cultural Organization ([[UNESCO]]) den government representatives from de NSAS countries. De project's long-term goal be establishing rational den equitable management of de NSAS as a productive way of advancing socio-economic development insyd de region den protecting biodiversity den land resources.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |title=IAEA/UNDP/GEF Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Medium Sized Project: Inception Meeting Report. November 9, 2006 |access-date=September 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190909/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == See sanso == * Lake Ptolemy * African humid period == References == <references /> [[Category:Aquifers]] [[Category:Aquifers of Africa]] [[Category:Springs of Africa]] p851h5kzbbolklpsq8zxzlipgs89t5e 101301 101299 2026-06-09T20:07:28Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 101301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Acuifero arenito nubio.jpg|thumb|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] Since 2001, de Nubian Sandstone aquifer wey dey situate between de Toshka den Abu Simbel areas of Egypt has undergone intensive drilling den development as part of a land reclamation project. Drilling information dey used to conduct a variety of studies regarding de hydrogeological setting of de area's aquifer. Results dey indicate dat lithological characteristics den tectonic settings have a substantial effect on groundwater flow patterns den de area's overall aquifer potentiality, wich be considered relatively low wen compared to neighboring areas insyd eastern Oweinat anaa Dakhla. ===Geology=== De aquifer be largely composed of hard ferruginous sandstone plus great shale den clay intercalation, having a thickness dat ranges between 140 den 230 meters. Groundwater type varies from fresh to slightly brackish (salinity ranges from 240 to 1300 ppm). De ion dominance ordering shows dat sodium cation be most commonly predominating over calcium den magnesium – whereas chloride be predominant over sulfate den bicarbonate. De groundwater be of meteoric origin<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100400100140 | doi=10.1007/s100400100140 | title=Groundwater recharge and flow in the Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Sinai Peninsula, using isotopic techniques and hydrochemistry | year=2001 | last1=Samie | first1=S. Abd El | last2=M. | first2=Sadek | journal=Hydrogeology Journal | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=378–389 | bibcode=2001HydJ....9..378E | s2cid=129513948 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> (de term meteoric water dey refers to water dat wey originate as precipitation; most groundwater be meteoric insyd origin). High concentrations of sodium, chloride, den sulfates reflect de leaching den dissolution processes of gypsiferous shales den clay, insyd addition to a lengthy duration of water residence.<ref>''A Study of Hydrogeological Conditions of the Nubian Sandstone Aguifer in the Area between Abu Simbel & Toschka, Western Desert, Egypt''. American Geophysical Union, Spring 2001</ref> Two recharge locations tied to specific epochs have been identified by Reika Yokochj et al.: one 38,000 years ago originating from de Mediterranean, den de second dated at around 361,000 years ago from de tropical Atlantic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yokochi |first1=Reika |last2=Ram |first2=Roi |last3=Zappala |first3=Jake C. |last4=Jiang |first4=Wei |last5=Adar |first5=Eilon |last6=Bernier |first6=Ryan |last7=Burg |first7=Avihu |last8=Dayan |first8=Uri |last9=Lu |first9=Zheng-Tian |last10=Mueller |first10=Peter |last11=Purtschert |first11=Roland |last12=Yechieli |first12=Yoseph |title=Radiokrypton unveils dual moisture sources of a deep desert aquifer |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=13 August 2019 |volume=116 |issue=33 |pages=16222–16227 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1904260116|pmc=6697870 }}</ref> ==International development projects== Since 2006, de international Atomic Energy Agency has been working insyd cooperation plus de four NSAS countries to help increase understanding of de aquifer's complexities through de IAEA-UNDP-GEF Nubian Project.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |journal=Science and Diplomacy |date=June 22, 2015 |title=The International Atomic Energy Agency: Linking Nuclear Science and Diplomacy |first=John |last=Brittain |access-date=June 22, 2015 |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002103/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |url-status=dead }}</ref> Project partners include de United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ Global Environment Facility (GEF), IAEA, United Nations Educational, Scientific den Cultural Organization ([[UNESCO]]) den government representatives from de NSAS countries. De project's long-term goal be establishing rational den equitable management of de NSAS as a productive way of advancing socio-economic development insyd de region den protecting biodiversity den land resources.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |title=IAEA/UNDP/GEF Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Medium Sized Project: Inception Meeting Report. November 9, 2006 |access-date=September 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190909/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == See sanso == * Lake Ptolemy * African humid period == References == <references /> [[Category:Aquifers]] [[Category:Aquifers of Africa]] [[Category:Springs of Africa]] [[Category:Sahara]] opyolu0467wbl3v0n3cae4c50muu4aw 101302 101301 2026-06-09T20:08:03Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 101302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Acuifero arenito nubio.jpg|thumb|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] Since 2001, de Nubian Sandstone aquifer wey dey situate between de Toshka den Abu Simbel areas of Egypt has undergone intensive drilling den development as part of a land reclamation project. Drilling information dey used to conduct a variety of studies regarding de hydrogeological setting of de area's aquifer. Results dey indicate dat lithological characteristics den tectonic settings have a substantial effect on groundwater flow patterns den de area's overall aquifer potentiality, wich be considered relatively low wen compared to neighboring areas insyd eastern Oweinat anaa Dakhla. ===Geology=== De aquifer be largely composed of hard ferruginous sandstone plus great shale den clay intercalation, having a thickness dat ranges between 140 den 230 meters. Groundwater type varies from fresh to slightly brackish (salinity ranges from 240 to 1300 ppm). De ion dominance ordering shows dat sodium cation be most commonly predominating over calcium den magnesium – whereas chloride be predominant over sulfate den bicarbonate. De groundwater be of meteoric origin<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100400100140 | doi=10.1007/s100400100140 | title=Groundwater recharge and flow in the Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Sinai Peninsula, using isotopic techniques and hydrochemistry | year=2001 | last1=Samie | first1=S. Abd El | last2=M. | first2=Sadek | journal=Hydrogeology Journal | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=378–389 | bibcode=2001HydJ....9..378E | s2cid=129513948 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> (de term meteoric water dey refers to water dat wey originate as precipitation; most groundwater be meteoric insyd origin). High concentrations of sodium, chloride, den sulfates reflect de leaching den dissolution processes of gypsiferous shales den clay, insyd addition to a lengthy duration of water residence.<ref>''A Study of Hydrogeological Conditions of the Nubian Sandstone Aguifer in the Area between Abu Simbel & Toschka, Western Desert, Egypt''. American Geophysical Union, Spring 2001</ref> Two recharge locations tied to specific epochs have been identified by Reika Yokochj et al.: one 38,000 years ago originating from de Mediterranean, den de second dated at around 361,000 years ago from de tropical Atlantic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yokochi |first1=Reika |last2=Ram |first2=Roi |last3=Zappala |first3=Jake C. |last4=Jiang |first4=Wei |last5=Adar |first5=Eilon |last6=Bernier |first6=Ryan |last7=Burg |first7=Avihu |last8=Dayan |first8=Uri |last9=Lu |first9=Zheng-Tian |last10=Mueller |first10=Peter |last11=Purtschert |first11=Roland |last12=Yechieli |first12=Yoseph |title=Radiokrypton unveils dual moisture sources of a deep desert aquifer |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=13 August 2019 |volume=116 |issue=33 |pages=16222–16227 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1904260116|pmc=6697870 }}</ref> ==International development projects== Since 2006, de international Atomic Energy Agency has been working insyd cooperation plus de four NSAS countries to help increase understanding of de aquifer's complexities through de IAEA-UNDP-GEF Nubian Project.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |journal=Science and Diplomacy |date=June 22, 2015 |title=The International Atomic Energy Agency: Linking Nuclear Science and Diplomacy |first=John |last=Brittain |access-date=June 22, 2015 |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002103/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |url-status=dead }}</ref> Project partners include de United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ Global Environment Facility (GEF), IAEA, United Nations Educational, Scientific den Cultural Organization ([[UNESCO]]) den government representatives from de NSAS countries. De project's long-term goal be establishing rational den equitable management of de NSAS as a productive way of advancing socio-economic development insyd de region den protecting biodiversity den land resources.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |title=IAEA/UNDP/GEF Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Medium Sized Project: Inception Meeting Report. November 9, 2006 |access-date=September 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190909/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == See sanso == * Lake Ptolemy * African humid period == References == <references /> [[Category:Aquifers]] [[Category:Aquifers of Africa]] [[Category:Springs of Africa]] [[Category:Sahara]] [[Category:Geography of Libya]] pswltecfxj5zzwa0jde4kchbsv78rgm 101303 101302 2026-06-09T20:08:52Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 101303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Acuifero arenito nubio.jpg|thumb|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] Since 2001, de Nubian Sandstone aquifer wey dey situate between de Toshka den Abu Simbel areas of Egypt has undergone intensive drilling den development as part of a land reclamation project. Drilling information dey used to conduct a variety of studies regarding de hydrogeological setting of de area's aquifer. Results dey indicate dat lithological characteristics den tectonic settings have a substantial effect on groundwater flow patterns den de area's overall aquifer potentiality, wich be considered relatively low wen compared to neighboring areas insyd eastern Oweinat anaa Dakhla. ===Geology=== De aquifer be largely composed of hard ferruginous sandstone plus great shale den clay intercalation, having a thickness dat ranges between 140 den 230 meters. Groundwater type varies from fresh to slightly brackish (salinity ranges from 240 to 1300 ppm). De ion dominance ordering shows dat sodium cation be most commonly predominating over calcium den magnesium – whereas chloride be predominant over sulfate den bicarbonate. De groundwater be of meteoric origin<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100400100140 | doi=10.1007/s100400100140 | title=Groundwater recharge and flow in the Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Sinai Peninsula, using isotopic techniques and hydrochemistry | year=2001 | last1=Samie | first1=S. Abd El | last2=M. | first2=Sadek | journal=Hydrogeology Journal | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=378–389 | bibcode=2001HydJ....9..378E | s2cid=129513948 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> (de term meteoric water dey refers to water dat wey originate as precipitation; most groundwater be meteoric insyd origin). High concentrations of sodium, chloride, den sulfates reflect de leaching den dissolution processes of gypsiferous shales den clay, insyd addition to a lengthy duration of water residence.<ref>''A Study of Hydrogeological Conditions of the Nubian Sandstone Aguifer in the Area between Abu Simbel & Toschka, Western Desert, Egypt''. American Geophysical Union, Spring 2001</ref> Two recharge locations tied to specific epochs have been identified by Reika Yokochj et al.: one 38,000 years ago originating from de Mediterranean, den de second dated at around 361,000 years ago from de tropical Atlantic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yokochi |first1=Reika |last2=Ram |first2=Roi |last3=Zappala |first3=Jake C. |last4=Jiang |first4=Wei |last5=Adar |first5=Eilon |last6=Bernier |first6=Ryan |last7=Burg |first7=Avihu |last8=Dayan |first8=Uri |last9=Lu |first9=Zheng-Tian |last10=Mueller |first10=Peter |last11=Purtschert |first11=Roland |last12=Yechieli |first12=Yoseph |title=Radiokrypton unveils dual moisture sources of a deep desert aquifer |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=13 August 2019 |volume=116 |issue=33 |pages=16222–16227 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1904260116|pmc=6697870 }}</ref> ==International development projects== Since 2006, de international Atomic Energy Agency has been working insyd cooperation plus de four NSAS countries to help increase understanding of de aquifer's complexities through de IAEA-UNDP-GEF Nubian Project.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |journal=Science and Diplomacy |date=June 22, 2015 |title=The International Atomic Energy Agency: Linking Nuclear Science and Diplomacy |first=John |last=Brittain |access-date=June 22, 2015 |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002103/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |url-status=dead }}</ref> Project partners include de United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ Global Environment Facility (GEF), IAEA, United Nations Educational, Scientific den Cultural Organization ([[UNESCO]]) den government representatives from de NSAS countries. De project's long-term goal be establishing rational den equitable management of de NSAS as a productive way of advancing socio-economic development insyd de region den protecting biodiversity den land resources.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |title=IAEA/UNDP/GEF Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Medium Sized Project: Inception Meeting Report. November 9, 2006 |access-date=September 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190909/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == See sanso == * Lake Ptolemy * African humid period == References == <references /> [[Category:Aquifers]] [[Category:Aquifers of Africa]] [[Category:Springs of Africa]] [[Category:Sahara]] [[Category:Geography of Libya]] [[Category:Geology of Libya]] s3u6ig3u9z5egas53djl37sj8yvtkeh 101304 101303 2026-06-09T20:09:38Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 101304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Acuifero arenito nubio.jpg|thumb|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] Since 2001, de Nubian Sandstone aquifer wey dey situate between de Toshka den Abu Simbel areas of Egypt has undergone intensive drilling den development as part of a land reclamation project. Drilling information dey used to conduct a variety of studies regarding de hydrogeological setting of de area's aquifer. Results dey indicate dat lithological characteristics den tectonic settings have a substantial effect on groundwater flow patterns den de area's overall aquifer potentiality, wich be considered relatively low wen compared to neighboring areas insyd eastern Oweinat anaa Dakhla. ===Geology=== De aquifer be largely composed of hard ferruginous sandstone plus great shale den clay intercalation, having a thickness dat ranges between 140 den 230 meters. Groundwater type varies from fresh to slightly brackish (salinity ranges from 240 to 1300 ppm). De ion dominance ordering shows dat sodium cation be most commonly predominating over calcium den magnesium – whereas chloride be predominant over sulfate den bicarbonate. De groundwater be of meteoric origin<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100400100140 | doi=10.1007/s100400100140 | title=Groundwater recharge and flow in the Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Sinai Peninsula, using isotopic techniques and hydrochemistry | year=2001 | last1=Samie | first1=S. Abd El | last2=M. | first2=Sadek | journal=Hydrogeology Journal | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=378–389 | bibcode=2001HydJ....9..378E | s2cid=129513948 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> (de term meteoric water dey refers to water dat wey originate as precipitation; most groundwater be meteoric insyd origin). High concentrations of sodium, chloride, den sulfates reflect de leaching den dissolution processes of gypsiferous shales den clay, insyd addition to a lengthy duration of water residence.<ref>''A Study of Hydrogeological Conditions of the Nubian Sandstone Aguifer in the Area between Abu Simbel & Toschka, Western Desert, Egypt''. American Geophysical Union, Spring 2001</ref> Two recharge locations tied to specific epochs have been identified by Reika Yokochj et al.: one 38,000 years ago originating from de Mediterranean, den de second dated at around 361,000 years ago from de tropical Atlantic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yokochi |first1=Reika |last2=Ram |first2=Roi |last3=Zappala |first3=Jake C. |last4=Jiang |first4=Wei |last5=Adar |first5=Eilon |last6=Bernier |first6=Ryan |last7=Burg |first7=Avihu |last8=Dayan |first8=Uri |last9=Lu |first9=Zheng-Tian |last10=Mueller |first10=Peter |last11=Purtschert |first11=Roland |last12=Yechieli |first12=Yoseph |title=Radiokrypton unveils dual moisture sources of a deep desert aquifer |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=13 August 2019 |volume=116 |issue=33 |pages=16222–16227 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1904260116|pmc=6697870 }}</ref> ==International development projects== Since 2006, de international Atomic Energy Agency has been working insyd cooperation plus de four NSAS countries to help increase understanding of de aquifer's complexities through de IAEA-UNDP-GEF Nubian Project.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |journal=Science and Diplomacy |date=June 22, 2015 |title=The International Atomic Energy Agency: Linking Nuclear Science and Diplomacy |first=John |last=Brittain |access-date=June 22, 2015 |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002103/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |url-status=dead }}</ref> Project partners include de United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ Global Environment Facility (GEF), IAEA, United Nations Educational, Scientific den Cultural Organization ([[UNESCO]]) den government representatives from de NSAS countries. De project's long-term goal be establishing rational den equitable management of de NSAS as a productive way of advancing socio-economic development insyd de region den protecting biodiversity den land resources.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |title=IAEA/UNDP/GEF Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Medium Sized Project: Inception Meeting Report. November 9, 2006 |access-date=September 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190909/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == See sanso == * Lake Ptolemy * African humid period == References == <references /> [[Category:Aquifers]] [[Category:Aquifers of Africa]] [[Category:Springs of Africa]] [[Category:Sahara]] [[Category:Geography of Libya]] [[Category:Geology of Libya]] [[Category:International aquifers]] 3mzdr78w7ay4jfrq46xxxozdd4lqovg 101305 101304 2026-06-09T20:10:06Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 101305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Acuifero arenito nubio.jpg|thumb|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] Since 2001, de Nubian Sandstone aquifer wey dey situate between de Toshka den Abu Simbel areas of Egypt has undergone intensive drilling den development as part of a land reclamation project. Drilling information dey used to conduct a variety of studies regarding de hydrogeological setting of de area's aquifer. Results dey indicate dat lithological characteristics den tectonic settings have a substantial effect on groundwater flow patterns den de area's overall aquifer potentiality, wich be considered relatively low wen compared to neighboring areas insyd eastern Oweinat anaa Dakhla. ===Geology=== De aquifer be largely composed of hard ferruginous sandstone plus great shale den clay intercalation, having a thickness dat ranges between 140 den 230 meters. Groundwater type varies from fresh to slightly brackish (salinity ranges from 240 to 1300 ppm). De ion dominance ordering shows dat sodium cation be most commonly predominating over calcium den magnesium – whereas chloride be predominant over sulfate den bicarbonate. De groundwater be of meteoric origin<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100400100140 | doi=10.1007/s100400100140 | title=Groundwater recharge and flow in the Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Sinai Peninsula, using isotopic techniques and hydrochemistry | year=2001 | last1=Samie | first1=S. Abd El | last2=M. | first2=Sadek | journal=Hydrogeology Journal | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=378–389 | bibcode=2001HydJ....9..378E | s2cid=129513948 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> (de term meteoric water dey refers to water dat wey originate as precipitation; most groundwater be meteoric insyd origin). High concentrations of sodium, chloride, den sulfates reflect de leaching den dissolution processes of gypsiferous shales den clay, insyd addition to a lengthy duration of water residence.<ref>''A Study of Hydrogeological Conditions of the Nubian Sandstone Aguifer in the Area between Abu Simbel & Toschka, Western Desert, Egypt''. American Geophysical Union, Spring 2001</ref> Two recharge locations tied to specific epochs have been identified by Reika Yokochj et al.: one 38,000 years ago originating from de Mediterranean, den de second dated at around 361,000 years ago from de tropical Atlantic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yokochi |first1=Reika |last2=Ram |first2=Roi |last3=Zappala |first3=Jake C. |last4=Jiang |first4=Wei |last5=Adar |first5=Eilon |last6=Bernier |first6=Ryan |last7=Burg |first7=Avihu |last8=Dayan |first8=Uri |last9=Lu |first9=Zheng-Tian |last10=Mueller |first10=Peter |last11=Purtschert |first11=Roland |last12=Yechieli |first12=Yoseph |title=Radiokrypton unveils dual moisture sources of a deep desert aquifer |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=13 August 2019 |volume=116 |issue=33 |pages=16222–16227 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1904260116|pmc=6697870 }}</ref> ==International development projects== Since 2006, de international Atomic Energy Agency has been working insyd cooperation plus de four NSAS countries to help increase understanding of de aquifer's complexities through de IAEA-UNDP-GEF Nubian Project.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |journal=Science and Diplomacy |date=June 22, 2015 |title=The International Atomic Energy Agency: Linking Nuclear Science and Diplomacy |first=John |last=Brittain |access-date=June 22, 2015 |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002103/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |url-status=dead }}</ref> Project partners include de United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ Global Environment Facility (GEF), IAEA, United Nations Educational, Scientific den Cultural Organization ([[UNESCO]]) den government representatives from de NSAS countries. De project's long-term goal be establishing rational den equitable management of de NSAS as a productive way of advancing socio-economic development insyd de region den protecting biodiversity den land resources.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |title=IAEA/UNDP/GEF Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Medium Sized Project: Inception Meeting Report. November 9, 2006 |access-date=September 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190909/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == See sanso == * Lake Ptolemy * African humid period == References == <references /> [[Category:Aquifers]] [[Category:Aquifers of Africa]] [[Category:Springs of Africa]] [[Category:Sahara]] [[Category:Geography of Libya]] [[Category:Geology of Libya]] [[Category:International aquifers]] [[Category:Springs of Libya]] j3v27e8fqslmuzv72qvvtui3me8cg6i 101306 101305 2026-06-09T20:11:09Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 101306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Acuifero arenito nubio.jpg|thumb|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] Since 2001, de Nubian Sandstone aquifer wey dey situate between de Toshka den Abu Simbel areas of Egypt has undergone intensive drilling den development as part of a land reclamation project. Drilling information dey used to conduct a variety of studies regarding de hydrogeological setting of de area's aquifer. Results dey indicate dat lithological characteristics den tectonic settings have a substantial effect on groundwater flow patterns den de area's overall aquifer potentiality, wich be considered relatively low wen compared to neighboring areas insyd eastern Oweinat anaa Dakhla. ===Geology=== De aquifer be largely composed of hard ferruginous sandstone plus great shale den clay intercalation, having a thickness dat ranges between 140 den 230 meters. Groundwater type varies from fresh to slightly brackish (salinity ranges from 240 to 1300 ppm). De ion dominance ordering shows dat sodium cation be most commonly predominating over calcium den magnesium – whereas chloride be predominant over sulfate den bicarbonate. De groundwater be of meteoric origin<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100400100140 | doi=10.1007/s100400100140 | title=Groundwater recharge and flow in the Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Sinai Peninsula, using isotopic techniques and hydrochemistry | year=2001 | last1=Samie | first1=S. Abd El | last2=M. | first2=Sadek | journal=Hydrogeology Journal | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=378–389 | bibcode=2001HydJ....9..378E | s2cid=129513948 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> (de term meteoric water dey refers to water dat wey originate as precipitation; most groundwater be meteoric insyd origin). High concentrations of sodium, chloride, den sulfates reflect de leaching den dissolution processes of gypsiferous shales den clay, insyd addition to a lengthy duration of water residence.<ref>''A Study of Hydrogeological Conditions of the Nubian Sandstone Aguifer in the Area between Abu Simbel & Toschka, Western Desert, Egypt''. American Geophysical Union, Spring 2001</ref> Two recharge locations tied to specific epochs have been identified by Reika Yokochj et al.: one 38,000 years ago originating from de Mediterranean, den de second dated at around 361,000 years ago from de tropical Atlantic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yokochi |first1=Reika |last2=Ram |first2=Roi |last3=Zappala |first3=Jake C. |last4=Jiang |first4=Wei |last5=Adar |first5=Eilon |last6=Bernier |first6=Ryan |last7=Burg |first7=Avihu |last8=Dayan |first8=Uri |last9=Lu |first9=Zheng-Tian |last10=Mueller |first10=Peter |last11=Purtschert |first11=Roland |last12=Yechieli |first12=Yoseph |title=Radiokrypton unveils dual moisture sources of a deep desert aquifer |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=13 August 2019 |volume=116 |issue=33 |pages=16222–16227 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1904260116|pmc=6697870 }}</ref> ==International development projects== Since 2006, de international Atomic Energy Agency has been working insyd cooperation plus de four NSAS countries to help increase understanding of de aquifer's complexities through de IAEA-UNDP-GEF Nubian Project.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |journal=Science and Diplomacy |date=June 22, 2015 |title=The International Atomic Energy Agency: Linking Nuclear Science and Diplomacy |first=John |last=Brittain |access-date=June 22, 2015 |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002103/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |url-status=dead }}</ref> Project partners include de United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ Global Environment Facility (GEF), IAEA, United Nations Educational, Scientific den Cultural Organization ([[UNESCO]]) den government representatives from de NSAS countries. De project's long-term goal be establishing rational den equitable management of de NSAS as a productive way of advancing socio-economic development insyd de region den protecting biodiversity den land resources.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |title=IAEA/UNDP/GEF Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Medium Sized Project: Inception Meeting Report. November 9, 2006 |access-date=September 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190909/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == See sanso == * Lake Ptolemy * African humid period == References == <references /> [[Category:Aquifers]] [[Category:Aquifers of Africa]] [[Category:Springs of Africa]] [[Category:Sahara]] [[Category:Geography of Libya]] [[Category:Geology of Libya]] [[Category:International aquifers]] [[Category:Springs of Libya]] [[Category:Springs of Chad]] a4sc0hm73bjhcoopf6j7645wup7oj6y 101307 101306 2026-06-09T20:11:36Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 101307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Acuifero arenito nubio.jpg|thumb|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] Since 2001, de Nubian Sandstone aquifer wey dey situate between de Toshka den Abu Simbel areas of Egypt has undergone intensive drilling den development as part of a land reclamation project. Drilling information dey used to conduct a variety of studies regarding de hydrogeological setting of de area's aquifer. Results dey indicate dat lithological characteristics den tectonic settings have a substantial effect on groundwater flow patterns den de area's overall aquifer potentiality, wich be considered relatively low wen compared to neighboring areas insyd eastern Oweinat anaa Dakhla. ===Geology=== De aquifer be largely composed of hard ferruginous sandstone plus great shale den clay intercalation, having a thickness dat ranges between 140 den 230 meters. Groundwater type varies from fresh to slightly brackish (salinity ranges from 240 to 1300 ppm). De ion dominance ordering shows dat sodium cation be most commonly predominating over calcium den magnesium – whereas chloride be predominant over sulfate den bicarbonate. De groundwater be of meteoric origin<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100400100140 | doi=10.1007/s100400100140 | title=Groundwater recharge and flow in the Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Sinai Peninsula, using isotopic techniques and hydrochemistry | year=2001 | last1=Samie | first1=S. Abd El | last2=M. | first2=Sadek | journal=Hydrogeology Journal | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=378–389 | bibcode=2001HydJ....9..378E | s2cid=129513948 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> (de term meteoric water dey refers to water dat wey originate as precipitation; most groundwater be meteoric insyd origin). High concentrations of sodium, chloride, den sulfates reflect de leaching den dissolution processes of gypsiferous shales den clay, insyd addition to a lengthy duration of water residence.<ref>''A Study of Hydrogeological Conditions of the Nubian Sandstone Aguifer in the Area between Abu Simbel & Toschka, Western Desert, Egypt''. American Geophysical Union, Spring 2001</ref> Two recharge locations tied to specific epochs have been identified by Reika Yokochj et al.: one 38,000 years ago originating from de Mediterranean, den de second dated at around 361,000 years ago from de tropical Atlantic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yokochi |first1=Reika |last2=Ram |first2=Roi |last3=Zappala |first3=Jake C. |last4=Jiang |first4=Wei |last5=Adar |first5=Eilon |last6=Bernier |first6=Ryan |last7=Burg |first7=Avihu |last8=Dayan |first8=Uri |last9=Lu |first9=Zheng-Tian |last10=Mueller |first10=Peter |last11=Purtschert |first11=Roland |last12=Yechieli |first12=Yoseph |title=Radiokrypton unveils dual moisture sources of a deep desert aquifer |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=13 August 2019 |volume=116 |issue=33 |pages=16222–16227 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1904260116|pmc=6697870 }}</ref> ==International development projects== Since 2006, de international Atomic Energy Agency has been working insyd cooperation plus de four NSAS countries to help increase understanding of de aquifer's complexities through de IAEA-UNDP-GEF Nubian Project.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |journal=Science and Diplomacy |date=June 22, 2015 |title=The International Atomic Energy Agency: Linking Nuclear Science and Diplomacy |first=John |last=Brittain |access-date=June 22, 2015 |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002103/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |url-status=dead }}</ref> Project partners include de United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ Global Environment Facility (GEF), IAEA, United Nations Educational, Scientific den Cultural Organization ([[UNESCO]]) den government representatives from de NSAS countries. De project's long-term goal be establishing rational den equitable management of de NSAS as a productive way of advancing socio-economic development insyd de region den protecting biodiversity den land resources.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |title=IAEA/UNDP/GEF Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Medium Sized Project: Inception Meeting Report. November 9, 2006 |access-date=September 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190909/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == See sanso == * Lake Ptolemy * African humid period == References == <references /> [[Category:Aquifers]] [[Category:Aquifers of Africa]] [[Category:Springs of Africa]] [[Category:Sahara]] [[Category:Geography of Libya]] [[Category:Geology of Libya]] [[Category:International aquifers]] [[Category:Springs of Libya]] [[Category:Springs of Chad]] [[Category:Springs of Egypt]] 6yv4usbllwduhbru03a5nf36cmbwsxc 101309 101307 2026-06-09T20:12:05Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 101309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Acuifero arenito nubio.jpg|thumb|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] Since 2001, de Nubian Sandstone aquifer wey dey situate between de Toshka den Abu Simbel areas of Egypt has undergone intensive drilling den development as part of a land reclamation project. Drilling information dey used to conduct a variety of studies regarding de hydrogeological setting of de area's aquifer. Results dey indicate dat lithological characteristics den tectonic settings have a substantial effect on groundwater flow patterns den de area's overall aquifer potentiality, wich be considered relatively low wen compared to neighboring areas insyd eastern Oweinat anaa Dakhla. ===Geology=== De aquifer be largely composed of hard ferruginous sandstone plus great shale den clay intercalation, having a thickness dat ranges between 140 den 230 meters. Groundwater type varies from fresh to slightly brackish (salinity ranges from 240 to 1300 ppm). De ion dominance ordering shows dat sodium cation be most commonly predominating over calcium den magnesium – whereas chloride be predominant over sulfate den bicarbonate. De groundwater be of meteoric origin<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100400100140 | doi=10.1007/s100400100140 | title=Groundwater recharge and flow in the Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Sinai Peninsula, using isotopic techniques and hydrochemistry | year=2001 | last1=Samie | first1=S. Abd El | last2=M. | first2=Sadek | journal=Hydrogeology Journal | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=378–389 | bibcode=2001HydJ....9..378E | s2cid=129513948 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> (de term meteoric water dey refers to water dat wey originate as precipitation; most groundwater be meteoric insyd origin). High concentrations of sodium, chloride, den sulfates reflect de leaching den dissolution processes of gypsiferous shales den clay, insyd addition to a lengthy duration of water residence.<ref>''A Study of Hydrogeological Conditions of the Nubian Sandstone Aguifer in the Area between Abu Simbel & Toschka, Western Desert, Egypt''. American Geophysical Union, Spring 2001</ref> Two recharge locations tied to specific epochs have been identified by Reika Yokochj et al.: one 38,000 years ago originating from de Mediterranean, den de second dated at around 361,000 years ago from de tropical Atlantic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yokochi |first1=Reika |last2=Ram |first2=Roi |last3=Zappala |first3=Jake C. |last4=Jiang |first4=Wei |last5=Adar |first5=Eilon |last6=Bernier |first6=Ryan |last7=Burg |first7=Avihu |last8=Dayan |first8=Uri |last9=Lu |first9=Zheng-Tian |last10=Mueller |first10=Peter |last11=Purtschert |first11=Roland |last12=Yechieli |first12=Yoseph |title=Radiokrypton unveils dual moisture sources of a deep desert aquifer |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=13 August 2019 |volume=116 |issue=33 |pages=16222–16227 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1904260116|pmc=6697870 }}</ref> ==International development projects== Since 2006, de international Atomic Energy Agency has been working insyd cooperation plus de four NSAS countries to help increase understanding of de aquifer's complexities through de IAEA-UNDP-GEF Nubian Project.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |journal=Science and Diplomacy |date=June 22, 2015 |title=The International Atomic Energy Agency: Linking Nuclear Science and Diplomacy |first=John |last=Brittain |access-date=June 22, 2015 |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002103/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |url-status=dead }}</ref> Project partners include de United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ Global Environment Facility (GEF), IAEA, United Nations Educational, Scientific den Cultural Organization ([[UNESCO]]) den government representatives from de NSAS countries. De project's long-term goal be establishing rational den equitable management of de NSAS as a productive way of advancing socio-economic development insyd de region den protecting biodiversity den land resources.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |title=IAEA/UNDP/GEF Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Medium Sized Project: Inception Meeting Report. November 9, 2006 |access-date=September 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190909/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == See sanso == * Lake Ptolemy * African humid period == References == <references /> [[Category:Aquifers]] [[Category:Aquifers of Africa]] [[Category:Springs of Africa]] [[Category:Sahara]] [[Category:Geography of Libya]] [[Category:Geology of Libya]] [[Category:International aquifers]] [[Category:Springs of Libya]] [[Category:Springs of Chad]] [[Category:Springs of Egypt]] [[Category:Springs of Sudan]] ha9wdmpqagxl1fxc5ikvrzfw4zgaznf 101310 101309 2026-06-09T20:12:28Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 101310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Acuifero arenito nubio.jpg|thumb|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] Since 2001, de Nubian Sandstone aquifer wey dey situate between de Toshka den Abu Simbel areas of Egypt has undergone intensive drilling den development as part of a land reclamation project. Drilling information dey used to conduct a variety of studies regarding de hydrogeological setting of de area's aquifer. Results dey indicate dat lithological characteristics den tectonic settings have a substantial effect on groundwater flow patterns den de area's overall aquifer potentiality, wich be considered relatively low wen compared to neighboring areas insyd eastern Oweinat anaa Dakhla. ===Geology=== De aquifer be largely composed of hard ferruginous sandstone plus great shale den clay intercalation, having a thickness dat ranges between 140 den 230 meters. Groundwater type varies from fresh to slightly brackish (salinity ranges from 240 to 1300 ppm). De ion dominance ordering shows dat sodium cation be most commonly predominating over calcium den magnesium – whereas chloride be predominant over sulfate den bicarbonate. De groundwater be of meteoric origin<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100400100140 | doi=10.1007/s100400100140 | title=Groundwater recharge and flow in the Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Sinai Peninsula, using isotopic techniques and hydrochemistry | year=2001 | last1=Samie | first1=S. Abd El | last2=M. | first2=Sadek | journal=Hydrogeology Journal | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=378–389 | bibcode=2001HydJ....9..378E | s2cid=129513948 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> (de term meteoric water dey refers to water dat wey originate as precipitation; most groundwater be meteoric insyd origin). High concentrations of sodium, chloride, den sulfates reflect de leaching den dissolution processes of gypsiferous shales den clay, insyd addition to a lengthy duration of water residence.<ref>''A Study of Hydrogeological Conditions of the Nubian Sandstone Aguifer in the Area between Abu Simbel & Toschka, Western Desert, Egypt''. American Geophysical Union, Spring 2001</ref> Two recharge locations tied to specific epochs have been identified by Reika Yokochj et al.: one 38,000 years ago originating from de Mediterranean, den de second dated at around 361,000 years ago from de tropical Atlantic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yokochi |first1=Reika |last2=Ram |first2=Roi |last3=Zappala |first3=Jake C. |last4=Jiang |first4=Wei |last5=Adar |first5=Eilon |last6=Bernier |first6=Ryan |last7=Burg |first7=Avihu |last8=Dayan |first8=Uri |last9=Lu |first9=Zheng-Tian |last10=Mueller |first10=Peter |last11=Purtschert |first11=Roland |last12=Yechieli |first12=Yoseph |title=Radiokrypton unveils dual moisture sources of a deep desert aquifer |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=13 August 2019 |volume=116 |issue=33 |pages=16222–16227 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1904260116|pmc=6697870 }}</ref> ==International development projects== Since 2006, de international Atomic Energy Agency has been working insyd cooperation plus de four NSAS countries to help increase understanding of de aquifer's complexities through de IAEA-UNDP-GEF Nubian Project.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |journal=Science and Diplomacy |date=June 22, 2015 |title=The International Atomic Energy Agency: Linking Nuclear Science and Diplomacy |first=John |last=Brittain |access-date=June 22, 2015 |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002103/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |url-status=dead }}</ref> Project partners include de United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ Global Environment Facility (GEF), IAEA, United Nations Educational, Scientific den Cultural Organization ([[UNESCO]]) den government representatives from de NSAS countries. De project's long-term goal be establishing rational den equitable management of de NSAS as a productive way of advancing socio-economic development insyd de region den protecting biodiversity den land resources.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |title=IAEA/UNDP/GEF Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Medium Sized Project: Inception Meeting Report. November 9, 2006 |access-date=September 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190909/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == See sanso == * Lake Ptolemy * African humid period == References == <references /> [[Category:Aquifers]] [[Category:Aquifers of Africa]] [[Category:Springs of Africa]] [[Category:Sahara]] [[Category:Geography of Libya]] [[Category:Geology of Libya]] [[Category:International aquifers]] [[Category:Springs of Libya]] [[Category:Springs of Chad]] [[Category:Springs of Egypt]] [[Category:Springs of Sudan]] [[Category:AWC2026]] cxaouh64t8u59o9bc8nbfsibmw0rybj 14 27414 101280 2026-06-09T19:22:10Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101280 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 27415 101313 2026-06-09T20:20:10Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Create a fresh article 101313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Sobat River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Sobat.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Sobat River from air | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = [[Upper Nile (state)]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 354 | length_ref = <ref name="brit">{{cite encyclopedia | url= http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9068426 | title= Sobat River | access-date= 2008-01-21 | encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition | publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica}} {{registration required}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Hillet Doleib | discharge1_min = {{convert|99|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|412|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = {{convert|680|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Baro River]] | source1_location = Dibdib, [[Ethiopia]] | source1_coordinates= {{Coord|7.701|35.879|format=dms|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2367|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[Pibor River]] | source2_location = Pibor Post, [[Greater Pibor Administrative Area|Greater Pibor]] | source2_coordinates= {{coord|6.7951|33.1519|format=dms|region:SD-20|}} | source2_elevation = {{convert|418|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source_confluence = | source_confluence_location= [[Jikmir, South Sudan]] | source_confluence_coordinates= {{coord|8|26|10|N|33|13|7|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation= {{Convert|404|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[White Nile]] | mouth_location = Againg, Upper Nile | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|9|22|2|N|31|32|57|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|398|m|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = [[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile]] | basin_size_km2 = 225000 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = |discharge2_location=[[mouth]]|discharge2_avg={{convert|437|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}}} [[File:Sobat OSM.png|thumb|right|Sobat River basin]] De '''Sobat River''' be a river of de Greater Upper Nile region insyd northeastern [[South Sudan]], [[Africa]]. E be de most southerly of de great eastern tributaries of de [[White Nile]], before de confluence plus de [[Blue Nile]]. bj2xp7oacscln7i7ikp2y9qc28rmzdv 101314 101313 2026-06-09T20:20:47Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 101314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Sobat River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Sobat.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Sobat River from air | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = [[Upper Nile (state)]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 354 | length_ref = <ref name="brit">{{cite encyclopedia | url= http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9068426 | title= Sobat River | access-date= 2008-01-21 | encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition | publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica}} {{registration required}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Hillet Doleib | discharge1_min = {{convert|99|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|412|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = {{convert|680|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Baro River]] | source1_location = Dibdib, [[Ethiopia]] | source1_coordinates= {{Coord|7.701|35.879|format=dms|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2367|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[Pibor River]] | source2_location = Pibor Post, [[Greater Pibor Administrative Area|Greater Pibor]] | source2_coordinates= {{coord|6.7951|33.1519|format=dms|region:SD-20|}} | source2_elevation = {{convert|418|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source_confluence = | source_confluence_location= [[Jikmir, South Sudan]] | source_confluence_coordinates= {{coord|8|26|10|N|33|13|7|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation= {{Convert|404|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[White Nile]] | mouth_location = Againg, Upper Nile | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|9|22|2|N|31|32|57|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|398|m|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = [[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile]] | basin_size_km2 = 225000 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = |discharge2_location=[[mouth]]|discharge2_avg={{convert|437|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}}} [[File:Sobat OSM.png|thumb|right|Sobat River basin]] De '''Sobat River''' be a river of de Greater Upper Nile region insyd northeastern [[South Sudan]], [[Africa]]. E be de most southerly of de great eastern tributaries of de [[White Nile]], before de confluence plus de [[Blue Nile]]. ==Geography== bl64ivcq3aw13e1u04dtzlffainpuwp 101316 101314 2026-06-09T20:24:22Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 101316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Sobat River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Sobat.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Sobat River from air | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = [[Upper Nile (state)]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 354 | length_ref = <ref name="brit">{{cite encyclopedia | url= http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9068426 | title= Sobat River | access-date= 2008-01-21 | encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition | publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica}} {{registration required}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Hillet Doleib | discharge1_min = {{convert|99|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|412|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = {{convert|680|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Baro River]] | source1_location = Dibdib, [[Ethiopia]] | source1_coordinates= {{Coord|7.701|35.879|format=dms|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2367|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[Pibor River]] | source2_location = Pibor Post, [[Greater Pibor Administrative Area|Greater Pibor]] | source2_coordinates= {{coord|6.7951|33.1519|format=dms|region:SD-20|}} | source2_elevation = {{convert|418|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source_confluence = | source_confluence_location= [[Jikmir, South Sudan]] | source_confluence_coordinates= {{coord|8|26|10|N|33|13|7|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation= {{Convert|404|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[White Nile]] | mouth_location = Againg, Upper Nile | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|9|22|2|N|31|32|57|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|398|m|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = [[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile]] | basin_size_km2 = 225000 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = |discharge2_location=[[mouth]]|discharge2_avg={{convert|437|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}}} [[File:Sobat OSM.png|thumb|right|Sobat River basin]] De '''Sobat River''' be a river of de Greater Upper Nile region insyd northeastern [[South Sudan]], [[Africa]]. E be de most southerly of de great eastern tributaries of de [[White Nile]], before de confluence plus de [[Blue Nile]]. ==Geography== De Sobat River be formed by de confluence of de west-flowing Baro River den de north-flowing Pibot River, on de border plus [[Ethiopia]]. De river enters de [[White Nile]] at Doleib Hill, near de city of Malakal insyd Upper Nile State. 444w21dnek4iwn9lqmyxvtal6n7ou1t 101320 101316 2026-06-09T20:26:01Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve article 101320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Sobat River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Sobat.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Sobat River from air | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = [[Upper Nile (state)]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 354 | length_ref = <ref name="brit">{{cite encyclopedia | url= http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9068426 | title= Sobat River | access-date= 2008-01-21 | encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition | publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica}} {{registration required}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Hillet Doleib | discharge1_min = {{convert|99|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|412|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = {{convert|680|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Baro River]] | source1_location = Dibdib, [[Ethiopia]] | source1_coordinates= {{Coord|7.701|35.879|format=dms|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2367|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[Pibor River]] | source2_location = Pibor Post, [[Greater Pibor Administrative Area|Greater Pibor]] | source2_coordinates= {{coord|6.7951|33.1519|format=dms|region:SD-20|}} | source2_elevation = {{convert|418|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source_confluence = | source_confluence_location= [[Jikmir, South Sudan]] | source_confluence_coordinates= {{coord|8|26|10|N|33|13|7|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation= {{Convert|404|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[White Nile]] | mouth_location = Againg, Upper Nile | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|9|22|2|N|31|32|57|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|398|m|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = [[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile]] | basin_size_km2 = 225000 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = |discharge2_location=[[mouth]]|discharge2_avg={{convert|437|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}}} [[File:Sobat OSM.png|thumb|right|Sobat River basin]] De '''Sobat River''' be a river of de Greater Upper Nile region insyd northeastern [[South Sudan]], [[Africa]]. E be de most southerly of de great eastern tributaries of de [[White Nile]], before de confluence plus de [[Blue Nile]]. ==Geography== De Sobat River be formed by de confluence of de west-flowing Baro River den de north-flowing Pibot River, on de border plus [[Ethiopia]]. De river enters de [[White Nile]] at Doleib Hill, near de city of Malakal insyd Upper Nile State. Wen insyd flood de Sobat River produces an enormous discharge carrying a white sediment, wich gives de White Nile its name.<ref name="brit" /> == References == krk68hd0by47vsc0b9ksq9x6hgl7c76 101322 101320 2026-06-09T20:26:48Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 101322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Sobat River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Sobat.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Sobat River from air | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = [[Upper Nile (state)]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 354 | length_ref = <ref name="brit">{{cite encyclopedia | url= http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9068426 | title= Sobat River | access-date= 2008-01-21 | encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition | publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica}} {{registration required}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Hillet Doleib | discharge1_min = {{convert|99|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|412|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = {{convert|680|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Baro River]] | source1_location = Dibdib, [[Ethiopia]] | source1_coordinates= {{Coord|7.701|35.879|format=dms|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2367|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[Pibor River]] | source2_location = Pibor Post, [[Greater Pibor Administrative Area|Greater Pibor]] | source2_coordinates= {{coord|6.7951|33.1519|format=dms|region:SD-20|}} | source2_elevation = {{convert|418|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source_confluence = | source_confluence_location= [[Jikmir, South Sudan]] | source_confluence_coordinates= {{coord|8|26|10|N|33|13|7|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation= {{Convert|404|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[White Nile]] | mouth_location = Againg, Upper Nile | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|9|22|2|N|31|32|57|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|398|m|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = [[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile]] | basin_size_km2 = 225000 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = |discharge2_location=[[mouth]]|discharge2_avg={{convert|437|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}}} [[File:Sobat OSM.png|thumb|right|Sobat River basin]] De '''Sobat River''' be a river of de Greater Upper Nile region insyd northeastern [[South Sudan]], [[Africa]]. E be de most southerly of de great eastern tributaries of de [[White Nile]], before de confluence plus de [[Blue Nile]]. ==Geography== De Sobat River be formed by de confluence of de west-flowing Baro River den de north-flowing Pibot River, on de border plus [[Ethiopia]]. De river enters de [[White Nile]] at Doleib Hill, near de city of Malakal insyd Upper Nile State. Wen insyd flood de Sobat River produces an enormous discharge carrying a white sediment, wich gives de White Nile its name.<ref name="brit" /> ===Hydrology=== == References == 439z4v2fagvhxqfjgs4ll2vi1kg7mj0 101327 101322 2026-06-09T20:28:29Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve article 101327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Sobat River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Sobat.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Sobat River from air | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = [[Upper Nile (state)]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 354 | length_ref = <ref name="brit">{{cite encyclopedia | url= http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9068426 | title= Sobat River | access-date= 2008-01-21 | encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition | publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica}} {{registration required}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Hillet Doleib | discharge1_min = {{convert|99|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|412|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = {{convert|680|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Baro River]] | source1_location = Dibdib, [[Ethiopia]] | source1_coordinates= {{Coord|7.701|35.879|format=dms|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2367|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[Pibor River]] | source2_location = Pibor Post, [[Greater Pibor Administrative Area|Greater Pibor]] | source2_coordinates= {{coord|6.7951|33.1519|format=dms|region:SD-20|}} | source2_elevation = {{convert|418|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source_confluence = | source_confluence_location= [[Jikmir, South Sudan]] | source_confluence_coordinates= {{coord|8|26|10|N|33|13|7|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation= {{Convert|404|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[White Nile]] | mouth_location = Againg, Upper Nile | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|9|22|2|N|31|32|57|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|398|m|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = [[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile]] | basin_size_km2 = 225000 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = |discharge2_location=[[mouth]]|discharge2_avg={{convert|437|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}}} [[File:Sobat OSM.png|thumb|right|Sobat River basin]] De '''Sobat River''' be a river of de Greater Upper Nile region insyd northeastern [[South Sudan]], [[Africa]]. E be de most southerly of de great eastern tributaries of de [[White Nile]], before de confluence plus de [[Blue Nile]]. ==Geography== De Sobat River be formed by de confluence of de west-flowing Baro River den de north-flowing Pibot River, on de border plus [[Ethiopia]]. De river enters de [[White Nile]] at Doleib Hill, near de city of Malakal insyd Upper Nile State. Wen insyd flood de Sobat River produces an enormous discharge carrying a white sediment, wich gives de White Nile its name.<ref name="brit" /> ===Hydrology=== De Sobat den its tributaries drain a watershed approximately {{convert|225000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} insyd size. De river's mean annual discharge be {{cvt|412|m3/s}}.<ref>{{cite book |last= Shahin |first= Mamdouh |title= Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |year= 2002 |publisher= Springer |isbn= 1-4020-0866-X |pages= 276, 288}}; online at [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC Google Books]</ref> == References == 3g7iuvu8g9abc86w6wzoc3jedgff0v5 101329 101327 2026-06-09T20:29:17Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 101329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Sobat River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Sobat.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Sobat River from air | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = [[Upper Nile (state)]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 354 | length_ref = <ref name="brit">{{cite encyclopedia | url= http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9068426 | title= Sobat River | access-date= 2008-01-21 | encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition | publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica}} {{registration required}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Hillet Doleib | discharge1_min = {{convert|99|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|412|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = {{convert|680|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Baro River]] | source1_location = Dibdib, [[Ethiopia]] | source1_coordinates= {{Coord|7.701|35.879|format=dms|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2367|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[Pibor River]] | source2_location = Pibor Post, [[Greater Pibor Administrative Area|Greater Pibor]] | source2_coordinates= {{coord|6.7951|33.1519|format=dms|region:SD-20|}} | source2_elevation = {{convert|418|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source_confluence = | source_confluence_location= [[Jikmir, South Sudan]] | source_confluence_coordinates= {{coord|8|26|10|N|33|13|7|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation= {{Convert|404|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[White Nile]] | mouth_location = Againg, Upper Nile | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|9|22|2|N|31|32|57|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|398|m|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = [[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile]] | basin_size_km2 = 225000 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = |discharge2_location=[[mouth]]|discharge2_avg={{convert|437|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}}} [[File:Sobat OSM.png|thumb|right|Sobat River basin]] De '''Sobat River''' be a river of de Greater Upper Nile region insyd northeastern [[South Sudan]], [[Africa]]. E be de most southerly of de great eastern tributaries of de [[White Nile]], before de confluence plus de [[Blue Nile]]. ==Geography== De Sobat River be formed by de confluence of de west-flowing Baro River den de north-flowing Pibot River, on de border plus [[Ethiopia]]. De river enters de [[White Nile]] at Doleib Hill, near de city of Malakal insyd Upper Nile State. Wen insyd flood de Sobat River produces an enormous discharge carrying a white sediment, wich gives de White Nile its name.<ref name="brit" /> ===Hydrology=== De Sobat den its tributaries drain a watershed approximately {{convert|225000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} insyd size. De river's mean annual discharge be {{cvt|412|m3/s}}.<ref>{{cite book |last= Shahin |first= Mamdouh |title= Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |year= 2002 |publisher= Springer |isbn= 1-4020-0866-X |pages= 276, 288}}; online at [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC Google Books]</ref> ==See sanso== == References == sql56fdpuh30o1rif8vjcck5exaql6o 101330 101329 2026-06-09T20:30:33Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 101330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Sobat River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Sobat.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Sobat River from air | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = [[Upper Nile (state)]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 354 | length_ref = <ref name="brit">{{cite encyclopedia | url= http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9068426 | title= Sobat River | access-date= 2008-01-21 | encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition | publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica}} {{registration required}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Hillet Doleib | discharge1_min = {{convert|99|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|412|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = {{convert|680|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Baro River]] | source1_location = Dibdib, [[Ethiopia]] | source1_coordinates= {{Coord|7.701|35.879|format=dms|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2367|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[Pibor River]] | source2_location = Pibor Post, [[Greater Pibor Administrative Area|Greater Pibor]] | source2_coordinates= {{coord|6.7951|33.1519|format=dms|region:SD-20|}} | source2_elevation = {{convert|418|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source_confluence = | source_confluence_location= [[Jikmir, South Sudan]] | source_confluence_coordinates= {{coord|8|26|10|N|33|13|7|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation= {{Convert|404|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[White Nile]] | mouth_location = Againg, Upper Nile | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|9|22|2|N|31|32|57|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|398|m|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = [[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile]] | basin_size_km2 = 225000 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = |discharge2_location=[[mouth]]|discharge2_avg={{convert|437|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}}} [[File:Sobat OSM.png|thumb|right|Sobat River basin]] De '''Sobat River''' be a river of de Greater Upper Nile region insyd northeastern [[South Sudan]], [[Africa]]. E be de most southerly of de great eastern tributaries of de [[White Nile]], before de confluence plus de [[Blue Nile]]. ==Geography== De Sobat River be formed by de confluence of de west-flowing Baro River den de north-flowing Pibot River, on de border plus [[Ethiopia]]. De river enters de [[White Nile]] at Doleib Hill, near de city of Malakal insyd Upper Nile State. Wen insyd flood de Sobat River produces an enormous discharge carrying a white sediment, wich gives de White Nile its name.<ref name="brit" /> ===Hydrology=== De Sobat den its tributaries drain a watershed approximately {{convert|225000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} insyd size. De river's mean annual discharge be {{cvt|412|m3/s}}.<ref>{{cite book |last= Shahin |first= Mamdouh |title= Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |year= 2002 |publisher= Springer |isbn= 1-4020-0866-X |pages= 276, 288}}; online at [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC Google Books]</ref> ==See sanso== *List of rivers of South Sudan == References == 22x6apyycwn48ldtpu91w8xesuk3qyi 101331 101330 2026-06-09T20:31:33Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 101331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Sobat River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Sobat.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Sobat River from air | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = [[Upper Nile (state)]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 354 | length_ref = <ref name="brit">{{cite encyclopedia | url= http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9068426 | title= Sobat River | access-date= 2008-01-21 | encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition | publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica}} {{registration required}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Hillet Doleib | discharge1_min = {{convert|99|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|412|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = {{convert|680|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Baro River]] | source1_location = Dibdib, [[Ethiopia]] | source1_coordinates= {{Coord|7.701|35.879|format=dms|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2367|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[Pibor River]] | source2_location = Pibor Post, [[Greater Pibor Administrative Area|Greater Pibor]] | source2_coordinates= {{coord|6.7951|33.1519|format=dms|region:SD-20|}} | source2_elevation = {{convert|418|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source_confluence = | source_confluence_location= [[Jikmir, South Sudan]] | source_confluence_coordinates= {{coord|8|26|10|N|33|13|7|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation= {{Convert|404|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[White Nile]] | mouth_location = Againg, Upper Nile | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|9|22|2|N|31|32|57|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|398|m|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = [[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile]] | basin_size_km2 = 225000 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = |discharge2_location=[[mouth]]|discharge2_avg={{convert|437|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}}} [[File:Sobat OSM.png|thumb|right|Sobat River basin]] De '''Sobat River''' be a river of de Greater Upper Nile region insyd northeastern [[South Sudan]], [[Africa]]. E be de most southerly of de great eastern tributaries of de [[White Nile]], before de confluence plus de [[Blue Nile]]. ==Geography== De Sobat River be formed by de confluence of de west-flowing Baro River den de north-flowing Pibot River, on de border plus [[Ethiopia]]. De river enters de [[White Nile]] at Doleib Hill, near de city of Malakal insyd Upper Nile State. Wen insyd flood de Sobat River produces an enormous discharge carrying a white sediment, wich gives de White Nile its name.<ref name="brit" /> ===Hydrology=== De Sobat den its tributaries drain a watershed approximately {{convert|225000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} insyd size. De river's mean annual discharge be {{cvt|412|m3/s}}.<ref>{{cite book |last= Shahin |first= Mamdouh |title= Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |year= 2002 |publisher= Springer |isbn= 1-4020-0866-X |pages= 276, 288}}; online at [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC Google Books]</ref> ==See sanso== *List of rivers of South Sudan == References == <references /> [[Category:Sobat River]] mpu0582g2uqtxuqhmsklj537aug0alh 101332 101331 2026-06-09T20:32:08Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 101332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Sobat River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Sobat.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Sobat River from air | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = [[Upper Nile (state)]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 354 | length_ref = <ref name="brit">{{cite encyclopedia | url= http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9068426 | title= Sobat River | access-date= 2008-01-21 | encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition | publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica}} {{registration required}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Hillet Doleib | discharge1_min = {{convert|99|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|412|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = {{convert|680|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Baro River]] | source1_location = Dibdib, [[Ethiopia]] | source1_coordinates= {{Coord|7.701|35.879|format=dms|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2367|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[Pibor River]] | source2_location = Pibor Post, [[Greater Pibor Administrative Area|Greater Pibor]] | source2_coordinates= {{coord|6.7951|33.1519|format=dms|region:SD-20|}} | source2_elevation = {{convert|418|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source_confluence = | source_confluence_location= [[Jikmir, South Sudan]] | source_confluence_coordinates= {{coord|8|26|10|N|33|13|7|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation= {{Convert|404|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[White Nile]] | mouth_location = Againg, Upper Nile | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|9|22|2|N|31|32|57|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|398|m|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = [[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile]] | basin_size_km2 = 225000 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = |discharge2_location=[[mouth]]|discharge2_avg={{convert|437|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}}} [[File:Sobat OSM.png|thumb|right|Sobat River basin]] De '''Sobat River''' be a river of de Greater Upper Nile region insyd northeastern [[South Sudan]], [[Africa]]. E be de most southerly of de great eastern tributaries of de [[White Nile]], before de confluence plus de [[Blue Nile]]. ==Geography== De Sobat River be formed by de confluence of de west-flowing Baro River den de north-flowing Pibot River, on de border plus [[Ethiopia]]. De river enters de [[White Nile]] at Doleib Hill, near de city of Malakal insyd Upper Nile State. Wen insyd flood de Sobat River produces an enormous discharge carrying a white sediment, wich gives de White Nile its name.<ref name="brit" /> ===Hydrology=== De Sobat den its tributaries drain a watershed approximately {{convert|225000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} insyd size. De river's mean annual discharge be {{cvt|412|m3/s}}.<ref>{{cite book |last= Shahin |first= Mamdouh |title= Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |year= 2002 |publisher= Springer |isbn= 1-4020-0866-X |pages= 276, 288}}; online at [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC Google Books]</ref> ==See sanso== *List of rivers of South Sudan == References == <references /> [[Category:Sobat River]] [[Category:Rivers of South Sudan]] 1g5srzv82x5qxwzy4idvs8rkb3m7vhv 101333 101332 2026-06-09T20:33:05Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add databox 101333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox river | name = Sobat River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Sobat.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Sobat River from air | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = [[Upper Nile (state)]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 354 | length_ref = <ref name="brit">{{cite encyclopedia | url= http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9068426 | title= Sobat River | access-date= 2008-01-21 | encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition | publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica}} {{registration required}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Hillet Doleib | discharge1_min = {{convert|99|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|412|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = {{convert|680|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Baro River]] | source1_location = Dibdib, [[Ethiopia]] | source1_coordinates= {{Coord|7.701|35.879|format=dms|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2367|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[Pibor River]] | source2_location = Pibor Post, [[Greater Pibor Administrative Area|Greater Pibor]] | source2_coordinates= {{coord|6.7951|33.1519|format=dms|region:SD-20|}} | source2_elevation = {{convert|418|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source_confluence = | source_confluence_location= [[Jikmir, South Sudan]] | source_confluence_coordinates= {{coord|8|26|10|N|33|13|7|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation= {{Convert|404|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[White Nile]] | mouth_location = Againg, Upper Nile | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|9|22|2|N|31|32|57|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|398|m|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = [[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile]] | basin_size_km2 = 225000 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = |discharge2_location=[[mouth]]|discharge2_avg={{convert|437|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}}} [[File:Sobat OSM.png|thumb|right|Sobat River basin]] De '''Sobat River''' be a river of de Greater Upper Nile region insyd northeastern [[South Sudan]], [[Africa]]. E be de most southerly of de great eastern tributaries of de [[White Nile]], before de confluence plus de [[Blue Nile]]. ==Geography== De Sobat River be formed by de confluence of de west-flowing Baro River den de north-flowing Pibot River, on de border plus [[Ethiopia]]. De river enters de [[White Nile]] at Doleib Hill, near de city of Malakal insyd Upper Nile State. Wen insyd flood de Sobat River produces an enormous discharge carrying a white sediment, wich gives de White Nile its name.<ref name="brit" /> ===Hydrology=== De Sobat den its tributaries drain a watershed approximately {{convert|225000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} insyd size. De river's mean annual discharge be {{cvt|412|m3/s}}.<ref>{{cite book |last= Shahin |first= Mamdouh |title= Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |year= 2002 |publisher= Springer |isbn= 1-4020-0866-X |pages= 276, 288}}; online at [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC Google Books]</ref> ==See sanso== *List of rivers of South Sudan == References == <references /> [[Category:Sobat River]] [[Category:Rivers of South Sudan]] 9hy5k2geev83tcfe3ejt33s15ea1fjr 101334 101333 2026-06-09T20:33:29Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 101334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox river | name = Sobat River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Sobat.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Sobat River from air | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = [[Upper Nile (state)]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 354 | length_ref = <ref name="brit">{{cite encyclopedia | url= http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9068426 | title= Sobat River | access-date= 2008-01-21 | encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition | publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica}} {{registration required}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Hillet Doleib | discharge1_min = {{convert|99|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|412|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = {{convert|680|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Baro River]] | source1_location = Dibdib, [[Ethiopia]] | source1_coordinates= {{Coord|7.701|35.879|format=dms|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2367|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[Pibor River]] | source2_location = Pibor Post, [[Greater Pibor Administrative Area|Greater Pibor]] | source2_coordinates= {{coord|6.7951|33.1519|format=dms|region:SD-20|}} | source2_elevation = {{convert|418|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source_confluence = | source_confluence_location= [[Jikmir, South Sudan]] | source_confluence_coordinates= {{coord|8|26|10|N|33|13|7|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation= {{Convert|404|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[White Nile]] | mouth_location = Againg, Upper Nile | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|9|22|2|N|31|32|57|E|type:river_region:SS|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|398|m|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = [[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile]] | basin_size_km2 = 225000 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = |discharge2_location=[[mouth]]|discharge2_avg={{convert|437|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}}} [[File:Sobat OSM.png|thumb|right|Sobat River basin]] De '''Sobat River''' be a river of de Greater Upper Nile region insyd northeastern [[South Sudan]], [[Africa]]. E be de most southerly of de great eastern tributaries of de [[White Nile]], before de confluence plus de [[Blue Nile]]. ==Geography== De Sobat River be formed by de confluence of de west-flowing Baro River den de north-flowing Pibot River, on de border plus [[Ethiopia]]. De river enters de [[White Nile]] at Doleib Hill, near de city of Malakal insyd Upper Nile State. Wen insyd flood de Sobat River produces an enormous discharge carrying a white sediment, wich gives de White Nile its name.<ref name="brit" /> ===Hydrology=== De Sobat den its tributaries drain a watershed approximately {{convert|225000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} insyd size. De river's mean annual discharge be {{cvt|412|m3/s}}.<ref>{{cite book |last= Shahin |first= Mamdouh |title= Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |year= 2002 |publisher= Springer |isbn= 1-4020-0866-X |pages= 276, 288}}; online at [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC Google Books]</ref> ==See sanso== *List of rivers of South Sudan == References == <references /> [[Category:Sobat River]] [[Category:Rivers of South Sudan]] [[Category:AWC2026]] qzmlx9g5yy5p2sbajc16svz3wl4yg31 0 27416 101353 2026-06-09T20:50:45Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 dis na small edit 101353 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro 2t7snxflpgphtwbkxf9ych7t9ljmkmg 101354 101353 2026-06-09T20:51:18Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101354 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na 9dl8dzq1vcw8pv4fn1ammzzu70435iv 101355 101354 2026-06-09T20:54:18Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101355 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third stf6jo34lru3ltn48vq3jtri8cf3rlw 101356 101355 2026-06-09T20:54:40Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101356 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order tpkovqb0zfg6300fz569jh5q3eqhvy0 101357 101356 2026-06-09T20:55:01Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101357 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream t3478i9lx1dbpozxq9gipts1yw3uxnw 101358 101357 2026-06-09T20:55:31Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101358 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey n03ao2y94klccqtrh8gqpnohvixczn8 101359 101358 2026-06-09T20:55:47Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101359 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow 923yb7dd78tfa7p7j19v0318bw1oplv 101360 101359 2026-06-09T20:56:03Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101360 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go ry9797b6iozst98f18pwiy42x7o4gng 101361 101360 2026-06-09T20:56:23Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101361 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go enter p3vnnrp8y4mqbt5zcs2477s9zcfl5as 101364 101361 2026-06-09T20:57:17Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101364 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go enter l j2lav047rw025j5czh8zwsc6oogqlw3 101365 101364 2026-06-09T20:57:29Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101365 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake n2iac4jn15kcls9d3xhyyg8hqulwyde 101367 101365 2026-06-09T20:57:40Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101367 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru 1j1ggrwhxgzit23tawzctm3iso11c34 101369 101367 2026-06-09T20:58:09Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101369 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for a2jo4hm0j7wp7tqb1pdqkebzppi8ii6 101371 101369 2026-06-09T20:58:24Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101371 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya dnt2bdz6df2f4pv2jb7r1f59of3ajub 101372 101371 2026-06-09T20:58:40Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101372 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein ov9eo8g426i63da4mmb0n3wy3kk0dm5 101374 101372 2026-06-09T20:58:56Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101374 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source lxebzhnemwa8w6fn4hyxeh8evu5066u 101376 101374 2026-06-09T20:59:23Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101376 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come f2taujamzdg0pva364qixmtjoxwfblu 101377 101376 2026-06-09T20:59:41Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101377 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from gxu5a2blwvaptk0n0bg1lzcmib0xtj7 101379 101377 2026-06-09T20:59:55Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101379 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from mau lqz8rnfvxzwvf09hj11koq00y6o5z0v 101381 101379 2026-06-09T21:00:31Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101381 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from mau forest oegoe94q4cu1n4sj4bht7tr0qxx64qm 101382 101381 2026-06-09T21:00:48Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101382 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest 74a1oh5twm3c7u2d4t6ksal17me5w7g 101389 101382 2026-06-09T21:05:12Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101389 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People hl4f7j1wcb7edg15ip8sfd4e21yeoo6 101390 101389 2026-06-09T21:05:37Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101390 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey 9k2btrnurk9rdhs4r8cjl5uczle52la 101391 101390 2026-06-09T21:05:49Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101391 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call 2ov0e0u0eb33eg71yxxe7107x12yatx 101392 101391 2026-06-09T21:06:01Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101392 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am iwaix7t8bneo1w956zm52onrb7cc8g9 101394 101392 2026-06-09T21:06:26Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101394 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am Ndarugu mbxgorwg8u3tynr77u69v8vgaxcoby4 101396 101394 2026-06-09T21:06:52Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101396 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am Ndarugu ri fh8v0xlvpsf8i2soptkwjoitre4eyn5 101397 101396 2026-06-09T21:07:05Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101397 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am Ndarugu river 45up1mrr3m5w8as6xzm4sa4tmt81uwv 101399 101397 2026-06-09T21:07:24Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101399 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am Ndarugu river too hpnk02zvc2vcn58jyzevqwidke0tfs7 101401 101399 2026-06-09T21:08:00Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101401 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am Ndarugu River too 2t81hv5brcrg8i8bvc0yvjxndq1oys4 101402 101401 2026-06-09T21:08:16Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101402 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am '''Ndarugu River''' too hvv9yp91cr1cpy9vwst54hblpbh5hm5 101404 101402 2026-06-09T21:08:36Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101404 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Njoro''' na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am '''Ndarugu River''' too invhge8aaezd6ej0vprrocqzfbt24fz 101406 101404 2026-06-09T21:09:13Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101406 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Njoro''' na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am '''Ndarugu River''' too Dem g6lijhof450kclpjv3d0kxbdo8dh966 101407 101406 2026-06-09T21:09:24Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101407 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Njoro''' na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am '''Ndarugu River''' too Dem dey i1n539kzvhcxq5l46io0o47rn6jhmmy 101408 101407 2026-06-09T21:09:38Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101408 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Njoro''' na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am '''Ndarugu River''' too Dem dey make 3w2k1ry5rkqikber8nom2i1epcur96a 101409 101408 2026-06-09T21:09:55Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101409 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Njoro''' na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am '''Ndarugu River''' too Dem dey make efforts mxaau8mxtwtw0opkm1a52ypycjkt8zc 101410 101409 2026-06-09T21:10:14Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101410 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Njoro''' na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am '''Ndarugu River''' too Dem dey make efforts to 4la92urer1hfumghyqqtdo04y8xjzo6 101411 101410 2026-06-09T21:10:24Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101411 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Njoro''' na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am '''Ndarugu River''' too Dem dey make efforts to sol 0n3d2c87a2zpqur7q6a3culr8ij8hvr 101412 101411 2026-06-09T21:10:43Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101412 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Njoro''' na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am '''Ndarugu River''' too Dem dey make efforts to solve jaogaw67me9k663hbi7gq9ihl4croxa 101413 101412 2026-06-09T21:10:55Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101413 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Njoro''' na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am '''Ndarugu River''' too Dem dey make efforts to solve de ksklahr88h0r5584rrqs79xvfc9ha2j 101414 101413 2026-06-09T21:11:10Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101414 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Njoro''' na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am '''Ndarugu River''' too Dem dey make efforts to solve de serious fpxai35k1wpgbzkq4oo2rqdxhfhwqmj 101415 101414 2026-06-09T21:11:28Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101415 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Njoro''' na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am '''Ndarugu River''' too Dem dey make efforts to solve de serious water 2kpzpwc2w6kpfbn0bnwj095t16zb9x8 101416 101415 2026-06-09T21:11:40Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101416 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Njoro''' na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am '''Ndarugu River''' too Dem dey make efforts to solve de serious water poll k576e40v3f4f70vhfmofd56ib4ofnr5 101417 101416 2026-06-09T21:12:06Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101417 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Njoro''' na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am '''Ndarugu River''' too Dem dey make efforts to solve de serious water pollution 0e41nqq45ke8dkjfl1c1jrzqgz08u92 101418 101417 2026-06-09T21:12:54Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101418 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Njoro''' na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am '''Ndarugu River''' too Dem dey make efforts to solve de serious water pollution problem 3qexqfmg4fwpj4jgnnnrwtjty9n038y 101419 101418 2026-06-09T21:13:07Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101419 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Njoro''' na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am '''Ndarugu River''' too Dem dey make efforts to solve de serious water pollution problem for agffdm9heuxvcn4m8h50vhuveuzb1it 101420 101419 2026-06-09T21:13:30Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101420 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Njoro''' na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am '''Ndarugu River''' too Dem dey make efforts to solve de serious water pollution problem for de 2271pgtgbmxv3v85eyo7rfqxwchqmxc 101421 101420 2026-06-09T21:13:48Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101421 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Njoro''' na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am '''Ndarugu River''' too Dem dey make efforts to solve de serious water pollution problem for de river b18ggb4p8mjo7r2326r9jbxjm3rfjtl 101423 101421 2026-06-09T21:15:05Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101423 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Njoro''' na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am '''Ndarugu River''' too Dem dey make efforts to solve de serious water pollution problem for de river, especially for the upper part of the river where faecal matter dey contaminate the water.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://profiles.uonbi.ac.ke/maina_gichaba/publications/patterns-and-sources-faecal-pollution-heavily-impaired-river-njoro-waters |title=Proceedings of the Sumawa Mau Forest Complex Conference |publisher=Sumawa |year=2009 |access-date=2016-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310072149/https://profiles.uonbi.ac.ke/maina_gichaba/publications/patterns-and-sources-faecal-pollution-heavily-impaired-river-njoro-waters |archive-date=2016-03-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ke-undp">{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=UNDP-Kenya, GEF-SGP — Kenya Community based Wetland Management for Waste Water Treatment |url=http://www.ke.undp.org/GEF-SGP/Projects%20Elsewhere.htm |access-date=2009-04-18 |publisher=United Nations Development Programmeme}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name="iapad">{{Cite web |title=Njoro River Watershed, Kenya |url=http://www.iapad.org/applications/plup/njoro_watershed.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603152911/http://www.iapad.org/applications/plup/njoro_watershed.htm |archive-date=2009-06-03 |access-date=2009-04-18 |publisher=Integrated Approaches to Participatory Development (IAPAD)}}</ref> qebvjz7s37s1fwssdru68zvkovr7q4g 101424 101423 2026-06-09T21:16:34Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335010867|Njoro River]]" 101424 wikitext text/x-wiki Njoro na third-order stream wey dey flow go enter Lake Nakuru for Kenya. E source dey come from Mau Forest. People dey call am Ndarugu River too Dem dey make efforts to solve the serious water pollution problem for the river Some of these things wey dem dey do dey address how the local farmers dey understand the matter and the techniques dem dey use for farming.<ref name="cdlib"> {{Cite web |last=Krupnik |first=Timothy J. |last2=Marion W. Jenkins |date=March 3, 2006 |title=Linking Farmer, Forest and Watershed: Agricultural Systems and Natural Resources Management Along the Upper Njoro River, Kenya |url=http://repositories.cdlib.org/uciaspubs/articles/3/ |access-date=2009-04-18 |publisher=University of California — Global, Area, and International Archive}} </ref> == References == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060928153351/http://www.nri.org/waterlaw/AWLworkshop/LELO-FK.pdf Managing the Njoro River Watershed] {{Rivers of Kenya}}{{Authority control}} tlektncljz5fr3ot4l0mfhlds2oga3r 101425 101424 2026-06-09T21:17:55Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101425 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Njoro''' na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am '''Ndarugu River''' too Dem dey make efforts to solve de serious water pollution problem for de river, especially for the upper part of the river where faecal matter dey contaminate the water.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://profiles.uonbi.ac.ke/maina_gichaba/publications/patterns-and-sources-faecal-pollution-heavily-impaired-river-njoro-waters |title=Proceedings of the Sumawa Mau Forest Complex Conference |publisher=Sumawa |year=2009 |access-date=2016-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310072149/https://profiles.uonbi.ac.ke/maina_gichaba/publications/patterns-and-sources-faecal-pollution-heavily-impaired-river-njoro-waters |archive-date=2016-03-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ke-undp">{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=UNDP-Kenya, GEF-SGP — Kenya Community based Wetland Management for Waste Water Treatment |url=http://www.ke.undp.org/GEF-SGP/Projects%20Elsewhere.htm |access-date=2009-04-18 |publisher=United Nations Development Programmeme}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name="iapad">{{Cite web |title=Njoro River Watershed, Kenya |url=http://www.iapad.org/applications/plup/njoro_watershed.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603152911/http://www.iapad.org/applications/plup/njoro_watershed.htm |archive-date=2009-06-03 |access-date=2009-04-18 |publisher=Integrated Approaches to Participatory Development (IAPAD)}}</ref> Some of these things wey dem dey do dey address how the local farmers dey understand the matter and the techniques dem dey use for farming.<ref name="cdlib">{{Cite web |last=Krupnik |first=Timothy J. |last2=Marion W. Jenkins |date=March 3, 2006 |title=Linking Farmer, Forest and Watershed: Agricultural Systems and Natural Resources Management Along the Upper Njoro River, Kenya |url=http://repositories.cdlib.org/uciaspubs/articles/3/ |access-date=2009-04-18 |publisher=University of California — Global, Area, and International Archive}}</ref> = References = 8n8uksrt5rl4idzd7wjrxlficqf9np1 101426 101425 2026-06-09T21:18:57Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101426 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Njoro''' na third-order stream wey flow go enter lake Nakuru for Kenya. Ein source dey come from Mau forest. People dey call am '''Ndarugu River''' too. Dem dey make efforts to solve de serious water pollution problem for de river, especially for the upper part of the river where faecal matter dey contaminate the water.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://profiles.uonbi.ac.ke/maina_gichaba/publications/patterns-and-sources-faecal-pollution-heavily-impaired-river-njoro-waters |title=Proceedings of the Sumawa Mau Forest Complex Conference |publisher=Sumawa |year=2009 |access-date=2016-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310072149/https://profiles.uonbi.ac.ke/maina_gichaba/publications/patterns-and-sources-faecal-pollution-heavily-impaired-river-njoro-waters |archive-date=2016-03-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ke-undp">{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=UNDP-Kenya, GEF-SGP — Kenya Community based Wetland Management for Waste Water Treatment |url=http://www.ke.undp.org/GEF-SGP/Projects%20Elsewhere.htm |access-date=2009-04-18 |publisher=United Nations Development Programmeme}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name="iapad">{{Cite web |title=Njoro River Watershed, Kenya |url=http://www.iapad.org/applications/plup/njoro_watershed.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603152911/http://www.iapad.org/applications/plup/njoro_watershed.htm |archive-date=2009-06-03 |access-date=2009-04-18 |publisher=Integrated Approaches to Participatory Development (IAPAD)}}</ref> Some of these things wey dem dey do dey address how the local farmers dey understand the matter and the techniques dem dey use for farming.<ref name="cdlib">{{Cite web |last=Krupnik |first=Timothy J. |last2=Marion W. Jenkins |date=March 3, 2006 |title=Linking Farmer, Forest and Watershed: Agricultural Systems and Natural Resources Management Along the Upper Njoro River, Kenya |url=http://repositories.cdlib.org/uciaspubs/articles/3/ |access-date=2009-04-18 |publisher=University of California — Global, Area, and International Archive}}</ref> = References = btujqgqgj6afq9avtdz0dsvs1y8eaa2 14 27417 101422 2026-06-09T21:14:33Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101422 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27418 101427 2026-06-09T21:25:51Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101427 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27419 101428 2026-06-09T21:27:30Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101428 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27420 101429 2026-06-09T21:27:43Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101429 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27421 101430 2026-06-09T21:29:26Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101430 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27422 101431 2026-06-09T21:29:42Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101431 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 27423 101433 2026-06-09T22:07:42Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 Created page with "'''Komoé River''', wey people sabi am as '''Comoé River''' too, na one river for West Africa. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey Burkina Faso,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Sikasso Plateau|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA197 197]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-..." 101433 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komoé River''', wey people sabi am as '''Comoé River''' too, na one river for West Africa. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey Burkina Faso,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Sikasso Plateau|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA197 197]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> sp314vymic6min8t0c3qeiki1pm3bnf 101434 101433 2026-06-09T22:09:10Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1271836562|Komoé River]]" 101434 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[File:Pg269_Bords_du_Comoë_à_Attakrou.jpg|left|thumb|Along the Komoé River, 1892]] Komoé River, wey people sabi am as Comoé River too, na one river for West Africa. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey Burkina Faso, omoé River, wey some people dey call Comoé River too, na one river for West Africa. E source dey come from the Sikasso Plateau for Burkina Faso.<ref name="Mepham1991">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Riparian forests dey cover most parts of the banks of Komoé River. These forests dey provide important habitat for wild animals and also dey serve as source of water for farming activities.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> For areas wey floodplains dey form well for Ivory Coast, farmers fit use the land grow rice.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> Part of the river wey dey northern Ivory Coast dey contribute to the rich vegetation wey make that area earn UNESCO World Heritage Site status as Comoé National Park.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> == Course == [[File:Comoe_River_Basin_OSM.png|left|thumb|Course of Komoé River]] Komoé River get length of about 759 km. E source dey for Sikasso Plateau and Sindou Hills, then e dey flow go south pass plenty rocks and waterfalls like “Chutes de la Komoé” and Karifiguela Falls. Upstream of Karifiguela Falls, people for the area dey call am Koba River.<ref name="Rupley-114" /> At <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 E dey join from the right (west) by Léraba River, then after that e dey flow go southeast and form border between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast for about 60 kilometres (37 mi). Then e enter Ivory Coast about 4 kilometres southwest of Balanfodougou village. For Ivory Coast, the river dey continue flow go southeast, pass Comoé National Park, and e dey form border between Zanzan District and Savanes District.. At <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>09°10′26″N 003°53′33″W / 9.17389°N 3.89250°W / 9.17389; -3.89250E dey turn go south, dey flow pass eastern Ivory Coast, then e enter the far eastern side of Ébrié Lagoon complex, and finally e go end for Gulf of Guinea near Grand-Bassam port<ref name="Mepham1991">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMepham1991">Mepham, Robert (1991). ''IUCN Directory of African Wetlands''. Pinter Pub. Ltd. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/2-88032-949-3|<bdi>2-88032-949-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> === Tributaries === * [[Léraba River]] at <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 a right tributary from the west, * Boin River at <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>09°12′38″N 003°57′53″W / 9.21056°N 3.96472°W / 9.21056; -3.96472 a left tributary from the north in Comoé National Park. == References == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} r5dyxzgmd7z53pzh0tvenc6sjv85bm1 101435 101434 2026-06-09T22:09:56Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101435 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komoé River''', wey people sabi am as '''Comoé River''' too, na one river for West Africa. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey Burkina Faso,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Sikasso Plateau|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA197 197]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> omoé River, wey some people dey call Comoé River too, na one river for West Africa. E source dey come from the Sikasso Plateau for Burkina Faso.<ref name="Mepham1991">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Riparian forests dey cover most parts of the banks of Komoé River. These forests dey provide important habitat for wild animals and also dey serve as source of water for farming activities.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> For areas wey floodplains dey form well for Ivory Coast, farmers fit use the land grow rice.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> Part of the river wey dey northern Ivory Coast dey contribute to the rich vegetation wey make that area earn UNESCO World Heritage Site status as Comoé National Park.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> = References = cv2zk34abjuhqej8ytr3t0jla10oq1n 101436 101435 2026-06-09T22:14:29Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101436 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komoé River''', wey people sabi am as '''Comoé River''' too, na one river for West Africa. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey Burkina Faso,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Sikasso Plateau|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA197 197]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> omoé River, wey some people dey call Comoé River too, na one river for West Africa. E source dey come from the Sikasso Plateau for Burkina Faso.<ref name="Mepham1991">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Riparian forests dey cover most parts of the banks of Komoé River. These forests dey provide important habitat for wild animals and also dey serve as source of water for farming activities.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> For areas wey floodplains dey form well for Ivory Coast, farmers fit use the land grow rice.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> Part of the river wey dey northern Ivory Coast dey contribute to the rich vegetation wey make that area earn UNESCO World Heritage Site status as Comoé National Park.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> == Course == Komoé River get length of about 759 km. E source dey for Sikasso Plateau and Sindou Hills, then e dey flow go south pass plenty rocks and waterfalls like “Chutes de la Komoé” and Karifiguela Falls.<ref name="Rupley-114">{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Komoé|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA114 114]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> Upstream of Karifiguela Falls, people for the area dey call am Koba River.<ref name="Rupley-114" /> At 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 E dey join from the right (west) by Léraba River, then after that e dey flow go southeast and form border between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast for about 60 kilometres (37 mi). Then e enter Ivory Coast about 4 kilometres southwest of Balanfodougou village. = References = 12gu3l6varpi4upusauq7y9ddjbhuj6 101437 101436 2026-06-09T22:15:23Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101437 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komoé River''', wey people sabi am as '''Comoé River''' too, na one river for West Africa. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey Burkina Faso,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Sikasso Plateau|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA197 197]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> omoé River, wey some people dey call Comoé River too, na one river for West Africa. E source dey come from the Sikasso Plateau for Burkina Faso.<ref name="Mepham1991">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Riparian forests dey cover most parts of the banks of Komoé River. These forests dey provide important habitat for wild animals and also dey serve as source of water for farming activities.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> For areas wey floodplains dey form well for Ivory Coast, farmers fit use the land grow rice.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> Part of the river wey dey northern Ivory Coast dey contribute to the rich vegetation wey make that area earn UNESCO World Heritage Site status as Comoé National Park.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> == Course == Komoé River get length of about 759 km. E source dey for Sikasso Plateau and Sindou Hills, then e dey flow go south pass plenty rocks and waterfalls like “Chutes de la Komoé” and Karifiguela Falls.<ref name="Rupley-114">{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Komoé|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA114 114]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> Upstream of Karifiguela Falls, people for the area dey call am Koba River.<ref name="Rupley-114" /> At 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 E dey join from the right (west) by Léraba River, then after that e dey flow go southeast and form border between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast for about 60 kilometres (37 mi). Then e enter Ivory Coast about 4 kilometres southwest of Balanfodougou village. For Ivory Coast, the river dey continue flow go southeast, pass Comoé National Park, and e dey form border between Zanzan District and Savanes District.. At 09°10′26″N 003°53′33″W / 9.17389°N 3.89250°W / 9.17389; -3.89250E dey turn go south, dey flow pass eastern Ivory Coast, then e enter the far eastern side of Ébrié Lagoon complex, and finally e go end for Gulf of Guinea near Grand-Bassam port<ref name="Mepham19912">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> = References = 5208wen5lgcyannemp606mlehi0uagt 101440 101437 2026-06-09T22:18:21Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101440 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komoé River''', wey people sabi am as '''Comoé River''' too, na one river for West Africa. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey Burkina Faso,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Sikasso Plateau|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA197 197]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> omoé River, wey some people dey call Comoé River too, na one river for West Africa. E source dey come from the Sikasso Plateau for Burkina Faso.<ref name="Mepham1991">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Riparian forests dey cover most parts of the banks of Komoé River. These forests dey provide important habitat for wild animals and also dey serve as source of water for farming activities.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> For areas wey floodplains dey form well for Ivory Coast, farmers fit use the land grow rice.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> Part of the river wey dey northern Ivory Coast dey contribute to the rich vegetation wey make that area earn UNESCO World Heritage Site status as Comoé National Park.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> == Course == Komoé River get length of about 759 km. E source dey for Sikasso Plateau and Sindou Hills, then e dey flow go south pass plenty rocks and waterfalls like “Chutes de la Komoé” and Karifiguela Falls.<ref name="Rupley-114">{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Komoé|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA114 114]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> Upstream of Karifiguela Falls, people for the area dey call am Koba River.<ref name="Rupley-114" /> At 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 E dey join from the right (west) by Léraba River, then after that e dey flow go southeast and form border between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast for about 60 kilometres (37 mi). Then e enter Ivory Coast about 4 kilometres southwest of Balanfodougou village. For Ivory Coast, the river dey continue flow go southeast, pass Comoé National Park, and e dey form border between Zanzan District and Savanes District.. At 09°10′26″N 003°53′33″W / 9.17389°N 3.89250°W / 9.17389; -3.89250E dey turn go south, dey flow pass eastern Ivory Coast, then e enter the far eastern side of Ébrié Lagoon complex, and finally e go end for Gulf of Guinea near Grand-Bassam port<ref name="Mepham19912">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> == Tributaries == * [[Léraba River]] at 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 a right tributary from the west, * Boin River at 09°12′38″N 003°57′53″W / 9.21056°N 3.96472°W / 9.21056; -3.96472 a left tributary from the north in Comoé National Park. = References = pysjev82ajp5kk9v8t4w34j36qqqf46 101443 101440 2026-06-09T22:19:30Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101443 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komoé River''', wey people sabi am as '''Comoé River''' too, na one river for West [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey Burkina Faso,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Sikasso Plateau|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA197 197]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> omoé River, wey some people dey call Comoé River too, na one river for West Africa. E source dey come from the Sikasso Plateau for Burkina Faso.<ref name="Mepham1991">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Riparian forests dey cover most parts of the banks of Komoé River. These forests dey provide important habitat for wild animals and also dey serve as source of water for farming activities.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> For areas wey floodplains dey form well for Ivory Coast, farmers fit use the land grow rice.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> Part of the river wey dey northern Ivory Coast dey contribute to the rich vegetation wey make that area earn UNESCO World Heritage Site status as Comoé National Park.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> == Course == Komoé River get length of about 759 km. E source dey for Sikasso Plateau and Sindou Hills, then e dey flow go south pass plenty rocks and waterfalls like “Chutes de la Komoé” and Karifiguela Falls.<ref name="Rupley-114">{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Komoé|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA114 114]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> Upstream of Karifiguela Falls, people for the area dey call am Koba River.<ref name="Rupley-114" /> At 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 E dey join from the right (west) by Léraba River, then after that e dey flow go southeast and form border between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast for about 60 kilometres (37 mi). Then e enter Ivory Coast about 4 kilometres southwest of Balanfodougou village. For Ivory Coast, the river dey continue flow go southeast, pass Comoé National Park, and e dey form border between Zanzan District and Savanes District.. At 09°10′26″N 003°53′33″W / 9.17389°N 3.89250°W / 9.17389; -3.89250E dey turn go south, dey flow pass eastern Ivory Coast, then e enter the far eastern side of Ébrié Lagoon complex, and finally e go end for Gulf of Guinea near Grand-Bassam port<ref name="Mepham19912">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> == Tributaries == * [[Léraba River]] at 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 a right tributary from the west, * Boin River at 09°12′38″N 003°57′53″W / 9.21056°N 3.96472°W / 9.21056; -3.96472 a left tributary from the north in Comoé National Park. = References = s97bomnbbn9q0f0akuab43qg28okhdg 101444 101443 2026-06-09T22:20:37Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101444 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komoé River''', wey people sabi am as '''Comoé River''' too, na one river for West [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Sikasso Plateau|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA197 197]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> omoé River, wey some people dey call Comoé River too, na one river for West Africa. E source dey come from the Sikasso Plateau for Burkina Faso.<ref name="Mepham1991">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Riparian forests dey cover most parts of the banks of Komoé River. These forests dey provide important habitat for wild animals and also dey serve as source of water for farming activities.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> For areas wey floodplains dey form well for Ivory Coast, farmers fit use the land grow rice.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> Part of the river wey dey northern Ivory Coast dey contribute to the rich vegetation wey make that area earn UNESCO World Heritage Site status as Comoé National Park.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> == Course == Komoé River get length of about 759 km. E source dey for Sikasso Plateau and Sindou Hills, then e dey flow go south pass plenty rocks and waterfalls like “Chutes de la Komoé” and Karifiguela Falls.<ref name="Rupley-114">{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Komoé|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA114 114]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> Upstream of Karifiguela Falls, people for the area dey call am Koba River.<ref name="Rupley-114" /> At 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 E dey join from the right (west) by Léraba River, then after that e dey flow go southeast and form border between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast for about 60 kilometres (37 mi). Then e enter Ivory Coast about 4 kilometres southwest of Balanfodougou village. For Ivory Coast, the river dey continue flow go southeast, pass Comoé National Park, and e dey form border between Zanzan District and Savanes District.. At 09°10′26″N 003°53′33″W / 9.17389°N 3.89250°W / 9.17389; -3.89250E dey turn go south, dey flow pass eastern Ivory Coast, then e enter the far eastern side of Ébrié Lagoon complex, and finally e go end for Gulf of Guinea near Grand-Bassam port<ref name="Mepham19912">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> == Tributaries == * [[Léraba River]] at 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 a right tributary from the west, * Boin River at 09°12′38″N 003°57′53″W / 9.21056°N 3.96472°W / 9.21056; -3.96472 a left tributary from the north in Comoé National Park. = References = 81r6asq2psaplx06lj7pscs3zku7kr7 101445 101444 2026-06-09T22:32:32Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101445 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komoé River''', wey people sabi am as '''Comoé River''' too, na one river for West [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Sikasso Plateau|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA197 197]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> omoé River, wey some people dey call Comoé River too, na one river for West Africa. E source dey come from the Sikasso Plateau for Burkina Faso.<ref name="Mepham1991">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Riparian forests dey cover most parts of the banks of Komoé River. These forests dey provide important habitat for wild animals and also dey serve as source of water for farming activities.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> For areas wey floodplains dey form well for Ivory Coast, farmers fit use the land grow rice.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> Part of the river wey dey northern [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Ivory Coast]] dey contribute to the rich vegetation wey make that area earn UNESCO World Heritage Site status as Comoé National Park.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> == Course == Komoé River get length of about 759 km. E source dey for Sikasso Plateau and Sindou Hills, then e dey flow go south pass plenty rocks and waterfalls like “Chutes de la Komoé” and Karifiguela Falls.<ref name="Rupley-114">{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Komoé|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA114 114]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> Upstream of Karifiguela Falls, people for the area dey call am Koba River.<ref name="Rupley-114" /> At 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 E dey join from the right (west) by Léraba River, then after that e dey flow go southeast and form border between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast for about 60 kilometres (37 mi). Then e enter Ivory Coast about 4 kilometres southwest of Balanfodougou village. For Ivory Coast, the river dey continue flow go southeast, pass Comoé National Park, and e dey form border between Zanzan District and Savanes District.. At 09°10′26″N 003°53′33″W / 9.17389°N 3.89250°W / 9.17389; -3.89250E dey turn go south, dey flow pass eastern Ivory Coast, then e enter the far eastern side of Ébrié Lagoon complex, and finally e go end for Gulf of Guinea near Grand-Bassam port<ref name="Mepham19912">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> == Tributaries == * [[Léraba River]] at 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 a right tributary from the west, * Boin River at 09°12′38″N 003°57′53″W / 9.21056°N 3.96472°W / 9.21056; -3.96472 a left tributary from the north in Comoé National Park. = References = 6dsr5ce0eoqt1oevrd4kb4arnfhgpc8 101446 101445 2026-06-09T22:34:03Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101446 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komoé River''', wey people sabi am as '''Comoé River''' too, na one river for West [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Sikasso Plateau|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA197 197]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> omoé River, wey some people dey call Comoé River too, na one river for West Africa. E source dey come from the Sikasso Plateau for Burkina Faso.<ref name="Mepham1991">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Riparian forests dey cover most parts of the banks of Komoé River. These forests dey provide important habitat for wild animals and also dey serve as source of water for farming activities.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> For areas wey floodplains dey form well for Ivory Coast, farmers fit use the land grow rice.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> Part of the river wey dey northern [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Ivory Coast]] dey contribute to the rich vegetation wey make that area earn UNESCO World Heritage Site status as Comoé National Park.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> == Course == Komoé River get length of about 759 km. E source dey for Sikasso Plateau and Sindou Hills, then e dey flow go south pass plenty rocks and waterfalls like “Chutes de la Komoé” and [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]].<ref name="Rupley-114">{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Komoé|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA114 114]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> Upstream of Karifiguela Falls, people for the area dey call am Koba River.<ref name="Rupley-114" /> At 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 E dey join from the right (west) by Léraba River, then after that e dey flow go southeast and form border between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast for about 60 kilometres (37 mi). Then e enter Ivory Coast about 4 kilometres southwest of Balanfodougou village. For Ivory Coast, the river dey continue flow go southeast, pass Comoé National Park, and e dey form border between Zanzan District and Savanes District.. At 09°10′26″N 003°53′33″W / 9.17389°N 3.89250°W / 9.17389; -3.89250E dey turn go south, dey flow pass eastern Ivory Coast, then e enter the far eastern side of Ébrié Lagoon complex, and finally e go end for Gulf of Guinea near Grand-Bassam port<ref name="Mepham19912">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> == Tributaries == * [[Léraba River]] at 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 a right tributary from the west, * Boin River at 09°12′38″N 003°57′53″W / 9.21056°N 3.96472°W / 9.21056; -3.96472 a left tributary from the north in Comoé National Park. = References = pd00z7wjiuvs552xqjxukgcuxjqh6d8 101447 101446 2026-06-09T22:35:17Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101447 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komoé River''', wey people sabi am as '''Comoé River''' too, na one river for West [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Sikasso Plateau|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA197 197]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> omoé River, wey some people dey call Comoé River too, na one river for West Africa. E source dey come from the Sikasso Plateau for Burkina Faso.<ref name="Mepham1991">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Riparian forests dey cover most parts of the banks of Komoé River. These forests dey provide important habitat for wild animals and also dey serve as source of water for farming activities.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> For areas wey floodplains dey form well for Ivory Coast, farmers fit use the land grow rice.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> Part of the river wey dey northern [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Ivory Coast]] dey contribute to the rich vegetation wey make that area earn UNESCO World Heritage Site status as Comoé National Park.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> == Course == Komoé River get length of about 759 km. E source dey for Sikasso Plateau and Sindou Hills, then e dey flow go south pass plenty rocks and waterfalls like “Chutes de la Komoé” and [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]].<ref name="Rupley-114">{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Komoé|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA114 114]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> Upstream of [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]], people for the area dey call am Koba River.<ref name="Rupley-114" /> At 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 E dey join from the right (west) by Léraba River, then after that e dey flow go southeast and form border between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast for about 60 kilometres (37 mi). Then e enter Ivory Coast about 4 kilometres southwest of Balanfodougou village. For Ivory Coast, the river dey continue flow go southeast, pass Comoé National Park, and e dey form border between Zanzan District and Savanes District.. At 09°10′26″N 003°53′33″W / 9.17389°N 3.89250°W / 9.17389; -3.89250E dey turn go south, dey flow pass eastern Ivory Coast, then e enter the far eastern side of Ébrié Lagoon complex, and finally e go end for Gulf of Guinea near Grand-Bassam port<ref name="Mepham19912">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> == Tributaries == * [[Léraba River]] at 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 a right tributary from the west, * Boin River at 09°12′38″N 003°57′53″W / 9.21056°N 3.96472°W / 9.21056; -3.96472 a left tributary from the north in Comoé National Park. = References = k9mc4ggn9hx7pr8aw6m1tmy8fm7vl7v 101448 101447 2026-06-09T22:38:43Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101448 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komoé River''', wey people sabi am as '''Comoé River''' too, na one river for West [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Sikasso Plateau|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA197 197]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> omoé River, wey some people dey call Comoé River too, na one river for West Africa. E source dey come from the Sikasso Plateau for Burkina Faso.<ref name="Mepham1991">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Riparian forests dey cover most parts of the banks of Komoé River. These forests dey provide important habitat for wild animals and also dey serve as source of water for farming activities.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> For areas wey floodplains dey form well for Ivory Coast, farmers fit use the land grow rice.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> Part of the river wey dey northern [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Ivory Coast]] dey contribute to the rich vegetation wey make that area earn UNESCO World Heritage Site status as Comoé National Park.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> == Course == Komoé River get length of about 759 km. E source dey for Sikasso Plateau and Sindou Hills, then e dey flow go south pass plenty rocks and waterfalls like “Chutes de la Komoé” and [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]].<ref name="Rupley-114">{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Komoé|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA114 114]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> Upstream of [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]], people for the area dey call am Koba River.<ref name="Rupley-114" /> At 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 E dey join from the right (west) by Léraba River, then after that e dey flow go southeast and form border between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast for about 60 kilometres (37 mi). Then e enter Ivory Coast about 4 kilometres southwest of Balanfodougou village. For Ivory Coast, the river dey continue flow go southeast, pass Comoé National Park, and e dey form border between [[:en:Zanzan_District|Zanzan District]] and Savanes District.. At 09°10′26″N 003°53′33″W / 9.17389°N 3.89250°W / 9.17389; -3.89250E dey turn go south, dey flow pass eastern Ivory Coast, then e enter the far eastern side of Ébrié Lagoon complex, and finally e go end for Gulf of Guinea near Grand-Bassam port<ref name="Mepham19912">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> == Tributaries == * [[Léraba River]] at 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 a right tributary from the west, * Boin River at 09°12′38″N 003°57′53″W / 9.21056°N 3.96472°W / 9.21056; -3.96472 a left tributary from the north in Comoé National Park. = References = j60v6c6ri9vyhu5f2spp1fg2ewdo8o9 101449 101448 2026-06-09T22:39:31Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101449 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komoé River''', wey people sabi am as '''Comoé River''' too, na one river for West [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Sikasso Plateau|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA197 197]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> omoé River, wey some people dey call Comoé River too, na one river for West Africa. E source dey come from the Sikasso Plateau for Burkina Faso.<ref name="Mepham1991">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Riparian forests dey cover most parts of the banks of Komoé River. These forests dey provide important habitat for wild animals and also dey serve as source of water for farming activities.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> For areas wey floodplains dey form well for Ivory Coast, farmers fit use the land grow rice.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> Part of the river wey dey northern [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Ivory Coast]] dey contribute to the rich vegetation wey make that area earn UNESCO World Heritage Site status as Comoé National Park.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> == Course == Komoé River get length of about 759 km. E source dey for Sikasso Plateau and Sindou Hills, then e dey flow go south pass plenty rocks and waterfalls like “Chutes de la Komoé” and [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]].<ref name="Rupley-114">{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Komoé|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA114 114]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> Upstream of [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]], people for the area dey call am Koba River.<ref name="Rupley-114" /> At 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 E dey join from the right (west) by Léraba River, then after that e dey flow go southeast and form border between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast for about 60 kilometres (37 mi). Then e enter Ivory Coast about 4 kilometres southwest of Balanfodougou village. For Ivory Coast, the river dey continue flow go southeast, pass Comoé National Park, and e dey form border between [[:en:Zanzan_District|Zanzan District]] and [[:en:Savanes_District|Savanes District]]. At 09°10′26″N 003°53′33″W / 9.17389°N 3.89250°W / 9.17389; -3.89250E dey turn go south, dey flow pass eastern Ivory Coast, then e enter the far eastern side of Ébrié Lagoon complex, and finally e go end for Gulf of Guinea near Grand-Bassam port<ref name="Mepham19912">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> == Tributaries == * [[Léraba River]] at 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 a right tributary from the west, * Boin River at 09°12′38″N 003°57′53″W / 9.21056°N 3.96472°W / 9.21056; -3.96472 a left tributary from the north in Comoé National Park. = References = t473lh55jb4h9muuvshbybvssiab70q 101450 101449 2026-06-09T22:40:38Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101450 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komoé River''', wey people sabi am as '''Comoé River''' too, na one river for West [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Sikasso Plateau|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA197 197]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> omoé River, wey some people dey call Comoé River too, na one river for West Africa. E source dey come from the Sikasso Plateau for Burkina Faso.<ref name="Mepham1991">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Riparian forests dey cover most parts of the banks of Komoé River. These forests dey provide important habitat for wild animals and also dey serve as source of water for farming activities.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> For areas wey floodplains dey form well for Ivory Coast, farmers fit use the land grow rice.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> Part of the river wey dey northern [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Ivory Coast]] dey contribute to the rich vegetation wey make that area earn UNESCO World Heritage Site status as Comoé National Park.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> == Course == Komoé River get length of about 759 km. E source dey for Sikasso Plateau and Sindou Hills, then e dey flow go south pass plenty rocks and waterfalls like “Chutes de la Komoé” and [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]].<ref name="Rupley-114">{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Komoé|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA114 114]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> Upstream of [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]], people for the area dey call am Koba River.<ref name="Rupley-114" /> At 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 E dey join from the right (west) by Léraba River, then after that e dey flow go southeast and form border between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast for about 60 kilometres (37 mi). Then e enter Ivory Coast about 4 kilometres southwest of Balanfodougou village. For Ivory Coast, the river dey continue flow go southeast, pass Comoé National Park, and e dey form border between [[:en:Zanzan_District|Zanzan District]] and [[:en:Savanes_District|Savanes District]]. At 09°10′26″N 003°53′33″W / 9.17389°N 3.89250°W / 9.17389; -3.89250E dey turn go south, dey flow pass eastern Ivory Coast, then e enter the far eastern side of Ébrié Lagoon complex, and finally e go end for [[:en:Gulf_of_Guinea|Gulf of Guinea]] near Grand-Bassam port<ref name="Mepham19912">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> == Tributaries == * [[Léraba River]] at 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 a right tributary from the west, * Boin River at 09°12′38″N 003°57′53″W / 9.21056°N 3.96472°W / 9.21056; -3.96472 a left tributary from the north in Comoé National Park. = References = ntn912nc0qiw1hwoq6w1wt12hx007f1 101451 101450 2026-06-09T22:41:26Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101451 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komoé River''', wey people sabi am as '''Comoé River''' too, na one river for West [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Sikasso Plateau|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA197 197]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> omoé River, wey some people dey call Comoé River too, na one river for West Africa. E source dey come from the Sikasso Plateau for Burkina Faso.<ref name="Mepham1991">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Riparian forests dey cover most parts of the banks of Komoé River. These forests dey provide important habitat for wild animals and also dey serve as source of water for farming activities.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> For areas wey floodplains dey form well for Ivory Coast, farmers fit use the land grow rice.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> Part of the river wey dey northern [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Ivory Coast]] dey contribute to the rich vegetation wey make that area earn UNESCO World Heritage Site status as Comoé National Park.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> == Course == Komoé River get length of about 759 km. E source dey for Sikasso Plateau and Sindou Hills, then e dey flow go south pass plenty rocks and waterfalls like “Chutes de la Komoé” and [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]].<ref name="Rupley-114">{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Komoé|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA114 114]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> Upstream of [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]], people for the area dey call am Koba River.<ref name="Rupley-114" /> At 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 E dey join from the right (west) by Léraba River, then after that e dey flow go southeast and form border between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast for about 60 kilometres (37 mi). Then e enter Ivory Coast about 4 kilometres southwest of Balanfodougou village. For Ivory Coast, the river dey continue flow go southeast, pass Comoé National Park, and e dey form border between [[:en:Zanzan_District|Zanzan District]] and [[:en:Savanes_District|Savanes District]]. At 09°10′26″N 003°53′33″W / 9.17389°N 3.89250°W / 9.17389; -3.89250E dey turn go south, dey flow pass eastern Ivory Coast, then e enter the far eastern side of [[:en:Ébrié_Lagoon|Ébrié Lagoon]] complex, and finally e go end for [[:en:Gulf_of_Guinea|Gulf of Guinea]] near Grand-Bassam port<ref name="Mepham19912">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> == Tributaries == * [[Léraba River]] at 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 a right tributary from the west, * Boin River at 09°12′38″N 003°57′53″W / 9.21056°N 3.96472°W / 9.21056; -3.96472 a left tributary from the north in Comoé National Park. = References = 07wye7aptai13yva9n89rucch9rn3sr 101452 101451 2026-06-09T22:42:22Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komoé River''', wey people sabi am as '''Comoé River''' too, na one river for West [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Sikasso Plateau|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA197 197]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> omoé River, wey some people dey call Comoé River too, na one river for West Africa. E source dey come from the Sikasso Plateau for Burkina Faso.<ref name="Mepham1991">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Riparian forests dey cover most parts of the banks of Komoé River. These forests dey provide important habitat for wild animals and also dey serve as source of water for farming activities.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> For areas wey floodplains dey form well for Ivory Coast, farmers fit use the land grow rice.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> Part of the river wey dey northern [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Ivory Coast]] dey contribute to the rich vegetation wey make that area earn UNESCO World Heritage Site status as Comoé National Park.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> == Course == Komoé River get length of about 759 km. E source dey for Sikasso Plateau and Sindou Hills, then e dey flow go south pass plenty rocks and waterfalls like “Chutes de la Komoé” and [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]].<ref name="Rupley-114">{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Komoé|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA114 114]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> Upstream of [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]], people for the area dey call am Koba River.<ref name="Rupley-114" /> At 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 E dey join from the right (west) by Léraba River, then after that e dey flow go southeast and form border between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast for about 60 kilometres (37 mi). Then e enter Ivory Coast about 4 kilometres southwest of Balanfodougou village. For Ivory Coast, the river dey continue flow go southeast, pass Comoé National Park, and e dey form border between [[:en:Zanzan_District|Zanzan District]] and [[:en:Savanes_District|Savanes District]]. At 09°10′26″N 003°53′33″W / 9.17389°N 3.89250°W / 9.17389; -3.89250E dey turn go south, dey flow pass eastern Ivory Coast, then e enter the far eastern side of [[:en:Ébrié_Lagoon|Ébrié Lagoon]] complex, and finally e go end for [[:en:Gulf_of_Guinea|Gulf of Guinea]] near [[:en:Grand-Bassam|Grand-Bassam]] port<ref name="Mepham19912">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> == Tributaries == * [[Léraba River]] at 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 a right tributary from the west, * Boin River at 09°12′38″N 003°57′53″W / 9.21056°N 3.96472°W / 9.21056; -3.96472 a left tributary from the north in Comoé National Park. = References = qngbonmmad4k4uvsvdchrxd95onps8q 101454 101452 2026-06-09T22:47:24Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101454 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komoé River''', wey people sabi am as '''Comoé River''' too, na one river for West [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Sikasso Plateau|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA197 197]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> omoé River, wey some people dey call Comoé River too, na one river for West Africa. E source dey come from the Sikasso Plateau for Burkina Faso.<ref name="Mepham1991">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Riparian forests dey cover most parts of the banks of Komoé River. These forests dey provide important habitat for wild animals and also dey serve as source of water for farming activities.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> For areas wey floodplains dey form well for Ivory Coast, farmers fit use the land grow rice.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> Part of the river wey dey northern [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Ivory Coast]] dey contribute to the rich vegetation wey make that area earn UNESCO World Heritage Site status as [[:en:Comoé_National_Park|Comoé National Park]].<ref name="Mepham1991" /> == Course == Komoé River get length of about 759 km. E source dey for Sikasso Plateau and Sindou Hills, then e dey flow go south pass plenty rocks and waterfalls like “Chutes de la Komoé” and [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]].<ref name="Rupley-114">{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Komoé|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA114 114]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> Upstream of [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]], people for the area dey call am Koba River.<ref name="Rupley-114" /> At 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 E dey join from the right (west) by Léraba River, then after that e dey flow go southeast and form border between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast for about 60 kilometres (37 mi). Then e enter Ivory Coast about 4 kilometres southwest of Balanfodougou village. For Ivory Coast, the river dey continue flow go southeast, pass Comoé National Park, and e dey form border between [[:en:Zanzan_District|Zanzan District]] and [[:en:Savanes_District|Savanes District]]. At 09°10′26″N 003°53′33″W / 9.17389°N 3.89250°W / 9.17389; -3.89250E dey turn go south, dey flow pass eastern Ivory Coast, then e enter the far eastern side of [[:en:Ébrié_Lagoon|Ébrié Lagoon]] complex, and finally e go end for [[:en:Gulf_of_Guinea|Gulf of Guinea]] near [[:en:Grand-Bassam|Grand-Bassam]] port<ref name="Mepham19912">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> == Tributaries == * [[Léraba River]] at 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 a right tributary from the west, * Boin River at 09°12′38″N 003°57′53″W / 9.21056°N 3.96472°W / 9.21056; -3.96472 a left tributary from the north in Comoé National Park. = References = ah3yyetcl3wggaq60clkcoks2wwry7m 101455 101454 2026-06-09T22:48:37Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101455 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komoé River''', wey people sabi am as '''Comoé River''' too, na one river for West [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Sikasso Plateau|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA197 197]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> omoé River, wey some people dey call Comoé River too, na one river for West Africa. E source dey come from the Sikasso Plateau for Burkina Faso.<ref name="Mepham1991">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Riparian forests dey cover most parts of the banks of Komoé River. These forests dey provide important habitat for wild animals and also dey serve as source of water for farming activities.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> For areas wey floodplains dey form well for Ivory Coast, farmers fit use the land grow rice.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> Part of the river wey dey northern [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Ivory Coast]] dey contribute to the rich vegetation wey make that area earn UNESCO [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] status as [[:en:Comoé_National_Park|Comoé National Park]].<ref name="Mepham1991" /> == Course == Komoé River get length of about 759 km. E source dey for Sikasso Plateau and Sindou Hills, then e dey flow go south pass plenty rocks and waterfalls like “Chutes de la Komoé” and [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]].<ref name="Rupley-114">{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Komoé|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA114 114]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> Upstream of [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]], people for the area dey call am Koba River.<ref name="Rupley-114" /> At 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 E dey join from the right (west) by Léraba River, then after that e dey flow go southeast and form border between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast for about 60 kilometres (37 mi). Then e enter Ivory Coast about 4 kilometres southwest of Balanfodougou village. For Ivory Coast, the river dey continue flow go southeast, pass Comoé National Park, and e dey form border between [[:en:Zanzan_District|Zanzan District]] and [[:en:Savanes_District|Savanes District]]. At 09°10′26″N 003°53′33″W / 9.17389°N 3.89250°W / 9.17389; -3.89250E dey turn go south, dey flow pass eastern Ivory Coast, then e enter the far eastern side of [[:en:Ébrié_Lagoon|Ébrié Lagoon]] complex, and finally e go end for [[:en:Gulf_of_Guinea|Gulf of Guinea]] near [[:en:Grand-Bassam|Grand-Bassam]] port<ref name="Mepham19912">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> == Tributaries == * [[Léraba River]] at 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 a right tributary from the west, * Boin River at 09°12′38″N 003°57′53″W / 9.21056°N 3.96472°W / 9.21056; -3.96472 a left tributary from the north in Comoé National Park. = References = sxk43qz52zu7yau4ygtri4lghwbi3cn 101456 101455 2026-06-09T22:49:36Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101456 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komoé River''', wey people sabi am as '''Comoé River''' too, na one river for West [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Sikasso Plateau|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA197 197]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> omoé River, wey some people dey call Comoé River too, na one river for West Africa. E source dey come from the Sikasso Plateau for Burkina Faso.<ref name="Mepham1991">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Riparian forests dey cover most parts of the banks of Komoé River. These forests dey provide important habitat for wild animals and also dey serve as source of water for farming activities.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> For areas wey floodplains dey form well for Ivory Coast, farmers fit use the land grow rice.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> Part of the river wey dey northern [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Ivory Coast]] dey contribute to the rich vegetation wey make that area earn [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] status as [[:en:Comoé_National_Park|Comoé National Park]].<ref name="Mepham1991" /> == Course == Komoé River get length of about 759 km. E source dey for Sikasso Plateau and Sindou Hills, then e dey flow go south pass plenty rocks and waterfalls like “Chutes de la Komoé” and [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]].<ref name="Rupley-114">{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Komoé|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA114 114]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> Upstream of [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]], people for the area dey call am Koba River.<ref name="Rupley-114" /> At 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 E dey join from the right (west) by Léraba River, then after that e dey flow go southeast and form border between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast for about 60 kilometres (37 mi). Then e enter Ivory Coast about 4 kilometres southwest of Balanfodougou village. For Ivory Coast, the river dey continue flow go southeast, pass Comoé National Park, and e dey form border between [[:en:Zanzan_District|Zanzan District]] and [[:en:Savanes_District|Savanes District]]. At 09°10′26″N 003°53′33″W / 9.17389°N 3.89250°W / 9.17389; -3.89250E dey turn go south, dey flow pass eastern Ivory Coast, then e enter the far eastern side of [[:en:Ébrié_Lagoon|Ébrié Lagoon]] complex, and finally e go end for [[:en:Gulf_of_Guinea|Gulf of Guinea]] near [[:en:Grand-Bassam|Grand-Bassam]] port<ref name="Mepham19912">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> == Tributaries == * [[Léraba River]] at 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 a right tributary from the west, * Boin River at 09°12′38″N 003°57′53″W / 9.21056°N 3.96472°W / 9.21056; -3.96472 a left tributary from the north in Comoé National Park. = References = i6rc9izmmt7c9pvumx6ii1xk2xmcweh 101457 101456 2026-06-09T22:50:24Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101457 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komoé River''', wey people sabi am as '''Comoé River''' too, na one river for West [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Sikasso Plateau|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA197 197]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> omoé River, wey some people dey call Comoé River too, na one river for West Africa. E source dey come from the Sikasso Plateau for Burkina Faso.<ref name="Mepham1991">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Riparian forests dey cover most parts of the banks of Komoé River. These forests dey provide important habitat for wild animals and also dey serve as source of water for farming activities.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> For areas wey floodplains dey form well for Ivory Coast, farmers fit use the land grow [[:en:Rice|rice]].<ref name="Mepham1991" /> Part of the river wey dey northern [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Ivory Coast]] dey contribute to the rich vegetation wey make that area earn [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] status as [[:en:Comoé_National_Park|Comoé National Park]].<ref name="Mepham1991" /> == Course == Komoé River get length of about 759 km. E source dey for Sikasso Plateau and Sindou Hills, then e dey flow go south pass plenty rocks and waterfalls like “Chutes de la Komoé” and [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]].<ref name="Rupley-114">{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Komoé|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA114 114]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> Upstream of [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]], people for the area dey call am Koba River.<ref name="Rupley-114" /> At 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 E dey join from the right (west) by Léraba River, then after that e dey flow go southeast and form border between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast for about 60 kilometres (37 mi). Then e enter Ivory Coast about 4 kilometres southwest of Balanfodougou village. For Ivory Coast, the river dey continue flow go southeast, pass Comoé National Park, and e dey form border between [[:en:Zanzan_District|Zanzan District]] and [[:en:Savanes_District|Savanes District]]. At 09°10′26″N 003°53′33″W / 9.17389°N 3.89250°W / 9.17389; -3.89250E dey turn go south, dey flow pass eastern Ivory Coast, then e enter the far eastern side of [[:en:Ébrié_Lagoon|Ébrié Lagoon]] complex, and finally e go end for [[:en:Gulf_of_Guinea|Gulf of Guinea]] near [[:en:Grand-Bassam|Grand-Bassam]] port<ref name="Mepham19912">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> == Tributaries == * [[Léraba River]] at 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 a right tributary from the west, * Boin River at 09°12′38″N 003°57′53″W / 9.21056°N 3.96472°W / 9.21056; -3.96472 a left tributary from the north in Comoé National Park. = References = bik5wqishhb4qtoqp5asi8qp4a1tukd 101458 101457 2026-06-09T22:51:59Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101458 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komoé River''', wey people sabi am as '''Comoé River''' too, na one river for West [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Sikasso Plateau|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA197 197]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> omoé River, wey some people dey call Comoé River too, na one river for West Africa. E source dey come from the Sikasso Plateau for Burkina Faso.<ref name="Mepham1991">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Riparian forests dey cover most parts of the banks of Komoé River. These forests dey provide important habitat for wild animals and also dey serve as source of water for farming activities.<ref name="Mepham1991" /> For areas wey [[:en:Floodplain|floodplains]] dey form well for Ivory Coast, farmers fit use the land grow [[:en:Rice|rice]].<ref name="Mepham1991" /> Part of the river wey dey northern [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Ivory Coast]] dey contribute to the rich vegetation wey make that area earn [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] status as [[:en:Comoé_National_Park|Comoé National Park]].<ref name="Mepham1991" /> == Course == Komoé River get length of about 759 km. E source dey for Sikasso Plateau and Sindou Hills, then e dey flow go south pass plenty rocks and waterfalls like “Chutes de la Komoé” and [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]].<ref name="Rupley-114">{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Komoé|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA114 114]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> Upstream of [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]], people for the area dey call am Koba River.<ref name="Rupley-114" /> At 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 E dey join from the right (west) by Léraba River, then after that e dey flow go southeast and form border between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast for about 60 kilometres (37 mi). Then e enter Ivory Coast about 4 kilometres southwest of Balanfodougou village. For Ivory Coast, the river dey continue flow go southeast, pass Comoé National Park, and e dey form border between [[:en:Zanzan_District|Zanzan District]] and [[:en:Savanes_District|Savanes District]]. At 09°10′26″N 003°53′33″W / 9.17389°N 3.89250°W / 9.17389; -3.89250E dey turn go south, dey flow pass eastern Ivory Coast, then e enter the far eastern side of [[:en:Ébrié_Lagoon|Ébrié Lagoon]] complex, and finally e go end for [[:en:Gulf_of_Guinea|Gulf of Guinea]] near [[:en:Grand-Bassam|Grand-Bassam]] port<ref name="Mepham19912">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> == Tributaries == * [[Léraba River]] at 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 a right tributary from the west, * Boin River at 09°12′38″N 003°57′53″W / 9.21056°N 3.96472°W / 9.21056; -3.96472 a left tributary from the north in Comoé National Park. = References = gqgtsudddkle9inan226bdi6nbs3li4 101459 101458 2026-06-09T22:53:23Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101459 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komoé River''', wey people sabi am as '''Comoé River''' too, na one river for West [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Sikasso Plateau|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA197 197]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> omoé River, wey some people dey call Comoé River too, na one river for West Africa. E source dey come from the Sikasso Plateau for Burkina Faso.<ref name="Mepham1991">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Riparian forests dey cover most parts of the banks of Komoé River. These forests dey provide important habitat for wild animals and also dey serve as source of water for [[:en:Farm_water|farming activities]].<ref name="Mepham1991" /> For areas wey [[:en:Floodplain|floodplains]] dey form well for Ivory Coast, farmers fit use the land grow [[:en:Rice|rice]].<ref name="Mepham1991" /> Part of the river wey dey northern [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Ivory Coast]] dey contribute to the rich vegetation wey make that area earn [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] status as [[:en:Comoé_National_Park|Comoé National Park]].<ref name="Mepham1991" /> == Course == Komoé River get length of about 759 km. E source dey for Sikasso Plateau and Sindou Hills, then e dey flow go south pass plenty rocks and waterfalls like “Chutes de la Komoé” and [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]].<ref name="Rupley-114">{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Komoé|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA114 114]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> Upstream of [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]], people for the area dey call am Koba River.<ref name="Rupley-114" /> At 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 E dey join from the right (west) by Léraba River, then after that e dey flow go southeast and form border between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast for about 60 kilometres (37 mi). Then e enter Ivory Coast about 4 kilometres southwest of Balanfodougou village. For Ivory Coast, the river dey continue flow go southeast, pass Comoé National Park, and e dey form border between [[:en:Zanzan_District|Zanzan District]] and [[:en:Savanes_District|Savanes District]]. At 09°10′26″N 003°53′33″W / 9.17389°N 3.89250°W / 9.17389; -3.89250E dey turn go south, dey flow pass eastern Ivory Coast, then e enter the far eastern side of [[:en:Ébrié_Lagoon|Ébrié Lagoon]] complex, and finally e go end for [[:en:Gulf_of_Guinea|Gulf of Guinea]] near [[:en:Grand-Bassam|Grand-Bassam]] port<ref name="Mepham19912">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> == Tributaries == * [[Léraba River]] at 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 a right tributary from the west, * Boin River at 09°12′38″N 003°57′53″W / 9.21056°N 3.96472°W / 9.21056; -3.96472 a left tributary from the north in Comoé National Park. = References = phrcmuk6c2la3t9cbr94bvv49o55e77 101462 101459 2026-06-09T22:58:15Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 101462 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komoé River''', wey people sabi am as '''Comoé River''' too, na one river for West [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. E start from Sikasso Plateau wey dey [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Sikasso Plateau|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA197 197]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> omoé River, wey some people dey call Comoé River too, na one river for West Africa. E source dey come from the Sikasso Plateau for Burkina Faso.<ref name="Mepham1991">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Riparian forests dey cover most parts of the banks of Komoé River. These forests dey provide important habitat for wild animals and also dey serve as source of water for [[:en:Farm_water|farming activities]].<ref name="Mepham1991" /> For areas wey [[:en:Floodplain|floodplains]] dey form well for [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Ivory Coast]], farmers fit use the land grow [[:en:Rice|rice]].<ref name="Mepham1991" /> Part of the river wey dey northern Ivory Coast dey contribute to the rich vegetation wey make that area earn [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] status as [[:en:Comoé_National_Park|Comoé National Park]].<ref name="Mepham1991" /> == Course == Komoé River get length of about 759 km. E source dey for Sikasso Plateau and Sindou Hills, then e dey flow go south pass plenty rocks and waterfalls like “Chutes de la Komoé” and [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]].<ref name="Rupley-114">{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Rupley, Lawrence A.|author2=Bangali, Lamissa|author3=Diamitani, Boureima|title=Komoé|year=2013|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC&pg=PA114 114]|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}</ref> Upstream of [[:en:Cascades_de_Karfiguéla|Karifiguela Falls]], people for the area dey call am Koba River.<ref name="Rupley-114" /> At 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 E dey join from the right (west) by Léraba River, then after that e dey flow go southeast and form border between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast for about 60 kilometres (37 mi). Then e enter Ivory Coast about 4 kilometres southwest of Balanfodougou village. For Ivory Coast, the river dey continue flow go southeast, pass Comoé National Park, and e dey form border between [[:en:Zanzan_District|Zanzan District]] and [[:en:Savanes_District|Savanes District]]. At 09°10′26″N 003°53′33″W / 9.17389°N 3.89250°W / 9.17389; -3.89250E dey turn go south, dey flow pass eastern Ivory Coast, then e enter the far eastern side of [[:en:Ébrié_Lagoon|Ébrié Lagoon]] complex, and finally e go end for [[:en:Gulf_of_Guinea|Gulf of Guinea]] near [[:en:Grand-Bassam|Grand-Bassam]] port<ref name="Mepham19912">{{Cite book |last=Mepham |first=Robert |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=Pinter Pub. Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> == Tributaries == * [[Léraba River]] at 09°42′11″N 004°35′10″W / 9.70306°N 4.58611°W / 9.70306; -4.58611 a right tributary from the west, * Boin River at 09°12′38″N 003°57′53″W / 9.21056°N 3.96472°W / 9.21056; -3.96472 a left tributary from the north in Comoé National Park. = References = nnqx9svs08m9g00ow94oc6v09u0iljr 14 27424 101439 2026-06-09T22:18:08Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101439 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27425 101441 2026-06-09T22:18:55Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101441 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27426 101442 2026-06-09T22:19:10Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101442 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27427 101460 2026-06-09T22:54:05Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101460 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27428 101461 2026-06-09T22:54:20Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101461 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27429 101464 2026-06-09T23:14:22Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101464 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27430 101466 2026-06-09T23:28:03Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101466 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 27431 101468 2026-06-10T02:20:12Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start one article 101468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Dakar Flood Drainage Canal''' be one major infrastructure project for the metropolitan region of Dakar, Senegal. The canal network be mainly developed to tackle the serious and repeated flooding wey don affect the densely populated suburbs of Pikine, Guédiawaye, Dalifort, and Yeumbeul since 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Tara |date=2015-07-01 |title=So fresh and so clean: Urban community engagement to keep streets trash-free and improve the functioning and sustainability of drainage infrastructure in peri-urban Dakar |url=https://doi.org/10.1257/rct.754-1.0 |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=AEA Randomized Controlled Trials}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Visite de terrain: l’ADM s’engage pour une gestion durable des inondations |url=https://www.pressafrik.com/Visite-de-terrain-l-ADM-s-engage-pour-une-gestion-durable-des-inondations_a155548.html?print=1 |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=www.pressafrik.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sage Journals: Discover world-class research |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Sage Journals |language=en |doi=10.1177/09562478251317976}}</ref> == History and Context == After the devastating floods of 2009 wey affect 44% of Pikine ein population and cause estimated losses of US$42 million, the Senegalese government make flood management one top priority.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senegal– 2009– PDNA undertaken after 2009 flooding {{!}} GFDRR {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/senegal-2009-pdna-undertaken-after-2009-flooding |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}</ref> The 2012 presidential election bring a new administration wey announce one 10-year flood-management plan worth CFA 720 billion. The first phase allocate CFA 66 billion specifically for the construction of drainage canals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gestion durable des inondations : De la nécessité d'un assainissement à la place de solutions urgentistes. |url=https://www.dakaractu.com/Gestion-durable-des-inondations-De-la-necessite-d-un-assainissement-a-la-place-de-solutions-urgentistes_a193259.html |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=DAKARACTU.COM |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Programme décennal de lutte contre les inondations (pdli) : la réponse structurante de Son Excellence le Président Macky SALL contre les inondations {{!}} OFFICE NATIONAL DE L'ASSAINISSEMENT DU SENEGAL (ONAS) |url=https://onas.sn/actualites/actualites-onas/programme-decennal-de-lutte-contre-les-inondations-pdli-la-reponse? |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=onas.sn}}</ref> === Technical Features === The drainage system focus on "gravitary" flow, allowing water to move naturally toward the sea without depending on pumping stations. This approach helps reduce maintenance costs and energy dependence. {| class="wikitable" !Project Phase !Key Achievements !Funding Sources |- |PROGEP 1 |23 km of canals, 8 basins (315,000 m³ capacity)<ref name=":0" /> State of Senegal, World Bank, Nordic Development Fund<ref name=":0" /> PROGEP 2 46 km of linear drainage, 30 km of paved roads<ref>{{Cite web World Bank, African Development Bank, Nordic Development Fund<ref name=":2" /> } === Socio-Political Impact === The success of the Dakar drainage canals no come only from engineering work, but also from political activism. Research highlight the role of SAABA (''Synergie des Acteurs pour l’Assainissement de la Banlieue''), one coalition of youth associations wey form before the 2012 elections. These groups use technical knowledge challenge government policies and help shift attention from emergency relocation measures to permanent drainage infrastructure solutions.<ref name=":1" /> == References == <references /> {{coord missing|Senegal}} [[Category:Senegal]] [[Category:Infrastructure by country]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Dakar]] 6aqadjzloo6mb581xh3cb3tah4hvbdn 0 27432 101469 2026-06-10T02:34:56Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start one article 101469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The '''Kaneshie Storm Drain''' be one major flood-control infrastructure project wey dey for Kaneshie, one commercial and transport hub for Greater Accra Region, Ghana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=World Bank Supports Ghana to Improve Flood Resilience for 2.5 Million People |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/05/29/world-bank-supports-ghana-to-improve-flood-resilience-for-25-million-people |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> E be important part of the Greater Accra Resilient and Integrated Development (GARID) Project, one urban resilience programme wey World Bank dey fund.<ref name=":0" /> The main aim of the project be to reduce the serious and regular flooding wey dey affect Kaneshie Market, one of the biggest markets for Accra, plus the major roads around the area.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GNA |date=2023-05-18 |title=Sanitation Minister visits communities under GARID Project |url=https://gna.org.gh/2023/05/sanitation-minister-visits-communities-under-garid-project/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Ghana News Agency |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=GNA |date=2024-05-21 |title=Finance Ministry announces Parliament's approval of US$150 million for flood control |url=https://gna.org.gh/2024/05/finance-ministry-announces-parliaments-approval-of-us150-million-for-flood-control/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Ghana News Agency |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Approval of Additional Financing for the GARID Project {{!}} Ministry of Finance {{!}} Ghana |url=https://mofep.gov.gh/news-and-events/2024-05-22/approval-of-additional-financing-for-the-garid-project? |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=mofep.gov.gh}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=World Bank Supports Ghana to Improve Flood Resilience for 2.5 million People |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/05/25/world-bank-supports-ghana-to-improve-flood-resilience-for-2-5-million-people |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Background == Greater Accra dey face flooding almost every year, and this dey cause plenty economic losses plus loss of lives. Kaneshie area, wey dey inside the heavily urbanised Odaw River Basin, be one of the places wey flooding dey affect pass. Fast urban growth, poor waste management, and structures wey people build for waterways don reduce the drainage capacity well-well. World Bank project documents show say lack of proper drainage infrastructure for important areas like Kaneshie dey cause regular and serious flooding, so dem make am one of the priority areas for intervention.<ref name=":0" /> == Design and construction == The Kaneshie Storm Drain be part of Component 2 (Flood Risk Management and Drainage) of the GARID Project.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Development Projects : Greater Accra Resilient and Integrated Development Project - P164330 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P164330 |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> The work include clearing structures wey encroach on the drainage reserve and constructing a new high-capacity reinforced concrete channel. The drain be designed to collect stormwater from the market area and the busy Kaneshie–Mallam highway and safely direct am into the larger Odaw drainage channel. For {{Date|July 2023}}, the project engineer report say the Kaneshie drain works be about ''70 percent complete'', and say when dem finish am, e go help solve the serious flooding wey dey affect the market and nearby lorry station.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Funding and administration == The project dey receive funding through a credit facility from the International Development Association (IDA) of the World Bank. The first funding package be US$200 million wey dem approve for {{Date|2019}}. For {{Date|June 2024}}, the World Bank Board approve extra US$150 million to expand the flood resilience activities under the project and support important drainage works like the Kaneshie Storm Drain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-22 |title=Parliament approves $150m GARID funds |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-parliament-approves-150m-garid-funds.html |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> The Ministry of Works and Housing dey supervise the project through the GARID Project Coordinating Unit. === Social impact and safeguards === The drain dey help protect the livelihoods of thousands of traders for Kaneshie Market and the many commuters wey dey pass through the area every day. As part of the project's social safeguard measures, dem implement a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) to compensate and support people wey the clearing of the drainage reserve affect. Details of these commitments dey inside the project's Environmental and Social Commitment Plan (ESCP), wey be public document between the Government of Ghana and the World Bank.<ref name=":2" /> === Challenges === Carrying out a big infrastructure project inside a crowded urban market area come with challenges. The removal of structures from the drainage reserve require extensive community engagement and timely payment of compensation, as project implementation reports show.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GNA |date=2023-07-17 |title=Ga East Municipal Assembly begins implementation of GARID project with stakeholder engagement |url=https://gna.org.gh/2023/07/ga-east-municipal-assembly-begins-implementation-of-garid-project-with-stakeholder-engagement/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Ghana News Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> Ghana News Agency report for {{Date|August 2023}} say the project team dey push hard to finish important drains before the end of the year while balancing engineering works with community relocation arrangements.<ref name=":3" /> == References == <references /> 6qmfalyrnm39lhjnc0279rp08mf315r 0 27433 101470 2026-06-10T03:14:31Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start one article 101470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in Ethiopia}} '''Bantyiketu River''' na urban river wey dey Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and e dey form part of the [[Akaki River]] basin, wey dey collect water from plenty parts of the capital city and nearby highlands.<ref>{{cite web |title=System structure study area including the Bantyiketu River |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/System-structure-study-area-including-the-Bantyiketu-river_fig4_268596018 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=7 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="gorebet">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-25 |title=Rivers in Ethiopia: A Simple guide for 11 Best-Known rivers |url=https://www.gorebet.com/rivers-in-ethiopia/ |access-date=7 June 2026 |website=www.gorebet.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Course and location == Bantyiketu River na one of the small rivers wey dey inside Akaki River basin for Addis Ababa. E dey flow through urban and peri-urban areas of the city before e join other tributaries wey later go enter Akaki River system and also Aba Samuel Reservoir. The river system for Addis Ababa get many small streams wey dey come from surrounding highlands like [[Mount Entoto]] and Wechecha, wey dey drain enter the Akaki River system. Bantyiketu dey among these tributaries as hydrological studies show.<ref name="gorebet"/><ref>{{cite journal |title=Article |journal=Applied Sciences |publisher=MDPI |volume=11 |issue=13 |article-number=6011 |year=2021 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/13/6011 |access-date=7 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|title=Urban Storm Water Drainage System in the Central Part of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia – Present State and Proposals for the Improvements |author1=Dirk Muschalla|author2=Manfred Ostrowski |year=2002 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268596018_Urban_Storm_Water_Drainage_System_in_the_Central_Part_of_Addis_Ababa_Ethiopia-Present_State_and_Proposals_for_the_Improvements |access-date=7 June 2026}}</ref> == Hydrology == The river dey strongly depend on the tropical highland climate of central Ethiopia. Water flow dey change with seasons—rainy season (June to September) dey bring high flow, while dry season fit reduce flow or make some parts almost dry. Like other rivers inside Akaki system, Bantyiketu dey carry stormwater runoff inside the city and e dey react quick to rainfall because urban development don reduce natural ground absorption.<ref>{{cite journal |title = Applied Sciences |journal = Applied Sciences |publisher = MDPI |year = 2021 |volume = 11 |issue = 13 |pages = 6011 |url = https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/13/6011 |access-date=7 June 2026}}</ref> == Environmental condition == Bantyiketu River, like many urban rivers for Addis Ababa, dey suffer from environmental pressure wey come from urbanization. This include dumping of solid waste, untreated wastewater discharge, and erosion from construction activities. Studies about Akaki River system show say many tributaries dey function like channels for urban waste, wey dey cause serious water quality degradation across the basin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=(PDF) Contamination of Rivers and Water Reservoirs in and Around Addis Ababa City and Actions to Combat It |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317572799_Contamination_of_Rivers_and_Water_Reservoirs_in_and_Around_Addis_Ababa_City_and_Actions_to_Combat_It |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20200701040852/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317572799_Contamination_of_Rivers_and_Water_Reservoirs_in_and_Around_Addis_Ababa_City_and_Actions_to_Combat_It |archive-date=1 July 2020 |access-date=7 June 2026 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Rivers of Ethiopia]] [[Category:Geography of Addis Ababa]] [[Category:Rivers]] hboerjrhujznj92p1ovbpurub66akz0 101471 101470 2026-06-10T03:16:14Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Correction of spelling errors 101471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bantyiketu River''' na urban river wey dey Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and e dey form part of the [[Akaki River]] basin, wey dey collect water from plenty parts of the capital city and nearby highlands.<ref>{{cite web |title=System structure study area including the Bantyiketu River |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/System-structure-study-area-including-the-Bantyiketu-river_fig4_268596018 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=7 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="gorebet">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-25 |title=Rivers in Ethiopia: A Simple guide for 11 Best-Known rivers |url=https://www.gorebet.com/rivers-in-ethiopia/ |access-date=7 June 2026 |website=www.gorebet.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Course and location == Bantyiketu River na one of the small rivers wey dey inside Akaki River basin for Addis Ababa. E dey flow through urban and peri-urban areas of the city before e join other tributaries wey later go enter Akaki River system and also Aba Samuel Reservoir. The river system for Addis Ababa get many small streams wey dey come from surrounding highlands like [[Mount Entoto]] and Wechecha, wey dey drain enter the Akaki River system. Bantyiketu dey among these tributaries as hydrological studies show.<ref name="gorebet"/><ref>{{cite journal |title=Article |journal=Applied Sciences |publisher=MDPI |volume=11 |issue=13 |article-number=6011 |year=2021 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/13/6011 |access-date=7 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|title=Urban Storm Water Drainage System in the Central Part of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia – Present State and Proposals for the Improvements |author1=Dirk Muschalla|author2=Manfred Ostrowski |year=2002 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268596018_Urban_Storm_Water_Drainage_System_in_the_Central_Part_of_Addis_Ababa_Ethiopia-Present_State_and_Proposals_for_the_Improvements |access-date=7 June 2026}}</ref> == Hydrology == The river dey strongly depend on the tropical highland climate of central Ethiopia. Water flow dey change with seasons—rainy season (June to September) dey bring high flow, while dry season fit reduce flow or make some parts almost dry. Like other rivers inside Akaki system, Bantyiketu dey carry stormwater runoff inside the city and e dey react quick to rainfall because urban development don reduce natural ground absorption.<ref>{{cite journal |title = Applied Sciences |journal = Applied Sciences |publisher = MDPI |year = 2021 |volume = 11 |issue = 13 |pages = 6011 |url = https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/13/6011 |access-date=7 June 2026}}</ref> == Environmental condition == Bantyiketu River, like many urban rivers for Addis Ababa, dey suffer from environmental pressure wey come from urbanization. This include dumping of solid waste, untreated wastewater discharge, and erosion from construction activities. Studies about Akaki River system show say many tributaries dey function like channels for urban waste, wey dey cause serious water quality degradation across the basin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=(PDF) Contamination of Rivers and Water Reservoirs in and Around Addis Ababa City and Actions to Combat It |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317572799_Contamination_of_Rivers_and_Water_Reservoirs_in_and_Around_Addis_Ababa_City_and_Actions_to_Combat_It |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20200701040852/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317572799_Contamination_of_Rivers_and_Water_Reservoirs_in_and_Around_Addis_Ababa_City_and_Actions_to_Combat_It |archive-date=1 July 2020 |access-date=7 June 2026 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Rivers of Ethiopia]] [[Category:Geography of Addis Ababa]] [[Category:Rivers]] nw4ef1p7k6yhv2mxrqndx1nijxdxqf8 0 27434 101472 2026-06-10T03:46:03Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start one article 101472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Boy drinks from a tap at a NEWAH WASH water project in Puware Shikhar, Udayapur District, Nepal. (10677936093).jpg|thumb|A boy dey drink from tap for NEWAH WASH water project for Nepal]] [[File:Sanitation work 3.jpg|thumb|People dey sanitize environment for Nigeria]] The '''human right to water and sanitation''' ('''HRWS''') na principle wey talk say clean [[drinking water]] and [[sanitation]] be universal [[Human rights|human right]] because dem very important for supporting every person life.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: The human right to water and sanitation|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/human_right_to_water.shtml|access-date=12 December 2020|website=United Nations|language=EN}}</ref> United Nations General Assembly recognize am as human right on 28 July 2010.<ref name="HRWS">{{cite web|url=http://undocs.org/A/RES/64/292|title=Resolution 64/292: The human right to water and sanitation|date=August 2010|website=United Nations|access-date=13 October 2018}}</ref> HRWS dey recognized inside international law through human rights treaties, declarations and other standards. Some commentators don argue say human right to water dey exist independent of 2010 General Assembly resolution, based on things like Article 11.1 of International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR); among those wey accept international ''[[ius cogens]]'', dem believe say this right be binding principle of international law. Other treaties wey explicitly recognize HRWS include 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). The clearest definition of human right to water come from United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights for General Comment 15 wey dem draft for 2002.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} General Comment No. 15: The Right to Water (Arts. 11 and 12 of the Covenant) |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/4538838d11.html |access-date=27 November 2020 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> E be non-binding interpretation wey explain say access to water be condition for enjoying the right to adequate standard of living, and e closely link to right to highest attainable health standard, so e be human right. E talk say: "The human right to water entitle everybody to enough, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic use."<ref name=":3" /> The first resolutions about HRWS come from UN General Assembly and UN Human Rights Council for 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/berkley-center/100308UNARES64292.pdf|access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Dem state say sanitation right dey connected to water right, because poor sanitation fit spoil water quality downstream, so later discussions continue to treat both together. For July 2010, UN General Assembly Resolution 64/292 confirm again say people get human right to safe, affordable, clean and accessible water and sanitation services.<ref>Baer, M. 2015. From Water Wars to Water Rights: Implementing the Human Right to Water in Bolivia, Journal of Human Rights, 14:3, 353-376, {{doi|10.1080/14754835.2014.988782}}</ref> During that General Assembly, dem emphasize say for people to enjoy life and all other human rights well, safe clean drinking water and sanitation be necessary human right.<ref>UN (United Nations). 2010. Resolution adopted by the general assembly. 64/292. The human right to water and sanitation. A/RES/64/292. New York: United Nations.</ref> This resolution raise questions about how government suppose manage and provide water and sanitation responsibilities. United Nations Development Programme talk say when access to clean water and sanitation become widely recognized, e go improve people life quality and health.<ref>UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 1997. Governance for Sustainable Human Development: A UNDP Policy Document. UNDP, New York, NY, USA. See http://mirror.undp.org/magnet/policy/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010713151912/http://mirror.undp.org/magnet/policy/ |date=13 July 2001 }} (accessed 21 June 2012)</ref><ref>[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) and United Nation Children's Fund (UNICEF). 2011. Drinking water: Equity, Satefy and sustainability. New York: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water and Sanitation.</ref><ref>[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) and United Nation Children's Fund (UNICEF). 2012. Progress on drinking water and sanitation. 2012 update. New York: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation.</ref> Revised UN resolution for 2015 emphasize say the two rights separate but equal.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=The human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation|url=http://www.endwaterpoverty.org/sites/endwaterpoverty.org/files/The%20Human%20Rights%20To%20Water%20And%20Sanitation%20UN%20resolution.pdf|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825141743/http://www.endwaterpoverty.org/sites/endwaterpoverty.org/files/The|url-status=dead}}</ref> HRWS dey put obligation on governments make dem ensure say people fit enjoy quality, available, acceptable, accessible and affordable water and sanitation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Water/Handbook/Book1_intro_.pdf|title=Realising the human rights to water and sanitation: A Handbook by the UN Special Rapporteur|last=de Albuquerque|first=Catarina|publisher=United Nations|year=2014|location=Portugal|pages=Introduction}}</ref> Water affordability dey look how cost fit become burden wey go force people sacrifice other basic needs.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Roaf|first1=Virginia|title=The Human Rights to Water and Sanitation|date=26 July 2018|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315471532-2|series=Equality in Water and Sanitation Services|pages=26–43|location=Abingdon, Oxon; New York |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-47153-2|access-date=29 October 2020|last2=Albuquerque|first2=Catarina de|last3=Heller|first3=Léo|doi=10.4324/9781315471532-2|s2cid=204491938}}</ref> Normally, guideline for water affordability be say e no suppose pass 3–5% of household income.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=III.S.8 United Nations General Assembly Resolution 64/292 (On the Right to Water and Sanitation) (28 July 2010) |title=International Law & World Order|year=2012|pages=1–2|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|doi=10.1163/ilwo-iiis8|isbn=978-90-04-20870-4}}</ref> Accessibility of water dey consider time wey person take reach source, convenience, and risk involved.<ref name=":4" /> Water suppose be reachable for every citizen, meaning say e no suppose be more than 1,000 meters or 3,280 feet away and must fit be accessed within 30 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: The human right to water and sanitation|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/human_right_to_water.shtml|access-date=27 April 2021|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Availability of water dey consider whether supply dey enough, reliable and sustainable.<ref name=":4" /> Water quality dey check whether e safe for drinking and other use.<ref name=":4" /> For acceptability, water no suppose get bad smell or strange color.<ref name=":8" /> ICESCR require say countries wey sign am must progressively achieve and respect all human rights, including water and sanitation rights.<ref name=":1" /> Dem suppose work fast and effective to improve access and service.<ref name=":1" /> {{TOC limit|3}} == International context == The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation report say 663 million people no get access to improved drinking water sources and more than 2.4 billion people no get basic sanitation services for 2015.<ref name="JMP report 2013">[https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMPreport2013.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703112631/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMPreport2013.pdf|date=3 July 2017}} ,2015 report of the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> Clean water access still be big global problem. Acceptable water sources include "household connections, public standpipes, boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs and rainwater collections."<ref name="ref1">General Assembly Declares Access to Clean Water and Sanitation Is a Human Right." UN News Center. 28 July 2010. Accessed 20 March 2014.</ref> Even though about 9% of global population no get water access, some regions still lag behind, especially Sub-Saharan Africa.<ref name="ref1" /> UN also highlight say "about 1.5 million children under five dey die every year and 443 million school days dey lost because of water and sanitation related diseases."<ref name="ref2">Global Issues at the United Nations." UN News Center. n.d. Accessed 20 March 2014.</ref> For 2022, over 2 billion people (25% of world population) no get steady access to clean drinking water.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drinking-water |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Transforming Water Access: How the "World's Lifeblood" is Under Attack. |url=https://www.usglc.org/blog/transforming-water-access-how-the-worlds-lifeblood-is-under-attack/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=USGLC |language=en-US}}</ref> 4.2 billion people no get access to safe sanitation services.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=SeventhQueen |last2=Wolf |first2=Jared |date=8 June 2022 |title=The truth behind clean water in Africa 2022 |url=https://sustainablereview.com/billions-still-lack-access-to-clean-water-2022/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=Sustainable Review |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Advocacy |first=W. V. |date=22 March 2022 |title=How Improving Clean Water Access Can Fight Global Hunger |url=https://worldvisionadvocacy.org/2022/03/22/clean-water-global-hunger/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=World Vision Advocacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Building access to clean water in support of Sustainable Development Goal 6 {{!}} UNICEF Supply Division |url=https://www.unicef.org/supply/stories/building-access-clean-water-support-sustainable-development-goal-6 |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> By 2024, new estimates show say about 4.4 billion people for low and middle income countries no get access to safe household drinking water.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Greenwood |first1=Esther E. |last2=Lauber |first2=Thomas |last3=van den Hoogen |first3=Johan |last4=Donmez |first4=Ayca |last5=Bain |first5=Robert E. S. |last6=Johnston |first6=Richard |last7=Crowther |first7=Thomas W. |last8=Julian |first8=Timothy R. |date=16 August 2024 |title=Mapping safe drinking water use in low- and middle-income countries |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh9578 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=385 |issue=6710 |pages=784–790 |doi=10.1126/science.adh9578 |pmid=39146419 |bibcode=2024Sci...385..784G |issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=Celia |date=15 August 2024 |title=More than 4 billion people don't have access to clean water at home |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/367224/clean-drinking-water-access-four-billion-science-study |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=Vox |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Legal foundations and recognition== The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) of 1966 na document wey bring together the economic, social and cultural rights wey dey inside the Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR) of 1948. None of these early documents explicitly recognize human rights to water and sanitation. But later international human rights conventions come include provisions wey directly recognize water and sanitation rights. The 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) get Article 14.2 wey talk say "parties shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in rural areas to ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women, that they participate in and benefit from rural development and, in particular shall ensure to women the right: ... (h) To enjoy adequate living conditions, particularly in relation to housing, sanitation, electricity and water supply, transport and communications."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Text of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women |publisher=United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw.htm |access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> The 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) get Article 24 wey recognize say children get right to enjoy highest attainable standard of health and access to facilities for treatment of illness and rehabilitation… and states must take steps like provision of adequate nutritious food and clean drinking water…<ref>The full text of the Convention on the rights of the child is available at: {{cite web |title=Convention on the Rights of the Child |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |date=20 November 1989 |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm |access-date=21 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611182141/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm |archive-date=11 June 2010 }}.</ref> The 2006 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) get Article 28(2)(a) wey require say persons with disabilities must get equal access to social protection and clean water services, plus access to appropriate and affordable services and support devices.<ref>The text of the Convention is available here: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-persons-disabilities</ref> "The International Bill of Human Rights"—wey include the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 1966 Articles 11 and 12 of ICESCR, and 1948 Article 25 of UDHR—don help show how human right to water and sanitation evolve come become recognized worldwide.<ref>Gupta, J., Ahlers, R., and Ahmed, L. 2010. The human right to water: Moving towards consensus in a fragmented world. Review of European Community and International Environmental Law, 19(3), 294–305</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Meier|first1=Benjamin Mason|last2=Kayser|first2=Georgia|last3=Amjad|first3=Urooj|last4=Bartram|first4=Jamie|date=15 November 2012|title=Implementing an Evolving Human Right Through Water and Sanitation Policy |journal=Water Policy |volume=15 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2015424|language=en|location=Rochester, N.Y.|ssrn=2015424}}</ref> Scholars also emphasize importance of UN recognition of water and sanitation rights near end of 20th century. Early definitions come from law professor Stephen McCaffrey of University of the Pacific in 1992<ref name=":2">[http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/gintenlr5&div=7&id=&page=], McCaffrey, S.C. "A Human Right to Water: Domestic and International Implications" (1992) V Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, Issue 1, pp.1-24.</ref> and Dr. Peter Gleick in 1999.<ref name="pacinst.org">[http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2012/10/basic_water_needs_human_right_to_water.pdf], Gleick, P.H. "The Human Right to Water" (1999) Water Policy, Vol. 1, Issue 5, pp. 487-503.</ref> McCaffrey talk say this right fit link to right to food, health or even right to life.<ref name=":2" /> Gleick add say access to basic water requirement be human right supported by international law and state practice.<ref name="pacinst.org" /> The UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) wey dey monitor ICESCR compliance come agree with these scholars through General Comment 15 for 2002.<ref name=":0" /> Dem conclude say right to water dey part of right to adequate standard of living and also connect to health, housing and food rights.<ref name=":0" /> E define say: "The human right to water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses..."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Resources and Information|url=http://ww1.unhchr.ch/|access-date=27 November 2020|website=ww1.unhchr.ch}}</ref> Some countries formally accept say water right be part of ICESCR obligations, like Germany, United Kingdom,<ref>{{Cite web|title=righttowater - Just another WordPress site|url=https://www.righttowater.info/|access-date=27 November 2020|website=righttowater|language=en-US}}</ref> and Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Human rights: the Netherlands officially recognises the right to water|url=http://www.irc.nl/page/39765|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222211635/http://www.irc.nl/page/39765|archive-date=22 February 2009|access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> For 2005, UN Sub-Commission on Promotion and Protection of Human Rights issue guidelines to help governments implement water and sanitation rights.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Realization of the right to drinking water and sanitation Report of the Special Rapporteur, El Hadji Guissé|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/water/docs/SUb_Com_Guisse_guidelines.pdf|access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> This lead Human Rights Council to appoint Catarina de Albuquerque as independent expert in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Independent Expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/water/iexpert/overview.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706011034/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/water/iexpert/overview.htm|archive-date=6 July 2010|access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> She later report in 2009 and CESCR confirm say sanitation must be recognized by all states.<ref name=":1" /> After long negotiation, 122 countries accept “Human Right to Water and Sanitation” through UN General Assembly Resolution 64/292 for 28 July 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=United Nations Official Document |publisher=United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/64/292 |access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> E recognize say every person suppose get access to enough water for personal and domestic use (50–100 liters per person per day), safe, acceptable, affordable (cost no pass 3% of income), and accessible (source no pass 1,000 meters or 30 minutes collection time).<ref name= ref2 /> UN General Assembly also declare say clean drinking water be "essential to the full enjoyment of life and all other human rights".<ref name= ref2 /> For September 2010, UN Human Rights Council pass resolution wey confirm say water and sanitation be part of right to adequate standard of living.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=UN united to make the right to water and sanitation legally binding |date=1 October 2010 |publisher=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10403&LangID=E |access-date=27 November 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129163313/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10403&LangID=E |archivedate=29 November 2010}}</ref> Catarina de Albuquerque later become Special Rapporteur and continue report on issues like non-state service provision (2010), financing (2011), wastewater management (2013), and sustainability/non-retrogression (2013).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsarchive.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10356&LangID=E|title=Statement by the Independent Expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms Catarina de Albuquerque at the 15th session of the Human Rights Council|website=newsarchive.ohchr.org|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102053934/https://newsarchive.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10356&LangID=E|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsarchive.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11542&LangID=E|title=Statement by the Special Rapporteur on the right to access to safe drinking water and sanitation at the 66th Session of the General Assembly|website=newsarchive.ohchr.org|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026102841/https://newsarchive.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11542&LangID=E|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/WaterAndSanitation/SRWater/Pages/WasteWaterManagement.aspx|title=OHCHR {{!}} Wastewater management|website=www.ohchr.org|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/WaterAndSanitation/SRWater/Pages/Sustainabilityretrogressionrealisationofwaterandsanitation.aspx|title=OHCHR {{!}} Sustainability and non-retrogression in the realisation of the rights to water and sanitation|website=www.ohchr.org|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref> Léo Heller later take over as Special Rapporteur in 2014. Later General Assembly Resolution 7/169 of 2015 confirm distinction between right to water and right to sanitation, because sanitation matter dey get less attention compared to water.<ref name=":3" /> --- International jurisprudence Inter-American Court of Human Rights Right to water appear for Inter-American Court of Human Rights case of Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay.<ref name=para>[http://www.escr-net.org/sites/default/files/Judgment%2C%20Case%20of%20the%20Sawhoyamaxa%20Indigenous%20Community%20v.%20Paraguay.pdf ''Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329234132/https://www.escr-net.org/sites/default/files/Judgment,%20Case%20of%20the%20Sawhoyamaxa%20Indigenous%20Community%20v.%20Paraguay.pdf |date=29 March 2017 }} (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 29 March 2006).</ref> The case involve state failure to recognize indigenous land rights. For 1991, government remove Sawhoyamaxa community from their land, and dem lose access to water, food, education and health services.<ref name=para/> This fall under American Convention on Human Rights and affect right to life.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Convention on Human Rights |publisher=Inter-American Commission on Human Rights |date=22 November 1969 |url=http://www.cidh.org/Basicos/English/Basic3.American%20Convention.htm |access-date=26 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618195529/http://www.cidh.org/Basicos/English/Basic3.American%20Convention.htm |archive-date=18 June 2013 }}</ref> Water form part of this right as access to land. Court order say land must return and basic services provide during transition period.<ref>[http://www.escr-net.org/node/365163f] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507013122/http://www.escr-net.org/node/365163f|date=7 May 2014}}, International Network for Economic, Social & Cultural RIghts, Case of Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay.</ref> International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) ICSID cases concern contracts between governments and private companies for water services. Even though cases be about investment, some commentators note say right to water influence outcomes indirectly.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hUwgAwAAQBAJ&dq=Azurix+Corp+v+Argentina+right+to+water&pg=PA296], Global Public Interest in International Investment Law, Andreas Kulick, 2012 at 303.</ref> Water privatization increase sharply from 1990s according to World Bank data.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bakker|first=Karen|date=27 February 2013|title=Neoliberal Versus Postneoliberal Water: Geographies of Privatization and Resistance|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=103|issue=2|pages=253–260|doi=10.1080/00045608.2013.756246|bibcode=2013AAAG..103..253B |s2cid=143834419}}</ref> ==== Azurix Corp v. Argentina ==== This case involve dispute between Argentine Republic and Azurix Corporation over 30-year water contract.<ref>[https://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRH&actionVal=showDoc&docId=DC507_En&caseId=C5 ''Azurix Corp v. Argentina''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003503/https://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRH&actionVal=showDoc&docId=DC507_En&caseId=C5 |date=4 March 2016 }}, ICSID Case No ARB/01/12.</ref> Tribunal decide say Azurix deserve fair return on investment but reject full claim of US$438.6 million because expectation for profit must be reasonable given water pricing limits and service obligations.<ref>[https://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRH&actionVal=showDoc&docId=DC507_En&caseId=C5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003503/https://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRH&actionVal=showDoc&docId=DC507_En&caseId=C5|date=4 March 2016}}, Azurix Corp v Argentina ICSID Case No ARB/01/12 at 149.</ref> ==== Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania ==== This case involve private water company dispute with Tanzania government over Dar es Salaam water system contract.<ref>[https://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRH&actionVal=showDoc&docId=DC1590_En&caseId=C67 ''Biwater Gauff (Tanzania) Ltd v. Tanzania''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003519/https://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRH&actionVal=showDoc&docId=DC1590_En&caseId=C67 |date=4 March 2016 }}, ICSID Case No ARB/05/22.</ref> Government cancel contract in 2005 over performance issues. Tribunal later rule say government breach agreement but no award damages to company due to public interest concerns.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biwater v. Tanzania|url=https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/investment-dispute-settlement/cases/202/biwater-v-tanzania|access-date=12 December 2020|website=UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub}}</ref> --- Right to water in domestic law Without international enforcement body, human right to water depend on national courts.<ref>[http://lawecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1020&context=lucilr], McGraw, George S. "Defining and Defending the Right to Water and its Minimum Core: Legal Construction and the Role of National Jurisprudence" ''Loyola University Chicago International Law Review'' Vol. 8, No. 2, 127-204 (2011) at 137.</ref> Countries implement am through constitutions and laws, either as non-justiciable principles or enforceable rights.<ref>[http://www.kaupapature.org.nz/store/doc/Pickard_-Poole.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129135516/http://www.kaupapature.org.nz/store/doc/Pickard-_Poole.pdf|date=29 January 2018}}, Natalie Baird and Diana Pickard "Economic, social and cultural rights: a proposal for a constitutional peg in the ground" [2013] NZLJ 289 at 297</ref> South Africa [[File:Communal tap for drinking water (2941731238).jpg|thumb|A group of people gathering around a communal tap in Johannesburg, South Africa]] For South Africa, constitution explicitly recognize right to water and implementation happen through national laws. This show model where constitution set principle and laws handle details.<ref name="kaupapature.org.nz">[http://www.kaupapature.org.nz/store/doc/Pickard_-Poole.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129135516/http://www.kaupapature.org.nz/store/doc/Pickard-_Poole.pdf|date=29 January 2018}}, Natalie Baird and Diana Pickard "Economic, social and cultural rights: a proposal for a constitutional peg in the ground" [2013] NZLJ 289 at 298</ref> Residents of Bon Vista Mansions v. Southern Metropolitan Local Council This case involve residents of Bon Vista Mansions after local council disconnect water due to unpaid bills. Court rule say people must get access to water under South African Constitution.<ref>[http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/a108-96.pdf], South African Constitution, Section 27(1)(a).</ref> Court also rely on UN General Comment 12 on right to food which require states not to interfere with existing access to basic needs.<ref>[http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/gencomm/escgencom12.htm], Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 12, Right to adequate food (Twentieth session, 1999), U.N. Doc. E/C.12/1999/5 (1999), reprinted in Compilation of General Comments and General Recommendations Adopted by Human Rights Treaty Bodies, U.N. Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.6 at 62 (2003).</ref> Court find say stopping water supply violate law under South African Water Services Act because procedure no fair or reasonable.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/a108-97.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031003941/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/a108-97.pdf|date=31 October 2017}}, South African Water Services Act [No. 108 of 1997] Section 4 (3)</ref> This decision come before UN General Comment 15 be officially adopted.<ref>[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/ga10967.doc.htm], UN General Comment No. 15</ref> ====''Mazibuko v. City of Johannesburg''==== {{Main|Mazibuko v City of Johannesburg}} The question of how much water people suppose receive come be discussed further in ''[[Mazibuko v City of Johannesburg]]''.<ref>[http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZAGPHC/2008/491.pdf ''Mazibuko v. City of Johannesburg''], (06/13865) [2008] ZAGPHC 491;[2008] All SA 471 (W) (30 April 2008)</ref> The case center on how water dey distribute through pipes to Phiri, one of the oldest areas for Soweto. The case bring two main issues: first, whether the city policy on free basic water—6 kilolitres per month for each account holder—conflict with Section 27 of the South African Constitution or Section 11 of the Water Services Act.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/a108-97.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031003941/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/a108-97.pdf|date=31 October 2017}}, South African Water Services Act. [No. 108 of 1997] Section 11</ref> Second issue be whether installation of pre-paid water meters be lawful or not. The High Court hold say the city by-laws no allow installation of meters, so the meters installation be illegal. The court also hold say because the meters stop water supply after free basic water finish, that count as unlawful discontinuation of water supply. The court then rule say residents of Phiri must receive free basic water of 50 litres per person per day.<ref>[http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZAGPHC/2008/491.pdf ''Mazibuko v. City of Johannesburg''], (06/13865) [2008] ZAGPHC 491;[2008] All SA 471 (W) (30 April 2008) at 181</ref> Centre for Applied Legal Studies (CALS) of University of the Witwatersrand for Johannesburg and Pacific Institute for Oakland, California, share 2008 Business Ethics Network (BENNY) Award for their work on this case.<ref>[http://businessethicsnetwork.org/] Business Ethics Network</ref> Pacific Institute also provide legal testimony based on work of Dr. Peter Gleick wey help define human right to water and explain minimum water needs.<ref>[http://pacinst.org/news/350/], Pacific Institute "Pacific Institute Shares BENNY Award for Efforts in South African Water Rights Decision." (2008), Pacific Institute, Oakland, California</ref> The main respondents carry the case go Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA), wey rule say city water policy suffer from error of law about minimum obligation under South African National Standard, so dem set am aside.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/sites/PEG/docs/PEG%20Documents/10_SANS1-1.pdf?stdsid=14017755&pid=free, |title=South African National Standard 3(b) |access-date=6 May 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071006/http://www.iso.org/sites/PEG/docs/PEG%20Documents/10_SANS1-1.pdf?stdsid=14017755&pid=free, |url-status=dead }}</ref> Court also hold say minimum quantity for dignified human life under Section 27 be 42 litres per person per day, not 50 litres. SCA declare say installation of water meters be illegal, but dem suspend the order for two years make city fit correct the system.<ref>[http://www.saflii.org/cgi-bin/disp.pl?file=za/cases/ZASCA/2009/52.html&query=mazibuko], Mazibuko and Another v National Director of Public Prosecutions (113/08) [2009] ZASCA 52; 2009 (6) SA 479 (SCA); [2009] 3 All SA 548 (SCA) (26 May 2009)</ref> The matter later go Constitutional Court. The court hold say constitution require state to take reasonable steps—through laws and policies—to progressively realize access to water, based on available resources. Court also say government policy decisions must stay within budget limits, and courts no suppose replace government role in deciding social and economic policy. So the minimum basic water policy was held constitutional, and government fit even go above am, but court no get power to prescribe exact quantity for social rights implementation.<ref>[http://www.saflii.org/cgi-bin/disp.pl?file=za/cases/ZACC/2009/28.html&query=mazibuko ''Mazibuko and Other v. City of Johannesburg and Others''] (CCt 39/09) [2009] ZACC 28; 2010 (3) BCLR 239 (CC); 2010 (4) SA 1 (CC) (8 October 2009)</ref> The court focus instead on whether government steps be reasonable and whether dem dey review their policies regularly.<ref name="kaupapature.org.nz"/> Some critics argue say the judgment use too much judicial restraint and limit strong enforcement of social rights.<ref>Alston & Goodman, International Human Rights, Oxford University Press (2013), Lucy A. Williams, "The Role of Courts In The Quantitative-Implementation of Social and Economic Rights: A Comparative Study", 3 ''Constitutional Court Review'' 2010 [South Africa] (2011) 141</ref> --- India Two major cases for India show how courts interpret right to water even though e no explicitly written inside Constitution, but as part of right to life, courts include am under safe and sufficient water access.<ref>[http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&context=njihr], Amy Hardberger "Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Water: Evaluating Water as a Human Right and the Duties and Obligations it Creates" (2005) 4 ''Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights'' 331 at 352</ref> [[File:Jamuna River 04.jpg|thumb|The Yamuna River, river wey Haryana state and Delhi dey use]] ====''Delhi Water Supply v. State of Haryana''==== This dispute start because Haryana dey use Yamuna River water for irrigation while Delhi need am for drinking and domestic use. Court rule say domestic use get priority over commercial use, so Haryana must release enough water for Delhi residents.<ref name="indiankanoon.org">[http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1520766/ ''Delhi Water Supply & Sewage v. State Of Haryana & Ors''], 1999 SCC(2) 572, JT 1996 (6) 107</ref> ====''Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar''==== For this case, petitioner challenge pollution of Bokaro River due to waste discharge from washeries. Court hold say right to life under Article 21 include right to clean and pollution-free water.<ref>[http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064301/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|date=2 April 2012}}, The Constitution of India</ref> However, case fail because court find say petition no be genuine public interest but personal interest, so continuation of case go count as abuse of process.<ref name="indiankanoon.org"/> ==== World Rights to Water Day ==== Water be essential for life of all living beings, including humans. So access to clean and enough water be considered inalienable human right. Eco Needs Foundation (ENF) believe say this right suppose be clearly recognized by law, including minimum per capita water access. United Nations already set obligations on countries through different covenants to ensure fair distribution of water to citizens. Because of this, ENF start observe and promote World Rights to Water Day on 20 March, date wey Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar lead first water satyagraha in 1927. The day encourage adoption of laws wey guarantee universal right to water. Under guidance of founder Dr Priyanand Agale, ENF organize programmes to promote access to water rights for citizens.<ref>econeeds.org</ref> --- New Zealand Economic, social and cultural rights no get explicit protection under New Zealand Human Rights Act or Bill of Rights Act, so right to water no get direct legal protection there.<ref>Natalie Baird and Diana Pickard, [http://www.kaupapature.org.nz/store/doc/Pickard_-Poole.pdf "Economic, social and cultural rights: a proposal for a constitutional peg in the ground"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129135516/http://www.kaupapature.org.nz/store/doc/Pickard-_Poole.pdf |date=29 January 2018 }}, [2013] NZLJ 289 at 299</ref> New Zealand Law Society don indicate recently say dem go still consider legal recognition of these rights.<ref>[http://www.lawsociety.org.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/76530/l-HR-Committee-ICCPR-List-of-Issues-Prior-to-Reporting-5-3-14-with-annexure,-UPR-submission-17-6-13.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304033140/http://www.lawsociety.org.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/76530/l-HR-Committee-ICCPR-List-of-Issues-Prior-to-Reporting-5-3-14-with-annexure,-UPR-submission-17-6-13.pdf|date=4 March 2018}}, New Zealand Law Society Human Rights & Privacy Committee, Submission to the 18th Session of The Human Rights Council, Shadow Report to New Zealand's 2nd Universal Periodic Review</ref> --- United States For United States, no federal law officially recognize human right to water.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://law.northeastern.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/phrge-water-primer.pdf |title=The Human Right to Water in the United States |author1=Kevin Murray |author2=Sara Kominers |publisher=Northeastern University School of Law}}</ref> But some federal laws protect water quality, including: Safe Drinking Water Act (public water systems, not private wells or bottled water) Clean Water Act (surface waters of the United States) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Superfund (CERCLA) National Environmental Policy Act (environmental impact requirements) --- Australia Attention for Australia focus mainly on Indigenous Australians’ water rights. Settler-colonial history still influence how water resources dey managed today. Even though government make agreements, many still no fully address Indigenous access to water and sanitation. In ''Mabo v Queensland (No 2)'', native title rights get legal recognition for first time in 1992. Indigenous Australians often connect land and water to cultural identity, but legal system still struggle to fully recognize spiritual and cultural water rights.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Poirier|first1=Robert|last2=Schartmueller|first2=Doris|date=1 September 2012|title=Indigenous water rights in Australia|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2011.11.002|journal=The Social Science Journal|volume=49|issue=3|pages=317–324|doi=10.1016/j.soscij.2011.11.002|s2cid=144101999|issn=0362-3319|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Burdon|first1=Peter|last2=Drew|first2=Georgina|last3=Stubbs|first3=Matthew|last4=Webster|first4=Adam|last5=Barber|first5=Marcus|date=2 October 2015|title=Decolonising Indigenous water 'rights' in Australia: flow, difference, and the limits of law|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2014.1000907|journal=Settler Colonial Studies|volume=5|issue=4|pages=334–349|doi=10.1080/2201473X.2014.1000907|s2cid=154484189|issn=2201-473X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Australian water law allow citizens use surface water but no own am. Inland and river water rights mostly under state control, while Commonwealth get power through external affairs, trade and grants powers.<ref name=":5" /> For 2000, Federal Court allow Indigenous people use water for traditional purposes, but irrigation no count as traditional use.<ref name=":5" /> For 2004, National Water Initiative recognize Indigenous water interests, but critics say it no fully address historical inequality in water distribution.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|date=1 December 2014|title=Indigenous people's right to water under international law: a legal pluralism perspective|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1877343514000700|journal=Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability|language=en|volume=11|pages=26–33|doi=10.1016/j.cosust.2014.09.015|issn=1877-3435|last1=Gupta|first1=Joyeeta|last2=Hildering|first2=Antoinette|last3=Misiedjan|first3=Daphina|bibcode=2014COES...11...26G |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Remaining discussions == === Transboundary effects === [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|Ethiopia move to fill [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] reservoir fit reduce [[Nile]] flow reach up to 25% and spoil Egypt farmland.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363 |work=[[NPR]] |date=27 February 2018}}</ref>]] [[File:Nord-Krim-Kanal.png|right|thumb|After Russia annex Crimea, Ukraine block the [[North Crimean Canal]], wey dey give about 85% of Crimea fresh water.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pray For Rain: Crimea's Dry-Up A Headache For Moscow, Dilemma For Kyiv |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/pray-for-rain-crimea-s-dry-up-a-headache-for-moscow-dilemma-for-kyiv/30515986.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=29 March 2020}}</ref>]] Since access to water dey cross borders and fit cause tension for areas like Middle East, South Asia, Eastern Mediterranean and some parts of North America, some NGOs and scholars dey argue say right to water get trans-national side too. Dem believe say because water no dey respect borders, countries suppose avoid actions wey fit spoil other people human rights.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FIAN International|url=https://fian.org/en/|access-date=30 March 2021|website=fian.org}}</ref> Dis idea also fit help reduce global "water crunch" wey population increase dey cause. But as population dey grow, water scarcity go still create serious problem. E also raise question whether water fit dey move from one country go another or not.<ref name= ref3>McCaffrey, Stephen C. "Human Right to Water: Domestic and International Implications, A." ''Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev.'' 5 (1992): 1.</ref> ==== Water Dispute Between India and Pakistan ==== Water matter between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] dey connected to water shortage for South Asia.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|last=Bakhtawar|first=Saadia|date=2012|title=Water: an Economic Resource Conflict between India and Pakistan|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3597519|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3597519|issn=1556-5068|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Dem get agreement called [[Indus Waters Treaty]] wey dey divide river use between di two countries after independence.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Salman|first1=Salman M. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GEr4fyDbqgC&pg=PA42|title=Conflict and Cooperation on South Asia's International Rivers: A Legal Perspective|last2=Uprety|first2=Kishor|date=2002|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=978-0-8213-5352-3|language=en}}</ref> Even with di treaty, wahala still dey. Pakistan dey fear say India dam projects fit reduce water wey go reach dem and cause scarcity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Pankaj Kumar|date=2012|title=Conflict over Water Between India and Pakistan: Fear and Hopes?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856568|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|volume=73|issue=1|pages=133–140|jstor=41856568|issn=0019-5510}}</ref> === Water commercialization versus state provision === Debate still dey whether government or private companies suppose handle water supply and sanitation. Some people believe say water scarcity make private sector management better because e fit increase efficiency and reduce waste. Dem argue say government water system cost too much and no dey always effective, so market approach fit help manage water better.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wilder|first1=Margaret|last2=Romero Lankao|first2=Patricia|date=November 2006|title=Paradoxes of Decentralization: Water Reform and Social Implications in Mexico|journal=World Development|volume=34|issue=11|pages=1977–1995|doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.11.026}}</ref> But other side talk say water be human right, so e no suppose depend on profit or private companies. Dem believe say water suppose dey available for everybody because e dey essential for life.<ref name="ref4">Bakker, Karen. "The "Commons" Versus the "Commodity": Alter‐globalization, Anti‐privatization and the Human Right to Water in the Global South". ''Antipode'' 39.3 (2007): 430-455.</ref> === Organizations === Organizations wey dey work for water and sanitation rights include: ==== United Nations organizations ==== * [[OHCHR]] * [[UNDP]] * [[UNICEF]] * Sanitation and Water for All ==== Governmental cooperation agencies ==== * [[DFID]] * [[GIZ]] * [[Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation|SDC]] * [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] ==== International NGOs and networks ==== * [[Action against Hunger]] * [[Blood:Water]] * Center for Water Security and Cooperation * Freshwater Action Network (FAN) * Pure Water for the World * The DigDeep Right to Water Project * [[Pacific Institute]] * The Water Project * [[Transnational Institute]] * UUSC * [[WaterAid]] * WaterLex * [[PeaceJam]] * [[Thirst Project]] == See also == {{Portal|Water|Law|Politics}} {{Columns-list|colwidth=30em| * Climate migration and water rights * Environmental law * International human rights law * Water conflict * Water law * Water security * Water supply * World Water Day * WASH - Water, sanitation and hygiene * Workers' right to access toilet }} == References == {{Reflist|2}} == External links == * Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation – UN * WaterLex Archive * Human Right to Water and Sanitation: Translating Theory into Practice * Right to Water: Understanding children's right to water {{offline|med}} {{Particular human rights}} {{Nutritional pathology}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Water]] [[Category:Sanitation]] [[Category:Right to health]] 7h3q034zlt24yritp0u7t93lt1ngu7u 0 27435 101473 2026-06-10T04:11:35Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start one article 101473 wikitext text/x-wiki De beliefs and practices for [[Demographics of Africa|African]] people dey very diverse, and dem include different [[ethnic religion]]s.<ref name="mol">Encyclopedia of African Religion (Sage, 2009) [[Molefi Kete Asante]]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ndlovu|first=Tommy Matshakayile|title=Imikhuba lamasiko AmaNdebele|date=1995|publisher=Mambo Press|others=Doris Ndlovu, Bekithemba S. Ncube|isbn=0-86922-624-X|location=Gweru, Gasiya Zimbabwe|oclc=34114180}}</ref> Generally, these traditions be oral pass-down systems rather than written scripture, and dem dey transfer from one generation go another through stories, songs, myths, and festivals.<ref>{{cite book | last=Juergensmeyer | first=Mark | title=The Oxford handbook of global religions | publisher=Oxford University Press | publication-place=Oxford | date=2006 | isbn=0-19-513798-1 | oclc=64084086}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Mbiti | first=John S. | title=Introduction to African religion | publisher=Heinemann Educational Books | publication-place=Oxford [England] | date=1991 | isbn=0-435-94002-3 | oclc=24376978}}</ref> Dem belief include spirits, small and big gods, and sometimes one supreme being. E also include respect for ancestors, use for magic, and traditional medicine. Most for these religions fit be described as animistic with polytheistic and pantheistic elements.<ref name="Kimmerle 15">{{Cite journal|last=Kimmerle|first=Heinz|date=2006-04-11|title=The world of spirits and the respect for nature: towards a new appreciation of animism|journal=The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa|volume=2|issue=2|page=15|doi=10.4102/td.v2i2.277}}</ref><ref name="Vontress 2005 124–137">{{Citation|last=Vontress|first=Clemmont E.|title=Animism: Foundation of Traditional Healing in Sub-Saharan Africa|year=2005|pages=124–137}}</ref> For these belief systems, human beings dey seen as people wey suppose balance nature with spiritual world.<ref name="mol"/> == Spread and syncretism with Abrahamic religions == [[File:Igbo medicine man.jpg|thumb|right|Early 20th century Igbo medicine man for Nigeria, West Africa]] Traditional religion followers for Africa dey spread across about 43 countries and dem estimate say dem pass 100 million people.<ref name="Encyclbrit">''Britannica Book of the Year'' (2003), ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2003) p.306</ref> Islam and Christianity come later enter Africa and in many places dem replace traditional religions. But still, plenty Africans dey mix their traditional beliefs with Christianity or Islam. This mixing (syncretism) be common.<ref name="googlemix">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wL0y9fUEB8C|title=Introduction to African religion |isbn=978-0-435-94002-7|last1=Mbiti|first1=John S|year=1992}}</ref> Even though Islam and Christianity be dominant across different regions, many people still carry traditional spiritual beliefs inside their practice.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTMOAQAAMAAJ|title=Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices|isbn=978-0-7876-6612-5|last1=Riggs|first1=Thomas|year=2006}}</ref> Some traditional African religions still dey spread outside Africa too. Yoruba religion and Igbo traditional religion for example dey influence Caribbean and parts for South America. In United States, forms like Vodun dey common especially around Gulf Coast areas.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ancient African Religion Finds Roots In America|url=https://www.npr.org/2013/08/25/215298340/ancient-african-religion-finds-roots-in-america|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref> == Basics == [[File:Début de pas de danse du Zangbéto - Bénin.jpg|thumb|Local ceremony in Benin featuring a [[zangbeto]]]] Traditional African religions dey very diverse, but dem all share some core ideas. Dem system be based on strong animistic beliefs wey include worship for tutelary deities, nature worship, ancestor worship, and belief in afterlife. Dis beliefs resemble many other traditional religions around the world. Some traditions get pantheistic worldview, where supreme creator God dey alongside other gods and spirits, while others dey purely polytheistic, with many gods, spirits, and other supernatural beings.<ref name="Kimmerle 15" /> Traditional African religions also include elements for totemism, shamanism, and veneration for sacred objects and relics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/afrrev/article/download/91437/80924|title=The Need to Re-Conceptualize African Traditional Religion|last=Asukwo|date=2013}}</ref> [[File:Ganvie Voodoo Dancer (21596115932).jpg|thumb|Traditional [[Vodun]] dancer wey dey perform ritual in [[Ganvie]], Benin]] Most for these religions dey pass through oral tradition instead for written scriptures. Dem dey preserve through stories, myths, songs, and cultural narration wey dey move from one generation go next. Community life, family, and environment dey play major role in how people live their spiritual life. Believers dey also accept guidance from ancestors’ spirits. Many traditions get spiritual leaders and priests wey dey serve as mediators between people and the spiritual world. There also dey mystics and diviners wey dey act like healers and counsellors, sometimes similar to shamans. Dem say ancestral calling fit choose these healers, and dem go undergo strict training, including herbal medicine and spiritual skills like locating hidden objects or interpreting signs. Ancestors dey very important for belief system. Most traditions believe say ancestors dey maintain active link with living relatives. These spirits dey mostly seen as protective, but if person misbehave, ancestors fit send warning like small sickness to correct the person.<ref>{{Cite web|title=African Traditional Religion {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/african-traditional-religion|access-date=2021-06-19|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref> In general, traditional African religions center on ancestor worship, spirit world belief, and supernatural forces. Deceased humans, animals, and even important objects fit continue to exist in spiritual realm and still affect physical world. Before Islam, Christianity, and Judaism spread, polytheism be common across most parts for Africa. One exception be short-lived monotheistic system introduced by Pharaoh Akhenaten, wey promote worship for Aten.<ref>{{cite book | last=Hornung | first=Erik | title=Akhenaten and the religion of light | publisher=Cornell University Press | publication-place=Ithaca, N.Y. | date=2001 | isbn=0-8014-8725-0 | oclc=48417401 | author-link=Erik Hornung}}</ref> High gods, ancestor spirits, territorial spirits, and other beings dey form complex structure for belief systems across Africa.<ref name="Okwu" /><ref name="Stanton 2012" /> Some scholars argue say even before Abrahamic religions enter Africa, some traditional systems already get concept for supreme being alongside lesser spirits, but dis no be same as Abrahamic monotheism.<ref name="Okwu" /> Traditional African medicine dey closely tied to religion, and many healing practices get spiritual foundation. As Clemmont E. Vontress explain, belief in spirits and ancestors dey central, and many modern forms for these religions don change under influence for Christianity and Islam.<ref name="Vontress 2005 124–137"/> Belief in afterlife dey common, and some traditions also accept reincarnation, where ancestor spirit fit return into family line depending on conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndemanu |first=Michael T. |date=January 2018 |title=Traditional African religions and their influences on the worldviews of Bangwa people of Cameroon |journal=Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad |volume=30 |pages=70–84 |url=https://frontiersjournal.org/index.php/Frontiers/article/view/405 |doi=10.36366/frontiers.v30i1.405 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[File:Koku Dancer.jpg|thumb|Traditional Koku dancer]] == Ceremonies == Religious ceremonies for West and Central Africa often involve communal rituals and trance states. People fit enter deep meditative state through drumming, singing, and rhythm, sometimes believed as spiritual possession or connection with deities or ancestors. For example, in [[Gabon]] and [[Cameroon]], the [[Okuyi]] tradition among Bantu groups involve ritual dance and possession states, where participants embody spirits or ancestors through movement and rhythm.<ref>Annemarie De Waal Malefijt (1968) ''Religion and Culture'', p. 220–249</ref> Dis trance experience dey serve both spiritual and social purpose. E help people understand emotions and energies in symbolic form, and later apply am to everyday life. Some participants even speak during trance, and diviners or trained interpreters dey explain meaning for community guidance.<ref name="Karade, B. pages 39-46"/> == Spirits == [[File:Statuette_protectrice_nkisi,_71.1892.52.2,_Musée_du_quai_Branly.jpg|thumb|[[Nkisi nkondi]] of the Bakongo people]] Traditional African religions dey recognize many spirits including ancestors, nature spirits, and elemental forces. Difference between gods and powerful spirits sometimes no clear. Many systems get hierarchy of high gods and smaller deities or spirits.<ref>Willie F. Page (2001) ''Encyclopedia of African History and Culture'', p. 55</ref> Some traditions believe in single supreme being like [[Chukwu]], [[Nyame]], [[Olodumare]], [[Ngai]], or [[Roog]], while others include dual deities such as Mawu-Lisa.<ref>Peter C. Rogers (2009) ''Ultimate Truth'', p. 100</ref> Ancestors remain key part for belief system. Dem dey seen as active participants in human life and can bring blessings or warning. Some traditions even believe say ancestors dey reach level close to deities.<ref name=":0" /> == Practices and rituals == Traditional African religious practices include sacrifices, libation, divination, and offerings for food, animals, plants, or symbolic materials to spirits and deities. People dey consult diviners to know will for spirits and receive guidance for life decisions.<ref>John S. Mbiti (1992) ''Introduction to African Religion'', p. 68</ref> Nature and environment dey deeply linked to spirituality. Weather patterns, farming cycles, sun, moon, and stars dey often interpreted spiritually as part for daily life and cosmology.<ref>Roger S. Gottlieb (2006) ''The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Ecology'', p. 261</ref> For example, among the Serer people, star [[Sirius]] (Yoonir) dey important in agricultural rituals, and priests dey use its seasonal position to predict rainfall and farming cycles.<ref>Henry Gravrand (1990) ''La Civilisation Sereer Pangool'', p. 152</ref> [[Traditional healers of South Africa|Traditional healers]] dey common across many communities, combining herbal medicine with spiritual knowledge. === Divination === [[File:Early 20th century Yoruba divination board.jpg|thumb|Yoruba divination board]] Africa get many forms for divination depending on culture. Methods include use for bones, shells, stones, wood pieces, and sacred boards. Diviners dey serve as counsellors and spiritual guides. People dey consult them regularly for guidance, healing, and life decisions. {{short description|Diverse traditional beliefs and practices of African people}} {{Traditional African religion}} De beliefs and practices for [[Demographics of Africa|African]] people are highly diverse and include various [[ethnic religion]]s.<ref name="mol">Encyclopedia of African Religion (Sage, 2009) [[Molefi Kete Asante]]</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ndlovu |first=Tommy Matshakayile |title=Imikhuba lamasiko AmaNdebele |date=1995 |publisher=Mambo Press |others=Doris Ndlovu, Bekithemba S. Ncube |isbn=0-86922-624-X |location=Gweru, Gasiya Zimbabwe |oclc=34114180}}</ref> Generally, these traditions are [[oral tradition|oral]] rather than [[religious text|scriptural]] and are passed down from one generation to another through narratives, songs, myths, and festivals.<ref>{{cite book |last=Juergensmeyer |first=Mark |title=The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions |publisher=Oxford University Press |publication-place=Oxford |date=2006 |isbn=0-19-513798-1 |oclc=64084086}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mbiti |first=John S. |title=Introduction to African Religion |publisher=Heinemann Educational Books |publication-place=Oxford |date=1991 |isbn=0-435-94002-3 |oclc=24376978}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nweke |first=Kizito Chinedu |date=2022-12-25 |title=Responding to new imageries in African indigenous spiritualities |journal=Religious: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama dan Lintas Budaya |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=271–282 |doi=10.15575/rjsalb.v6i3.20246 |issn=2528-7249 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dey include beliefs in spirits and higher and lower gods, sometimes including a [[King of the gods|supreme being]], as well as de veneration for de dead, use for magic, and African traditional medicine. Most religions can be described as [[Animism|animistic]]<ref name="Kimmerle 15">{{Cite journal |last=Kimmerle |first=Heinz |date=2006-04-11 |title=The world of spirits and the respect for nature: towards a new appreciation of animism |journal=The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa |volume=2 |issue=2 |page=15 |doi=10.4102/td.v2i2.277 |issn=2415-2005 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Vontress 2005 124–137">{{Citation |last=Vontress |first=Clemmont E. |title=Animism: Foundation of Traditional Healing in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=2005 |work=Integrating Traditional Healing Practices into Counseling and Psychotherapy |pages=124–137 |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |doi=10.4135/9781452231648 |isbn=978-0-7619-3047-1}}</ref> with various [[polytheistic]] and [[pantheistic]] aspects.<ref name="mol" /> De role for humanity is generally seen as one for harmonizing nature with de supernatural.<ref name="mol" /> == Spread and syncretism with Abrahamic religions == [[File:Igbo medicine man.jpg|thumb|right|An early-20th-century [[Igbo people|Igbo]] medicine man in Nigeria, West Africa]] Adherents of traditional religions in Africa are distributed among many countries and are estimated to number over 100 million.<ref name="Encyclbrit">''Britannica Book of the Year'' (2003), ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2003) {{ISBN|978-0-85229-956-2}} p.306.</ref> [[Islam in Africa|Islam]] and [[Christianity in Africa|Christianity]], having largely displaced indigenous African religions, are often adapted to African cultural contexts and belief systems. African people often [[syncretism|combine]] de practice of their traditional beliefs with Abrahamic religions.<ref name="googlemix">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wL0y9fUEB8C&pg=PA15 |title=Introduction to African Religion |isbn=978-0-435-94002-7 |last1=Mbiti |first1=John S. |year=1992 |publisher=East African Publishers}}</ref> == Basics == [[File:Début de pas de danse du Zangbéto - Bénin.jpg|thumb|Local ceremony in Benin featuring a [[zangbeto]]]] Highly complex animistic beliefs form de core of traditional African religions. These include worship of tutelary deities, nature worship, ancestor worship, and belief in an afterlife. While some traditions are pantheistic with a supreme creator god, others are polytheistic with many gods and spirits.<ref name="Kimmerle 15" /> Traditional African religions also include elements of totemism, shamanism, and veneration of relics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/afrrev/article/download/91437/80924 |title=The Need to Re-Conceptualize African Traditional Religion |last=Asukwo |date=2013}}</ref> [[File:Ganvie Voodoo Dancer (21596115932).jpg|thumb|Traditional [[Vodun]] dancer in Ganvie, Benin]] These religions are rooted in oral tradition, transmitted through stories, myths, and cultural practices. Community, family, and environment play central roles in belief systems. Spiritual leaders and diviners serve as healers and counselors, often believed to be called by ancestors or deities. Ancestors are widely believed to maintain a spiritual connection with de living, offering guidance, blessings, or warnings. == Ceremonies == [[File:West african religion.jpg|thumb|Religious convent in southern Ghana]] Many West and Central African religious practices involve communal ceremonies and trance rituals accompanied by drumming and dance. In traditions such as de Okuyi of Gabon and Cameroon, participants may embody spirits or ancestors during ritual performances. == Spirits == Followers of traditional African religions believe in a spirit world inhabited by ancestors, deities, and natural spirits. Some traditions recognize a single supreme being such as [[Nyame]], [[Olodumare]], or [[Ngai]], alongside many lesser spirits. Ancestor veneration is a central belief, with ancestors believed to influence de living world. == Ubuntu == {{Main|Ubuntu philosophy}} Ubuntu is an Nguni Bantu concept meaning "humanity." It is often expressed as "I am because we are" (Zulu: {{Lang|zu|umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu}}). It emphasizes interconnectedness, community, and shared humanity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kerkhof |first=Maup van de |date=2024-01-20 |title=“I Am Because We Are”: Introducing Ubuntu Philosophy |url=https://www.thecollector.com/ubuntu-philosophy-introduction/ |access-date=2026-04-30}}</ref> == Virtue and vice == Virtue is often linked to fulfilling communal responsibilities such as respect for elders, honesty, hospitality, and courage. Morality is also connected to harmony with divine order and ancestral expectations. == Sacred places == Sacred sites include locations such as Ife, Oyo, Benin City, Fatick, Nri-Igbo, and others, which serve as centers of spiritual and cultural practice. == Relations with other faiths == Traditional African religions have interacted with Christianity and Islam through coexistence, syncretism, and conflict. Many Africans combine indigenous beliefs with Abrahamic religions, while others have fully converted. == Religious persecution == Traditional African religions have faced persecution through forced conversion, destruction of sacred sites, and marginalization during Christian and Islamic expansion. == Traditions by region == === Central Africa === * [[Bantu mythology]] * [[Kongo religion]] * [[Bwiti]] === East Africa === * [[Kikuyu people#Spirituality and religion|Gikuyu mythology]] * [[Waaqeffanna]] * [[Maasai mythology]] === West Africa === * [[Yoruba religion]] * [[Akan religion]] * [[Serer religion]] === Southern Africa === * [[Zulu traditional religion]] * [[San religion]] === Northern Africa === * [[Ancient Egyptian religion]] * [[Traditional Berber religion]] == See also == * [[Folk religion]] * [[Witchcraft in Africa]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Traditional African religions]] [[Category:Religion in Africa]] 20dzfvquiba6ibf4jl52oexkla79y1a 0 27436 101474 2026-06-10T04:37:16Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start one article 101474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Smart water system for Africa''' refers to the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) — such as the Internet of Things (IoT), smart sensors, mobile payment systems, and solar energy — to manage, distribute, and purify clean water and agricultural water across Africa. == Background and issues == === Water stress and urban growth === In Africa, rapid population growth and urbanization place significant pressure on limited water resources. According to the United Nations, over 400 million people on the continent lack safe access to clean drinking water.<ref name="vinci2025">{{cite web |title=Accès à l’eau en Afrique : beaucoup de progrès, encore des défis |url=https://www.vinci.com/emag/acces-leau-en-afrique-beaucoup-de-progres-encore-des-defis |website=VINCI |date=2025-11-04 |access-date=2026-06-06}}</ref> === Technical and financial losses === Traditional water distribution systems suffer from high levels of non-revenue water (NRW), including physical leaks in aging pipelines and illegal connections. In many African cities, these losses exceed 40% of total water produced, threatening the financial sustainability of water utilities. == Technologies used == === Smart meters and prepaid systems === Smart water meters are a key component of modern water systems. They often operate through prepaid mobile platforms (such as Mobile Money), allowing users to purchase specific volumes of water credit. * Consumer benefit: Better control of consumption and reduced billing disputes. * Operator benefit: Improved revenue collection and financial stability for maintenance.<ref name="worldbank2024">{{cite web |title=Services urbains : les systèmes d’eau prépayée en Afrique |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/fr/water/services-urbains-les-syst-mes-d-eau-pr-pay-e-en-afrique |website=World Bank Blogs |access-date=2026-06-06}}</ref> === Automated water kiosks === In rural and peri-urban areas without piped connections, traditional water points are increasingly replaced by solar-powered automated kiosks (often called “water ATMs”). Users can access water using smart cards or RFID-enabled systems.<ref name="susteq2024">{{cite web |title=Water ATMs and smart water solutions |url=https://susteq.nl/?lang=fr/ |website=Susteq |date=2024-08-21 |access-date=2026-06-06}}</ref> === Remote monitoring and IoT === Water infrastructure monitoring uses low-power wide-area networks such as LoRaWAN and NB-IoT: * Pressure and flow sensors detect leaks and identify their locations. * Water quality sensors monitor pH, turbidity, and chlorine levels to ensure safety.<ref name="wearetech2026">{{cite web |title=Comment l’Afrique s’approprie l’Internet des Objets pour développer son secteur agricole |url=https://www.wearetech.africa/home-fr-fr/fils/dossier/comment-l-afrique-s-approprie-l-internet-des-objets-pour-developper-son-secteur-agricole |website=We Are Tech Africa |access-date=2026-06-06}}</ref> == Regional trends and local industry == === West Africa === The region is increasingly moving toward local manufacturing of smart water technologies. * Burkina Faso: Development of SOCIMAH for local production of smart meters and water equipment.<ref name="horonya2026">{{cite web |title=Le Burkina crée la Socimah pour produire des équipements hydrauliques |url=https://www.horonyafinance.com/le-burkina-cree-la-socimah-dotee-dun-capital-dun-milliard-de-fcfa-pour-produire-des-equipements-hydrauliques/ |website=Horonya Finance |date=2026-05-29 |access-date=2026-06-06}}</ref> * Senegal: SONES uses digital monitoring systems to manage rural boreholes and improve urban water supply.<ref name="enquete2026">{{cite web |title=La SONES en chiffres et en lettres |url=https://www.enqueteplus.com/content/c%C3%A9l%C3%A9bration-de-30-ans-d%E2%80%99existence-la-sones-en-chiffres-et-en-lettres |website=EnQuête+ |access-date=2026-06-06}}</ref> === East Africa === Kenya is a leader in integrating mobile payments into public water services, supported by public-private partnerships and companies such as Grundfos, especially for rural kiosk systems. == Limitations and challenges == Large-scale deployment of smart water systems faces several challenges: * High cost of technology and infrastructure * Limited telecom coverage in rural areas * Lack of skilled technicians for maintenance and repairs == References == {{Reflist}} {{Portal|Africa|Water}} 3jq9t417wkav1i651kd85br9ftnvmrv 0 27437 101475 2026-06-10T07:34:26Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101475 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft) for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. jdgmeqs1vyw7a3692phb0gglpwnhttg 101476 101475 2026-06-10T07:34:49Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101476 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. 9r55z3njwchrr9t0p55y6w52hphexo4 101477 101476 2026-06-10T07:35:10Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101477 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. == References == 437z8dy03q2upohtk81ulcplavj58l6 101478 101477 2026-06-10T07:37:32Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. == References == gakutv5idgn0aoxzssbf7a7p9y7gb2g 101479 101478 2026-06-10T07:40:25Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. == References == amcgqlhk3g3aj2s3p46hk1r4nbq9n8l 101480 101479 2026-06-10T07:43:09Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. == References == hhkxm087a89b8odexcuqd37gkio57gp 101481 101480 2026-06-10T07:48:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact. == References == 70sorvs1puew32py82nm368igz4xekd 101482 101481 2026-06-10T07:49:17Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> == References == kt34tib0rrqvv819wz3vl3ua1g5qnhg 101483 101482 2026-06-10T07:49:45Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. == References == irstgk955u376dlco6mt5wlzbnk60qr 101484 101483 2026-06-10T07:50:02Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. == References == gkyvr9nubg6qda8ozttwlzvcaiijr9x 101485 101484 2026-06-10T07:56:13Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. == References == oql1d1kyzzisixgy7mfhjlqxxk716s5 101486 101485 2026-06-10T07:56:34Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. == References == d0135dqvmgjb7nnv6aor2u2s8m9jl9a 101487 101486 2026-06-10T07:56:57Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. == References == nx2nm2i2e5al5rnenulwwy98dcyvt72 101488 101487 2026-06-10T07:57:19Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. == References == tszfzsiqlrgt3t0dfgibeama0f832w3 101489 101488 2026-06-10T07:57:46Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd. == References == mg7woqcnjj7qljrg121oxzf1qz5xem3 101490 101489 2026-06-10T07:58:04Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd. For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top. == References == pon8xpvkjzgjs010ham0lnzkf3w70c2 101491 101490 2026-06-10T07:58:22Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd. For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref name="unesco" /> == References == 3rbz5d24xstw9b54y9gomfnu3pei1fj 101492 101491 2026-06-10T08:02:00Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].<ref name="Keen" /> De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd. For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref name="unesco" /> == References == i0ncboprrpphm2z0lgm8jg9jeptw0kp 101493 101492 2026-06-10T08:02:55Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].<ref name="Keen" /> De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref name="unesco" /> == References == qzgww6fmgd0jgvhu230z3zuzsh4kx4d 101495 101493 2026-06-10T09:06:23Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. == References == rj84m2msxztf8hjci8f2vgz6knzs565 101496 101495 2026-06-10T09:07:44Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. == References == 4xc9p02i2grgg4kjmr1rpbpfwjbjpik 101497 101496 2026-06-10T09:08:06Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence. == References == 96oikdp8o26eeptlreh0pulehb14tyr 101498 101497 2026-06-10T09:08:24Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == References == 2jbx2s3zuuvnr6obxgodiuq85113hsc 101499 101498 2026-06-10T09:08:52Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == == References == 3i39ze7u0xsd4vfw46kh0fhwgbo6uan 101500 101499 2026-06-10T09:12:52Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. == References == nw6mhwocv6joxzsy7zxz3zag3z6p7ne 101501 101500 2026-06-10T09:14:18Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. == References == lvqtsyf4uiooj6jhoars5pvappypuzu 101502 101501 2026-06-10T09:14:36Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). == References == b49dkb5nv90t0a0g8mn3xvylkfzyldf 101503 101502 2026-06-10T09:17:29Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd == References == d4zd4zd5si8qtyvejd7alxjb6r6xbi0 101504 101503 2026-06-10T09:17:49Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> == References == ehqrr9yuap0v0hjghscfe6f4oiw3yvt 101505 101504 2026-06-10T09:18:10Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. == References == fau3yth35c8nl8831bszx9sxoz42vhr 101506 101505 2026-06-10T09:18:45Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. == References == fxgrkqfknp24kq4z4f3w8yeqyamia6v 101507 101506 2026-06-10T09:22:32Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun. == References == g36of9yusqb0xm1oeub9eodjgx6bjzh 101508 101507 2026-06-10T09:23:18Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /> == References == tl6907u052qfvxurzbfiw34eg84ju1h 101509 101508 2026-06-10T09:23:42Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == References == s7emdufsfyo24vqggmsq7ja3ov56mfx 101510 101509 2026-06-10T09:25:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> == References == 03mnu8sjupxsbcvvo0596f0kvo293fv 101511 101510 2026-06-10T09:34:04Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]] == References == swtxd95eyu62cched2emyq93ar6kplr 101512 101511 2026-06-10T10:15:38Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. == References == 84p1c29zo4223ovq7et7ggxgbhob5sb 101513 101512 2026-06-10T10:16:19Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. == References == temoj7pe2zkmpwnsjodw9ls11abmx1a 101514 101513 2026-06-10T10:17:06Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * == References == 4k9za8a0dlgykkhx0fdxgyog9a9jd10 101515 101514 2026-06-10T10:18:43Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) == References == 72idqloew4filnb70op8xrq7bozx0ee 101516 101515 2026-06-10T10:19:14Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) == References == ek4br29ss8p78s4i7tbixrut0rl19qq 101517 101516 2026-06-10T10:20:08Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) ** == References == jkcpbha8bzr9arf26q4g0ptzsysdkhl 101518 101517 2026-06-10T10:24:12Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) == References == i5rz2sv46vln0r40go3fu7zxoszw0ao 101519 101518 2026-06-10T11:02:50Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) == References == 2wl9h6akyx3jeyyzgfmgnji735rjo71 101520 101519 2026-06-10T11:03:27Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) == References == fl8mrwfqwzcyb1z45tcd8qzef0ktpo0 101521 101520 2026-06-10T11:04:11Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) == References == r0fhvvvs3hvcfov80gxa5tarhin7j9h 101522 101521 2026-06-10T11:04:39Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) == References == hv3s3o1udgh1ewiqdgdo1sy5toeu1lt 101523 101522 2026-06-10T11:05:14Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) == References == 9uly3rngmpmucvxg3zgg1ylkf6o40sj 101524 101523 2026-06-10T11:05:41Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) == References == oq8qqa3bj3m3gnhk49qrmglsqocp4pm 101525 101524 2026-06-10T11:06:23Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 AWC2026 101525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) == References == 6wkaaimgru4g9vdm5see0i97l0vjn46 101526 101525 2026-06-10T11:06:40Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) == References == rqedimgaiuo5egnxkm00ttf4701x0qf 101527 101526 2026-06-10T11:16:23Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. == References == aliqgl16wv4d5ta8swsz55ryri37xxf 101528 101527 2026-06-10T11:16:46Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. == References == hegjf017gmgwzllfagrmuojgng8b8ec 101529 101528 2026-06-10T11:18:09Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top. == References == 1t8s4g0jle2vs8fmd1q5his3x3t6a7f 101530 101529 2026-06-10T11:18:32Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> == References == 4627idq54upv3kokb6bzgzescvx225l 101531 101530 2026-06-10T11:19:36Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== == References == 8o68000fg9awtwr6yrxr4ortm9il2sc 101532 101531 2026-06-10T11:27:34Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). == References == 3n87rdrqxw0611i3d2vinzwwmp2fmkw 101533 101532 2026-06-10T11:27:56Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. == References == q88go9a2ryo6f85u7efxen6rn49q3mr 101534 101533 2026-06-10T11:28:14Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise. == References == 7nd6cpnqjjpsvnoypkh7vctc1wlgeru 101535 101534 2026-06-10T11:28:28Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == References == 5sk7d5ucqlhfgusxlvm1824hm4lm3jk 0 27438 101494 2026-06-10T08:42:21Z ~2026-33990-00 6370 Created page with "apple." 101494 wikitext text/x-wiki apple. 5m6d2fwj3czpcg92s7e5o6qu4mk5i8z 14 27439 101537 2026-06-10T11:41:21Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101537 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27440 101538 2026-06-10T11:41:33Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101538 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27441 101540 2026-06-10T11:42:08Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101540 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1