Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.6 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 5363 101763 56710 2026-06-11T09:51:00Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 101763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q7921393}}'''Veritas University''' be private university, wey dey Abuja. Dem establish am for March 2002 by de Catholic Church in Nigeria.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240501151147/https://www.veritas.edu.ng/about/history.php ":::: History :: Veritas University Abuja ::::"].</ref> De Institution receive ein provisional operation licence for 2007 insyd from de National Universities Commission wey dem commence admission of students for October 2008 insyd, for ein take-off campus wey dey Obehie, Abia State, Nigeria. == History == Veritas University Abuja (VUNA), alias Catholic University of Nigeria, de Catholic Bishops Conference of Nigeria wey establish am through sam resolution wey dem give for March 2002 meeting for Abuja insyd. Dem born de initiative by say de collective desire of de attending Bishops for University wey go provide high-quality tertiary education according to de tradition of de Catholic Church.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240501151147/https://www.veritas.edu.ng/about/history.php ":::: History :: Veritas University Abuja ::::"]. ''www.veritas.edu.ng''. Retrieved 2021-08-26.</ref> De Institution receive ein provisional operation licence for 2007 from de National Universities Commission wey dem commence admission of students for October 2008 for ein take-off campus wey dey Obehie, Abia State, Nigeria. For 2014 insyd, dem move go demma permanent site plus demma campus wey now dey Bwari Area Council of de Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. Nigeria. De University emphasize moral values, self-reliance den de development of de students’ entrepreneurial capabilities for de social den economic benefit of de graduates den de Nigerian society.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240501151147/https://www.veritas.edu.ng/about/history.php ":::: History :: Veritas University Abuja ::::"]. ''www.veritas.edu.ng''. Retrieved 2021-07-25.</ref> == Academics == De University currently dey offer undergraduate den postgraduate programs across five faculties: === Natural den Applied Sciences === * B.Sc. Applied Chemistry * B.Sc. Physics plus Electronics * B.Sc. Biochemistry * B.Sc. Microbiology * B.Sc. Computer science * B.Sc. Software Engineering === Management Sciences === * B.Sc. Accounting * B.Sc. Banking den Finance * B.Sc. Business Administration * B.Sc. Entrepreneurship * B.Sc. Public Administration * B.Sc. Marketing === Humanities === * B.A. English den Literary Studies * B.A. History den International Relations * B.A. Philosophy * B.A. Religion den Intercultural Studies * B.A. Theology === Social Sciences === * B.Sc. Economics * B.Sc. Mass Communication * B.Sc. Political Science den Diplomacy * B.Sc. Peace den conflict studies === Education === * B.Ed. Science Education * B.Ed. Educational Management * B.Ed. Arts den Social Science * B.Ed. Guidance den Counseling * B.Ed. English Education * B.Sc. Ed. Economics Education * B.Sc. Ed. Physics Education * B.Sc. Ed. Chemistry Education === Engineering === * B.Eng. Computer engineering * B.Eng. Electronic engineering === Law === * LL.B. Law === Postgraduate Studies === * Post-graduate Diploma (PGD) * Masters of Art (M.A.) * Master of Science (M.Sc.) [[File:Veritas_University.The_University_library.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veritas_University.The_University_library.jpg|thumb|School Library]] == Accreditation == National Universities Commission grant dem sam provisional License say make dem operate de university for May 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240501151147/https://www.veritas.edu.ng/about/history.php ":::: History :: Veritas University Abuja ::::"].</ref> As of 2019, na de university offer ova 30 undergraduate den 15 postgraduate programmes, wey pass de National Universities Commission (NUC) accreditation den resource verification.<ref>[https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/323186-veritas-university-graduates-141-students.html "Veritas University graduates 141 students"]. 2019-03-30. Retrieved 2021-08-26.</ref> For March 2019 insyd, Veritas University award certificates give 141 graduating students for demma 2017/18 academic session for demma 7th convocation ceremony.<ref>[https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/323186-veritas-university-graduates-141-students.html "Veritas University graduates 141 students"]. 2019-03-30. Retrieved 2021-08-26.</ref> == Veritas Journal of Humanities == De Veritas Journal of Humanities (VEJOH) be de official maiden multidisciplinary academic journal of Veritas University from de Humanities Faculty published bi-annually. Edey base for de following principles; '''Afroconstructivity, Humanity, Society den Development.''' Articles cam from scholars within den outsyd [[:en:Africa|Africa]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230930032719/https://www.veritas.edu.ng/journals/vejoh.php "::::Veritas Journal of Humanities:: Veritas University Abuja ::::"]. ''www.veritas.edu.ng''. Retrieved 2021-07-25.</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Veritas_University.Senate.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veritas_University.Senate.jpg|Administrative block File:Veritas_University.Chapel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veritas_University.Chapel.jpg|University chapel building File:Veritas_University.Street.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veritas_University.Street.jpg|Block of classrooms File:Veritas_University.Lawn.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veritas_University.Lawn.jpg|Campus plus chapel den admin buildings in view File:Veritas_University.Scenery_1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veritas_University.Scenery_1.jpg|Blocks A, B & C File:Veritas_University.Cafeteria_3.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veritas_University.Cafeteria_3.jpg|School Canteen (Ase) File:Veritas_University.Biology_Lab.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veritas_University.Biology_Lab.jpg|Biology Laboratory File:Veritas_University.Scenery_2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veritas_University.Scenery_2.jpg|Side view of block D, multi purpose hall den Auditorium File:Veritas_University.Basketball_Court.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veritas_University.Basketball_Court.jpg|Basketball court File:Veritas_University.Biology_Lab2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veritas_University.Biology_Lab2.jpg|Science Laboratory File:Veritas_University.The_baskeball_court_(2).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veritas_University.The_baskeball_court_(2).jpg|Sport activity File:Veritas_University.The_water_factory_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veritas_University.The_water_factory_(1).jpg|Water processing factory </gallery> == References == [[Category:Education insyd Abuja]] [[Category:Veritas University]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 2002]] [[Category:2002 establishments insyd Nigeria]] [[Category:Catholic universities den colleges insyd Nigeria]] [[Category:Academic libraries insyd Nigeria]] [[Category:Universities den colleges insyd Africa]] [[Category:Universities insyd West Africa]] [[Category:Education insyd West Africa]] [[Category:Education insyd Africa]] <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240606012839/https://www.veritas.edu.ng/ Veritas University official website] * [http://www.4icu.org/ng/ Universities in Nigeria] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130701094416/http://www.nuc.edu.ng/pages/universities.asp?ty=3&order=inst_name&page=2 Accredited Universities in Nigeria] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Private universities den colleges insyd Nigeria]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 2002]] 1yqwvtlmw0e98211ij76vs59wf2srf6 0 5938 101761 56617 2026-06-11T09:17:28Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 101761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''University of Pretoria''' (Afrikaans: ''Universiteit van Pretoria'', Northern Sotho: ''Yunibesithi ya Pretoria'') be multi-campus public research university<ref>[https://www.che.ac.za/#/moreitemdetails "CHE | Council on Higher Education | Regulatory body for Higher Education in South Africa | Education | Innovation | University | South Africa"]. ''www.che.ac.za''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200524181407/https://www.che.ac.za/#/moreitemdetails Archived] from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref><ref>[http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20100523104119724 "SA Universities"]. Universityworldnews.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160128125624/http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20100523104119724 Archived] from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</ref> insyd Pretoria, de administrative den ''de facto'' capital of South Africa. Na dem establish de university insyd 1908 as de Pretoria campus of de Johannesburg-based Transvaal University College den be de fourth South African institution in continuous operation make dem award am university status. De university grow from de original 32 students for single late Victorian house go approximately 53,000 insyd 2019.<ref name=":1">[https://www.up.ac.za/media/shared/565/2020/infoguide-2020-final-20.11.2019.zp183038.pdf "InfoGuide 2020"] (PDF). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200924093717/https://www.up.ac.za/media/shared/565/2020/infoguide-2020-final-20.11.2019.zp183038.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.</ref> Na dem build de university for seven suburban campuses top for 1,190 hectares (2,900) top.<ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120219221321/http://web.up.ac.za/sitefiles/file/web-team/UP%20in%20a%20Nutshell%202009.pdf "Up in a Nutshell 2009"] (PDF). Archived from [http://web.up.ac.za/sitefiles/file/web-team/UP%20in%20a%20Nutshell%202009.pdf the original] (PDF) on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</ref> Dem organise de university into nine faculties den business school. Dem establish insyd 1920, de University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science be de second oldest veterinary school insyd Africa den de veterinary school per insyd South Africa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120117214509/http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=1127&subid=1127&ipklookid=13 "About Veterinary Science > University of Pretoria"]. Web.up.ac.za. 25 August 2010. Archived from [http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=1127&subid=1127&ipklookid=13 the original] on 17 January 2012.</ref> Insyd 1949, de university launch de first MBA programme outsyd North America,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070809003621/http://www.mba.co.za/school.aspx?rootid=7&schoolid=25&pageid=additional "Wits Business School: Additional Information"]. MBA.co.za. Archived from [http://www.mba.co.za/school.aspx?rootid=7&schoolid=25&pageid=additional the original] on 9 August 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</ref> den de university ein Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) na dem consistently rank am de top business school insyd Africa for executive education, as well as dem place am insyd de top 50 for de world insyd.<ref name=":0">[https://www.up.ac.za/media/shared/565/2020/infoguide-2020-final-20.11.2019.zp183038.pdf "InfoGuide 2020"] (PDF). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200924093717/https://www.up.ac.za/media/shared/565/2020/infoguide-2020-final-20.11.2019.zp183038.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.</ref> Insyd 2012, de Financial Times rank de GIBS Executive MBA 1st insyd Africa den 60th insyd de world.<ref name=":0" /> Since 1997, de university produce more research outputs every year dan any oda institution of higher learning insyd South Africa, as dem measure by de Department of Education ein accreditation benchmark.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120219221752/http://web.up.ac.za/UserFiles/UP%20in%20a%20Nutshell%281%29.pdf "UP in a Nutshell 2008"] (PDF). Archived from [http://web.up.ac.za/UserFiles/UP%20in%20a%20Nutshell(1).pdf the original] (PDF) on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</ref><ref>[https://www.up.ac.za/media/shared/565/2020/infoguide-2020-final-20.11.2019.zp183038.pdf "InfoGuide 2020"] (PDF). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200924093717/https://www.up.ac.za/media/shared/565/2020/infoguide-2020-final-20.11.2019.zp183038.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.</ref> Insyd 2008, de university award 15.8% of all masters den doctorate degrees insyd South Africa, de highest percentage insyd de country. De DHET report, dem release insyd March 2019, dey show dat UP achieve de highest percentage (10,93%) of de total research output units of all South African universities for 2017. Fifty-three UP researchers dey insyd de top 1% according to de Web of Science Index of 2019.<ref>[https://issuu.com/universityofpretoria/docs/up_in_a_nutshell?fr=sMTI3MTIzMjQ4NA "UP in a Nutshell 2019"]. ''Issuu''. p. 12. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211204191247/https://issuu.com/universityofpretoria/docs/up_in_a_nutshell?fr=sMTI3MTIzMjQ4NA Archived] from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</ref> Dem commonly dey refer to de university as UP, Tuks, anaa Tukkies<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241214051734/https://issuu.com/universityofpretoria/docs/up_in_a_nutshell/1 "UP in a Nutshell"]. ''issuu''. 26 September 2019. p. 2.</ref> den insyd post-nominals de university be typically abbreviated as '''Pret''' anaa '''UP''', although dem sanso dey use '''Pretoria''' insyd official publications. == Administration den organisation == === Governance === As set out insyd de Higher Education Act No 101 of 1997, de university be governed by de council plus de vice-chancellor den principal, Tawana Kupe, de executive head responsible for de day-to-day administration, den de chancellor, Justice Sisi Khampempe, be de non-resident titular head of de university.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140816182206/http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=6 "Management & Governance"]. Web.up.ac.za. Archived from [http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=6 the original] on 16 August 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</ref><ref>[https://www.up.ac.za/news/post_2735543-university-of-pretoria-appoints-new-vice-chancellor-and-principal "University of Pretoria appoints new Vice-Chancellor and Principal"]. University of Pretoria. 26 November 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190221114000/https://www.up.ac.za/news/post_2735543-university-of-pretoria-appoints-new-vice-chancellor-and-principal Archived] from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2019.</ref> De registrar be responsible for de academic administration of de university, as well as legal matters, wey ebe secretary to de University Council den Senate. Dem divide de university ein academic activities into nine faculties den one business school. Whilst de faculties dey comprise 140 departments den 85 institutes, bureaus den centres.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141025113851/http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=1 "About UP"]. Web.up.ac.za. Archived from [http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=1 the original] on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Faculty founding |- |'''Faculty''' |'''Year dem found''' |- |Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences |1920 |- |Faculty of Education |1902 |- |Engineering, Built Environment den Information Technology |1908 |- |Faculty of Health Sciences |1943 |- |Faculty of Humanities |1908 |- |Faculty of Law |1908 |- |Faculty of Natural den Agricultural Sciences |1917 |- |Faculty of Theology |1919 |- |Faculty of Veterinary Science |1920 |- |Gordon Institute of Business Science |2000 |} == Academics == === Archives === Insyd 1978 de first task group responsible for de investigation make dem dey create archive system for de University of Pretoria na ebe chaired by Prof. A.N. Pelzer (Vice-rector). Due to de death of Prof. Pelzer insyd 1981 dem stall de project, buh by 1994 de need for central archive system na dem sanso recognise am by de acting Registrar, Prof. C.R. de Beer. Na dem finally establish de archives by 13 September 1994 by de Management of de university den dem consider dis date as de founding date of de archives of de University of Pretoria.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130616084535/http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=9681&language=0 "Founding"]. Archived from [http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=9681&language=0 the original] on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.</ref> === Research === De university ein achievements den performance insyd research locally den internationally, dey include ein collaboration den cooperation plus de private sector, industry, science councils, foundations den NGOs, de large number of graduates wey e produce (particularly doctoral den oda postgraduate students) as well as scientists den engineers den ein focus for innovation top, dey contribute directly towards make e dey enhance de South Africa ein competitiveness.<ref>[http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008-02-18-eyeing-the-oxbridge-league "Eyeing the Oxbridge league"]. mg.co.za. 18 February 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120516005154/http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008-02-18-eyeing-the-oxbridge-league Archived] from the original on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</ref> 2010 report by Centre for Higher Education Transformation identify de university as top research-intensive university insyd South Africa.<ref>McGregor, Karen (23 May 2010). [http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20100523104119724 "SOUTH AFRICA: New university clusters emerge"]. ''University World News''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160128125624/http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20100523104119724 Archived] from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2010.</ref> De university be member of de CDIO Initiative, international engineering education collaboration.<ref>[http://www.engsc.ac.uk/er/cdio/index.asp "CDIO"]. Engsc.ac.uk. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090824202313/http://www.engsc.ac.uk/er/cdio/index.asp Archived] from the original on 24 August 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.cdio.org/implementing-cdio-your-institution/collaboration "CDIO"]. Cdio.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120305103524/http://www.cdio.org/implementing-cdio-your-institution/collaboration Archived] from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</ref> De strategic alliance dem form insyd 1999 between de University of Pretoria den de Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), na dem abandon am for reasons dem no publish.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120224151730/http://www.seralliance.com/pdfs/sera_annual_review_2002.pdf "Highlights and Achievements"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.seralliance.com/pdfs/sera_annual_review_2002.pdf the original] (PDF) on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</ref> Dis alliance, wich na ebe known as de Southern Education and Research Alliance<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051221095821/http://www.seralliance.com/ "SERA – Southern Education and Research Alliance"]. Archived from [http://www.seralliance.com/ the original] on 21 December 2005. Retrieved 5 January 2006.</ref> (SERA), dem collaborate locally den internationally plus universities, NGOs, companies den multinational bodies for various research areas insyd.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120224151838/http://www.seralliance.com/pdfs/sera_relationships.pdf "SERA Relationships and Links"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.seralliance.com/pdfs/sera_relationships.pdf the original] (PDF) on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</ref> Notable research dey include: * Centre for Human Rights * Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI) * African Centre for Genome Technologies * Department of Zoology & Entomology === '''Reputation den ranking''' === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |University rankings |- ! colspan="2" |Global – Overall |- !''ARWU'' World<ref>[http://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/university-of-pretoria "ARWU World University Rankings 2023"]. ''www.shanghairanking.com''. Retrieved 24 February 2024.</ref> |401–500 (2023) |- !''QS'' World<ref>[https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-pretoria "University of Pretoria"]. ''Top Universities''. 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</ref> |=323 (2024) |- !''THE'' World<ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-pretoria "Pretoria University"]. ''Times Higher Education World University Rankings''. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</ref> |501–600 (2024) |} {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |'''UP Times Higher Education Ranking 2016 to 2024''' |- !Year !World Rank |- |2024 |501–600 |- |2023 |801–1000 |- |2022 |601–800 |- |2021 |601–800 |- |2020 |601–800 |- |2019 |601–800 |- |2018 |601–800 |- |2017 |601-800 |- |2016 |501-600 |- | colspan="2" |<ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2024 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2023 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2022/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2022 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2021 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2020/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2020 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2019/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2019 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2018/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2018 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2017/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2017 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2016 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2015/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2015 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2014/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2014 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2013/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2013 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2012/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2012 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2011/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2011 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref> |} De QS World University Rankings dey rank de university as follows:<ref>[https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-pretoria "UP"]. ''QS World University Rankings''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180423234453/https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-pretoria Archived] from the original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Year !World rank !Art & Humanities !Archaeology !Biological Sciences !Engineering & IT !Life Sciences !Agriculture & Forestry !Theology !Social Sciences |- |2020 |551–570 |383 |151–200 |301–350 |364 |348 |51–100 |51–100 |320 |- |2019 |561–570 |365 |151–200 |301–350 |401–450 |360 |101–150 |51–100 |334 |- |2018 |501–550 |345 |151–200 |351–400 |— |391 |101–150 |51–100 |398 |- |2017 |451–500 |351–400 |151–200 |301–350 |351–400 |— |101–150 |51–100 |351–400 |- |2016 |401–500 |— |— |301–400 |291 |— |101–150 |— |— |- |2015 |501+ |— |— |301–400 |— |— |101–150 |— |— |- |2014 |469 |405 |— |— |368 |367 |51–100 |— |290 |} {| class="wikitable" !Financial Times World Ranking !2007 !2008 !2009 !2010 !2011 !2012 !2013 !2104 !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 |- |Executive MBA<ref name=":1" /> | - | - | - | - |67 |60 |70 |80 |87 |74 |87 |67 |82 | |- |Executive Education Customised<ref name=":1" /> |49 |51 |41 |38 | - |42 |– |53 |53 |45 |41 |51 |45 |60 |- |Executive Education Open<ref>[http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/university-of-pretoria-gibs "University of Pretoria GIBS"]. Rankings.ft.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200518001136/http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/university-of-pretoria-gibs Archived] from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</ref> |39 |38 |49 |50 |49 |47 |– |45 |48 |46 |52 |45 |38 |32 |} Insyd January 2011 Webometrics rank de university as de 2nd insyd South Africa den Africa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091004092257/http://www.webometrics.info/top100_continent.asp?cont=africa "Top Africa"]. Archived from [http://www.webometrics.info/top100_continent.asp?cont=africa the original] on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 15 September 2009.</ref> Insyd January 2015 Webometrics rank de university as de 3rd insyd South Africa den 4th Africa.<ref name=":2">[http://webometrics.info/en/Africa "Africa"]. ''webometrics.info''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150905160943/http://webometrics.info/en/Africa Archived] from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.</ref> Insyd July 2015 Webometrics rank de university as de 4th insyd South Africa den Africa.<ref name=":2" /> GIBS sanso rank insyd de top 100 – UK Financial Times Executive MBA Ranking 2019.<ref>[https://www.gibs.co.za/news-events/news/Pages/GIBS-again-ranks-in-the-top-100---UK-Financial-Times-Executive-MBA-Ranking-2019.aspx "GIBS again ranks in the top 100 – UK Financial Times Executive MBA Ranking 2019"]. ''gibs.co.za''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211123061839/https://www.gibs.co.za/news-events/news/Pages/GIBS-again-ranks-in-the-top-100---UK-Financial-Times-Executive-MBA-Ranking-2019.aspx Archived] from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="100" style="font-size:100%; line-height:130%"> File:Kya Rosa, b, Tuks-hoofingang.jpg|Kya Rosa, de original building of de Transvaal University College File:University of Pretoria Student Council.jpg|De first student council insyd 1909 File:University of Pretoria mascot - Oom Gert.jpg|De university ein mascot, Oom Gert insyd 1939 </gallery> == Student life == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Number of Student Registrations per Ethnic Group !Ethnic Group !2020 !% !2021 !% !2022 !% |- |African |26,831 |52% |29,542 |54.79% |31,281 |57.4% |- |Coloured |1,558 |3% |1,680 |3.11% |1,758 |3.2% |- |Indian |3,205 |6.2% |3,516 |6.52% |3,452 |6.3% |- |White |19,336 |37.9% |19,141 |35.5% |17,929 |32.9% |- |Undisclosed |25 |0.1% |33 |0.1% |46 |0.1% |- !Total !50,955 !100% !53,912 !100% !54,446 !100% |} === Mascot === Oom Gert (dey translate affectionately to Uncle Gert, from Dutch den Afrikaans) na ebe de official university mascot since 1929 wey ebe de object of perennial kidnappings dem attempt.<ref>[http://web.up.ac.za/pdfs/9426_Oom%20Gert%2592s%20new%20home.pdf "Oom Gert's new home"] (PDF). [https://web.archive.org/web/20121030091337/http://web.up.ac.za/pdfs/9426_Oom%20Gert%2592s%20new%20home.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.</ref> === Student media === De Perdeby (<abbr>lit.</abbr> De Wasp), de official university newspaper, na dem found am insyd 1939<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120401175118/http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=9792 "University of Pretoria Historical Overview"]. Web.up.ac.za. Archived from [http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=9792 the original] on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</ref> wey e get readership of approximately 30,000.<ref>[http://www.veldfiremedia.com/index.php/pretoria-university-student-newspaper-perdeby "Perdeby"]. Veldfiremedia.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120225062254/http://veldfiremedia.com/index.php/pretoria-university-student-newspaper-perdeby Archived] from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</ref> Tuks FM (107.2 FM), de campus radio station, na dem establish am for 9 February 1981 wey dem host by university students den broadcast to de Northern Gauteng area.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120102051023/http://www.tuksfm.co.za/Custom/history.html "History"]. Tuksfm.co.za. 11 February 2008. Archived from [http://www.tuksfm.co.za/Custom/history.html the original] on 2 January 2012.</ref> === Civic service === Dem dey perform civic service den outreach programmes insyd de fields for wich na de university prove competencies. Dese fields dey include professional associations, business den management wey dem dey perform am insyd communities wey be underdevelop anaa dem dey develop.<ref>[http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=9758&subid=9758&ipklookid=2 "More about the Department of Community Engagement"]. Web.up.ac.za. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111215122052/http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=9758&subid=9758&ipklookid=2 Archived] from the original on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</ref> == Alumni den people == De university, for more dan century of academic service insyd, deliver more dan 250,000 alumni.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170912192759/http://www.up.ac.za/en/news/post_2258354-up-celebrates-250-000-alumni "UP celebrates 250 000 alumni"]. Archived from [http://www.up.ac.za/en/news/post_2258354-up-celebrates-250-000-alumni the original] on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</ref> == Notable faculty == * Theo Akkermann (1907–1982), German sculptor * Conrad J. Wethmar, systematic theologian * Johan Heyns, systematic theologian * Shudufhadzo Musida, Miss South Africa 2020 * Lalela Mswane, Miss South Africa 2021 den Miss Supranational 2022 == References == <references /> == Read further == * Duffey, Alexander et al. The Art & Heritage Collections of the University of Pretoria (2008) * van der Watt, F. Rectores Magnifici (2003). 196pp. ISBN 978-1-86919-043-9 * Roodt, P.H., ed. Amfiteater: skrywerstemme van oud-Tukkies (2008) Protea Boekhuis * Botha, M.C. Foundation stone laid at the University of Pretoria (1942) [http://hdl.handle.net/2263/180 ''UPSpace at the University of Pretoria: Hoeksteenlegging by Universiteit van Pretoria''] == External links == Wikimedia Commons get media wey dey relate to '''''[[commons:Category:University_of_Pretoria|University of Pretoria]]'''''. * [https://www.up.ac.za/ Official website] * [http://www.up.ac.za/media/shared/520/ZP_Files/Publications/up_in_a_nutshell-2013eng1.zp39673.pdf University of Pretoria in a Nutshell 2012/13] * [http://repository.up.ac.za/ – Digital Research Repository of the University of Pretoria] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081221212541/http://www.up.ac.za/life/eng/index.html Life at UP] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230129223125/http://up.on-wiki.net/ UP Wiki] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090520172721/http://www.tukkieslife.co.za/ Tukkies Life] {{Authority control}} [[Category:University of Pretoria]] [[Category:1908 establishments insyd South Africa]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1908]] [[Category:Schools insyd Pretoria]] [[Category:Public universities insyd South Africa]] [[Category:Universities insyd Gauteng]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1908]] [[Category:Education insyd Pretoria]] [[Category:Education insyd Gauteng]] ryazd05dnh37p4x00le82nz2h86xozd 0 14016 101668 82331 2026-06-11T01:00:14Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 101668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Omotola Jalade Ekeinde''' (dem born '''Omotola Jalade''', 7 February 1978) be Nigerian actress, singer, philanthropist den former model.<ref name=":0">[http://edition.cnn.com/2014/01/17/showbiz/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-queen-nollywood/index.html "Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde: 10 things to know about 'Omosexy'"]. ''CNN Entertainment''. 17 January 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2022.</ref><ref>Okafor, Kelvin (3 February 2021). [https://www.legit.ng/1102269-omotola-jalade-biography.html "Omotola Jalade Ekeinde biography: Age, husband, children, movies"]. ''legit.ng''. Retrieved 15 March 2022.</ref> Since ein Nollywood film debut insyd 1995, Ekeinde appear insyd over 300 films, dey sell millions of copies.<ref name=":0" /> Omotola be de second Nigerian den first Nigerian celebrity wey receive over 1 million likes for ein Facebook page top.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201302181875.html "Nigeria: Omotola Hits 1 Million Facebook Likes"]. ''Leadership''. 16 February 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013 – via All Africa.</ref><ref>Alonge, Osagie (10 February 2013). [https://thenet.ng/omotola-surpasses-1m-likes-on-facebook/ "Omotola surpasses 1m 'likes' on Facebook"]. ''Nigeria Entertainment Today''.</ref> Rydee, she get a total of 3 million followers for Facebook top.<ref>Odumade, Omotolani. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160718224358/http://pulse.ng/celebrities/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-actress-celebrates-3m-followers-on-facebook-id5258216.html "Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde: Actress celebrates 3m followers on Facebook"]. ''Pulse Nigeria''. Retrieved 20 July 2016.</ref> Insyd 2013, na dem include am insyd ''Time'' magazine ein list of de 100 most influential people insyd de world.<ref name=":3">Corliss, Richard (18 April 2013). [https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/omotola-jalade-ekeinde/ "The 2013 Time 100: Omotola Jalade Ekeinde"]. ''Time magazine''. London. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref> Insyd 2013, na Ekeinde make a brief appearance for VH1 ein scripted series, ''Hit the Floor''.<ref>A. Obenson, Tambay (24 June 2013). [https://www.imdb.com/news/ni55839009/ "Nigerian Actress Omotola Jalade Ekeinde Will Make USA TV Debut On 'Hit The Floor' Tonight"]. ''IMDb''. IndieWire. Retrieved 28 June 2013.</ref> For 2 November 2013, na she speak at de 2013 edition of de WISE- Summit, wey dem hold insyd Doha, Qatar.<ref>Omolewa, Mufutau (3 November 2013). [http://www.modernghana.com/movie/25209/3/gorgeous-omotola-speaks-at-the-wise-summit-in-doha.html "Gorgeous Omotola speaks at the WISE Summit in Doha,Qatar(PHOTOS)"]. ''ModernGhana''. Retrieved 16 December 2013.</ref> Insyd 2014, na dem honour am by de Nigerian government, wey she cam turn a Member of de Order of de Federal Republic (MFR) give ein contributions to Nigerian cinema.<ref>Mojeed, Musikilu (18 September 2014). [https://www.premiumtimesng.com/headlines/168316-jonathans-steward-taxi-driver-traffic-warden-304-other-nigerians-get-national-honours.html "Jonathan's steward, taxi driver, traffic warden, 304 other Nigerians get National Honours"]. ''Premium Times''. Retrieved 24 September 2014.</ref> == Ein early life den education == Omotola Jalade, wey be of Ondo descent, dem born am insyd Lagos State. Na she grow up plus ein parents den two younger brothers, Tayo den Bolaji Jalade. Na ein mommie, Oluwatoyin Jalade née Amori Oguntade, Husby Captain Matthew Ekeinde, work at J.T Chanrai Nigeria, den ein poppie, Oluwashola Jalade, work for de YMCA den de Lagos Country Club.<ref name=":1">[https://heelsofinfluence.com/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-2/ "Omotola Jalade Ekeinde"]. ''Heels of Influence''. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</ref> She attend Chrisland School, Opebi (1981–1987), Oxford Children School (1987), Santos Layout, den Command Secondary School, Kaduna (1988–1993).<ref name=":2">The360reporters (20 April 2020). [https://www.the360report.com/2020/04/20/omotola-jalade-ekeide-biography-and-net-worth/ "Omotola Jalade Ekeinde Net Worth 2020_Biography, Age, Marriage, Movies And Endorsements Deals"]. ''Latest News and Entertainment Updates''. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</ref> She get a brief stint at [[Obafemi Awolowo University]] wey she plete ein studies at [[Yaba College of Technology]] (1996–2004), wey she study Estate Management. Na originally she wan a career insyd business management.<ref name=":1" /> However, as she dey await for ein results from university, she begin dey model make she earn a living.<ref name=":1" /> == Ein career == '''<big>Acting career</big>''' Na dem introduce Ekeinde to acting while dey accompany a friend to an audition. Na ein first acting role be insyd de 1995 film ''Venom of Justice'',<ref>[https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/05/17/omosexy-celebrates-25-years-in-entertainment-with-sexy-look/ "Omosexy celebrates 25 years in entertainment with sexy look - P.M. News".].</ref> wey Reginald Ebere direct am.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201030233237/https://www.insidenolly.ng/reginald-ebere/ "Reginald Ebere (Writer, Director) | Movies | INSIDENOLLY"]. ''www.insidenolly.ng''.</ref> na dem give am de lead role insyd de film. Ein first major role be insyd de film ''Mortal Inheritance'' (1995), wey she play a sickle-cell patient wey fight for ein life against small odds of survival.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2014/01/17/showbiz/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-queen-nollywood/ "Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde: 10 things to know about 'Omosexy'"]. January 2014.</ref> Since den, she star insyd chaw films, wey dey include ''Games Women Play'',<ref>izuzu, chibumga (19 June 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20241201023114/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/throwback-thursday-throwback-to-the-movie-games-women-play/hsx4b2z "Throwback to the Movie "Games Women Play""]. ''Pulse Nigeria''.</ref> ''Blood Sisters'',<ref>''[[oclc:558658799|Blood sister]]''. 31 March 2003. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/558658799 558658799] – via Open WorldCat.</ref> ''All My Life'', ''Last Wedding'', ''My Story'', ''The Woman in Me'' den others. For ein role insyd ''Mortal Inheritance'', she win "Best Actress in an English Speaking Movie" den "Best Actress Overall" at de 1997 Movie Awards. She be de youngest actress insyd Nigeria for dat time make she win dis.<ref>[https://nigerianfinder.com/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-biography-career-age-husband-children-movies/ "Omotola Jalade Ekeinde Biography: Career, Husband, Children, Movies"]. ''nigerianfinder.com''. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</ref> Insyd de late 1990s den early 2000s, she star insyd chaw sequel films, wey dey include ''Lost Kingdom II'', ''Kosorogun II'', den ''Blood Sister II'', dey lead to a grand achiever award from de Global Excellence Recognition Awards insyd 2004. Na dem award am best Actress insyd a supporting role during de Africa Movie Academy Awards insyd 2005.<ref>Folaranmi, Femi (13 May 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060909132636/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/showtime/2005/may/13/showtime-13-05-2005-006.htm "Rhythm of a new world of movies As Nollywood stars storm Yenagoa for AMAA"]. ''The Daily Sun''. Archived from [http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/showtime/2005/may/13/showtime-13-05-2005-006.htm the original] on 9 September 2006. Retrieved 29 May 2013.</ref> After she shoot roughly three hundred video movies, Ekeinde receive ein first cinematic movie role insyd de 2010 film "''Ije".''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130117085830/http://ijethemovie.com/ "IJE"]. Vow Foundation. Archived from [http://ijethemovie.com/ the original] on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</ref> Dem shoot dis film at locations insyd Jos den de [[United States]]. "''Ije"'' be de highest grossing Nollywood film at de time – A feat wey later ''Phone Swap (2012)'' break am. Insyd 2012, she star insyd de Nollywood thriller, ''Last Flight to Abuja'' wey cam turn de second-highest-grossing movie insyd [[West Africa|West African]] cinemas insyd 2012''.''<ref>[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/08/last-flight-to-abuja-grosses-n8m-in-the-box-office/ "Last Flight to Abuja grosses N8m in the box office"]. ''Vanguard Newspaper''. Vanguard. 18 August 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.informationng.com/2012/11/omotola-clinches-actress-of-the-year-award.html "Omotola Clinches Actress of the Year Award"]. ''The Daily Sun''. 26 November 2012.</ref> She go on go win over forty domestic den international awards.<ref>James, Osaremen Ehi (11 November 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130313063016/http://nigeriafilms.com/news/19501/2/omotola-emerges-biggest-box-office-actress-of-the-.html "Omotola Emerges Biggest Box-Office Actress of the Year ...As Last Flight To Abuja Becomes 2012 Best Box-Office Hit"]. Nigeria films. Archived from [http://nigeriafilms.com/news/19501/2/omotola-emerges-biggest-box-office-actress-of-the-.html the original] on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013.</ref><ref>[https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/omotola-jalade-ekeinde/ "The 2013 Time 100: Omotola Jalade Ekeinde"]. ''Shout-Africa''. 18 April 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref><ref>Media, Bigsam (8 August 2012). [http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvmovie/96039/3/last-flight-to-abuja-is-the-number-2-film-in-west-.html "Last Flight to Abuja is the number 2 film in West African Cinemas"]. ''The Nigerian Voice''. Retrieved 26 May 2013.</ref> Insyd 2015, Ekeinde celebrate ein 20th anniversary insyd de entertainment industry, wey she appear insyd about two hundred films.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150114183207/http://pulse.ng/movies/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-omosexy-is-a-nollywood-cornerstone-yahoo-id3399022.html ""Omosexy is a Nollywood cornerstone" – Yahoo"]. ''Pulse Nigeria''. Chidumga Izuzu. 11 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.</ref> Insyd June 2018, Ekeinde den fellow Nigerian Femi Odugbemi receive invitations to be voting members for de Academy Awards.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200122131241/https://guardian-ng.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/guardian.ng/news/meet-voting-members-of-oscars-2018-odugbemi-omotola/amp?usqp=mq331AQCCAE=&amp_js_v=0.1#referrer=https://www.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251$s&ampshare=https://guardian.ng/news/meet-voting-members-of-oscars-2018-odugbemi-omotola/ "Meet voting members of Oscars 2018: Odugbemi, Omotola"]. Retrieved 25 July 2018.</ref> === Music career === Ekeinde launch a music career insyd 2005 plus de release of ein debut album dem title am "gba". De album don produce de singles "Naija Lowa" den "The Things You Do To Me."<ref>''[http://www.rhapsody.com/artist/omotola/album/gba-blue-pie/track/honey-boy Honey Boy]'', 1 January 2006, retrieved 3 January 2018</ref><ref>[https://buzznigeria.com/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-biography-family/ "Omotola Jalade Ekeinde's Biography and Age Accomplishments"]. ''BuzzNigeria.com''. 22 June 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2022.</ref> Ein unreleased second album – ''Me, Myself, and Eyes'', bring insyd production from Paul Play den Del B. Na e be supported by de songs "Feel Alright", dey feature Harrysong, den "Through the Fire", dey feature Uche.<ref>Media, Bigsam. [http://www.modernghana.com/ghanahome/photos/event_album.asp?parent_id=27252&action=view "HOW CELEBRITIES AND DIGNITARIES MINGLED AT OMOTOLA'S ALBUM LAUNCH"]. ''Modern Ghana''. Retrieved 19 July 2013.</ref> Insyd late 2012, Ekeinde begin dey work on ein third album wey enlist de help of The Bridge Entertainment. She go to Atlanta, Georgia insyd de United States make she work plus producers den songwriters wey fi help am create a sound wey go resonate plus American audiences. She get studio sessions plus Kendrick Dean, Drumma Boy den Verse Simmonds<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130123020201/http://www.nigerianmonitor.com/2013/01/18/2015/ "Omotola Jalade features top foreign acts in new album as she returns to music"]. ''Nigerian Monitor''. 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2013.</ref> wey she record a song plus singer Bobby V.<ref>Eta, Philip (28 January 2013). [http://dailypost.com.ng/2013/01/28/photospeak-omotola-jalade-ekeinde-records-with-bobby-v-in-atlanta/ "PHOTOSPEAK: Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde records with Bobby V in Atlanta"]. ''Daily Post''. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref><ref>James, Osaremen Ehi (28 January 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130202190808/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/20300/2/updated-omotola-storms-atlanta-studio-with-bobby-v.html <nowiki>"UPDATED: Omotola Storms Atlanta Studio With Bobby V [Picture]"</nowiki>]. ''Nigeria Films.com''. Archived from [http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/20300/2/updated-omotola-storms-atlanta-studio-with-bobby-v.html the original] on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013.</ref> === Reality show === Insyd 2012, Ekeinde sana launch a reality television show, ''Omotola: The Real Me'', for Africa Magic Entertainment top, a M-Net subsidiary broadcast for DStv top. She be de first Nigerian celebrity make she star insyd ein own reality show.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140319065204/http://africamagic.dstv.com/category/shows/omotola-the-real-me/ "Omotola:The Real Me"]. ''Africa Magic Dstv''. MultiChoice Ltd. Archived from [http://africamagic.dstv.com/category/shows/omotola-the-real-me/ the original] on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2013.</ref> == Ein philanthropy == Ekeinde can turn a United Nations World Food Programme Ambassador insyd 2005, dey go to missions insyd [[Sierra Leone|Sierra- Leone]] den [[Liberia]]. She sana dey support organisations wey dey include Charles Odii ein SME100 Africa wey empower youth den young women for society insyd. She be active insyd the Walk the World project wey she participate insyd de Walk the World campaign insyd Liberia plus President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf.<ref>Hunger, fight (7 March 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064627/http://www.movingtheworld.org/cordelia_salternour/blog/2007/03/07/gearing_up_for_walk_the_world_in_liberia "Gearing up for Walk the World in Liberia"]. ''TNT Corporate Responsibility''. Archived from [http://www.movingtheworld.org/cordelia_salternour/blog/2007/03/07/gearing_up_for_walk_the_world_in_liberia the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2012.</ref> Ein human rights campaign work be centered for ein NGO project, dem call am de Omotola Youth Empowerment Program (OYEP). Dis undertaking bring hundreds of youths togeda give de Empowerment Walk den Convention.<ref>Aiki, Damilare (24 January 2012). [http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/01/24/bn-exclusive-in-loving-memory-of-her-mother-omotola-jalade-ekeindes-foundation-oyep-gives-20-widows-amazing-makovers-must-see-photos/ "BN Exclusive: In Loving Memory of her Mother, Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde's Foundation OYEP gives 20 Widows AMAZING Makeovers – Must See Photos!"]. ''Bella Naija''. Retrieved 2 May 2013.</ref> She lend ein voice insyd 2010 to de "Rewrite The Future" campaign of Save The Children [[United Kingdom|UK]].<ref name=":2" /> She cam turn an Amnesty International campaigner insyd 2011 wey she participate insyd campaigns insyd Sierra-Leone (Maternal Mortality) den a 2012 campaign give de Niger Delta insyd Nigeria, wey she shoot a video dey ask Shell plc den de government to "own up, clean up, pay up| den take responsibility give de oil spills insyd de Niger Delta.<ref>Macnamara, Lucy (17 April 2012). [https://www.amnesty.org/en/blog/art-for-amnesty/nollywood-star-omotola-jalade-ekeinde-calls-shell-clean-niger-delta "'Nollywood' Star Omotola Jalade Ekeinde calls on Shell to clean up the Niger Delta"]. Amnesty International. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref><ref>Akintayo, Opeoluwani (7 January 2012). [https://www.amnesty.org/en/blog/art-for-amnesty/nollywood-star-omotola-jalade-ekeinde-calls-shell-clean-niger-delta "'Nollywood' Star Omotola Jalade Ekeinde calls on Shell to clean up the Niger Delta"]. ''All Africa''. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref> Insyd June 2020, she visit an orphanage home insyd [[Tanzania]] run by Tanzania Mitindo House wey dey focus on HIV infected kiddies, plus Tanzanian actress Wema Sepetu.<ref>[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/06/omotola-storms-tanzania-for-charity/ "Omotola storms Tanzania for charity"]. ''Vanguard News''. 29 June 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2021.</ref> To promote de 2021 World No Tobacco Day den de #SmokeFreeNollywood campaign, Ekeinde den actors (Dakore Egbuson-Akande, Daniel Effiong, Meg Otanwa, Michelle Dede, Osas Ighodaro) pledge make dem stop smoking insyd dema movie scenes, as e get a negative influence on young kiddies wey look up to dem.<ref>[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/05/world-no-tobacco-day-2021-nollywood-celebrities-pledge-to-stop-smoking-scenes/ "World No Tobacco Day 2021: Nollywood celebrities pledge to stop smoking scenes"]. ''Vanguard News''. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.</ref> De campaign be backed by US non-profit organization Tobacco-Free Kids den a sub-Saharan public strategy firm - Gatefield.<ref>"Omotola, Dakore, Nollywood artistes pledge to stop smoking scenes in movies". ''Daily Trust''. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.</ref><ref>[https://tribuneonlineng.com/omotola-dakore-others-pledge-to-stop-smoking-scenes-in-movies/ "Omotola, Dakore, others pledge to stop smoking scenes in movies"]. ''Tribune Online''. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.</ref> == Ein awards den recognition == Ekeinde get a regular column insyd ''OK! Nigeria Magazine'' dem title am "Omotola's Diary", wey dey feature writings about ein life den experiences.<ref>Aiki, Damilare (26 August 2012). [http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/lifestyle/Cocktails-With-Omotola-Jalade-Ekeinde_12345893 "Nollywood's Omotola; Cocktails with Omotola Jalade Ekeinde"]. ''Jamaica Observer''. Retrieved 2 May 2013.</ref> For 5 November 2013, she receive de Ebony Vanguard Award at de Music Video and Screen Awards (MVISA) wey dem hold am insyd Birmingham, England.<ref>Alonge, Osagie (7 November 2013). [https://thenet.ng/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-honoured-at-music-video-and-screen-awards/ "Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde honoured at Music Video and Screen Awards"]. Nigerian Entertainment Today. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140313235131/http://thenet.ng/2013/11/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-honoured-at-music-video-and-screen-awards/ Archived] from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</ref> For 9 November 2013, Oba Victor Kiladejo, de Royal king of Ondo Kingdom confer on Omotola a chieftaincy title insyd ein hometown of Ondo State.<ref>[http://news.naij.com/51433.html "Omotola Jalade, David Mark, Others Receive Chieftaincy Title in Ondo Kingdom"]. Naij News. 5 November 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</ref> Insyd 2012, CNN Travel include Ekeinde ein accent on dema list of de "world's twelve sexiest accents".<ref>Burchette, Jordan (30 November 2010). [http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/life/worlds-sexiest-accents-130333 "World's 12 sexiest accents"]. CNN. Retrieved 20 July 2013.</ref> De Nigerian accent rank fifth for de list. Insyd 2013, na dem include insyd ''Time'' magazine ein list of de 100 most influential people insyd de world.<ref name=":3" /> Na dem include Ekeinde insyd de list of Top 100 most influential Africans by New African magazine insyd 2013.<ref>[https://newsghana.com.gh/top-100-influential-people-in-africa-see-the-nigerian-list/ "Top 100 Influential People In Africa: See the Nigerian list"]. ''News Ghana''. 12 December 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2021.</ref> Insyd 2015, dem list am among de highest-grossing movie actors. Others for de list dey include Shah Rukh Khan, Frank Welker, Bob Bergen, Jack Angel, Mickie McGowan, Michael Papajohn, Martin Klebba, Clint Howard den Chris Ellis. Dis listing be compiled den researched by Yahoo!.<ref>[https://uk.yahoo.com/movies/the-highest-grossing-movie-stars-youve-never-107601608266.html "The Highest-Grossing Movie Stars You've Probably Never Heard Of"]. ''Yahoo Movies UK''. Retrieved 9 January 2015.</ref> == Ein life matter == Jalade marry Captain Matthew Ekeinde insyd 1996. Togeda, dem get four kiddies.<ref>[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/03/how-omotola-hubby-kept-the-nuptial-fire-burning-for-25-years/ "How Omotola, hubby kept the nuptial fire burning for 25 years"]. ''Vanguard News''. 28 March 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2022.</ref> == Ein selected filmography == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Actor |- |'''Title''' |'''Year''' |'''Role''' |'''Notes''' |- |''Iva'' |1993 | |Plus Francis Duru, Olu Jacobs |- |''Venom of Justice'' |1995 | | |- |''Mortal Inheritance'' |1996 |Kemi Johnson |Plus Fred Amata, Kunle Bamtefa, Abiola Atanda |- |''Scores to Settle'' |1998 | |Plus Liz Benson, Richard Mofe-Damijo, Teco Benson |- |''Lost Kingdom'' |1999 | |Plus Pete Edochie, Enebeli Elebuwa |- |''Kosorogun'' |2002 | |Plus Faithia Balogun, Shan George |- |''When Love Dies'' | rowspan="5" |2003 |Mary | |- |''Under Fire'' | |Plus Chiege Alisigwe, Charles Awurum |- |''The Outsider'' | | |- |''Rescue'' | | |- |''Blood Sisters'' |Gloria |Plus Genevieve Nnaji |- |''Royal Family'' | rowspan="3" |2004 | | |- |''Die Another Day'' |Queen | |- |''A Kiss from Rose'' | |Plus Desmond Elliot, Fred Amata |- |''Games Women Play'' | rowspan="2" |2005 |Yvonne | |- |''Brave Heart'' | |Plus Zack Orji, Emma Ayalogu |- |Taste of Sin |2006 |Debbie |Plus Funke Adewusi, Uduak Akrah |- |''The Revelation'' | rowspan="3" |2007 | | |- |''Sand in My Shoes'' | |Plus Tchidi Chikere, Mike Ezuruonye |- |''Careless Soul'' | |Plus Emeka Ike, Ralph Onu |- |''Yankee Girls'' | rowspan="2" |2008 |Immaculate |Plus Suen Akindele, Musa Abudu |- |''Temple of Justice'' | |Plus Nonso Diobi, Queen Nwokoye |- |''My Last Ambition'' |2009 |Amanda |Plus Nonso Diobi, Nadia Buari |- |''Ije: The Journey'' |2010 |Anya Opara Michino |Plus Genevieve Nnaji, Odalys Garcia, Ulrich Que |- |''A Private Storm'' |2010 |Gina |Plus Ramsey Nouah, Ufuoma Ejenobor, John Dumelo |- |''Ties That Bind'' |2011 |Adobea Onyomena |Plus Ama K. Abebrese, Kimberly Elise |- |''Last Flight to Abuja'' | rowspan="2" |2012 |Suzie |Plus Hakeem Kae-Kazim, Jim Iyke, Jide Kosoko |- |''Amina'' |Amina |Plus Charlie Buck, Alison Carroll, Jonathan Cohen |- |''Hit The Floor'' |2013 |Omotola | |- |''Blood on the Lagoon'' |2014<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160203092059/http://pulse.ng/movies/blood-in-the-lagoon-watch-omotola-jalade-ekeinde-okey-uzoeshi-in-trailer-id4634404.html ""Blood in the Lagoon" Watch Omotola Jalade Ekeinde, Okey Uzoeshi in trailer"]. ''Pulse.ng''. Chidumg Izuzu. 2 February 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.</ref> |Scarlett Belo |Plus Stephen Abeng, Akuma Agu, Niran Aladetan |- |''My Only Inheritance'' | | | |- |''Alter Ego'' | rowspan="3" |2017 |Ada Igwe |Plus Wale Ojo den Kunle Remi |- |The Island |Mrs Tokunbo Bowe Cole |TV series |- |The Tribunal | | |- |''Up Creek a Paddle'' |TBA |Desiye |Post production |- |''RattleSnake: The Ahanna Story'' |2020 |Maimuna Atafo |Plus Stan Nze, Osas Ighodaro |- |Shadow Parties |2021<ref>[[imdbname:2122395|"Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde | Actress, Writer, Producer"]]. ''IMDb''. Retrieved 17 June 2024.</ref> |as Princess Fadekemi |Plus Toyin Abraham, Ayanfe Adekunle |- |Lockdown |2021 |Dr Njoku |Plus Omini Aho, Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha |} == Ein discography == === Studio albums === * ''GBA'' (2005) * ''Me, Myself, and Eyes'' (unreleased) === Singles === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title !Album |- |2014 |"Barren Land"<ref>[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/omotola-releases-single-upcoming-album/ "Omotola releases single from upcoming album"]. Vanguard. 24 January 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.</ref> |''Me, Myself, and Eyes'' |- |2015 |"Strong Girl (Remix)"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150927215700/http://pulse.com.gh/music-videos/dbanj-bono-waje-omotola-jalade-ekeinde-star-in-conscious-strong-girl-remix-id4200409.html "D'banj Bono, Waje, Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde star in conscious 'Strong girl' remix"]. ''Pulse.com.gh''. David Mawuli. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2016.</ref> <small>As featured artiste</small> |— |} == Ein awards den nominations == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Award !Category !Recipient !Result !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |1997 | rowspan="2" |The Movie Awards (THEMA) |Best Actress English | rowspan="2" |''Mortal Inheritance'' |She win | |- |Best Actress Overall |She win | |- | rowspan="4" |2004 |City People awards for Excellence |Best Actress | rowspan="8" |Einself |She win | |- |Global Excellence Recognition Awards |Best Actress & Grand Achiever |She win | |- |Civil Enlightenment Organization of Nigeria (CEON) |Best Individual & Symbol of Creativity |She win | |- |NUSEC Awards |Best Actress |She win | |- |2005 |1st Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) |Best Actress in a Supporting Role |She win | |- |2006 |Youths Benefactor's Award |Most friendly Actress |She win | |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |2009 Best of Nollywood Awards |Best Actress Leading Role (Yoruba) |Dem nominate am | |- |2009 Nigeria Entertainment Awards |Best Actress |Dem nominate am | |- | rowspan="2" |2010 |2010 Nigeria Entertainment Awards |Best Actress Film/Short Story |''Deepest of Dreams'' |Dem nominate am | |- |2010 Ghana Movie Awards |Best Actress-Africa Collaboration |''A Private Storm'' |Dem nominate am | |- | rowspan="4" |2011 |8th Africa Movie Academy Awards |Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role | rowspan="2" |''Ties That Bind'' |Dem nominate am | |- |2011 Ghana Movie Awards |Best Actress-Africa Collaboration |She win | |- |2011 Best of Nollywood Awards |Best Actress Leading Role (English) |''A Private Storm'' |Dem nominate am | |- |2011 Nigeria Entertainment Awards |Best Actress Film/Short Story |''Ijé'' |Dem nominate am | |- | rowspan="7" |2012 |Eloy Awards |Actress of the Year |''Ties That Bind'' |She win | |- |Screen Nation Awards |Pan African Best Actress | rowspan="2" |Einself |She win | |- |Black Entertainment Film Fashion Television and Arts Awards (BEFFTA) |Film Actress Icon |She win | |- | rowspan="2" |2012 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards |GIAMA Humanitarian Award |Omotola Youth Empowerment Foundation |She win | |- |Viewers Choice -Female |Einself |Dem nominate am | |- |2012 Nigeria Entertainment Awards |Best Actress in A Film |''Ties That Bind'' |Dem nominate am | |- |2012 Nollywood Movies Awards |Best Actress in a Leading Role |''A Private Storm'' |Dem nominate am | |- | rowspan="3" |2013 |2013 Nollywood Movies Awards |Popular Online Choice | rowspan="2" |Einself |She win | |- |Music Video and Screen Awards (MVISA) |Ebony Vanguard Award |She win |<ref>[https://thenet.ng/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-honoured-at-music-video-and-screen-awards/ "Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde honoured at Music Video and Screen Awards"]. Nigerian Entertainment Today. 7 November 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131210235616/http://thenet.ng/2013/11/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-honoured-at-music-video-and-screen-awards/ Archived] from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.</ref> |- |2013 Nigeria Entertainment Awards |Best Lead Actress in a Film |''Last Flight to Abuja'' |Dem nominate am | |- |2014 |MTV Africa Music Awards 2014 |Personality of the Year |Einself |Dem nominate am |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140420073700/http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2014/04/17/mafikizolo-uhuru-davido-lead-nominations-for-mtv-africa-music-awards "Mafikizolo, Uhuru, Davido lead nominations for MTV Africa Music Awards"]. Sowetan LIVE. Retrieved 17 April 2014.</ref> |- |2016 |City People Social Media Awards |Female Entertainment Personality |Einself |She win |<ref>[http://www.informationng.com/2016/03/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-wins-award-as-female-entertainment-personality.html "Omotola Jalade Ekeinde Wins Award as 'Female Entertainment Personality'"]. 14 March 2016.</ref> |- | rowspan="6" |2017 |Nollywood Travel Film Festival | rowspan="2" |Best Actress | rowspan="2" |''Alter Ego'' |She win |<ref>[https://guardian.ng/life/film/omotola-jalade-wins-best-actress-award-at-nollywood-travel-film-festival/ "Omotola Jalade, wins best actress award at Nollywood Travel Film Festival"]. ''The Guardian (Nigeria)''. 18 September 2017.</ref> |- |Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival |She win | |- | rowspan="3" |Best of Nollywood Awards |Lifetime Achievement Award |Einself |She win | rowspan="3" |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211007214920/https://dailytrust.com/bon-awards-2017-kannywood-s-ali-nuhu-receives-special-recognition-award "BON Awards 2017: Kannywood's Ali Nuhu receives Special Recognition Award"]. ''Daily Trust''. 23 November 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2021.</ref> |- |Best Kiss in a Movie |Einself and Kunle Remmy |Dem nominate am |- | rowspan="2" |Best Actress Leading Role (English) | rowspan="3" |''Alter Ego'' |- |City People Movie Awards |Dem nominate am | |- |2018 |Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards (AMVCA) |Best Actress in a Movie/TV Series |She win |<ref>[https://allnews.ng/news/25yearsofomosexy-celebrating-the-achievements-of-nollywood-sweetheart "25YearsOfOmosexy: Celebrating Achievements Of Omot... - All News Nigeria"]. ''allnews.ng''. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</ref> |} == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q3511530|c=Category:Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [[imdbname:2122395|Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde]] at IMDb * [https://www.facebook.com/Realomosexy Omotola Jalade Ekeinde] on Facebook * [https://x.com/Realomosexy Omotola Jalade Ekeinde] on Twitter {{DEFAULTSORT:Ekeinde, Omotola Jalade}} [[Category:21st-century Nigerian women singers]] [[Category:1978 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Nigerian people]] [[Category:Yoruba actresses]] [[Category:Actresses wey komot Lagos]] [[Category:Nigerian philanthropists]] [[Category:Nigerian women philanthropists]] [[Category:20th-century Nigerian actresses]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian actresses]] [[Category:Yoruba women philanthropists]] [[Category:Nigerian Christians]] [[Category:Best Supporting Actress Africa Movie Academy Award winners]] [[Category:Yaba College of Technology alumni]] [[Category:Members of de Order of the Federal Republic]] [[Category:Actresses insyd Yoruba cinema]] [[Category:English-language singers wey komot Nigeria]] [[Category:Obafemi Awolowo University alumni]] [[Category:Models wey komot Lagos]] [[Category:Yoruba women musicians]] [[Category:Yoruba female models]] [[Category:Actresses wey komot Ondo State]] 3hb2v0jdmajkqrf3qnikchf1qfqwz66 0 27258 101652 101254 2026-06-10T20:40:35Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 101652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Mara River''' be a river wey dey begin dey flow from Narok County insyd [[Kenya]] den dey end insyd Mara Region insyd [[Tanzania]]. E dey lie across de migration path of ungulates insyd de Maasai Mara/Serengeti ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Serengeti Ecosystem {{!}} Management {{!}} Vancouver Island University {{!}} Canada |url=https://management.viu.ca/landscape-level/serengeti-ecosystem |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=management.viu.ca}}</ref> ==De River ein flow== De Mara River basin dey cover a surface of 13,504 km² (5,214 sq mi), of wich approximately 65% dey locate insyd Kenya den 35% insyd Tanzania.<ref>Jim K. Kairu, "Biodiversity Action Plan for Sustainable Management: Mara River Basin" (WWF, 2008)</ref> From ein sources insyd de Kenyan highlands, de river dey flow for about 395 km (245 mi) den dey originate from de Mau Escarpment den dey drain into [[Lake Victoria]]. De basin fi be roughly divided into four land use den/anaa administrative units. == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Bridges-across-Mara-2012.JPG|thumb|Bridges wey dey on de border of Kenya den Tanzania File:Hipp04(js).jpg|thumb|Hippo plus calf, Mara River, Kenya </gallery> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200518203348/http://www.gabepalacio.com/mara.html gabepalacio.com: Mara River virtual Tour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518203348/http://www.gabepalacio.com/mara.html |date=2020-05-18 }} (requires QuickTime plugin) * [http://www.maratriangle.org The Mara Triangle] The Mara River defines the boundaries of the Mara Triangle in the Masai Mara * [https://www.serengeti.com/ Serengeti] Mara River flows from Masai Mara into Serengeti {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rivers of Kenya]] [[Category:Rivers of Tanzania]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Tributaries of Lake Victoria]] [[Category:Geography of Mara Region]] 3v02b0dwyszga0gk2k17snssf5utvs3 0 27266 101603 100494 2026-06-10T13:55:29Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Kenya’s_Ewaso_Nyiro_River_Dries.jpg|thumb|De dry river bed be exposed for dis true-colour image.]] '''Ewaso Ng'iro''', wey dem dey call am '''Ewaso Nyiro''', be river wey dey [[Kenya]] wey dey rise for de west side of Mount Kenya wey dey flow north, den east den finally south-east, wey dey pass thru [[Somalia]] wey dey join de [[Jubba River]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84353-359-6 |title=Kenya and northern Tanzania: Rough Guide map |date=2007 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-84353-359-7 |location=London}}</ref> De river ein name dey comot from de local community ein Maasai language, wey dey mean river wey brown anaa muddy water. Downstream, de intermittent stream wey dey Somalia wey dem sanso dey call am '''Lagh Dera'''. De upper basin of de Ewaso Ng'iro River be {{convert|15,200|km2|sqmi|adj=on|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |last=Makali |first=Samuel |author2=Boniface Kiteme |date=September 2005 |title=The Upper Ewaso Ng’iro Basin, Kenya |url=http://www.netwas.org/newsletter/articles/2005/09/5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524041456/http://www.netwas.org/newsletter/articles/2005/09/5 |archive-date=2007-05-24 |access-date=2007-06-21 |publisher=Network for Water and Sanitation}}</ref> De river get a continuous water supply secof de glaciers for Mount Kenya. Ewaso Ng'iro dey feed into Lake Ol Bolossat, de only lake for Nyandarua County den de larger Central Kenya,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mulli |first=Thorn |title=Discovering Central Kenya's only natural lake |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000172240/discovering-central-kenya-s-only-natural-lake |access-date=2019-02-23 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A wreath for Ewaso Ng'iro |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/1190-156772-ghtyy1z/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223134934/https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/1190-156772-ghtyy1z/index.html |archive-date=2019-02-23 |access-date=2019-02-23 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why lake that feeds Ewaso was declared protected area |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018/02/20/why-lake-that-feeds-ewaso-was-declared-protected-area_c1708470 |access-date=2019-02-23 |website=The Star, Kenya |language=en}}</ref> wey dey cross seven arid to semi-arid landscapes. Ebe characterized by vastly different physiographic features den species wey cam be a fundamental component for de survival of de wildlife, as well as de expansion of de human population den socio-economic developments. Water, de limited land resource wey de Ewaso Ng’iro watershed provide, be unevenly distributed throughout de higher den lower regions of de catchment secof de large percentage necessary to maintain agricultural practices den climatic changes.[[File:EwasoNgiroRiverKenya.jpg|left|thumb|Ewaso Ng'iro insyd Shaba National Reserve, Kenya]] De river dey draw wildlife insyd great numbers wey ein banks, dey create an oasis wey be green. Samburu, Shaba den Buffalo Springs National Reserves insyd Northern Kenya teem den wildlife insyd an otherwise arid land, secof de water wey dey de river. Below Saricho, de river expand insyd de Lorian Swamp, a large area wey dey wetlands.<ref>{{cite book |author=R. H. Hughes, J. S. Hughes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA194 |title=A directory of African wetlands |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |ISBN=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> De ecological diversity throughout de catchment be unique to de Ewaso Ng’iro watershed specifically, as e dey originate from de high agriculturally potent lands of Mount Kenya, right at Thome Area of Nanyuki-Laikipia County, wey dey mean de exact start point of dis river be at de Thome village wer dem form am out of convergence of Naromoru River, wey dey source water from Mt. Kenya, wey Ngarinyiru River dey source water from Aberdares wey e dey flow over de following seven arid to semi-arid land districts of Meru, Laikipia, Samburu, Isiolo, Wajir, Marsabit, den Garissa (Said et al. 14). Dey follow de independence of Kenya, de stretches of land wey de Ewaso Ng’iro watershed cover shift ownership from de colonial farmers to small-scale farmers. Ewaso Narok River be one of ein tributaries. Thomson's Falls near Nyahururu town dey locate along Ewaso Narok. == References == <references /> == External links == {{commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rivers of Kenya]] [[Category:Rivers of Somalia]] 87oloioejo1vlenndyvzlqw9lf8oske 0 27267 101611 100516 2026-06-10T14:02:54Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 101611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Moa River''' ('''Makona River''')<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Liberia - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Liberia |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref> be river insyd [[West Africa]]. E dey arise insyd de highlands for [[Guinea]] den dey flow southwest, wey dey form parts for de Guinea–[[Liberia]] den de Guinea – [[Sierra Leone]] borders. Edey flow into de Southern Province for Sierra Leone.<ref name=":0" /> Yenga, Tiwai Island den Sulima wey dey Moa. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Rivers of Sierra Leone]] [[Category:Rivers of Guinea]] [[Category:Rivers of Liberia]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Guinea–Liberia border]] [[Category:Guinea–Sierra Leone border]] [[Category:Southern Province, Sierra Leone]] [[Category:Border rivers]] skbhlc4v9s1mxc52b6y9v0gp2lww0yo 0 27268 101623 100518 2026-06-10T14:14:51Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 101623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Fish River''' ('''Visrivier''' insyd Afrikaans, '''Fischfluss''' insyd German) be a river insyd [[Namibia]]. E be 650&nbsp;km long, wey dey flow from de Naukluft Mountains<ref name=namtrav>{{cite web| url=http://www.namibia-travel.net/travelguide/southern-namibia/fish-river-canyon.html | title=Fish River Canyon | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408093457/http://www.namibia-travel.net/travelguide/southern-namibia/fish-river-canyon.html | archive-date=2019-04-08}}</ref> 150&nbsp;km to de Hardap Dam near Mariental. From der de flow be entirely blocked,<ref name=namtrav/> all further flow downstream wey dey cam from tributaries downstream from de dam. De flow of de river be seasonal; insyd winter de river fi dry up completely. De river be de site of de spectacular Fish River Canyon, Africa ein largest canyon, wich be 160&nbsp;km long, den at points as much as 550 m deep. De outflow of de Fish River dey join de [[Orange River]] at de border plus [[South Africa]] about 100&nbsp;km from de [[Atlantic Ocean]]. == References == <references /> == External links == ep8hla8hj5ow9airwfwlvi20qgno1xn 101625 101623 2026-06-10T14:20:08Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Fish River''' ('''Visrivier''' insyd Afrikaans, '''Fischfluss''' insyd German) be a river insyd [[Namibia]]. E be 650&nbsp;km long, wey dey flow from de Naukluft Mountains<ref name=namtrav>{{cite web| url=http://www.namibia-travel.net/travelguide/southern-namibia/fish-river-canyon.html | title=Fish River Canyon | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408093457/http://www.namibia-travel.net/travelguide/southern-namibia/fish-river-canyon.html | archive-date=2019-04-08}}</ref> 150&nbsp;km to de Hardap Dam near Mariental. From der de flow be entirely blocked,<ref name=namtrav/> all further flow downstream wey dey cam from tributaries downstream from de dam. De flow of de river be seasonal; insyd winter de river fi dry up completely. De river be de site of de spectacular Fish River Canyon, Africa ein largest canyon, wich be 160&nbsp;km long, den at points as much as 550 m deep. De outflow of de Fish River dey join de [[Orange River]] at de border plus [[South Africa]] about 100&nbsp;km from de [[Atlantic Ocean]]. == Gallery == <gallery> File:Fish River Crossing.JPG|Fish River crossing File:Fish river.jpg File:Bottom of Fish River Canyon.JPG File:Fish River Namibia anagoria.JPG File:Fish River Canyon.jpg </gallery> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rivers of Namibia]] [[Category:Tributaries of de Orange River]] 81odoikjs0lmvlp89ro0jees4uoi3i6 0 27269 101626 100519 2026-06-10T14:41:24Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Vaal River''' (/ˈvɑːl/ Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈfɑːl]; Khoemana: {{lang|kqz|'''ǀHaiǃarib'''|italic=no}}) be de largest tributary of de [[Orange River]] insyd [[South Africa]]. De river get ein source near Breyten insyd Mpumalanga province, east of Johannesburg den about {{convert|30|km|mi}} north of Ermelo den only about {{convert|240|km|mi}} from de Indian Ocean.<ref>Times Comprehensive Atlas, 12th ed. Times Books, London, 2007</ref> E then dey flow westwards to ein confluence plus de Orange River southwest of Kimberley insyd de Northern Cape. E be {{convert|1458|km|mi}} long, den dey form de border between Mpumalanga, Gauteng den North West Province on ein north bank, den de Free State on ein south. E be de third largest river insyd [[South Africa]] after de [[Orange River]] (2200&nbsp;km long) den de [[Limpopo River]] (1750&nbsp;km long) wey na dem establish as de main source of water for de great Witswatersrand area after de 19th century gold rush.<ref name="Longest rivers">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |title=9 longest rivers. SA9. Accessed 2 April 2018. |access-date=30 April 2018 |archive-date=18 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918163332/http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> De Vaal Dam dey lie on de Vaal River insyd Deneysville just south of de border between Gauteng den de Free State. De Vaal River be de longest river wholly within de borders of South Africa. == References == <references /> == External links == emaxtfz4zl1nbtbrnlehbcuzwsma69s 101627 101626 2026-06-10T15:54:14Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Vaal River''' (/ˈvɑːl/ Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈfɑːl]; Khoemana: {{lang|kqz|'''ǀHaiǃarib'''|italic=no}}) be de largest tributary of de [[Orange River]] insyd [[South Africa]]. De river get ein source near Breyten insyd Mpumalanga province, east of Johannesburg den about {{convert|30|km|mi}} north of Ermelo den only about {{convert|240|km|mi}} from de Indian Ocean.<ref>Times Comprehensive Atlas, 12th ed. Times Books, London, 2007</ref> E then dey flow westwards to ein confluence plus de Orange River southwest of Kimberley insyd de Northern Cape. E be {{convert|1458|km|mi}} long, den dey form de border between Mpumalanga, Gauteng den North West Province on ein north bank, den de Free State on ein south. E be de third largest river insyd [[South Africa]] after de [[Orange River]] (2200&nbsp;km long) den de [[Limpopo River]] (1750&nbsp;km long) wey na dem establish as de main source of water for de great Witswatersrand area after de 19th century gold rush.<ref name="Longest rivers">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |title=9 longest rivers. SA9. Accessed 2 April 2018. |access-date=30 April 2018 |archive-date=18 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918163332/http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> De Vaal Dam dey lie on de Vaal River insyd Deneysville just south of de border between Gauteng den de Free State. De Vaal River be de longest river wholly within de borders of South Africa. ''Vaal'' be a Dutch name (later Afrikaans), dem translate by de Griquas anaa Boers<ref>{{cite book|last=Thompson|first = G.|title=Travels and Adventures in Southern Africa I|publisher=Henry Colburn, London|year=1827|pages=74}}</ref> from an earlier Kora Khoekhoe anaa !Orakobab name, dem sam times spell as ''Tky-Gariep'' (insyd Khoekhoegowab orthography e be ''ǀHai!garib'', drab river).<ref name="OB"> {{cite book|last = du Plessis|first = E.J.|title=Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername|publisher=Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town|year=1973|pages=326, 221|isbn = 0-624-00273-X}}</ref> Both Vaal den ''Tky'' (insyd modern orthography '''ǀHai''') mean "drab" anaa "dull", wich dey allude to de colour of de waters, especially noticeable during flood season wen de river be laden plus silt. Insyd de upper wey dey reach de river dem name ''iLigwa'' (Sindebele), ''Ikwa anaa Igwa'' (isiZulu), ''ilikwa'' (siSwati), ''lekwa'' (Sesotho), anaa ''cuoa'' by de Khoekhoe, all dey refer to de plain e dey traverse.<ref name="OB"/> == References == <references /> == External links == p6k6657ngo6j9ohjgvhq7j98gxknxeh 101628 101627 2026-06-10T15:57:47Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Vaal River''' (/ˈvɑːl/ Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈfɑːl]; Khoemana: {{lang|kqz|'''ǀHaiǃarib'''|italic=no}}) be de largest tributary of de [[Orange River]] insyd [[South Africa]]. De river get ein source near Breyten insyd Mpumalanga province, east of Johannesburg den about {{convert|30|km|mi}} north of Ermelo den only about {{convert|240|km|mi}} from de Indian Ocean.<ref>Times Comprehensive Atlas, 12th ed. Times Books, London, 2007</ref> E then dey flow westwards to ein confluence plus de Orange River southwest of Kimberley insyd de Northern Cape. E be {{convert|1458|km|mi}} long, den dey form de border between Mpumalanga, Gauteng den North West Province on ein north bank, den de Free State on ein south. E be de third largest river insyd [[South Africa]] after de [[Orange River]] (2200&nbsp;km long) den de [[Limpopo River]] (1750&nbsp;km long) wey na dem establish as de main source of water for de great Witswatersrand area after de 19th century gold rush.<ref name="Longest rivers">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |title=9 longest rivers. SA9. Accessed 2 April 2018. |access-date=30 April 2018 |archive-date=18 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918163332/http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> De Vaal Dam dey lie on de Vaal River insyd Deneysville just south of de border between Gauteng den de Free State. De Vaal River be de longest river wholly within de borders of South Africa. ''Vaal'' be a Dutch name (later Afrikaans), dem translate by de Griquas anaa Boers<ref>{{cite book|last=Thompson|first = G.|title=Travels and Adventures in Southern Africa I|publisher=Henry Colburn, London|year=1827|pages=74}}</ref> from an earlier Kora Khoekhoe anaa !Orakobab name, dem sam times spell as ''Tky-Gariep'' (insyd Khoekhoegowab orthography e be ''ǀHai!garib'', drab river).<ref name="OB"> {{cite book|last = du Plessis|first = E.J.|title=Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername|publisher=Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town|year=1973|pages=326, 221|isbn = 0-624-00273-X}}</ref> Both Vaal den ''Tky'' (insyd modern orthography '''ǀHai''') mean "drab" anaa "dull", wich dey allude to de colour of de waters, especially noticeable during flood season wen de river be laden plus silt. Insyd de upper wey dey reach de river dem name ''iLigwa'' (Sindebele), ''Ikwa anaa Igwa'' (isiZulu), ''ilikwa'' (siSwati), ''lekwa'' (Sesotho), anaa ''cuoa'' by de Khoekhoe, all dey refer to de plain e dey traverse.<ref name="OB"/> == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q209530|c=Category:Vaal River|n=no|b=no|q=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Vaal|wikt=no|species=no}} * [http://www.parys.info Parys.info] * [http://www.parys.co.za Parys on the Vaal] * [http://www.vaalmeander.co.za Vaal Meander] * [http://www.liquidlounge.co.za Vaal River Cruises] * [http://www.annalien.com Vaal River Properties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708114935/http://www.annalien.com/ |date=8 July 2017 }} * [http://www.islandestate.co.za Vaal de Grace Estate] * [http://www.nwu.ac.za/content/nwu-vaal-triangle-campus-profile-vaal-triangle-campus University Campus on banks of Vaal river] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325001818/http://www.nwu.ac.za/content/nwu-vaal-triangle-campus-profile-vaal-triangle-campus |date=2013-03-25 }} * [http://www.lhda.org.ls/ Lesotho Highlands Development Authority] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317001022/http://www.lhda.org.ls/ |date=17 March 2022 }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Vaal River| ]] [[Category:Tributaries of de Orange River]] [[Category:Internal borders of South Africa]] [[Category:Rivers of de Free State (province)]] [[Category:Rivers of Gauteng]] [[Category:Rivers of de Northern Cape]] [[Category:Rivers of Mpumalanga]] [[Category:Lesotho–South Africa relations]] [[Category:Water supply den sanitation insyd South Africa]] d5dv4j4icwbvmdeyvi4s7w8a9np1s5g 101762 101628 2026-06-11T09:41:18Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 101762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Vaal River''' (/ˈvɑːl/ Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈfɑːl]; Khoemana: {{lang|kqz|'''ǀHaiǃarib'''|italic=no}}) be de largest tributary of de [[Orange River]] insyd [[South Africa]]. De river get ein source near Breyten insyd Mpumalanga province, east of Johannesburg den about {{convert|30|km|mi}} north of Ermelo den only about {{convert|240|km|mi}} from de Indian Ocean.<ref>Times Comprehensive Atlas, 12th ed. Times Books, London, 2007</ref> E then dey flow westwards to ein confluence plus de Orange River southwest of Kimberley insyd de Northern Cape. E be {{convert|1458|km|mi}} long, den dey form de border between Mpumalanga, Gauteng den North West Province on ein north bank, den de Free State on ein south. E be de third largest river insyd [[South Africa]] after de [[Orange River]] (2200&nbsp;km long) den de [[Limpopo River]] (1750&nbsp;km long) wey na dem establish as de main source of water for de great Witswatersrand area after de 19th century gold rush.<ref name="Longest rivers">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |title=9 longest rivers. SA9. Accessed 2 April 2018. |access-date=30 April 2018 |archive-date=18 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918163332/http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> De Vaal Dam dey lie on de Vaal River insyd Deneysville just south of de border between Gauteng den de Free State. De Vaal River be de longest river wholly within de borders of South Africa. ''Vaal'' be a Dutch name (later Afrikaans), dem translate by de Griquas anaa Boers<ref>{{cite book|last=Thompson|first = G.|title=Travels and Adventures in Southern Africa I|publisher=Henry Colburn, London|year=1827|pages=74}}</ref> from an earlier Kora Khoekhoe anaa !Orakobab name, dem sam times spell as ''Tky-Gariep'' (insyd Khoekhoegowab orthography e be ''ǀHai!garib'', drab river).<ref name="OB"> {{cite book|last = du Plessis|first = E.J.|title=Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername|publisher=Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town|year=1973|pages=326, 221|isbn = 0-624-00273-X}}</ref> Both Vaal den ''Tky'' (insyd modern orthography '''ǀHai''') mean "drab" anaa "dull", wich dey allude to de colour of de waters, especially noticeable during flood season wen de river be laden plus silt. Insyd de upper wey dey reach de river dem name ''iLigwa'' (Sindebele), ''Ikwa anaa Igwa'' (isiZulu), ''ilikwa'' (siSwati), ''lekwa'' (Sesotho), anaa ''cuoa'' by de Khoekhoe, all dey refer to de plain e dey traverse.<ref name="OB"/> == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q209530|c=Category:Vaal River|n=no|b=no|q=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Vaal|wikt=no|species=no}} * [http://www.parys.info Parys.info] * [http://www.parys.co.za Parys on the Vaal] * [http://www.vaalmeander.co.za Vaal Meander] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100426145413/http://www.liquidlounge.co.za/ Vaal River Cruises] * [http://www.annalien.com Vaal River Properties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708114935/http://www.annalien.com/ |date=8 July 2017 }} * [http://www.islandestate.co.za Vaal de Grace Estate] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130325001818/http://www.nwu.ac.za/content/nwu-vaal-triangle-campus-profile-vaal-triangle-campus University Campus on banks of Vaal river] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325001818/http://www.nwu.ac.za/content/nwu-vaal-triangle-campus-profile-vaal-triangle-campus |date=2013-03-25 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220317001022/http://www.lhda.org.ls/ Lesotho Highlands Development Authority] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317001022/http://www.lhda.org.ls/ |date=17 March 2022 }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Vaal River| ]] [[Category:Tributaries of de Orange River]] [[Category:Internal borders of South Africa]] [[Category:Rivers of de Free State (province)]] [[Category:Rivers of Gauteng]] [[Category:Rivers of de Northern Cape]] [[Category:Rivers of Mpumalanga]] [[Category:Lesotho–South Africa relations]] [[Category:Water supply den sanitation insyd South Africa]] t2udntpfm3vqmwsij3gogwb9hls3os7 0 27270 101636 100520 2026-06-10T17:43:48Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Caledon River''' (Sotho: ''Mohokare'') be a major river wey locate insyd central South Africa. Ein total length be 642 km (399 mi), wey dey rise insyd de Drakensberg Mountains on de [[Lesotho]] border, dey flow southwestward den then westward before joining de [[Orange River]] near Bethulie insyd de southern Free State. Na de river originally be named ''Prinses Wilhelminas Rivier'' insyd 1777, by Colonel R J Gordon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raper |first=P.E. |url=https://languagecentre.sun.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/SaPlaceNamesDictionary1987.pdf |title=Dictionary of South African Place Names |date=1987 |pages=105}}</ref> ==Geography== De origin of de River Caledon dey insyd de former bantustan of QwaQwa, near de border plus Lesotho, southwest of Witsieshoek. E then dey flow south-west wey dey border Lesotho ein capital city, Maseru. E dey form de border between [[South Africa]] den Lesotho before entering South Africa ein Free State province (north of Wepener). E then dey flow westward before joining de [[Orange River]] near Bethulie insyd southern Free State, just before flowing into de Gariep Dam. Ein total length be about {{convert|480|km|abbr=on}}, den ein valley dey experience great temperature swings.<ref name=Britannica>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Caledon-River |title=Caledon River |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=26 November 2016}}</ref> De land insyd de wedge between Caledon River den Orange River dey form de 22,000-ha Tussen-die-Riviere Nature Reserve.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.places.co.za/html/tussen_die_riviere.html |title=Tussen Die Riviere Game Reserve |publisher=SA Places |accessdate=26 November 2016}}</ref> == References == 8dmkhpeyqnubb28xnph6k3z5mlnafpm 101637 101636 2026-06-10T17:52:31Z DaSupremo 9 /* River */ Improve article 101637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Caledon River''' (Sotho: ''Mohokare'') be a major river wey locate insyd central South Africa. Ein total length be 642 km (399 mi), wey dey rise insyd de Drakensberg Mountains on de [[Lesotho]] border, dey flow southwestward den then westward before joining de [[Orange River]] near Bethulie insyd de southern Free State. Na de river originally be named ''Prinses Wilhelminas Rivier'' insyd 1777, by Colonel R J Gordon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raper |first=P.E. |url=https://languagecentre.sun.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/SaPlaceNamesDictionary1987.pdf |title=Dictionary of South African Place Names |date=1987 |pages=105}}</ref> ==Geography== De origin of de River Caledon dey insyd de former bantustan of QwaQwa, near de border plus Lesotho, southwest of Witsieshoek. E then dey flow south-west wey dey border Lesotho ein capital city, Maseru. E dey form de border between [[South Africa]] den Lesotho before entering South Africa ein Free State province (north of Wepener). E then dey flow westward before joining de [[Orange River]] near Bethulie insyd southern Free State, just before flowing into de Gariep Dam. Ein total length be about {{convert|480|km|abbr=on}}, den ein valley dey experience great temperature swings.<ref name=Britannica>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Caledon-River |title=Caledon River |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=26 November 2016}}</ref> De land insyd de wedge between Caledon River den Orange River dey form de 22,000-ha Tussen-die-Riviere Nature Reserve.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.places.co.za/html/tussen_die_riviere.html |title=Tussen Die Riviere Game Reserve |publisher=SA Places |accessdate=26 November 2016}}</ref> ==River== De river be de primary source of water give Maseru, de capital of Lesotho, wich dey stand on de river. During periods of low rainfall, water shortages fi ensue. To combat dis, dem create several reservoirs plus structures such as de Muela Dam den de Meulspruit Dam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverFSCaledon/CALEDONRiver_Dams%20.htm# |title=Caledon River - Dams |access-date=22 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003111/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverFSCaledon/CALEDONRiver_Dams%20.htm# |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Insyd 2003, water be released from here to avert drought.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2003/03102210461001.htm# |title=Drought |access-date=5 August 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310201737/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2003/03102210461001.htm# |archive-date=10 March 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> De Caledon Valley be important insyd de history of de Basotho people. De area be exceptionally fertile wey e fi be farmed widout irrigation. Dis make am desirable wey e be one of de causes of de conflict between de Basotho den de Boers.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Coplan, David B. |year=2001 |title=A river runs through it: The meaning of the Lesotho‐free state border |journal=African Affairs |volume=100 |issue=398 |pages=81–116 |doi= 10.1093/afraf/100.398.81 }}</ref> Dem dey grow maize on a large scale insyd de Caledon Valley.<ref name=Britannica/> == References == mziae07021z1opou01l4q7h8f6ehits 101638 101637 2026-06-10T17:54:58Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Caledon River''' (Sotho: ''Mohokare'') be a major river wey locate insyd central South Africa. Ein total length be 642 km (399 mi), wey dey rise insyd de Drakensberg Mountains on de [[Lesotho]] border, dey flow southwestward den then westward before joining de [[Orange River]] near Bethulie insyd de southern Free State. Na de river originally be named ''Prinses Wilhelminas Rivier'' insyd 1777, by Colonel R J Gordon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raper |first=P.E. |url=https://languagecentre.sun.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/SaPlaceNamesDictionary1987.pdf |title=Dictionary of South African Place Names |date=1987 |pages=105}}</ref> ==Geography== De origin of de River Caledon dey insyd de former bantustan of QwaQwa, near de border plus Lesotho, southwest of Witsieshoek. E then dey flow south-west wey dey border Lesotho ein capital city, Maseru. E dey form de border between [[South Africa]] den Lesotho before entering South Africa ein Free State province (north of Wepener). E then dey flow westward before joining de [[Orange River]] near Bethulie insyd southern Free State, just before flowing into de Gariep Dam. Ein total length be about {{convert|480|km|abbr=on}}, den ein valley dey experience great temperature swings.<ref name=Britannica>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Caledon-River |title=Caledon River |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=26 November 2016}}</ref> De land insyd de wedge between Caledon River den Orange River dey form de 22,000-ha Tussen-die-Riviere Nature Reserve.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.places.co.za/html/tussen_die_riviere.html |title=Tussen Die Riviere Game Reserve |publisher=SA Places |accessdate=26 November 2016}}</ref> ==River== De river be de primary source of water give Maseru, de capital of Lesotho, wich dey stand on de river. During periods of low rainfall, water shortages fi ensue. To combat dis, dem create several reservoirs plus structures such as de Muela Dam den de Meulspruit Dam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverFSCaledon/CALEDONRiver_Dams%20.htm# |title=Caledon River - Dams |access-date=22 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003111/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverFSCaledon/CALEDONRiver_Dams%20.htm# |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Insyd 2003, water be released from here to avert drought.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2003/03102210461001.htm# |title=Drought |access-date=5 August 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310201737/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2003/03102210461001.htm# |archive-date=10 March 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> De Caledon Valley be important insyd de history of de Basotho people. De area be exceptionally fertile wey e fi be farmed widout irrigation. Dis make am desirable wey e be one of de causes of de conflict between de Basotho den de Boers.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Coplan, David B. |year=2001 |title=A river runs through it: The meaning of the Lesotho‐free state border |journal=African Affairs |volume=100 |issue=398 |pages=81–116 |doi= 10.1093/afraf/100.398.81 }}</ref> Dem dey grow maize on a large scale insyd de Caledon Valley.<ref name=Britannica/> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{Commons}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071025125021/http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/reports/rivers/free%20state/Free%20State.pdf Free State Region River Systems] {{authority control}} [[Category:Tributaries of de Orange River]] [[Category:Rivers of Lesotho]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Lesotho–South Africa border]] [[Category:Rivers of de Free State (province)]] [[Category:Border rivers]] 2z30uw2f38rwkd3n1t5zs4f07x3ab6w 0 27271 101639 100521 2026-06-10T18:03:46Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Draa''' (Arabic: وادي درعة, <small>romanized:</small> ''wādī dar'a''; dem sanso spell '''Dra''' anaa '''Drâa''', insyd older sources mostly '''Darha''' anaa '''Dara''') be [[Morocco]] ein longest river, at {{convert|1100|km|mi}}. E be formed by de confluence of de Dadès River den Imini River. E dey flow from de High Atlas mountains, initially south-eastward to Tagounite, den from Tagounite mostly westwards to ein mouth insyd de [[Atlantic Ocean]] somewat north of Tan-Tan. Insyd 1971, na dem construct de (El) Mansour Eddahabi dam to service de regional capital of Ouarzazate den to regulate de flow of de Draa. Chaw of de year de part of de Draa after Tagounite falls dey dry. Insyd de first half of de 20th century, de lowest course of de Draa mark de boundary between de French protectorate of Morocco den de area under Spanish rule. svslld7pwvehoucpw8a5n7k0zk2zcnz 101640 101639 2026-06-10T18:06:55Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Draa''' (Arabic: وادي درعة, <small>romanized:</small> ''wādī dar'a''; dem sanso spell '''Dra''' anaa '''Drâa''', insyd older sources mostly '''Darha''' anaa '''Dara''') be [[Morocco]] ein longest river, at {{convert|1100|km|mi}}. E be formed by de confluence of de Dadès River den Imini River. E dey flow from de High Atlas mountains, initially south-eastward to Tagounite, den from Tagounite mostly westwards to ein mouth insyd de [[Atlantic Ocean]] somewat north of Tan-Tan. Insyd 1971, na dem construct de (El) Mansour Eddahabi dam to service de regional capital of Ouarzazate den to regulate de flow of de Draa. Chaw of de year de part of de Draa after Tagounite falls dey dry. Insyd de first half of de 20th century, de lowest course of de Draa mark de boundary between de French protectorate of Morocco den de area under Spanish rule. De valley dey contain de Fezouata formations, wich be Burgess shale-type deposits wey dey date to de Lower Ordovician, dey fill an important preservational window between de common Cambrian lagerstätten den de Late Ordovician Soom shale.<ref name=DeRoy2010>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1038/nature09038| title = Ordovician faunas of Burgess Shale type| year = 2010| last1 = Van Roy| first1 = P.| last2 = Orr| first2 = P. J.| last3 = Botting| first3 = J. P.| last4 = Muir| first4 = L. A.| last5 = Vinther| first5 = J.| last6 = Lefebvre| first6 = B.| last7 = Hariri| first7 = K. E.| last8 = Briggs| first8 = D. E. G.| authorlink8 = Derek Briggs| journal = Nature| volume = 465| pages = 215–8| pmid = 20463737| issue = 7295| bibcode = 2010Natur.465..215V| s2cid = 4313285| url = https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1252174/file/1252176| access-date = 2024-02-24| archive-date = 2024-02-25| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240225134012/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1252174/file/1252176| url-status = live| url-access = subscription}}</ref> Na insyd de fossilized fauna be numerous organisms dem previously think dem die out after de mid-Cambrian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8678459.stm|title=BBC News - Fossil find resolves ancient extinction mystery|last=Gill|first=Victoria|date=13 May 2010|work=[[BBC Online]]|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=2 September 2015|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202124849/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8678459.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> == References == pwt70pxjolxp86mrqko2bxo3rfbta68 101653 101640 2026-06-10T20:59:14Z DaSupremo 9 /* Language */ Improve article 101653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Draa''' (Arabic: وادي درعة, <small>romanized:</small> ''wādī dar'a''; dem sanso spell '''Dra''' anaa '''Drâa''', insyd older sources mostly '''Darha''' anaa '''Dara''') be [[Morocco]] ein longest river, at {{convert|1100|km|mi}}. E be formed by de confluence of de Dadès River den Imini River. E dey flow from de High Atlas mountains, initially south-eastward to Tagounite, den from Tagounite mostly westwards to ein mouth insyd de [[Atlantic Ocean]] somewat north of Tan-Tan. Insyd 1971, na dem construct de (El) Mansour Eddahabi dam to service de regional capital of Ouarzazate den to regulate de flow of de Draa. Chaw of de year de part of de Draa after Tagounite falls dey dry. Insyd de first half of de 20th century, de lowest course of de Draa mark de boundary between de French protectorate of Morocco den de area under Spanish rule. De valley dey contain de Fezouata formations, wich be Burgess shale-type deposits wey dey date to de Lower Ordovician, dey fill an important preservational window between de common Cambrian lagerstätten den de Late Ordovician Soom shale.<ref name=DeRoy2010>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1038/nature09038| title = Ordovician faunas of Burgess Shale type| year = 2010| last1 = Van Roy| first1 = P.| last2 = Orr| first2 = P. J.| last3 = Botting| first3 = J. P.| last4 = Muir| first4 = L. A.| last5 = Vinther| first5 = J.| last6 = Lefebvre| first6 = B.| last7 = Hariri| first7 = K. E.| last8 = Briggs| first8 = D. E. G.| authorlink8 = Derek Briggs| journal = Nature| volume = 465| pages = 215–8| pmid = 20463737| issue = 7295| bibcode = 2010Natur.465..215V| s2cid = 4313285| url = https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1252174/file/1252176| access-date = 2024-02-24| archive-date = 2024-02-25| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240225134012/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1252174/file/1252176| url-status = live| url-access = subscription}}</ref> Na insyd de fossilized fauna be numerous organisms dem previously think dem die out after de mid-Cambrian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8678459.stm|title=BBC News - Fossil find resolves ancient extinction mystery|last=Gill|first=Victoria|date=13 May 2010|work=[[BBC Online]]|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=2 September 2015|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202124849/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8678459.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Language== Dem dey speak two languages insyd de area: a local variety of Colloquial Arabic wich be closely related to Hassaniya, den Shilha anaa Tashelhiyt, a Berber language. == References == 8xaiu7bd2r9bao65zi9ykix405zspgq 101654 101653 2026-06-10T21:08:56Z DaSupremo 9 /* Oases */ Improve article 101654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Draa''' (Arabic: وادي درعة, <small>romanized:</small> ''wādī dar'a''; dem sanso spell '''Dra''' anaa '''Drâa''', insyd older sources mostly '''Darha''' anaa '''Dara''') be [[Morocco]] ein longest river, at {{convert|1100|km|mi}}. E be formed by de confluence of de Dadès River den Imini River. E dey flow from de High Atlas mountains, initially south-eastward to Tagounite, den from Tagounite mostly westwards to ein mouth insyd de [[Atlantic Ocean]] somewat north of Tan-Tan. Insyd 1971, na dem construct de (El) Mansour Eddahabi dam to service de regional capital of Ouarzazate den to regulate de flow of de Draa. Chaw of de year de part of de Draa after Tagounite falls dey dry. Insyd de first half of de 20th century, de lowest course of de Draa mark de boundary between de French protectorate of Morocco den de area under Spanish rule. De valley dey contain de Fezouata formations, wich be Burgess shale-type deposits wey dey date to de Lower Ordovician, dey fill an important preservational window between de common Cambrian lagerstätten den de Late Ordovician Soom shale.<ref name=DeRoy2010>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1038/nature09038| title = Ordovician faunas of Burgess Shale type| year = 2010| last1 = Van Roy| first1 = P.| last2 = Orr| first2 = P. J.| last3 = Botting| first3 = J. P.| last4 = Muir| first4 = L. A.| last5 = Vinther| first5 = J.| last6 = Lefebvre| first6 = B.| last7 = Hariri| first7 = K. E.| last8 = Briggs| first8 = D. E. G.| authorlink8 = Derek Briggs| journal = Nature| volume = 465| pages = 215–8| pmid = 20463737| issue = 7295| bibcode = 2010Natur.465..215V| s2cid = 4313285| url = https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1252174/file/1252176| access-date = 2024-02-24| archive-date = 2024-02-25| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240225134012/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1252174/file/1252176| url-status = live| url-access = subscription}}</ref> Na insyd de fossilized fauna be numerous organisms dem previously think dem die out after de mid-Cambrian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8678459.stm|title=BBC News - Fossil find resolves ancient extinction mystery|last=Gill|first=Victoria|date=13 May 2010|work=[[BBC Online]]|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=2 September 2015|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202124849/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8678459.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Language== Dem dey speak two languages insyd de area: a local variety of Colloquial Arabic wich be closely related to Hassaniya, den Shilha anaa Tashelhiyt, a Berber language. ==Oases== De Upper Draa River valley, about {{convert|200|km|mi}} long, dey consist of six stretches of oases/palm groves from north to south: *De Mezguita oasis, plus de Agdz den Auriz den south of am de Tamsikht dam *De oasis of Tinzouline, plus Ouled Lagraier, Tinzouline, Ouled Yaoub den a dam south of it *De Ternata oasis plus Zagora *De Fezouata oasis plus Tamegroute den south of am de Azagha dam *De Ktaoua oasis (English Ktawa) plus Tagounite, Blida, Tiraf den de Bounou dam south of am *De oasis of Mhamid el Ghuzlan plus Mhamid el Ghuzlan == References == h9ops62gyoq0a3soyxux4clbhsfhhtq 101655 101654 2026-06-10T21:13:09Z DaSupremo 9 /* Ksour */ Improve article 101655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Draa''' (Arabic: وادي درعة, <small>romanized:</small> ''wādī dar'a''; dem sanso spell '''Dra''' anaa '''Drâa''', insyd older sources mostly '''Darha''' anaa '''Dara''') be [[Morocco]] ein longest river, at {{convert|1100|km|mi}}. E be formed by de confluence of de Dadès River den Imini River. E dey flow from de High Atlas mountains, initially south-eastward to Tagounite, den from Tagounite mostly westwards to ein mouth insyd de [[Atlantic Ocean]] somewat north of Tan-Tan. Insyd 1971, na dem construct de (El) Mansour Eddahabi dam to service de regional capital of Ouarzazate den to regulate de flow of de Draa. Chaw of de year de part of de Draa after Tagounite falls dey dry. Insyd de first half of de 20th century, de lowest course of de Draa mark de boundary between de French protectorate of Morocco den de area under Spanish rule. De valley dey contain de Fezouata formations, wich be Burgess shale-type deposits wey dey date to de Lower Ordovician, dey fill an important preservational window between de common Cambrian lagerstätten den de Late Ordovician Soom shale.<ref name=DeRoy2010>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1038/nature09038| title = Ordovician faunas of Burgess Shale type| year = 2010| last1 = Van Roy| first1 = P.| last2 = Orr| first2 = P. J.| last3 = Botting| first3 = J. P.| last4 = Muir| first4 = L. A.| last5 = Vinther| first5 = J.| last6 = Lefebvre| first6 = B.| last7 = Hariri| first7 = K. E.| last8 = Briggs| first8 = D. E. G.| authorlink8 = Derek Briggs| journal = Nature| volume = 465| pages = 215–8| pmid = 20463737| issue = 7295| bibcode = 2010Natur.465..215V| s2cid = 4313285| url = https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1252174/file/1252176| access-date = 2024-02-24| archive-date = 2024-02-25| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240225134012/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1252174/file/1252176| url-status = live| url-access = subscription}}</ref> Na insyd de fossilized fauna be numerous organisms dem previously think dem die out after de mid-Cambrian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8678459.stm|title=BBC News - Fossil find resolves ancient extinction mystery|last=Gill|first=Victoria|date=13 May 2010|work=[[BBC Online]]|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=2 September 2015|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202124849/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8678459.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Language== Dem dey speak two languages insyd de area: a local variety of Colloquial Arabic wich be closely related to Hassaniya, den Shilha anaa Tashelhiyt, a Berber language. ==Oases== De Upper Draa River valley, about {{convert|200|km|mi}} long, dey consist of six stretches of oases/palm groves from north to south: *De Mezguita oasis, plus de Agdz den Auriz den south of am de Tamsikht dam *De oasis of Tinzouline, plus Ouled Lagraier, Tinzouline, Ouled Yaoub den a dam south of it *De Ternata oasis plus Zagora *De Fezouata oasis plus Tamegroute den south of am de Azagha dam *De Ktaoua oasis (English Ktawa) plus Tagounite, Blida, Tiraf den de Bounou dam south of am *De oasis of Mhamid el Ghuzlan plus Mhamid el Ghuzlan ===Ksour=== ==== insyd de Mezguita ==== {| <!-- width="80%" --> | *Ait Abdalah *Ait Hammou Ou Said* *Ait Lahcen *Ait Ouahi *El Hart *Irherrhar *Tamkasselt *Tiguit *Zaouit Boulhassane *Asselim *Rbat *Tarmast | *Zaouit n Griourirane *Aboussas *Ait Ali *Ait El Caid El Mir *Aouriz *Asselim Izdar *El Hara *Ikherazen *Irhrem Azougarth *Tafergalt *Takatert *Talat | *Talemzit *Tamnougalt* *Taourirt Caid Ali *Zaouit n Sidi Bou Mediane *Zaouit n Souk *Ait El Kharj Jdid *Ait El Kharj Lkdim *Aramd *El Borj *Igamoudene *Roudat *Tassoukt |} ==== insyd Tinzouline ==== {| | *Akhellouf *Ez Zourgane *Bounana *Ed Dwairat | *Oulad El Megddam *Oulad Moussa *Timasla | *Zaouit Timaslas *Ighrem Tansikht *Zaouit Ikhf n Ouzrou |} == References == g4uw0o65u0td6ggepqtna7br69rgxkn 101656 101655 2026-06-10T21:18:19Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Draa''' (Arabic: وادي درعة, <small>romanized:</small> ''wādī dar'a''; dem sanso spell '''Dra''' anaa '''Drâa''', insyd older sources mostly '''Darha''' anaa '''Dara''') be [[Morocco]] ein longest river, at {{convert|1100|km|mi}}. E be formed by de confluence of de Dadès River den Imini River. E dey flow from de High Atlas mountains, initially south-eastward to Tagounite, den from Tagounite mostly westwards to ein mouth insyd de [[Atlantic Ocean]] somewat north of Tan-Tan. Insyd 1971, na dem construct de (El) Mansour Eddahabi dam to service de regional capital of Ouarzazate den to regulate de flow of de Draa. Chaw of de year de part of de Draa after Tagounite falls dey dry. Insyd de first half of de 20th century, de lowest course of de Draa mark de boundary between de French protectorate of Morocco den de area under Spanish rule. De valley dey contain de Fezouata formations, wich be Burgess shale-type deposits wey dey date to de Lower Ordovician, dey fill an important preservational window between de common Cambrian lagerstätten den de Late Ordovician Soom shale.<ref name=DeRoy2010>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1038/nature09038| title = Ordovician faunas of Burgess Shale type| year = 2010| last1 = Van Roy| first1 = P.| last2 = Orr| first2 = P. J.| last3 = Botting| first3 = J. P.| last4 = Muir| first4 = L. A.| last5 = Vinther| first5 = J.| last6 = Lefebvre| first6 = B.| last7 = Hariri| first7 = K. E.| last8 = Briggs| first8 = D. E. G.| authorlink8 = Derek Briggs| journal = Nature| volume = 465| pages = 215–8| pmid = 20463737| issue = 7295| bibcode = 2010Natur.465..215V| s2cid = 4313285| url = https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1252174/file/1252176| access-date = 2024-02-24| archive-date = 2024-02-25| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240225134012/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1252174/file/1252176| url-status = live| url-access = subscription}}</ref> Na insyd de fossilized fauna be numerous organisms dem previously think dem die out after de mid-Cambrian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8678459.stm|title=BBC News - Fossil find resolves ancient extinction mystery|last=Gill|first=Victoria|date=13 May 2010|work=[[BBC Online]]|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=2 September 2015|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202124849/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8678459.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Language== Dem dey speak two languages insyd de area: a local variety of Colloquial Arabic wich be closely related to Hassaniya, den Shilha anaa Tashelhiyt, a Berber language. ==Oases== De Upper Draa River valley, about {{convert|200|km|mi}} long, dey consist of six stretches of oases/palm groves from north to south: *De Mezguita oasis, plus de Agdz den Auriz den south of am de Tamsikht dam *De oasis of Tinzouline, plus Ouled Lagraier, Tinzouline, Ouled Yaoub den a dam south of it *De Ternata oasis plus Zagora *De Fezouata oasis plus Tamegroute den south of am de Azagha dam *De Ktaoua oasis (English Ktawa) plus Tagounite, Blida, Tiraf den de Bounou dam south of am *De oasis of Mhamid el Ghuzlan plus Mhamid el Ghuzlan ===Ksour=== ==== insyd de Mezguita ==== {| <!-- width="80%" --> | *Ait Abdalah *Ait Hammou Ou Said* *Ait Lahcen *Ait Ouahi *El Hart *Irherrhar *Tamkasselt *Tiguit *Zaouit Boulhassane *Asselim *Rbat *Tarmast | *Zaouit n Griourirane *Aboussas *Ait Ali *Ait El Caid El Mir *Aouriz *Asselim Izdar *El Hara *Ikherazen *Irhrem Azougarth *Tafergalt *Takatert *Talat | *Talemzit *Tamnougalt* *Taourirt Caid Ali *Zaouit n Sidi Bou Mediane *Zaouit n Souk *Ait El Kharj Jdid *Ait El Kharj Lkdim *Aramd *El Borj *Igamoudene *Roudat *Tassoukt |} ==== insyd Tinzouline ==== {| | *Akhellouf *Ez Zourgane *Bounana *Ed Dwairat | *Oulad El Megddam *Oulad Moussa *Timasla | *Zaouit Timaslas *Ighrem Tansikht *Zaouit Ikhf n Ouzrou |} ==== insyd Ternata ==== {| | *Beni Khlil* *Mansouria | *Tiguit Nait Boulman *Tissergat* | *Amezrou |} ==== insyd de Fezouata ==== {| | *Agni *Agrour *Ait Aissa ou Brahim | *Ait Beloualid *Ait Bou Lkhlad *Arhla ou Drar | *Asrir Nignaoune *Kasbah Il Mechane *Izkhnnioun |} ==== insyd de Ktaoua/Ktwawa ==== Dis be de southern stretch of de valley between de Azagha den de Bounou dam near Tagounite. Der be 55 villages, mostly dey consist of ''ksour'' (plural of ''ksar)'': {| | *Centre Tagounite *Bani Sbih *Zaouia Sidi Salah *Nesrate *Kser Tiraf *Ait Gazzou *Bani Hayoune *Ouled Amer *Knazta *Tabourite *Bani Mhamed *Khassouane *Adouafil *Zaouia Jdid Zrahna *Ait Rbaa *Gourguir *Kasbat Aamamou *Bani Semguine *Ksar Hammad Tahr | *Ouled Youssef Drawa *Loughlade *Ouled Ali *Regba *Bani Hnit *Zaouia Moulay Chrif Tahtania *Blida centre *Ksebt Ramla *Takchourte *Ksar Bani Mhammed *Ksar Lakbir *Ksar Jdid Zrahna *Ksar Jdid Ignaoun *Bani Skouken *Zte. Sidi Yahya *Ait Ali Ignaoun *Zaouia Moulay Chrif Foukania *Zaouia Koudia | *Taarchate *Ait Boutbratine *Zaouia Lansar *Zaouia Dakhlania Zhahna *Ait Zemrou *Ksebat Nani *Ksar Aarib *Ouled Youssef Ait Isfoul *Zaouia Sidi Madani *Zaouia Dakhlania *Ait Talaarifte *Ait Aissa Obrahim *Najia *Ksar Ait Rardi *Ait Boumhamed *Ikddarne *Tahramet *Bnou Khettal |} Source : Recensement général du Maroc, 1994 (Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH, Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc (HCP), septembre 1994)). == References == 8cvtj4nuuoe3us2ckjzofx6qhjab50r 101657 101656 2026-06-10T21:22:42Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Draa''' (Arabic: وادي درعة, <small>romanized:</small> ''wādī dar'a''; dem sanso spell '''Dra''' anaa '''Drâa''', insyd older sources mostly '''Darha''' anaa '''Dara''') be [[Morocco]] ein longest river, at {{convert|1100|km|mi}}. E be formed by de confluence of de Dadès River den Imini River. E dey flow from de High Atlas mountains, initially south-eastward to Tagounite, den from Tagounite mostly westwards to ein mouth insyd de [[Atlantic Ocean]] somewat north of Tan-Tan. Insyd 1971, na dem construct de (El) Mansour Eddahabi dam to service de regional capital of Ouarzazate den to regulate de flow of de Draa. Chaw of de year de part of de Draa after Tagounite falls dey dry. Insyd de first half of de 20th century, de lowest course of de Draa mark de boundary between de French protectorate of Morocco den de area under Spanish rule. De valley dey contain de Fezouata formations, wich be Burgess shale-type deposits wey dey date to de Lower Ordovician, dey fill an important preservational window between de common Cambrian lagerstätten den de Late Ordovician Soom shale.<ref name=DeRoy2010>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1038/nature09038| title = Ordovician faunas of Burgess Shale type| year = 2010| last1 = Van Roy| first1 = P.| last2 = Orr| first2 = P. J.| last3 = Botting| first3 = J. P.| last4 = Muir| first4 = L. A.| last5 = Vinther| first5 = J.| last6 = Lefebvre| first6 = B.| last7 = Hariri| first7 = K. E.| last8 = Briggs| first8 = D. E. G.| authorlink8 = Derek Briggs| journal = Nature| volume = 465| pages = 215–8| pmid = 20463737| issue = 7295| bibcode = 2010Natur.465..215V| s2cid = 4313285| url = https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1252174/file/1252176| access-date = 2024-02-24| archive-date = 2024-02-25| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240225134012/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1252174/file/1252176| url-status = live| url-access = subscription}}</ref> Na insyd de fossilized fauna be numerous organisms dem previously think dem die out after de mid-Cambrian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8678459.stm|title=BBC News - Fossil find resolves ancient extinction mystery|last=Gill|first=Victoria|date=13 May 2010|work=[[BBC Online]]|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=2 September 2015|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202124849/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8678459.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Language== Dem dey speak two languages insyd de area: a local variety of Colloquial Arabic wich be closely related to Hassaniya, den Shilha anaa Tashelhiyt, a Berber language. ==Oases== De Upper Draa River valley, about {{convert|200|km|mi}} long, dey consist of six stretches of oases/palm groves from north to south: *De Mezguita oasis, plus de Agdz den Auriz den south of am de Tamsikht dam *De oasis of Tinzouline, plus Ouled Lagraier, Tinzouline, Ouled Yaoub den a dam south of it *De Ternata oasis plus Zagora *De Fezouata oasis plus Tamegroute den south of am de Azagha dam *De Ktaoua oasis (English Ktawa) plus Tagounite, Blida, Tiraf den de Bounou dam south of am *De oasis of Mhamid el Ghuzlan plus Mhamid el Ghuzlan ===Ksour=== ==== insyd de Mezguita ==== {| <!-- width="80%" --> | *Ait Abdalah *Ait Hammou Ou Said* *Ait Lahcen *Ait Ouahi *El Hart *Irherrhar *Tamkasselt *Tiguit *Zaouit Boulhassane *Asselim *Rbat *Tarmast | *Zaouit n Griourirane *Aboussas *Ait Ali *Ait El Caid El Mir *Aouriz *Asselim Izdar *El Hara *Ikherazen *Irhrem Azougarth *Tafergalt *Takatert *Talat | *Talemzit *Tamnougalt* *Taourirt Caid Ali *Zaouit n Sidi Bou Mediane *Zaouit n Souk *Ait El Kharj Jdid *Ait El Kharj Lkdim *Aramd *El Borj *Igamoudene *Roudat *Tassoukt |} ==== insyd Tinzouline ==== {| | *Akhellouf *Ez Zourgane *Bounana *Ed Dwairat | *Oulad El Megddam *Oulad Moussa *Timasla | *Zaouit Timaslas *Ighrem Tansikht *Zaouit Ikhf n Ouzrou |} ==== insyd Ternata ==== {| | *Beni Khlil* *Mansouria | *Tiguit Nait Boulman *Tissergat* | *Amezrou |} ==== insyd de Fezouata ==== {| | *Agni *Agrour *Ait Aissa ou Brahim | *Ait Beloualid *Ait Bou Lkhlad *Arhla ou Drar | *Asrir Nignaoune *Kasbah Il Mechane *Izkhnnioun |} ==== insyd de Ktaoua/Ktwawa ==== Dis be de southern stretch of de valley between de Azagha den de Bounou dam near Tagounite. Der be 55 villages, mostly dey consist of ''ksour'' (plural of ''ksar)'': {| | *Centre Tagounite *Bani Sbih *Zaouia Sidi Salah *Nesrate *Kser Tiraf *Ait Gazzou *Bani Hayoune *Ouled Amer *Knazta *Tabourite *Bani Mhamed *Khassouane *Adouafil *Zaouia Jdid Zrahna *Ait Rbaa *Gourguir *Kasbat Aamamou *Bani Semguine *Ksar Hammad Tahr | *Ouled Youssef Drawa *Loughlade *Ouled Ali *Regba *Bani Hnit *Zaouia Moulay Chrif Tahtania *Blida centre *Ksebt Ramla *Takchourte *Ksar Bani Mhammed *Ksar Lakbir *Ksar Jdid Zrahna *Ksar Jdid Ignaoun *Bani Skouken *Zte. Sidi Yahya *Ait Ali Ignaoun *Zaouia Moulay Chrif Foukania *Zaouia Koudia | *Taarchate *Ait Boutbratine *Zaouia Lansar *Zaouia Dakhlania Zhahna *Ait Zemrou *Ksebat Nani *Ksar Aarib *Ouled Youssef Ait Isfoul *Zaouia Sidi Madani *Zaouia Dakhlania *Ait Talaarifte *Ait Aissa Obrahim *Najia *Ksar Ait Rardi *Ait Boumhamed *Ikddarne *Tahramet *Bnou Khettal |} Source : Recensement général du Maroc, 1994 (Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH, Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc (HCP), septembre 1994)). == References == <references /> ==External links== {{Commons}} *Michel, J. (1995). [http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/morco_1591.html The Invasion of Morocco in 1591...] University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center. {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rivers of Morocco]] [[Category:Rivers of Algeria]] [[Category:Algeria–Morocco border]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Historical geography of Morocco]] [[Category:Ramsar sites insyd Morocco]] [[Category:Border rivers]] a30zs4gbdvunz2awyoyzbs4qca9k0jv 0 27272 101663 100525 2026-06-10T21:59:29Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 101663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Yobe River''', dem sanso know as de '''Komadougou Yobe''' dem sanso spell am '''Komadugu''' anaa de '''Komadougou-Yobe''' (French: ''Komadougou Yobé''), be a river insyd [[West Africa]] wey dey flow into [[Lake Chad]] thru [[Nigeria]] den [[Niger]].<ref name=eb>{{cite encyclopedia|url= http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-55020/Niger|title= Niger|access-date= 2007-05-13|encyclopedia= [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]|publisher= [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc]]|archive-date= 2008-06-17|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080617022422/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-55020/Niger|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="h812">{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162049/https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |url-status=live }}</ref> Ein tributaries dey include de Hadejia River, de Jama'are River,<ref name=eb2>{{cite encyclopedia| encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica Online| title = Hadejia| url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038730/Hadejia| access-date = 2007-05-13| publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc| archive-date = 2008-05-27| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080527234738/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038730/Hadejia| url-status = live}}</ref> den de Komadugu Gana River.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Best River in Yobe reviews |url=https://ng.africabz.com/yobe/river |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=ng.africabz.com}}</ref> De river dey form a small part of de international border between Niger den Nigeria plus 95 miles (150&nbsp;km) den dey flow a total of 200 miles (320&nbsp;km).<ref name="h812" /> Der be concerns about changes insyd de river flow, economy den ecology secof upstream dams, de largest at present be de Tiga Dam insyd Kano State, plus plans dem discuss for de Kafin Zaki Dam insyd Bauchi State.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/viewFile/21922/20591 |title=Dam Politics in Northern Nigeria: The Case of the Kafin Zaki Dam |author=Kole Ahmed Shettima |publisher=York University, Canada |access-date=2009-10-01 |archive-date=2013-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110073645/http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/viewFile/21922/20591 |url-status=live }}</ref> De River Yobe dey provide a means of subsistence give hundreds of thousands of people wey dey work insyd a variety of commercial den agricultural endeavours along ein almost 200&nbsp;km length insyd de state ein northern region, wich dey span seven local government areas (LGAs) from Nguru to Yunusari.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-16 |title=River Yobe and climate change |url=https://dailytrust.com/river-yobe-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712190543/https://dailytrust.com/river-yobe-and-climate-change/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Notable towns near de river dey include Gashua, Geidam, den Damasak insyd [[Nigeria]], den Diffa insyd [[Niger]]. == References == 8z2xo9zs5jgwnda0n15edodqjqnpy2r 101664 101663 2026-06-10T22:16:26Z DaSupremo 9 /* Pollution */ Improve article 101664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Yobe River''', dem sanso know as de '''Komadougou Yobe''' dem sanso spell am '''Komadugu''' anaa de '''Komadougou-Yobe''' (French: ''Komadougou Yobé''), be a river insyd [[West Africa]] wey dey flow into [[Lake Chad]] thru [[Nigeria]] den [[Niger]].<ref name=eb>{{cite encyclopedia|url= http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-55020/Niger|title= Niger|access-date= 2007-05-13|encyclopedia= [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]|publisher= [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc]]|archive-date= 2008-06-17|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080617022422/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-55020/Niger|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="h812">{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162049/https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |url-status=live }}</ref> Ein tributaries dey include de Hadejia River, de Jama'are River,<ref name=eb2>{{cite encyclopedia| encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica Online| title = Hadejia| url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038730/Hadejia| access-date = 2007-05-13| publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc| archive-date = 2008-05-27| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080527234738/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038730/Hadejia| url-status = live}}</ref> den de Komadugu Gana River.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Best River in Yobe reviews |url=https://ng.africabz.com/yobe/river |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=ng.africabz.com}}</ref> De river dey form a small part of de international border between Niger den Nigeria plus 95 miles (150&nbsp;km) den dey flow a total of 200 miles (320&nbsp;km).<ref name="h812" /> Der be concerns about changes insyd de river flow, economy den ecology secof upstream dams, de largest at present be de Tiga Dam insyd Kano State, plus plans dem discuss for de Kafin Zaki Dam insyd Bauchi State.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/viewFile/21922/20591 |title=Dam Politics in Northern Nigeria: The Case of the Kafin Zaki Dam |author=Kole Ahmed Shettima |publisher=York University, Canada |access-date=2009-10-01 |archive-date=2013-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110073645/http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/viewFile/21922/20591 |url-status=live }}</ref> De River Yobe dey provide a means of subsistence give hundreds of thousands of people wey dey work insyd a variety of commercial den agricultural endeavours along ein almost 200&nbsp;km length insyd de state ein northern region, wich dey span seven local government areas (LGAs) from Nguru to Yunusari.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-16 |title=River Yobe and climate change |url=https://dailytrust.com/river-yobe-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712190543/https://dailytrust.com/river-yobe-and-climate-change/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Notable towns near de river dey include Gashua, Geidam, den Damasak insyd [[Nigeria]], den Diffa insyd [[Niger]]. == Pollution == Na sam rural dwellers insyd Yobe complain say chemicals den waste products contaminate various water sources insyd dema communities, wey dey pose danger to lives.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rural dwellers in Yobe raise alarm on water pollution |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/141355-rural-dwellers-in-yobe-raise-alarm-on-water-pollution.html |access-date=2023-09-15 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]|archive-date=2023-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112075639/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/141355-rural-dwellers-in-yobe-raise-alarm-on-water-pollution.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Na dem collect water tests from Yobe River amid de stormy den dry seasons at Nguru, Gashua, Azbak, Dumsai den Wachakal. Na dem analyze de tests for dema mineral constituents wey dey count Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn den Mg wey dey utilize de Nuclear Assimilation Spectrometry (AAS) whereas na dem analyze Na, Ca, den K dey utilize Fire Emanation Spectrometry (FES). De ranges of metal concentrations dem get be; Zn (7.06&nbsp;mg/dm3 – 13.44&nbsp;mg/dm3), Pb (0.05&nbsp;mg/dm3 – 0.135&nbsp;mg/dm3), Fe (0.052&nbsp;mg/dm3 – 0.53&nbsp;mg/dm3), Mn (0.102&nbsp;mg/dm3 – 0.383&nbsp;mg/dm3), Ca (28.50&nbsp;mg/dm3 – 87.52&nbsp;mg/dm3), Mg (7.34&nbsp;mg/dm3 – 29.4&nbsp;mg/dm3), Na (13.95&nbsp;mg/dm3 – 22.98&nbsp;mg/dm3) and K (40.08&nbsp;mg/dm3 – 78.2&nbsp;mg/dm3 ). From de levels of metals dem analyze, e fi be concluded say na concentrations of Zn, Pb, Fe den Mn be all over WHO den Child allowable limits insyd all inspecting regions. Dis dey demonstrate an increment insyd metal contamination stack, likely secof fertilizer development, agrarian cinders den sewage-effluent run-off squanders. Water tests dem source from dis stream fi be say as e fi be utilized for agrarian den water system purposes buh unfit for human utilization. == References == 1kuetsfzxftz2r7ecshwn748tmy3kih 101665 101664 2026-06-10T22:19:05Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Yobe River''', dem sanso know as de '''Komadougou Yobe''' dem sanso spell am '''Komadugu''' anaa de '''Komadougou-Yobe''' (French: ''Komadougou Yobé''), be a river insyd [[West Africa]] wey dey flow into [[Lake Chad]] thru [[Nigeria]] den [[Niger]].<ref name=eb>{{cite encyclopedia|url= http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-55020/Niger|title= Niger|access-date= 2007-05-13|encyclopedia= [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]|publisher= [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc]]|archive-date= 2008-06-17|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080617022422/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-55020/Niger|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="h812">{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162049/https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |url-status=live }}</ref> Ein tributaries dey include de Hadejia River, de Jama'are River,<ref name=eb2>{{cite encyclopedia| encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica Online| title = Hadejia| url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038730/Hadejia| access-date = 2007-05-13| publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc| archive-date = 2008-05-27| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080527234738/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038730/Hadejia| url-status = live}}</ref> den de Komadugu Gana River.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Best River in Yobe reviews |url=https://ng.africabz.com/yobe/river |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=ng.africabz.com}}</ref> De river dey form a small part of de international border between Niger den Nigeria plus 95 miles (150&nbsp;km) den dey flow a total of 200 miles (320&nbsp;km).<ref name="h812" /> Der be concerns about changes insyd de river flow, economy den ecology secof upstream dams, de largest at present be de Tiga Dam insyd Kano State, plus plans dem discuss for de Kafin Zaki Dam insyd Bauchi State.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/viewFile/21922/20591 |title=Dam Politics in Northern Nigeria: The Case of the Kafin Zaki Dam |author=Kole Ahmed Shettima |publisher=York University, Canada |access-date=2009-10-01 |archive-date=2013-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110073645/http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/viewFile/21922/20591 |url-status=live }}</ref> De River Yobe dey provide a means of subsistence give hundreds of thousands of people wey dey work insyd a variety of commercial den agricultural endeavours along ein almost 200&nbsp;km length insyd de state ein northern region, wich dey span seven local government areas (LGAs) from Nguru to Yunusari.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-16 |title=River Yobe and climate change |url=https://dailytrust.com/river-yobe-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712190543/https://dailytrust.com/river-yobe-and-climate-change/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Notable towns near de river dey include Gashua, Geidam, den Damasak insyd [[Nigeria]], den Diffa insyd [[Niger]]. == Pollution == Na sam rural dwellers insyd Yobe complain say chemicals den waste products contaminate various water sources insyd dema communities, wey dey pose danger to lives.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rural dwellers in Yobe raise alarm on water pollution |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/141355-rural-dwellers-in-yobe-raise-alarm-on-water-pollution.html |access-date=2023-09-15 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]|archive-date=2023-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112075639/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/141355-rural-dwellers-in-yobe-raise-alarm-on-water-pollution.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Na dem collect water tests from Yobe River amid de stormy den dry seasons at Nguru, Gashua, Azbak, Dumsai den Wachakal. Na dem analyze de tests for dema mineral constituents wey dey count Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn den Mg wey dey utilize de Nuclear Assimilation Spectrometry (AAS) whereas na dem analyze Na, Ca, den K dey utilize Fire Emanation Spectrometry (FES). De ranges of metal concentrations dem get be; Zn (7.06&nbsp;mg/dm3 – 13.44&nbsp;mg/dm3), Pb (0.05&nbsp;mg/dm3 – 0.135&nbsp;mg/dm3), Fe (0.052&nbsp;mg/dm3 – 0.53&nbsp;mg/dm3), Mn (0.102&nbsp;mg/dm3 – 0.383&nbsp;mg/dm3), Ca (28.50&nbsp;mg/dm3 – 87.52&nbsp;mg/dm3), Mg (7.34&nbsp;mg/dm3 – 29.4&nbsp;mg/dm3), Na (13.95&nbsp;mg/dm3 – 22.98&nbsp;mg/dm3) and K (40.08&nbsp;mg/dm3 – 78.2&nbsp;mg/dm3 ). From de levels of metals dem analyze, e fi be concluded say na concentrations of Zn, Pb, Fe den Mn be all over WHO den Child allowable limits insyd all inspecting regions. Dis dey demonstrate an increment insyd metal contamination stack, likely secof fertilizer development, agrarian cinders den sewage-effluent run-off squanders. Water tests dem source from dis stream fi be say as e fi be utilized for agrarian den water system purposes buh unfit for human utilization. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Rivers of Niger]] [[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]] [[Category:Geography of Borno State]] [[Category:Yobe State]] [[Category:Lake Chad]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Niger–Nigeria border]] i3yttwx7qojlirz7bcse8g0c258a02j 0 27278 101641 101224 2026-06-10T19:09:25Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Turkana''' (/tɜːrˈkɑːnə, -ˈkæn-/) be a saline lake insyd de Kenyan Rift Valley, predominantly insyd northern Kenya; de far northern end dey cross into Ethiopia.<ref>The boundary between Ethiopia and Kenya has been a contentious matter. A brief consideration of the topic can be found in the State Department document, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090318063413/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS152.pdf Ethiopia – Kenya Boundary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318063413/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS152.pdf|date=18 March 2009}}</ref> E be de world ein largest permanent desert lake den de world ein largest alkaline lake. By volume e be de world ein fourth-largest salt lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Turkana in Kenya - The Jade Sea |url=http://www.kenyasafari.com/lake-turkana-kenya.html |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=www.kenyasafari.com}}</ref> after de Caspian Sea, Issyk-Kul, den Lake Van (wey dey pass de shrinking South Aral Sea), den among all lakes e dey rank 22nd. Lake Turkana now be threatened by de construction of de Gilgel Gibe III Dam insyd Ethiopia secof de damming of de Omo River wich dey supply chaw of de lake ein water.<ref name="Moran20172">{{cite news|author=Moran, B.|date=23 May 2017|title=A way of life under threat in Kenya as Lake Turkana shrinks|url=http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/feature/2017/05/23/way-life-under-threat-kenya-lake-turkana-shrinks|publisher=The New Humanitarian|access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref> Although de lake commonly be—den to sam degree still be—dem use for drinking water, ein salinity (slightly brackish) den very high levels of fluoride (much higher dan insyd fluoridated water) generally make am unsuitable give drinking; e sanso be a source of diseases wey contaminated water spread. Increasingly, communities around de lake dey rely on underground springs for drinking water.<ref name="Serem20122">{{cite news|author=Serem, B.|date=29 November 2012|title=For villages in Turkana, Kenya, a new initiative that brings clean water to the community is life-changing|url=https://www.unicef.org/wash/kenya_66520.html|publisher=UNICEF|access-date=8 November 2019|archive-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108110615/https://www.unicef.org/wash/kenya_66520.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> De same characteristics wey dey make am unsuitable for drinking limit ein use for irrigation.<ref name="Johnson2009">{{Cite book |last=Johnson, T.C. |title=The Nile |last2=J.O. Malala |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor-last=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=287–306 |chapter=Lake Turkana and its connection to the Nile}}</ref> De climate be hot den very dry. De rocks of de surrounding area predominantly be volcanic. Central Island be an active volcano, wey dey emit vapour. Outcrops den rocky shores be found on de east den southern shores of de lake, while dunes, spits den flats be on de west den north, at a lower elevation. On-shore den off-shore winds fi be extremely strong, as de lake warms den cools more slowly dan de land. Sudden, violent storms be frequent. Three rivers (de Omo, Turkwel den Kerio) flow into de lake, buh lacking outflow, ein only water loss be by evaporation. Lake volume den dimensions vary. For example, de level fell by 10 metres (33 ft) between 1975 den 1993.<ref>Historic lake levels are graphed in the [https://web.archive.org/web/20060118225224/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-20.html World Lakes Database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118225224/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-20.html|date=18 January 2006}}.</ref> Despite de lack of outflow, insyd ecology e be often regarded as a part of — anaa at least associated plus — de [[Nile]] basin secof ein prehistoric connection to dis system den de similarities insyd dema aquatic faunas.<ref name="Johnson2009" /> Secof local temperatures — de lake water be 27–31 °C [81–88 °F], den de mean air temperature of de region be similar anaa slightly higher — aridity den geographic inaccessibility, de lake dey retain ein wild character.<ref name=Johnson2009/> Nile crocodiles be found insyd great abundance on de shore flats. De rocky shores be home to scorpions den carpet vipers. De lake be rich insyd fish den fishing be very important to de local economy, buh e be threatened by falling water levels den overfishing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-23 |title=A way of life under threat in Kenya as Lake Turkana shrinks |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/2017/05/23/way-life-under-threat-kenya-lake-turkana-shrinks |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=www.thenewhumanitarian.org |language=en}}</ref> Lake Turkana National Parks now be listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Sibiloi National Park dey lie on de lake ein eastern shore, while Central Island National Park den South Island National Park dey lie insyd de lake. Both be known for dema Nile crocodiles. An abundance of hominid fossils be discovered insyd de area wey dey surround Lake Turkana.<ref name=":0" /> De area dey see few visitors, be a two day drive from Nairobi. De lake sanso be an imaginary boundary of de Rendille den Borana den Oromo to de Turkana land. De area be primarily clay-based wey e be more alkaline dan seawater. == References == 63mr3qwh8ppgn860d4zpkpjwoj78ds1 101642 101641 2026-06-10T19:16:18Z DaSupremo 9 /* Insyd popular culture */ Improve article 101642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Turkana''' (/tɜːrˈkɑːnə, -ˈkæn-/) be a saline lake insyd de Kenyan Rift Valley, predominantly insyd northern Kenya; de far northern end dey cross into Ethiopia.<ref>The boundary between Ethiopia and Kenya has been a contentious matter. A brief consideration of the topic can be found in the State Department document, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090318063413/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS152.pdf Ethiopia – Kenya Boundary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318063413/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS152.pdf|date=18 March 2009}}</ref> E be de world ein largest permanent desert lake den de world ein largest alkaline lake. By volume e be de world ein fourth-largest salt lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Turkana in Kenya - The Jade Sea |url=http://www.kenyasafari.com/lake-turkana-kenya.html |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=www.kenyasafari.com}}</ref> after de Caspian Sea, Issyk-Kul, den Lake Van (wey dey pass de shrinking South Aral Sea), den among all lakes e dey rank 22nd. Lake Turkana now be threatened by de construction of de Gilgel Gibe III Dam insyd Ethiopia secof de damming of de Omo River wich dey supply chaw of de lake ein water.<ref name="Moran20172">{{cite news|author=Moran, B.|date=23 May 2017|title=A way of life under threat in Kenya as Lake Turkana shrinks|url=http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/feature/2017/05/23/way-life-under-threat-kenya-lake-turkana-shrinks|publisher=The New Humanitarian|access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref> Although de lake commonly be—den to sam degree still be—dem use for drinking water, ein salinity (slightly brackish) den very high levels of fluoride (much higher dan insyd fluoridated water) generally make am unsuitable give drinking; e sanso be a source of diseases wey contaminated water spread. Increasingly, communities around de lake dey rely on underground springs for drinking water.<ref name="Serem20122">{{cite news|author=Serem, B.|date=29 November 2012|title=For villages in Turkana, Kenya, a new initiative that brings clean water to the community is life-changing|url=https://www.unicef.org/wash/kenya_66520.html|publisher=UNICEF|access-date=8 November 2019|archive-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108110615/https://www.unicef.org/wash/kenya_66520.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> De same characteristics wey dey make am unsuitable for drinking limit ein use for irrigation.<ref name="Johnson2009">{{Cite book |last=Johnson, T.C. |title=The Nile |last2=J.O. Malala |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor-last=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=287–306 |chapter=Lake Turkana and its connection to the Nile}}</ref> De climate be hot den very dry. De rocks of de surrounding area predominantly be volcanic. Central Island be an active volcano, wey dey emit vapour. Outcrops den rocky shores be found on de east den southern shores of de lake, while dunes, spits den flats be on de west den north, at a lower elevation. On-shore den off-shore winds fi be extremely strong, as de lake warms den cools more slowly dan de land. Sudden, violent storms be frequent. Three rivers (de Omo, Turkwel den Kerio) flow into de lake, buh lacking outflow, ein only water loss be by evaporation. Lake volume den dimensions vary. For example, de level fell by 10 metres (33 ft) between 1975 den 1993.<ref>Historic lake levels are graphed in the [https://web.archive.org/web/20060118225224/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-20.html World Lakes Database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118225224/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-20.html|date=18 January 2006}}.</ref> Despite de lack of outflow, insyd ecology e be often regarded as a part of — anaa at least associated plus — de [[Nile]] basin secof ein prehistoric connection to dis system den de similarities insyd dema aquatic faunas.<ref name="Johnson2009" /> Secof local temperatures — de lake water be 27–31 °C [81–88 °F], den de mean air temperature of de region be similar anaa slightly higher — aridity den geographic inaccessibility, de lake dey retain ein wild character.<ref name=Johnson2009/> Nile crocodiles be found insyd great abundance on de shore flats. De rocky shores be home to scorpions den carpet vipers. De lake be rich insyd fish den fishing be very important to de local economy, buh e be threatened by falling water levels den overfishing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-23 |title=A way of life under threat in Kenya as Lake Turkana shrinks |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/2017/05/23/way-life-under-threat-kenya-lake-turkana-shrinks |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=www.thenewhumanitarian.org |language=en}}</ref> Lake Turkana National Parks now be listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Sibiloi National Park dey lie on de lake ein eastern shore, while Central Island National Park den South Island National Park dey lie insyd de lake. Both be known for dema Nile crocodiles. An abundance of hominid fossils be discovered insyd de area wey dey surround Lake Turkana.<ref name=":0" /> De area dey see few visitors, be a two day drive from Nairobi. De lake sanso be an imaginary boundary of de Rendille den Borana den Oromo to de Turkana land. De area be primarily clay-based wey e be more alkaline dan seawater. ==Insyd popular culture== *Lake Turkana be featured insyd de 2002 video game ''Xenosaga Episode I: Der Wille zur Macht''. Insyd de game ein prologue, set insyd 20XX AD, an archaeological expedition at Lake Turkana dey uncover de Zohar, a mysterious monolith wey dey serve as a central element insyd de game ein story.<ref>{{cite web|title=Script of Xenosaga Episode I – Prologue|url=https://www.xenoserieswiki.org/wiki/Script_of_Xenosaga_Episode_I/Prologue|publisher=Xeno Series Wiki|access-date=2025-10-12}}</ref> * De lake ein eastern shore (insyd Loiyangalani) be de setting for John le Carré ein novel ''The Constant Gardener'', wey na e sanso be a location for de film of de same title. *Part of de events insyd de novel ''“Невозвращенец”'' (“The Non-Returnee”) by Andrei Gusev dey take place on de shores of Lake Turkana insyd Loiyangalani (insyd de second part of dis novel).<ref>[https://mliterature.narod.ru/Remaining.htm Review of ''“Невозвращенец”'' (“The Non-Returnee”)] on de site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2023</ref><ref>[https://andrei-gusev.narod.ru/Non-Returnee.htm ''“Невозвращенец”'' (“The Non-Returnee”)] by [[Andrei Gusev]], 2022</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == ctd8oiqshk837jbff61n4pt5gdgwl37 101643 101642 2026-06-10T19:20:47Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Turkana''' (/tɜːrˈkɑːnə, -ˈkæn-/) be a saline lake insyd de Kenyan Rift Valley, predominantly insyd northern Kenya; de far northern end dey cross into Ethiopia.<ref>The boundary between Ethiopia and Kenya has been a contentious matter. A brief consideration of the topic can be found in the State Department document, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090318063413/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS152.pdf Ethiopia – Kenya Boundary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318063413/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS152.pdf|date=18 March 2009}}</ref> E be de world ein largest permanent desert lake den de world ein largest alkaline lake. By volume e be de world ein fourth-largest salt lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Turkana in Kenya - The Jade Sea |url=http://www.kenyasafari.com/lake-turkana-kenya.html |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=www.kenyasafari.com}}</ref> after de Caspian Sea, Issyk-Kul, den Lake Van (wey dey pass de shrinking South Aral Sea), den among all lakes e dey rank 22nd. Lake Turkana now be threatened by de construction of de Gilgel Gibe III Dam insyd Ethiopia secof de damming of de Omo River wich dey supply chaw of de lake ein water.<ref name="Moran20172">{{cite news|author=Moran, B.|date=23 May 2017|title=A way of life under threat in Kenya as Lake Turkana shrinks|url=http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/feature/2017/05/23/way-life-under-threat-kenya-lake-turkana-shrinks|publisher=The New Humanitarian|access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref> Although de lake commonly be—den to sam degree still be—dem use for drinking water, ein salinity (slightly brackish) den very high levels of fluoride (much higher dan insyd fluoridated water) generally make am unsuitable give drinking; e sanso be a source of diseases wey contaminated water spread. Increasingly, communities around de lake dey rely on underground springs for drinking water.<ref name="Serem20122">{{cite news|author=Serem, B.|date=29 November 2012|title=For villages in Turkana, Kenya, a new initiative that brings clean water to the community is life-changing|url=https://www.unicef.org/wash/kenya_66520.html|publisher=UNICEF|access-date=8 November 2019|archive-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108110615/https://www.unicef.org/wash/kenya_66520.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> De same characteristics wey dey make am unsuitable for drinking limit ein use for irrigation.<ref name="Johnson2009">{{Cite book |last=Johnson, T.C. |title=The Nile |last2=J.O. Malala |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor-last=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=287–306 |chapter=Lake Turkana and its connection to the Nile}}</ref> De climate be hot den very dry. De rocks of de surrounding area predominantly be volcanic. Central Island be an active volcano, wey dey emit vapour. Outcrops den rocky shores be found on de east den southern shores of de lake, while dunes, spits den flats be on de west den north, at a lower elevation. On-shore den off-shore winds fi be extremely strong, as de lake warms den cools more slowly dan de land. Sudden, violent storms be frequent. Three rivers (de Omo, Turkwel den Kerio) flow into de lake, buh lacking outflow, ein only water loss be by evaporation. Lake volume den dimensions vary. For example, de level fell by 10 metres (33 ft) between 1975 den 1993.<ref>Historic lake levels are graphed in the [https://web.archive.org/web/20060118225224/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-20.html World Lakes Database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118225224/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-20.html|date=18 January 2006}}.</ref> Despite de lack of outflow, insyd ecology e be often regarded as a part of — anaa at least associated plus — de [[Nile]] basin secof ein prehistoric connection to dis system den de similarities insyd dema aquatic faunas.<ref name="Johnson2009" /> Secof local temperatures — de lake water be 27–31 °C [81–88 °F], den de mean air temperature of de region be similar anaa slightly higher — aridity den geographic inaccessibility, de lake dey retain ein wild character.<ref name=Johnson2009/> Nile crocodiles be found insyd great abundance on de shore flats. De rocky shores be home to scorpions den carpet vipers. De lake be rich insyd fish den fishing be very important to de local economy, buh e be threatened by falling water levels den overfishing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-23 |title=A way of life under threat in Kenya as Lake Turkana shrinks |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/2017/05/23/way-life-under-threat-kenya-lake-turkana-shrinks |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=www.thenewhumanitarian.org |language=en}}</ref> Lake Turkana National Parks now be listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Sibiloi National Park dey lie on de lake ein eastern shore, while Central Island National Park den South Island National Park dey lie insyd de lake. Both be known for dema Nile crocodiles. An abundance of hominid fossils be discovered insyd de area wey dey surround Lake Turkana.<ref name=":0" /> De area dey see few visitors, be a two day drive from Nairobi. De lake sanso be an imaginary boundary of de Rendille den Borana den Oromo to de Turkana land. De area be primarily clay-based wey e be more alkaline dan seawater. ==Insyd popular culture== *Lake Turkana be featured insyd de 2002 video game ''Xenosaga Episode I: Der Wille zur Macht''. Insyd de game ein prologue, set insyd 20XX AD, an archaeological expedition at Lake Turkana dey uncover de Zohar, a mysterious monolith wey dey serve as a central element insyd de game ein story.<ref>{{cite web|title=Script of Xenosaga Episode I – Prologue|url=https://www.xenoserieswiki.org/wiki/Script_of_Xenosaga_Episode_I/Prologue|publisher=Xeno Series Wiki|access-date=2025-10-12}}</ref> * De lake ein eastern shore (insyd Loiyangalani) be de setting for John le Carré ein novel ''The Constant Gardener'', wey na e sanso be a location for de film of de same title. *Part of de events insyd de novel ''“Невозвращенец”'' (“The Non-Returnee”) by Andrei Gusev dey take place on de shores of Lake Turkana insyd Loiyangalani (insyd de second part of dis novel).<ref>[https://mliterature.narod.ru/Remaining.htm Review of ''“Невозвращенец”'' (“The Non-Returnee”)] on de site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2023</ref><ref>[https://andrei-gusev.narod.ru/Non-Returnee.htm ''“Невозвращенец”'' (“The Non-Returnee”)] by [[Andrei Gusev]], 2022</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080510070614/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/sibiloi.html Lake Turkana's entry on UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041020044329/http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/earthshots/slow/Turkana/Turkana Satellite images showing Lake Turkana's falling water levels] * [http://www.kfrp.com Ongoing Palaeoanthropological research in the Turkana Basin] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060118225224/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-20.html World Lakes Database] * [http://www.tours-kenya.net/lake-turkana-national-park.html Lake Turkana National Park] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928020937/http://www.originsafaris.info/brochure/CradleofMankind07.pdf Remote Tribes of Northern Kenya] * [http://www.junglephotos.com/africa/afanimals/reptiles/crocodilenathist.shtml Crocodile Natural History] * [http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ Africa Resources Working Group Gibe III Dam Lake Turkana] * [http://www.turkanabasin.org The Turkana Basin Institute] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050324014526/http://sibiloi.com/ Sibiloi National Park, World Heritage Site] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Turkana}} [[Category:Lake Turkana| ]] [[Category:Archaeological sites insyd Kenya]] [[Category:Archaeological sites insyd Ethiopia]] [[Category:African Great Lakes]] [[Category:Endorheic lakes of Africa]] [[Category:Lakes of Ethiopia]] [[Category:Lakes of Kenya]] [[Category:Omo River (Ethiopia)]] [[Category:Ethiopia–Kenya border]] [[Category:International lakes of Africa]] [[Category:Saline lakes of de Great Rift Valley]] [[Category:Freshwater ecoregions of Africa]] [[Category:Archaeology of Eastern Africa]] r84fg5k34szg9nagxb9fo9yndx1g93b 0 27308 101632 100738 2026-06-10T16:01:09Z DaSupremo 9 DaSupremo moved page [[Sewa river]] to [[Sewa River]] without leaving a redirect 100738 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sewa River''' be river wey dey insyd [[:en:Sierra_Leone|Sierra Leone]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Sewa River |date=2024-01-30 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sewa_River&oldid=1200651301 |access-date=2026-06-07 |language=en}}</ref> Ein furthest sources be de Bagbe River den Bafi River, wey dey originate from de mountainous areas of de northeastern part of de country, near de border with [[:en:Guinea|Guinea]]. From de confluence of Bagbe den Bafi insyd de [[:en:Kono_District|Kono District]] Sewa flows 240 km (150 mi) insyd south-southwestern direction den edey drain an area of 19,022 km² (7,344 mi²). Close to de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] coast de river dey join Waanje River wey dey form de Kittam River. Kittam River dey flow 48 km (30 mi) westward along de coast den enter chaow lagoons den streams wey dey separate from de sea by [[:en:Turner's_Peninsula|Turner's Peninsula]]. By de island of [[:en:Sherbro_Island|Sherbro]], Kittam dey pour insyd de larger [[:en:Estuary|estuary]] [[:en:Sherbro_Island|Sherbro River]]. Sewa River be navigable over shorter distances, but in de middle den upper reaches, rapids den cataracts dey dominate. De river get great commercial value for Sierra Leone. Dem dey use Sewa ein upper reaches dey pan for [[:en:Diamond|diamonds]] on large scale. Closer to de coast [[:en:Rice|rice]] cultivation den de cultivation of [[:en:Piassava|piassava]], dem dey export for de production of [[:en:Besom|besoms]], be de important crops. ==References== <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Sierra Leone]] lrru89wgp9tomanqcofuja35no65c69 101633 101632 2026-06-10T16:08:09Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 101633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sewa River''' be a river insyd [[Sierra Leone]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sierra Leone - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sierra_Leone |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref> Ein furthest sources be de Bagbe River den Bafi River, wich dey originate insyd de mountainous areas of de northeastern part of de country, near de border plus [[Guinea]]. From de confluence of Bagbe den Bafi insyd de Kono District Sewa dey flow 240 km (150 mi) insyd a south-southwestern direction den dey drain an area of 19,022 km² (7,344 mi²). Close to de [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast de river dey join Waanje River to form de Kittam River. Kittam River dey flow {{convert|48|km|mi|abbr=on}} westwards along de coast den dey enter a network of lagoons den streams dem separate from de sea by Turner's Peninsula. By de island of Sherbro, Kittam dey empty into de larger estuary Sherbro River. == References == 5jqat0juimgb20n87vmepfl6f8c3txc 101634 101633 2026-06-10T16:11:04Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 101634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sewa River''' be a river insyd [[Sierra Leone]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sierra Leone - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sierra_Leone |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref> Ein furthest sources be de Bagbe River den Bafi River, wich dey originate insyd de mountainous areas of de northeastern part of de country, near de border plus [[Guinea]]. From de confluence of Bagbe den Bafi insyd de Kono District Sewa dey flow 240 km (150 mi) insyd a south-southwestern direction den dey drain an area of 19,022 km² (7,344 mi²). Close to de [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast de river dey join Waanje River to form de Kittam River. Kittam River dey flow {{convert|48|km|mi|abbr=on}} westwards along de coast den dey enter a network of lagoons den streams dem separate from de sea by Turner's Peninsula. By de island of Sherbro, Kittam dey empty into de larger estuary Sherbro River. Sewa River be navigable over shorter distances, buh insyd de middle den upper reaches, rapids den cataracts dominate. De river get great commercial value give Sierra Leone. Sewa ein upper reaches be panned for diamonds on a large scale. Closer to de coast rice cultivation den de cultivation of piassava, dem export for de production of besoms, be important crops. == References == [[Category:Rivers of Sierra Leone]] 7etncefs82byy57dqtuyg5lfbzuhktc 0 27413 101667 101310 2026-06-11T00:26:20Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 101667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Fossil water aquifer system in northeastern Africa}} [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300px|De transport of pipe segments for de Great Man-Made River(GMMR) insyd de Sahara desert, [[Libya]], during de 1980s. A network of pipes dat supplies water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer insyd de Sahara desert of Libya, the GMMR be de world's largest [[irrigation]] project.]] De '''Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System''' ('''NSAS''') be de world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. E dey locate underground insyd de eastern end of de Sahara desert den spans de political boundaries of four countries insyd northeastern [[Africa]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html International Atomic Energy Agency: NSAS Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020163247/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/IHS_nubian.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Acuifero arenito nubio.jpg|thumb|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] Since 2001, de Nubian Sandstone aquifer wey dey situate between de Toshka den Abu Simbel areas of Egypt has undergone intensive drilling den development as part of a land reclamation project. Drilling information dey used to conduct a variety of studies regarding de hydrogeological setting of de area's aquifer. Results dey indicate dat lithological characteristics den tectonic settings have a substantial effect on groundwater flow patterns den de area's overall aquifer potentiality, wich be considered relatively low wen compared to neighboring areas insyd eastern Oweinat anaa Dakhla. ===Geology=== De aquifer be largely composed of hard ferruginous sandstone plus great shale den clay intercalation, having a thickness dat ranges between 140 den 230 meters. Groundwater type varies from fresh to slightly brackish (salinity ranges from 240 to 1300 ppm). De ion dominance ordering shows dat sodium cation be most commonly predominating over calcium den magnesium – whereas chloride be predominant over sulfate den bicarbonate. De groundwater be of meteoric origin<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100400100140 | doi=10.1007/s100400100140 | title=Groundwater recharge and flow in the Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Sinai Peninsula, using isotopic techniques and hydrochemistry | year=2001 | last1=Samie | first1=S. Abd El | last2=M. | first2=Sadek | journal=Hydrogeology Journal | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=378–389 | bibcode=2001HydJ....9..378E | s2cid=129513948 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> (de term meteoric water dey refers to water dat wey originate as precipitation; most groundwater be meteoric insyd origin). High concentrations of sodium, chloride, den sulfates reflect de leaching den dissolution processes of gypsiferous shales den clay, insyd addition to a lengthy duration of water residence.<ref>''A Study of Hydrogeological Conditions of the Nubian Sandstone Aguifer in the Area between Abu Simbel & Toschka, Western Desert, Egypt''. American Geophysical Union, Spring 2001</ref> Two recharge locations tied to specific epochs have been identified by Reika Yokochj et al.: one 38,000 years ago originating from de Mediterranean, den de second dated at around 361,000 years ago from de tropical Atlantic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yokochi |first1=Reika |last2=Ram |first2=Roi |last3=Zappala |first3=Jake C. |last4=Jiang |first4=Wei |last5=Adar |first5=Eilon |last6=Bernier |first6=Ryan |last7=Burg |first7=Avihu |last8=Dayan |first8=Uri |last9=Lu |first9=Zheng-Tian |last10=Mueller |first10=Peter |last11=Purtschert |first11=Roland |last12=Yechieli |first12=Yoseph |title=Radiokrypton unveils dual moisture sources of a deep desert aquifer |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=13 August 2019 |volume=116 |issue=33 |pages=16222–16227 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1904260116|pmc=6697870 }}</ref> ==International development projects== Since 2006, de international Atomic Energy Agency has been working insyd cooperation plus de four NSAS countries to help increase understanding of de aquifer's complexities through de IAEA-UNDP-GEF Nubian Project.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |journal=Science and Diplomacy |date=June 22, 2015 |title=The International Atomic Energy Agency: Linking Nuclear Science and Diplomacy |first=John |last=Brittain |access-date=June 22, 2015 |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002103/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |url-status=dead }}</ref> Project partners include de United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ Global Environment Facility (GEF), IAEA, United Nations Educational, Scientific den Cultural Organization ([[UNESCO]]) den government representatives from de NSAS countries. De project's long-term goal be establishing rational den equitable management of de NSAS as a productive way of advancing socio-economic development insyd de region den protecting biodiversity den land resources.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |title=IAEA/UNDP/GEF Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Medium Sized Project: Inception Meeting Report. November 9, 2006 |access-date=September 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190909/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == See sanso == * Lake Ptolemy * African humid period == References == <references /> [[Category:Aquifers]] [[Category:Aquifers of Africa]] [[Category:Springs of Africa]] [[Category:Sahara]] [[Category:Geography of Libya]] [[Category:Geology of Libya]] [[Category:International aquifers]] [[Category:Springs of Libya]] [[Category:Springs of Chad]] [[Category:Springs of Egypt]] [[Category:Springs of Sudan]] [[Category:AWC2026]] 21qp0jy605i3t1pdyqwmctvtbj8mnja 0 27437 101669 101535 2026-06-11T05:58:11Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]] == References == 3kxowu6bvp3wg73mbtbso9w46jbxyu6 101670 101669 2026-06-11T06:07:42Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. == References == 8otnbtazaggjf6d8hx2v9651n7z7uzy 101671 101670 2026-06-11T06:08:17Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. == References == 3ljyao3f3bwddmmprk7m7lhe64uokbf 101672 101671 2026-06-11T06:09:09Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. == References == bc5t52903b2u6pux7txtba6kmuosaiw 101673 101672 2026-06-11T06:09:49Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. == References == lzkglhqkwjecyvgd5u6njw2ihxe3rrr 101674 101673 2026-06-11T06:10:24Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. == References == kiiprn7e9bco6jeyb23al5oh8jsg369 101675 101674 2026-06-11T06:10:57Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. == References == qf4d2co83ogzwjdtawllwqfddfggbnp 101676 101675 2026-06-11T06:11:30Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing. == References == 53mwt0qhzzoser8jv1lugwhal4ashrk 101677 101676 2026-06-11T06:12:02Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing. Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter. == References == gwdx2cvzdgvvk3z2jchvc812uvlytqm 101678 101677 2026-06-11T06:12:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing. Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter. De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. == References == kgl77rsjmttsw8kwgutybjnuxr3coip 101679 101678 2026-06-11T06:13:06Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing. Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter. De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: == References == an1abgkbirq0da9kgt7vrpqy7xses2g 101680 101679 2026-06-11T06:13:26Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing. Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter. De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally. == References == 2i09zrbxf7x0ny4q7czxai8cgopxazc 101681 101680 2026-06-11T06:14:16Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter. De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally. == References == iz4mm8i8z4xccvy0vhvo176qsjhooct 101682 101681 2026-06-11T06:19:51Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally. == References == 374oi9abr0tvefr2l5npdn0fs87egcd 101683 101682 2026-06-11T06:20:18Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == References == f9j2ujefm6redf3m80s7ehwpv98xyfe 101684 101683 2026-06-11T06:20:59Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == == References == 2ve6hbs903k2wc29hoocf5idnh85xc7 101685 101684 2026-06-11T06:22:22Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]] == References == 45s26i47w0531fdkrtf4y50iu0tdygh 101686 101685 2026-06-11T06:27:07Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. == References == ti155nm5vrn47jlzncn8k0lu5ttc9tk 101687 101686 2026-06-11T06:27:30Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present. == References == 39fjeb6r7wlamjy7k1xpe3kzh3z22wo 101688 101687 2026-06-11T06:27:55Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> == References == fgzi6zb7mqn2yb4qiiuc7r0hzgrhfj9 101689 101688 2026-06-11T06:28:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]] == References == tsja1eu91oejp2eyp5y2xif1dzkupzw 101690 101689 2026-06-11T06:33:22Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals. == References == 419p3fho2l2w49ez2j08cpii73df01h 101691 101690 2026-06-11T06:33:57Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> == References == r8bonapb0dcpq9gvevn5jf8bia70hg2 101692 101691 2026-06-11T06:34:33Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]], == References == pehqggz3s9b0wjm9izllxewsvs1g7u1 101693 101692 2026-06-11T06:35:03Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> == References == djhenvks7uhef32bdzdwts2bpu9m1ps 101694 101693 2026-06-11T06:35:34Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]], == References == 64wu3kph9eb9aui4d4gixkr2t9pl3y7 101695 101694 2026-06-11T06:36:02Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> == References == 5awimlrgbit3foqpn7j0brsu570urhy 101696 101695 2026-06-11T06:36:34Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]]. == References == l3me0z31a33jo22ro22q4duuk5nwhu8 101697 101696 2026-06-11T06:37:12Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> == References == rcehr8lxpkcdy898h1dh9851wgth4kv 101698 101697 2026-06-11T06:37:46Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]], == References == iah6z80v81fy7jq4jbo6gkcf58ms8uq 101699 101698 2026-06-11T06:38:13Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]]. == References == i1jcrrdxtpgic4ms4zzgak5kw63irr6 101700 101699 2026-06-11T06:38:52Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> == References == 2r951109cl2rxntnd0y94ufxtoidain 101701 101700 2026-06-11T06:39:27Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]]. == References == t4dhtv3mzkltib0pz6dbdjf8tbeu924 101702 101701 2026-06-11T06:39:52Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> == References == 3nbkr38g31bg69xeswsvm0nuwkjpcy2 101703 101702 2026-06-11T06:40:23Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd. == References == mm0i0zwjfskok30j9zhbcpxfk9komvf 101704 101703 2026-06-11T06:40:45Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == References == 7xmjqu61jikmqzhp1oe5si3kn1amkuu 101705 101704 2026-06-11T06:41:27Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. == References == 5yqihccar6ucfekzsvy8859s05k4khj 101706 101705 2026-06-11T06:41:52Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== == References == q8zeivd5vz1sqbf7k0du2rtpfzuf8xz 101707 101706 2026-06-11T06:44:42Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. == References == dshd6ymct844a94x62ohggnbmjo657d 101708 101707 2026-06-11T06:45:12Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. == References == loo8yu7x1bmqgznpc415eviado16s9b 101709 101708 2026-06-11T06:45:39Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems. == References == 5uys2ahhmvj0ovr0ijd079ovmswaabh 101710 101709 2026-06-11T06:45:55Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == References == rnqrizqmf82qm4jqwufz1ulpeqzsv9x 101711 101710 2026-06-11T07:03:51Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera. == References == 7wxf8iccvo36uaatw91co70xfvaog36 101712 101711 2026-06-11T07:04:28Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> == References == cna7z57y7t813vo2m59gsvpr4c1z087 101713 101712 2026-06-11T07:05:02Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: == References == 6rgsew30ygiwmuf7pqurd22wr3j42rm 101714 101713 2026-06-11T07:05:41Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. == References == lwtvxz7yrlb76boejetyubh6fpmdaep 101715 101714 2026-06-11T07:06:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area. == References == n6ez44qm4z7e17blutugfos4n0mf6hv 101716 101715 2026-06-11T07:06:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == References == mp0y4z9u5t3v6dqqj163xedg8t95cp6 101717 101716 2026-06-11T07:07:30Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. == References == 6sw6dbmgymw5wflxjg6hgxtqgf9rcov 101718 101717 2026-06-11T07:08:02Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. == References == 07gvecsyo53766ozvfucb18wxpikpuj 101719 101718 2026-06-11T07:08:35Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: == References == fwpvi09qin95vekvokpo69uk08l4ksm 101720 101719 2026-06-11T07:09:13Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. == References == rwmn07cm9buo2c80y51phd4wzpnt791 101721 101720 2026-06-11T07:09:47Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]]. == References == 15zvrvtz981lhv373pkhnwmvxkkwxnv 101722 101721 2026-06-11T07:10:18Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> == References == fs3s7acykowpv75h479sc9t9tpgzssk 101723 101722 2026-06-11T07:10:47Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == References == kgyrgtz4ij19s1iz35snvierz4wsd60 101724 101723 2026-06-11T07:11:20Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. == References == lbnbhrvak21r8x6b3h35komhrmlr3i5 101725 101724 2026-06-11T07:11:54Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. == References == fio23u6u6icti7kyr0hg0puj4pgn768 101726 101725 2026-06-11T07:12:27Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. == References == dm3m3y7yufv76q62431vd0z9r0b93di 101727 101726 2026-06-11T07:12:59Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. == References == o585qp3p38lsdlo2xeyttoznvwiiucz 101728 101727 2026-06-11T07:13:26Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. == References == k8vuaq60oqm3vo4p6cypn88xqmmsxh4 101729 101728 2026-06-11T07:14:07Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. == References == 8gwn07qtte05a14mwdfv88yoiqy2pmq 101730 101729 2026-06-11T07:14:52Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. == References == 7ng9ortrd35ha1zz4osiqr6hp1yaesj 101731 101730 2026-06-11T07:16:43Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == References == f5bpaz9e36vsj1m46pu1pcrs6rvwhc1 101732 101731 2026-06-11T07:17:14Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == == References == ft4z3pqv3pi3jvhgbl34kad8j10ivot 101733 101732 2026-06-11T07:18:17Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]] == References == abjm2onuz75byuqjuekzdgz8yuwcpsz 101734 101733 2026-06-11T07:38:16Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: == References == ng9qxlqh8ai8n041pbj22q5y6rl5s5d 101735 101734 2026-06-11T07:38:50Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de [[:en:Mbukushu|Hambukushu]] (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), == References == 4wtfkr693rvk2gx6k8e2r9cl0mgb1nv 101736 101735 2026-06-11T07:39:38Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de [[:en:Mbukushu|Hambukushu]] (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * == References == akq1ywgj4ecppawu1hsncy70eoa68lg 101737 101736 2026-06-11T07:40:22Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de [[:en:Mbukushu|Hambukushu]] (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de [[:en:Yeyi_people|Wayeyi]] (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * == References == et1vmvyqmc4b04anbp0xz9jjk87c2n9 101738 101737 2026-06-11T07:41:02Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de [[:en:Mbukushu|Hambukushu]] (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de [[:en:Yeyi_people|Wayeyi]] (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * de Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) == References == c8zx4jy4gzartrszqihdxskghuc0lzi 101739 101738 2026-06-11T07:41:53Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de [[:en:Mbukushu|Hambukushu]] (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de [[:en:Yeyi_people|Wayeyi]] (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * de Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * de ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, [[:en:River_Bushmen|River Bushmen]], Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). == References == bby1csg7co4nob9aioly06f1mjv9xog 101740 101739 2026-06-11T07:42:27Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de [[:en:Mbukushu|Hambukushu]] (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de [[:en:Yeyi_people|Wayeyi]] (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * de Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * de ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, [[:en:River_Bushmen|River Bushmen]], Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Wayeyi engage traditionally for mixed economies of millet/sorghum agriculture, fishing, hunting, de collection of wild plant foods, den pastoralism insyd. == References == jxt34b03dmh4ugvdo3z64h8xb52exfp 101741 101740 2026-06-11T07:43:08Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de [[:en:Mbukushu|Hambukushu]] (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de [[:en:Yeyi_people|Wayeyi]] (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * de Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * de ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, [[:en:River_Bushmen|River Bushmen]], Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Wayeyi engage traditionally for mixed economies of millet/sorghum agriculture, fishing, hunting, de collection of wild plant foods, den pastoralism insyd. De Bugakhwe den ǁanikwhe be [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]], wey dem practise fishing, hunting, den de collection of wild plant foods traditonally; == References == 5e0ut61nk3qzdosrq6n0wbn3nlmii8f 101742 101741 2026-06-11T07:43:42Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de [[:en:Mbukushu|Hambukushu]] (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de [[:en:Yeyi_people|Wayeyi]] (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * de Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * de ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, [[:en:River_Bushmen|River Bushmen]], Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Wayeyi engage traditionally for mixed economies of millet/sorghum agriculture, fishing, hunting, de collection of wild plant foods, den pastoralism insyd. De Bugakhwe den ǁanikwhe be [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]], wey dem practise fishing, hunting, den de collection of wild plant foods traditonally; Bugakhwe use both forest den riverine resources, while de ǁanikwhe mostly focus for riverine resources top. == References == 0jmebrjihmsk2nwldeafxsw4hfbnce4 101743 101742 2026-06-11T07:44:25Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de [[:en:Mbukushu|Hambukushu]] (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de [[:en:Yeyi_people|Wayeyi]] (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * de Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * de ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, [[:en:River_Bushmen|River Bushmen]], Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Wayeyi engage traditionally for mixed economies of millet/sorghum agriculture, fishing, hunting, de collection of wild plant foods, den pastoralism insyd. De Bugakhwe den ǁanikwhe be [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]], wey dem practise fishing, hunting, den de collection of wild plant foods traditonally; Bugakhwe use both forest den riverine resources, while de ǁanikwhe mostly focus for riverine resources top. De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe dey present along de Okavango River for Angola den for de [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Caprivi Strip]] of Namibia insyd, == References == j9j7zt858nlacqyw6m28hjdvlrh8n3t 101744 101743 2026-06-11T07:45:28Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de [[:en:Mbukushu|Hambukushu]] (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de [[:en:Yeyi_people|Wayeyi]] (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * de Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * de ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, [[:en:River_Bushmen|River Bushmen]], Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Wayeyi engage traditionally for mixed economies of millet/sorghum agriculture, fishing, hunting, de collection of wild plant foods, den pastoralism insyd. De Bugakhwe den ǁanikwhe be [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]], wey dem practise fishing, hunting, den de collection of wild plant foods traditonally; Bugakhwe use both forest den riverine resources, while de ǁanikwhe mostly focus for riverine resources top. De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe dey present along de Okavango River for Angola den for de [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Caprivi Strip]] of Namibia insyd, den small nombas of Hambukushu den Bugakhwe dey for Zambia insyd, as well. == References == dtpokj3lzcjv29qn9u1qlyd7huq5q4k 101745 101744 2026-06-11T07:46:15Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de [[:en:Mbukushu|Hambukushu]] (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de [[:en:Yeyi_people|Wayeyi]] (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * de Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * de ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, [[:en:River_Bushmen|River Bushmen]], Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Wayeyi engage traditionally for mixed economies of millet/sorghum agriculture, fishing, hunting, de collection of wild plant foods, den pastoralism insyd. De Bugakhwe den ǁanikwhe be [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]], wey dem practise fishing, hunting, den de collection of wild plant foods traditonally; Bugakhwe use both forest den riverine resources, while de ǁanikwhe mostly focus for riverine resources top. De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe dey present along de Okavango River for Angola den for de [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Caprivi Strip]] of Namibia insyd, den small nombas of Hambukushu den Bugakhwe dey for Zambia insyd, as well. Within de Okavango Delta, ova de past 150 years anaa so, Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe inhabit de panhandle den de Magwegqana for de northeastern delta insyd. == References == 8il52gbwrgoxev697wnujzry6g9ey5n 101746 101745 2026-06-11T07:47:10Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de [[:en:Mbukushu|Hambukushu]] (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de [[:en:Yeyi_people|Wayeyi]] (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * de Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * de ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, [[:en:River_Bushmen|River Bushmen]], Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Wayeyi engage traditionally for mixed economies of millet/sorghum agriculture, fishing, hunting, de collection of wild plant foods, den pastoralism insyd. De Bugakhwe den ǁanikwhe be [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]], wey dem practise fishing, hunting, den de collection of wild plant foods traditonally; Bugakhwe use both forest den riverine resources, while de ǁanikwhe mostly focus for riverine resources top. De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe dey present along de Okavango River for Angola den for de [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Caprivi Strip]] of Namibia insyd, den small nombas of Hambukushu den Bugakhwe dey for Zambia insyd, as well. Within de Okavango Delta, ova de past 150 years anaa so, Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe inhabit de panhandle den de Magwegqana for de northeastern delta insyd. ǁanikwhe inhabit de panhandle den de area wey dey along de Boro River thru de delta, as well as de area wey dey along de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]]. == References == mcag727x7vglmkytxth50bzstix97q5 101747 101746 2026-06-11T07:48:01Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de [[:en:Mbukushu|Hambukushu]] (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de [[:en:Yeyi_people|Wayeyi]] (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * de Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * de ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, [[:en:River_Bushmen|River Bushmen]], Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Wayeyi engage traditionally for mixed economies of millet/sorghum agriculture, fishing, hunting, de collection of wild plant foods, den pastoralism insyd. De Bugakhwe den ǁanikwhe be [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]], wey dem practise fishing, hunting, den de collection of wild plant foods traditonally; Bugakhwe use both forest den riverine resources, while de ǁanikwhe mostly focus for riverine resources top. De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe dey present along de Okavango River for Angola den for de [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Caprivi Strip]] of Namibia insyd, den small nombas of Hambukushu den Bugakhwe dey for Zambia insyd, as well. Within de Okavango Delta, ova de past 150 years anaa so, Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe inhabit de panhandle den de Magwegqana for de northeastern delta insyd. ǁanikwhe inhabit de panhandle den de area wey dey along de Boro River thru de delta, as well as de area wey dey along de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]]. De Wayeyi inhabit de area around [[:en:Seronga|Seronga]] as well as de southern delta around [[:en:Maun,_Botswana|Maun]], den a few Wayeyi dey live for demma putative ancestral home for de Caprivi Strip insyd. == References == 6iwhjwdp3ffyggv22l91me5kyxw1gvh 101749 101747 2026-06-11T07:49:48Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de [[:en:Mbukushu|Hambukushu]] (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de [[:en:Yeyi_people|Wayeyi]] (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * de Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * de ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, [[:en:River_Bushmen|River Bushmen]], Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Wayeyi engage traditionally for mixed economies of millet/sorghum agriculture, fishing, hunting, de collection of wild plant foods, den pastoralism insyd. De Bugakhwe den ǁanikwhe be [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]], wey dem practise fishing, hunting, den de collection of wild plant foods traditonally; Bugakhwe use both forest den riverine resources, while de ǁanikwhe mostly focus for riverine resources top. De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe dey present along de Okavango River for Angola den for de [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Caprivi Strip]] of Namibia insyd, den small nombas of Hambukushu den Bugakhwe dey for Zambia insyd, as well. Within de Okavango Delta, ova de past 150 years anaa so, Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe inhabit de panhandle den de Magwegqana for de northeastern delta insyd. ǁanikwhe inhabit de panhandle den de area wey dey along de Boro River thru de delta, as well as de area wey dey along de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]]. De Wayeyi inhabit de area around [[:en:Seronga|Seronga]] as well as de southern delta around [[:en:Maun,_Botswana|Maun]], den a few Wayeyi dey live for demma putative ancestral home for de Caprivi Strip insyd. Within de past 20 years many pippoe from all ova de Okavango migrate to Maun, de late 1960s den early 1970s ova 4,000 Hambukushu refugees from Angola settle for de area insyd around [[:en:Etsha|Etsha]] for de western Panhandle insyd. == References == mmw5n066zwrwy0g5b9v5hewttwfopx9 101750 101749 2026-06-11T07:50:30Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de [[:en:Mbukushu|Hambukushu]] (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de [[:en:Yeyi_people|Wayeyi]] (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * de Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * de ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, [[:en:River_Bushmen|River Bushmen]], Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Wayeyi engage traditionally for mixed economies of millet/sorghum agriculture, fishing, hunting, de collection of wild plant foods, den pastoralism insyd. De Bugakhwe den ǁanikwhe be [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]], wey dem practise fishing, hunting, den de collection of wild plant foods traditonally; Bugakhwe use both forest den riverine resources, while de ǁanikwhe mostly focus for riverine resources top. De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe dey present along de Okavango River for Angola den for de [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Caprivi Strip]] of Namibia insyd, den small nombas of Hambukushu den Bugakhwe dey for Zambia insyd, as well. Within de Okavango Delta, ova de past 150 years anaa so, Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe inhabit de panhandle den de Magwegqana for de northeastern delta insyd. ǁanikwhe inhabit de panhandle den de area wey dey along de Boro River thru de delta, as well as de area wey dey along de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]]. De Wayeyi inhabit de area around [[:en:Seronga|Seronga]] as well as de southern delta around [[:en:Maun,_Botswana|Maun]], den a few Wayeyi dey live for demma putative ancestral home for de Caprivi Strip insyd. Within de past 20 years many pippoe from all ova de Okavango migrate to Maun, de late 1960s den early 1970s ova 4,000 Hambukushu refugees from Angola settle for de area insyd around [[:en:Etsha|Etsha]] for de western Panhandle insyd. De Okavango Delta already dey under de political control of de [[:en:Batawana|Batawana]] (a [[:en:Tswana_people|Tswana]] nation) since de late 18th century. == References == e752o917nun06t3jtx5z9eeq1t2knuf 101751 101750 2026-06-11T07:51:09Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de [[:en:Mbukushu|Hambukushu]] (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de [[:en:Yeyi_people|Wayeyi]] (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * de Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * de ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, [[:en:River_Bushmen|River Bushmen]], Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Wayeyi engage traditionally for mixed economies of millet/sorghum agriculture, fishing, hunting, de collection of wild plant foods, den pastoralism insyd. De Bugakhwe den ǁanikwhe be [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]], wey dem practise fishing, hunting, den de collection of wild plant foods traditonally; Bugakhwe use both forest den riverine resources, while de ǁanikwhe mostly focus for riverine resources top. De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe dey present along de Okavango River for Angola den for de [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Caprivi Strip]] of Namibia insyd, den small nombas of Hambukushu den Bugakhwe dey for Zambia insyd, as well. Within de Okavango Delta, ova de past 150 years anaa so, Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe inhabit de panhandle den de Magwegqana for de northeastern delta insyd. ǁanikwhe inhabit de panhandle den de area wey dey along de Boro River thru de delta, as well as de area wey dey along de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]]. De Wayeyi inhabit de area around [[:en:Seronga|Seronga]] as well as de southern delta around [[:en:Maun,_Botswana|Maun]], den a few Wayeyi dey live for demma putative ancestral home for de Caprivi Strip insyd. Within de past 20 years many pippoe from all ova de Okavango migrate to Maun, de late 1960s den early 1970s ova 4,000 Hambukushu refugees from Angola settle for de area insyd around [[:en:Etsha|Etsha]] for de western Panhandle insyd. De Okavango Delta already dey under de political control of de [[:en:Batawana|Batawana]] (a [[:en:Tswana_people|Tswana]] nation) since de late 18th century.<ref>{{cite web |last=Segolodi |first=Moanaphuti |date=1940 |title=Ditso Tsa Batawana |url=https://www.academia.edu/12170767 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306233801/https://www.academia.edu/12170767 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> == References == s7vyfpx3bukr4y7gux745iwn46k8d6y 101753 101751 2026-06-11T07:51:48Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de [[:en:Mbukushu|Hambukushu]] (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de [[:en:Yeyi_people|Wayeyi]] (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * de Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * de ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, [[:en:River_Bushmen|River Bushmen]], Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Wayeyi engage traditionally for mixed economies of millet/sorghum agriculture, fishing, hunting, de collection of wild plant foods, den pastoralism insyd. De Bugakhwe den ǁanikwhe be [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]], wey dem practise fishing, hunting, den de collection of wild plant foods traditonally; Bugakhwe use both forest den riverine resources, while de ǁanikwhe mostly focus for riverine resources top. De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe dey present along de Okavango River for Angola den for de [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Caprivi Strip]] of Namibia insyd, den small nombas of Hambukushu den Bugakhwe dey for Zambia insyd, as well. Within de Okavango Delta, ova de past 150 years anaa so, Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe inhabit de panhandle den de Magwegqana for de northeastern delta insyd. ǁanikwhe inhabit de panhandle den de area wey dey along de Boro River thru de delta, as well as de area wey dey along de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]]. De Wayeyi inhabit de area around [[:en:Seronga|Seronga]] as well as de southern delta around [[:en:Maun,_Botswana|Maun]], den a few Wayeyi dey live for demma putative ancestral home for de Caprivi Strip insyd. Within de past 20 years many pippoe from all ova de Okavango migrate to Maun, de late 1960s den early 1970s ova 4,000 Hambukushu refugees from Angola settle for de area insyd around [[:en:Etsha|Etsha]] for de western Panhandle insyd. De Okavango Delta already dey under de political control of de [[:en:Batawana|Batawana]] (a [[:en:Tswana_people|Tswana]] nation) since de late 18th century.<ref>{{cite web |last=Segolodi |first=Moanaphuti |date=1940 |title=Ditso Tsa Batawana |url=https://www.academia.edu/12170767 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306233801/https://www.academia.edu/12170767 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> Wey de house of Mathiba I lead am, de leader of a [[:en:Bangwato|Bangwato]] offshoot, de Batawana establish complete control ova de delta for de 1850s insyd as de regional ivory trade explode. == References == 7s5mbfykkedmhkkz7xfc4rndavokdtf 101754 101753 2026-06-11T07:52:18Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de [[:en:Mbukushu|Hambukushu]] (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de [[:en:Yeyi_people|Wayeyi]] (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * de Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * de ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, [[:en:River_Bushmen|River Bushmen]], Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Wayeyi engage traditionally for mixed economies of millet/sorghum agriculture, fishing, hunting, de collection of wild plant foods, den pastoralism insyd. De Bugakhwe den ǁanikwhe be [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]], wey dem practise fishing, hunting, den de collection of wild plant foods traditonally; Bugakhwe use both forest den riverine resources, while de ǁanikwhe mostly focus for riverine resources top. De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe dey present along de Okavango River for Angola den for de [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Caprivi Strip]] of Namibia insyd, den small nombas of Hambukushu den Bugakhwe dey for Zambia insyd, as well. Within de Okavango Delta, ova de past 150 years anaa so, Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe inhabit de panhandle den de Magwegqana for de northeastern delta insyd. ǁanikwhe inhabit de panhandle den de area wey dey along de Boro River thru de delta, as well as de area wey dey along de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]]. De Wayeyi inhabit de area around [[:en:Seronga|Seronga]] as well as de southern delta around [[:en:Maun,_Botswana|Maun]], den a few Wayeyi dey live for demma putative ancestral home for de Caprivi Strip insyd. Within de past 20 years many pippoe from all ova de Okavango migrate to Maun, de late 1960s den early 1970s ova 4,000 Hambukushu refugees from Angola settle for de area insyd around [[:en:Etsha|Etsha]] for de western Panhandle insyd. De Okavango Delta already dey under de political control of de [[:en:Batawana|Batawana]] (a [[:en:Tswana_people|Tswana]] nation) since de late 18th century.<ref>{{cite web |last=Segolodi |first=Moanaphuti |date=1940 |title=Ditso Tsa Batawana |url=https://www.academia.edu/12170767 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306233801/https://www.academia.edu/12170767 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> Wey de house of Mathiba I lead am, de leader of a [[:en:Bangwato|Bangwato]] offshoot, de Batawana establish complete control ova de delta for de 1850s insyd as de regional ivory trade explode.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Morton |first=Barry |year=1997 |title=The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880 |journal=South African Historical Journal |volume=36 |pages=220–239 |doi=10.1080/02582479708671276}}</ref> == References == 7s415fourvst4zkve4bf1sehqtbv6er 101755 101754 2026-06-11T07:52:46Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de [[:en:Mbukushu|Hambukushu]] (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de [[:en:Yeyi_people|Wayeyi]] (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * de Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * de ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, [[:en:River_Bushmen|River Bushmen]], Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Wayeyi engage traditionally for mixed economies of millet/sorghum agriculture, fishing, hunting, de collection of wild plant foods, den pastoralism insyd. De Bugakhwe den ǁanikwhe be [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]], wey dem practise fishing, hunting, den de collection of wild plant foods traditonally; Bugakhwe use both forest den riverine resources, while de ǁanikwhe mostly focus for riverine resources top. De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe dey present along de Okavango River for Angola den for de [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Caprivi Strip]] of Namibia insyd, den small nombas of Hambukushu den Bugakhwe dey for Zambia insyd, as well. Within de Okavango Delta, ova de past 150 years anaa so, Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe inhabit de panhandle den de Magwegqana for de northeastern delta insyd. ǁanikwhe inhabit de panhandle den de area wey dey along de Boro River thru de delta, as well as de area wey dey along de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]]. De Wayeyi inhabit de area around [[:en:Seronga|Seronga]] as well as de southern delta around [[:en:Maun,_Botswana|Maun]], den a few Wayeyi dey live for demma putative ancestral home for de Caprivi Strip insyd. Within de past 20 years many pippoe from all ova de Okavango migrate to Maun, de late 1960s den early 1970s ova 4,000 Hambukushu refugees from Angola settle for de area insyd around [[:en:Etsha|Etsha]] for de western Panhandle insyd. De Okavango Delta already dey under de political control of de [[:en:Batawana|Batawana]] (a [[:en:Tswana_people|Tswana]] nation) since de late 18th century.<ref>{{cite web |last=Segolodi |first=Moanaphuti |date=1940 |title=Ditso Tsa Batawana |url=https://www.academia.edu/12170767 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306233801/https://www.academia.edu/12170767 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> Wey de house of Mathiba I lead am, de leader of a [[:en:Bangwato|Bangwato]] offshoot, de Batawana establish complete control ova de delta for de 1850s insyd as de regional ivory trade explode.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Morton |first=Barry |year=1997 |title=The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880 |journal=South African Historical Journal |volume=36 |pages=220–239 |doi=10.1080/02582479708671276}}</ref> Most Batawana, howeva, traditionally live for de edges of de delta top, sekof de threat dat de [[:en:Tsetse_fly|tsetse fly]] dey pose to demma cattle. == References == 619sgrfugik29ryxgp23pijoewsmphr 101756 101755 2026-06-11T07:53:16Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de [[:en:Mbukushu|Hambukushu]] (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de [[:en:Yeyi_people|Wayeyi]] (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * de Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * de ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, [[:en:River_Bushmen|River Bushmen]], Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Wayeyi engage traditionally for mixed economies of millet/sorghum agriculture, fishing, hunting, de collection of wild plant foods, den pastoralism insyd. De Bugakhwe den ǁanikwhe be [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]], wey dem practise fishing, hunting, den de collection of wild plant foods traditonally; Bugakhwe use both forest den riverine resources, while de ǁanikwhe mostly focus for riverine resources top. De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe dey present along de Okavango River for Angola den for de [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Caprivi Strip]] of Namibia insyd, den small nombas of Hambukushu den Bugakhwe dey for Zambia insyd, as well. Within de Okavango Delta, ova de past 150 years anaa so, Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe inhabit de panhandle den de Magwegqana for de northeastern delta insyd. ǁanikwhe inhabit de panhandle den de area wey dey along de Boro River thru de delta, as well as de area wey dey along de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]]. De Wayeyi inhabit de area around [[:en:Seronga|Seronga]] as well as de southern delta around [[:en:Maun,_Botswana|Maun]], den a few Wayeyi dey live for demma putative ancestral home for de Caprivi Strip insyd. Within de past 20 years many pippoe from all ova de Okavango migrate to Maun, de late 1960s den early 1970s ova 4,000 Hambukushu refugees from Angola settle for de area insyd around [[:en:Etsha|Etsha]] for de western Panhandle insyd. De Okavango Delta already dey under de political control of de [[:en:Batawana|Batawana]] (a [[:en:Tswana_people|Tswana]] nation) since de late 18th century.<ref>{{cite web |last=Segolodi |first=Moanaphuti |date=1940 |title=Ditso Tsa Batawana |url=https://www.academia.edu/12170767 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306233801/https://www.academia.edu/12170767 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> Wey de house of Mathiba I lead am, de leader of a [[:en:Bangwato|Bangwato]] offshoot, de Batawana establish complete control ova de delta for de 1850s insyd as de regional ivory trade explode.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Morton |first=Barry |year=1997 |title=The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880 |journal=South African Historical Journal |volume=36 |pages=220–239 |doi=10.1080/02582479708671276}}</ref> Most Batawana, howeva, traditionally live for de edges of de delta top, sekof de threat dat de [[:en:Tsetse_fly|tsetse fly]] dey pose to demma cattle. During a hiatus of sam 40 years, de tsetse fly retreat den most Batawana live for de swamps insyd from 1896 thru de late 1930s. == References == rk6pokqezoa43cukaqizwuqlb3gal2w 101757 101756 2026-06-11T07:53:37Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de [[:en:Mbukushu|Hambukushu]] (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de [[:en:Yeyi_people|Wayeyi]] (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * de Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * de ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, [[:en:River_Bushmen|River Bushmen]], Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Wayeyi engage traditionally for mixed economies of millet/sorghum agriculture, fishing, hunting, de collection of wild plant foods, den pastoralism insyd. De Bugakhwe den ǁanikwhe be [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]], wey dem practise fishing, hunting, den de collection of wild plant foods traditonally; Bugakhwe use both forest den riverine resources, while de ǁanikwhe mostly focus for riverine resources top. De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe dey present along de Okavango River for Angola den for de [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Caprivi Strip]] of Namibia insyd, den small nombas of Hambukushu den Bugakhwe dey for Zambia insyd, as well. Within de Okavango Delta, ova de past 150 years anaa so, Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe inhabit de panhandle den de Magwegqana for de northeastern delta insyd. ǁanikwhe inhabit de panhandle den de area wey dey along de Boro River thru de delta, as well as de area wey dey along de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]]. De Wayeyi inhabit de area around [[:en:Seronga|Seronga]] as well as de southern delta around [[:en:Maun,_Botswana|Maun]], den a few Wayeyi dey live for demma putative ancestral home for de Caprivi Strip insyd. Within de past 20 years many pippoe from all ova de Okavango migrate to Maun, de late 1960s den early 1970s ova 4,000 Hambukushu refugees from Angola settle for de area insyd around [[:en:Etsha|Etsha]] for de western Panhandle insyd. De Okavango Delta already dey under de political control of de [[:en:Batawana|Batawana]] (a [[:en:Tswana_people|Tswana]] nation) since de late 18th century.<ref>{{cite web |last=Segolodi |first=Moanaphuti |date=1940 |title=Ditso Tsa Batawana |url=https://www.academia.edu/12170767 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306233801/https://www.academia.edu/12170767 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> Wey de house of Mathiba I lead am, de leader of a [[:en:Bangwato|Bangwato]] offshoot, de Batawana establish complete control ova de delta for de 1850s insyd as de regional ivory trade explode.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Morton |first=Barry |year=1997 |title=The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880 |journal=South African Historical Journal |volume=36 |pages=220–239 |doi=10.1080/02582479708671276}}</ref> Most Batawana, howeva, traditionally live for de edges of de delta top, sekof de threat dat de [[:en:Tsetse_fly|tsetse fly]] dey pose to demma cattle. During a hiatus of sam 40 years, de tsetse fly retreat den most Batawana live for de swamps insyd from 1896 thru de late 1930s. Since then, de edge of de delta increasingly crowd plus ein growing human den livestock populations. == References == q70bbtdtt4yw2zty9e6qx5jrc5d4kc2 101758 101757 2026-06-11T07:54:01Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de [[:en:Mbukushu|Hambukushu]] (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de [[:en:Yeyi_people|Wayeyi]] (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * de Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * de ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, [[:en:River_Bushmen|River Bushmen]], Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Wayeyi engage traditionally for mixed economies of millet/sorghum agriculture, fishing, hunting, de collection of wild plant foods, den pastoralism insyd. De Bugakhwe den ǁanikwhe be [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]], wey dem practise fishing, hunting, den de collection of wild plant foods traditonally; Bugakhwe use both forest den riverine resources, while de ǁanikwhe mostly focus for riverine resources top. De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe dey present along de Okavango River for Angola den for de [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Caprivi Strip]] of Namibia insyd, den small nombas of Hambukushu den Bugakhwe dey for Zambia insyd, as well. Within de Okavango Delta, ova de past 150 years anaa so, Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe inhabit de panhandle den de Magwegqana for de northeastern delta insyd. ǁanikwhe inhabit de panhandle den de area wey dey along de Boro River thru de delta, as well as de area wey dey along de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]]. De Wayeyi<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2015 |title=Wayeyi |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/wayeyi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215842/https://minorityrights.org/minorities/wayeyi/ |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-GB}}</ref> inhabit de area around [[:en:Seronga|Seronga]] as well as de southern delta around [[:en:Maun,_Botswana|Maun]], den a few Wayeyi dey live for demma putative ancestral home for de Caprivi Strip insyd. Within de past 20 years many pippoe from all ova de Okavango migrate to Maun, de late 1960s den early 1970s ova 4,000 Hambukushu refugees from Angola settle for de area insyd around [[:en:Etsha|Etsha]] for de western Panhandle insyd. De Okavango Delta already dey under de political control of de [[:en:Batawana|Batawana]] (a [[:en:Tswana_people|Tswana]] nation) since de late 18th century.<ref>{{cite web |last=Segolodi |first=Moanaphuti |date=1940 |title=Ditso Tsa Batawana |url=https://www.academia.edu/12170767 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306233801/https://www.academia.edu/12170767 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> Wey de house of Mathiba I lead am, de leader of a [[:en:Bangwato|Bangwato]] offshoot, de Batawana establish complete control ova de delta for de 1850s insyd as de regional ivory trade explode.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Morton |first=Barry |year=1997 |title=The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880 |journal=South African Historical Journal |volume=36 |pages=220–239 |doi=10.1080/02582479708671276}}</ref> Most Batawana, howeva, traditionally live for de edges of de delta top, sekof de threat dat de [[:en:Tsetse_fly|tsetse fly]] dey pose to demma cattle. During a hiatus of sam 40 years, de tsetse fly retreat den most Batawana live for de swamps insyd from 1896 thru de late 1930s. Since then, de edge of de delta increasingly crowd plus ein growing human den livestock populations. == References == 0v3qi14un1sm825tady43yu3gdfvm3n 101759 101758 2026-06-11T07:54:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 101759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image ([[:en:SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast [[:en:Inland_delta|inland delta]] for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]] dey reach a [[:en:Tectonic_plate|tectonic trough]] at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] of de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. E be a [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately [[:en:Evaporated|evaporate]] den [[:en:Transpiration|transpire]]. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]]. De area be once part of [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]], an ancient lake dat de early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] already mostly dry up. De [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de [[:en:Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa|Seven Natural Wonders of Africa]], wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for [[:en:Arusha|Arusha]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de [[:en:Kavango_people|Kavango pippoe]] of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German colonial]] reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to [[:en:Herero_language|Herero]] influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Floods ==== Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[:en:Angola|Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid [[:en:Transpiration|transpiration]] den [[:en:Evaporation|evaporation]], wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]]. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]] insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant [[:en:Arecaceae|palm tree]]. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as [[:en:Termite|termite]] mounds (often ''[[:en:Macrotermes|Macrotermes]]'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a [[:en:Fault_line|fault line]] form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an [[:en:Oasis|oasis]] for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de [[:en:Big_five_game|big five game]] animals, de [[:en:Lion|lion]], [[:en:Leopard|leopard]], [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]], [[:en:African_bush_elephant|African bush elephant]], [[:en:Black_rhinoceros|black]] den [[:en:White_rhinoceros|white rhinoceros]] dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de [[:en:Lechwe|red lechwe]], plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de [[:en:Giraffe|giraffe]], [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|blue wildebeest]], [[:en:Plains_zebra|plains zebra]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> [[:en:Impala|impala]], [[:en:Common_eland|common eland]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Sable_antelope|sable antelope]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan antelope]], [[:en:Puku|puku]], [[:en:Waterbuck|waterbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[:en:African_wild_dog|African wild dog]], [[:en:Spotted_hyena|spotted hyena]], [[:en:Black-backed_jackal|black-backed jackal]], [[:en:Caracal|caracal]], [[:en:Serval|serval]], [[:en:Aardvark|aardvark]], [[:en:Aardwolf|aardwolf]], [[:en:Bat-eared_fox|bat-eared fox]], [[:en:African_savanna_hare|African savanna hare]], [[:en:Honey_badger|honey badger]], [[:en:Common_warthog|common warthog]], [[:en:Chacma_baboon|chacma baboon]], [[:en:Vervet_monkey|vervet monkey]] den [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de [[:en:Helmeted_guineafowl|helmeted guineafowl]], [[:en:African_fish_eagle|African fish eagle]], [[:en:Pel's_fishing_owl|Pel's fishing owl]], [[:en:Egyptian_goose|Egyptian goose]], [[:en:South_African_shelduck|South African shelduck]], [[:en:African_jacana|African jacana]], [[:en:African_skimmer|African skimmer]], [[:en:Marabou_stork|marabou stork]], [[:en:Crested_crane|crested crane]], [[:en:African_spoonbill|African spoonbill]], [[:en:African_darter|African darter]], [[:en:Southern_ground_hornbill|southern ground hornbill]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> [[:en:Lilac-breasted_roller|lilac-breasted roller]], [[:en:Secretary_bird|secretary bird]] den [[:en:Common_ostrich|common ostrich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus [[:en:Hwange_National_Park|Hwange National Park]].<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. ==== Fish ==== De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|tigerfish]], species of [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], den various species of [[:en:Catfish|catfish]]. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) [[:en:Sickle_barb|sickle barb]]. De same species dey occur for de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Papyrus cyperus]]'' for de deeper waters insyd'', [[:en:Miscanthus|Miscanthus]]'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''[[:en:Phragmites_australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[:en:Typha_capensis|Typha capensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Cyperus_polystachyos|Pycreus]]'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''[[:en:Philenoptera_violacea|Philenoptera violacea]]'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''[[:en:Hyphaene|Hyphaene]]'' ''[[:en:Hyphaene_petersiana|petersiana]]'' den [[:en:Vachellia|acacias]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein [[:en:Makoro|makoro]] for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de [[:en:Mbukushu|Hambukushu]] (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de [[:en:Yeyi_people|Wayeyi]] (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * de Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * de ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, [[:en:River_Bushmen|River Bushmen]], Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Wayeyi engage traditionally for mixed economies of millet/sorghum agriculture, fishing, hunting, de collection of wild plant foods, den pastoralism insyd. De Bugakhwe den ǁanikwhe be [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]], wey dem practise fishing, hunting, den de collection of wild plant foods traditonally; Bugakhwe use both forest den riverine resources, while de ǁanikwhe mostly focus for riverine resources top. De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe dey present along de Okavango River for Angola den for de [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Caprivi Strip]] of Namibia insyd, den small nombas of Hambukushu den Bugakhwe dey for Zambia insyd, as well. Within de Okavango Delta, ova de past 150 years anaa so, Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe inhabit de panhandle den de Magwegqana for de northeastern delta insyd. ǁanikwhe inhabit de panhandle den de area wey dey along de Boro River thru de delta, as well as de area wey dey along de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]]. De Wayeyi<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2015 |title=Wayeyi |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/wayeyi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215842/https://minorityrights.org/minorities/wayeyi/ |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-GB}}</ref> inhabit de area around [[:en:Seronga|Seronga]] as well as de southern delta around [[:en:Maun,_Botswana|Maun]], den a few Wayeyi<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=Alexander Colin |last2=N’teta |first2=Doreen |date=March 1980 |title=The National Museum and Art Gallery, Gaborone, Botswana |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0033.1980.tb01909.x |url-status=live |journal=Museum International |volume=32 |issue=1–2 |pages=61–66 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0033.1980.tb01909.x |issn=1350-0775 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906044710/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0033.1980.tb01909.x |archive-date=6 September 2023 |access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref> dey live for demma putative ancestral home for de Caprivi Strip insyd. Within de past 20 years many pippoe from all ova de Okavango migrate to Maun, de late 1960s den early 1970s ova 4,000 Hambukushu refugees from Angola settle for de area insyd around [[:en:Etsha|Etsha]] for de western Panhandle insyd. De Okavango Delta already dey under de political control of de [[:en:Batawana|Batawana]] (a [[:en:Tswana_people|Tswana]] nation) since de late 18th century.<ref>{{cite web |last=Segolodi |first=Moanaphuti |date=1940 |title=Ditso Tsa Batawana |url=https://www.academia.edu/12170767 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306233801/https://www.academia.edu/12170767 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> Wey de house of Mathiba I lead am, de leader of a [[:en:Bangwato|Bangwato]] offshoot, de Batawana establish complete control ova de delta for de 1850s insyd as de regional ivory trade explode.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Morton |first=Barry |year=1997 |title=The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880 |journal=South African Historical Journal |volume=36 |pages=220–239 |doi=10.1080/02582479708671276}}</ref> Most Batawana, howeva, traditionally live for de edges of de delta top, sekof de threat dat de [[:en:Tsetse_fly|tsetse fly]] dey pose to demma cattle. During a hiatus of sam 40 years, de tsetse fly retreat den most Batawana live for de swamps insyd from 1896 thru de late 1930s. Since then, de edge of de delta increasingly crowd plus ein growing human den livestock populations. == References == fr2j93xvmi42xsmz4m0w9bujy29hscw 0 27442 101548 2026-06-10T12:02:27Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 Created page with "Di Yala River na one river wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to Lake Victoria. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join Nzoia River to form Yala Swamp for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. Soil erosion dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power" 101548 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Yala River na one river wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to Lake Victoria. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join Nzoia River to form Yala Swamp for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. Soil erosion dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power 8bv4e47n8rqd5p2uewl73k0jway529d 101549 101548 2026-06-10T12:03:40Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101549 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Yala River na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to Lake Victoria. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join Nzoia River to form Yala Swamp for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. Soil erosion dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power e8xedhbxq98rqxidn9wg7fzrvo7urhc 101550 101549 2026-06-10T12:04:35Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101550 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Yala River na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join Nzoia River to form Yala Swamp for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. Soil erosion dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power mtsilcxs5n5h4kb19a8cd5t0ekva6sh 101551 101550 2026-06-10T12:05:26Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101551 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Yala River na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form Yala Swamp for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. Soil erosion dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power 1g8b359dutfk9548a6ykuodgzf0sjpk 101552 101551 2026-06-10T12:05:56Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101552 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Yala River na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. Soil erosion dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power 0bbuadhtvg2dsojw2qqih75vvqz9unl 101553 101552 2026-06-10T12:06:22Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101553 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. Soil erosion dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power qp3ko3th12hy145093ybzgdfcgwqsrv 101554 101553 2026-06-10T12:07:10Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101554 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power qj79okyo8n3nmegqtj4ntzde6dipwdv 101555 101554 2026-06-10T12:08:29Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101555 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power.Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya. Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second). Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria b6d9toziv2ahmy6xyavt01scut9t5rd 101556 101555 2026-06-10T12:08:58Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101556 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya. Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second). Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria. 9z0nxluj098ypx5l85e61l9xzhh8ezm 101557 101556 2026-06-10T12:10:24Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101557 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second). Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria. annhwkr3hq96t9q5n44z0kkfts4br0q 101558 101557 2026-06-10T12:24:39Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101558 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second). Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria. == Reference == ll6ssqxgea2dlrv2wx76y2yzob96cw3 101559 101558 2026-06-10T12:26:42Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101559 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria. == Reference == o24uj0k60hz9wl9in0fxmk3dcdqyy6d 101560 101559 2026-06-10T12:27:58Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101560 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> == Reference == bebsy54n3ojw23uwlwyijy6vqp7dh5i 101561 101560 2026-06-10T12:29:16Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101561 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref>Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-Pleistocene. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces. Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of Kakamega Forest, and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet) == Reference == d14f4jnntzga3zv16uwlfctiigdvhh8 101562 101561 2026-06-10T12:29:30Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101562 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-Pleistocene. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces. Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of Kakamega Forest, and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet). == Reference == rgs9v8csa5qn3teauuif030hjlo3pxh 101563 101562 2026-06-10T12:30:22Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101563 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces. Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of Kakamega Forest, and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet). == Reference == cnbsbayze5igtqzj6nkljdoxx78ria2 101564 101563 2026-06-10T12:31:31Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101564 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of Kakamega Forest, and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet). == Reference == jv2p7zg1rd7fewnnw7ka7c3an6pw39z 101565 101564 2026-06-10T13:06:22Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101565 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of Kakamega Forest, and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> == Reference == db6zstw31x8whq0kxrvq6lyxohgwso8 101566 101565 2026-06-10T13:07:03Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101566 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> == Reference == 9jmtu7jszu4rsa21s7fkgn7zlra94qe 101567 101566 2026-06-10T13:08:20Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101567 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref>Di Yala Swamp wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey Lake Kanyaboli wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from Nzoia and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again == Reference == 45cep2vx4bqrxpn5qzp2yvwcpgexbz7 101568 101567 2026-06-10T13:08:43Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101568 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di Yala Swamp wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey Lake Kanyaboli wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from Nzoia and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again. == Reference == pd12qv3y4ia5c6eizoteqxmayml71rr 101569 101568 2026-06-10T13:09:17Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101569 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey Lake Kanyaboli wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from Nzoia and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again. == Reference == 9oceyrxa2n1vfaejjeqi0wr16ihqi1h 101570 101569 2026-06-10T13:09:53Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101570 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from Nzoia and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again. == Reference == ni0ig71lzmlb480sb3mq1v91vo4c7zh 101571 101570 2026-06-10T13:10:32Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101571 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again. == Reference == 542nm3genjjmpi1e6ww68ipf3f2tx3m 101572 101571 2026-06-10T13:15:09Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101572 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.Before, di Yala River dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding. Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di cichlid fish wey dey Lake Victoria. Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from Lake Sare through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway. == Reference == jp6w05lyma9pob4788x73wfa83sykbg 101573 101572 2026-06-10T13:15:27Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101573 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again. Before, di Yala River dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding. Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di cichlid fish wey dey Lake Victoria. Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from Lake Sare through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway. == Reference == bmtxlcaknem789i188l1pqy66zrl2ge 101574 101573 2026-06-10T13:16:54Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101574 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again. Before, di Yala River dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding. Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di cichlid fish wey dey Lake Victoria. Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from Lake Sare through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]]</ref> == Reference == fdrr58rtz1b60k8oij2tma0mnstgrrx 101575 101574 2026-06-10T13:17:53Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101575 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again. Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding. Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di cichlid fish wey dey Lake Victoria. Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from Lake Sare through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]]</ref> == Reference == cgu755koarxtxmwza0axa3y41mfgxme 101576 101575 2026-06-10T13:18:26Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101576 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again. Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding. Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di cichlid fish wey dey Lake Victoria. Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]]</ref> == Reference == lmfx7iuqpjaxu4atcqerz6d226626mz 101577 101576 2026-06-10T13:19:29Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101577 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again. Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding. Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria. Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]]</ref> == Reference == grfytokf31ey1z9ql3qzklkn5278jbw 101578 101577 2026-06-10T13:20:49Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101578 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again. Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding. Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]]</ref> == Reference == 1pz38fpqk4cd3vgg4lftn8ct8vxswyr 101579 101578 2026-06-10T13:23:30Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101579 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again. Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]]</ref> == Reference == kzz0xcu4l7c9d81remdri0xtcj5b6yx 101580 101579 2026-06-10T13:29:16Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101580 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref> == Reference == ds28eskzs0n6rnlcmqvzvnw69a14q5d 101581 101580 2026-06-10T13:30:12Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101581 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Reference == 6rvttbc6cbux911lk3ri3uw6eilnh3n 101582 101581 2026-06-10T13:32:16Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101582 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref>Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile). One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and Nzoia river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include maize, beans, sorghum, banana, cassava and sweet potato, while cash crops include tea, wheat and mango == Reference == 14lshlqmlt1ifnjkxbjyebfcldxgqpp 101583 101582 2026-06-10T13:32:38Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101583 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile). One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and Nzoia river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include maize, beans, sorghum, banana, cassava and sweet potato, while cash crops include tea, wheat and mango. == Reference == 1m7vyjtt5wei2tqnq7igerqeefraes8 101584 101583 2026-06-10T13:34:03Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101584 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile). One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and Nzoia river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include maize, beans, sorghum, banana, cassava and sweet potato, while cash crops include tea, wheat and mango. == Reference == f9ufa1sp0qux4euudgnd1dcwaymj4zo 101585 101584 2026-06-10T13:36:15Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101585 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile). One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and Nzoia river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include maize, beans, sorghum, banana, cassava and sweet potato, while cash crops include tea, wheat and mango.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> == Reference == 0ifjt6wdcq60gdiqeghfh8c2swrnu71 101586 101585 2026-06-10T13:37:31Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101586 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and Nzoia river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include maize, beans, sorghum, banana, cassava and sweet potato, while cash crops include tea, wheat and mango.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> == Reference == 508w9hrwvwl713s90qjozgrupv0i25n 101587 101586 2026-06-10T13:38:16Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101587 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include maize, beans, sorghum, banana, cassava and sweet potato, while cash crops include tea, wheat and mango.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> == Reference == cfwnukyiye8sndmygkbdufi2djtyzm3 101588 101587 2026-06-10T13:39:33Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101588 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, sorghum, banana, cassava and sweet potato, while cash crops include tea, wheat and mango.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> == Reference == 2tx62y2espm19zvra07wvmjmzacl0qa 101589 101588 2026-06-10T13:40:28Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101589 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], sorghum, banana, cassava and sweet potato, while cash crops include tea, wheat and mango.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> == Reference == 07ln23eh1b91mfab4z0a3rfps0jopd5 101590 101589 2026-06-10T13:41:02Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101590 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], banana, cassava and sweet potato, while cash crops include tea, wheat and mango.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> == Reference == oscnloocd4z410so37w9xjktu4nh715 101591 101590 2026-06-10T13:41:43Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101591 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], cassava and sweet potato, while cash crops include tea, wheat and mango.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> == Reference == sh9k73j6ep9nbwfmcqf8f9qepaqahxh 101592 101591 2026-06-10T13:42:35Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101592 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and sweet potato, while cash crops include tea, wheat and mango.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> == Reference == o1465evytzziqjghq0mlru3ybna2a7v 101593 101592 2026-06-10T13:43:23Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101593 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include tea, wheat and mango.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> == Reference == h2h1yoak7ti5ryjnpau6tjqbuqrvssa 101594 101593 2026-06-10T13:44:09Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101594 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], wheat and mango.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> == Reference == 980499iz731393por2eqvqc2mm2mvvs 101595 101594 2026-06-10T13:44:59Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101595 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and mango.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> == Reference == s772gq7iggcp0ckrjdxa2d657ldiqp2 101596 101595 2026-06-10T13:45:33Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101596 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> == Reference == 69mgh3f0ywxezemme7uf56z3jx5eu2f 101597 101596 2026-06-10T13:47:47Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101597 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref>Di Upper Yala Block wey dey Uasin Gishu District get Lake Lessos, one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. == Reference == fbck254v44hfeedz3or8fs7a70yu9qd 101598 101597 2026-06-10T13:49:14Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101598 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get Lake Lessos, one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. == Reference == 0ifwyn18tzlj7t1to48eljhlzlhpfva 101599 101598 2026-06-10T13:50:11Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101599 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. == Reference == if3ne60go4gwdnk5w0yhv8wwu5lpg6o 101600 101599 2026-06-10T13:51:33Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101600 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. == Reference == ec31ybbx6v2y88r2vou3w7grcqbms3x 101601 101600 2026-06-10T13:53:24Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101601 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion.Di Middle Yala Block wey dey Vihiga District and Kakamega District get mountainous highlands with plenty small streams, and clusters of wetlands. Remnants of forest dey preserved across di block for cultural use, and logging dey happen for Kaimosi forest wey dey southeast of di block. Most of di farms don overcrop, no dey follow traditional rotation or fallow periods. For north side of di block, farm management better, with more trees and hedges. But for south side, steep slopes dey cultivated without conservation measures. About half of di block show evidence of soil erosion. == Reference == 7keko8o7mqjy2z1fcwsxskk2gaylix7 101602 101601 2026-06-10T13:55:10Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101602 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. Di Middle Yala Block wey dey Vihiga District and Kakamega District get mountainous highlands with plenty small streams, and clusters of wetlands. Remnants of forest dey preserved across di block for cultural use, and logging dey happen for Kaimosi forest wey dey southeast of di block. Most of di farms don overcrop, no dey follow traditional rotation or fallow periods. For north side of di block, farm management better, with more trees and hedges. But for south side, steep slopes dey cultivated without conservation measures. About half of di block show evidence of soil erosion.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 29.</ref> == Reference == 7x8rat789hs1mnvnxeu2wygxq821evw 101604 101602 2026-06-10T13:55:52Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101604 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. Di Middle Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Vihiga_District|Vihiga District]] and Kakamega District get mountainous highlands with plenty small streams, and clusters of wetlands. Remnants of forest dey preserved across di block for cultural use, and logging dey happen for Kaimosi forest wey dey southeast of di block. Most of di farms don overcrop, no dey follow traditional rotation or fallow periods. For north side of di block, farm management better, with more trees and hedges. But for south side, steep slopes dey cultivated without conservation measures. About half of di block show evidence of soil erosion.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 29.</ref> == Reference == kw0qoiqk27owfm3vvfageu7qqpo7u78 101605 101604 2026-06-10T13:56:43Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101605 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. Di Middle Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Vihiga_District|Vihiga District]] and [[:en:Kakamega_District|Kakamega District]] get mountainous highlands with plenty small streams, and clusters of wetlands. Remnants of forest dey preserved across di block for cultural use, and logging dey happen for Kaimosi forest wey dey southeast of di block. Most of di farms don overcrop, no dey follow traditional rotation or fallow periods. For north side of di block, farm management better, with more trees and hedges. But for south side, steep slopes dey cultivated without conservation measures. About half of di block show evidence of soil erosion.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 29.</ref> == Reference == 0h4efwaoka2cet857j5n0d568z3lo0v 101606 101605 2026-06-10T13:58:57Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101606 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. Di Middle Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Vihiga_District|Vihiga District]] and [[:en:Kakamega_District|Kakamega District]] get mountainous highlands with plenty small streams, and clusters of wetlands. Remnants of forest dey preserved across di block for cultural use, and logging dey happen for Kaimosi forest wey dey southeast of di block. Most of di farms don overcrop, no dey follow traditional rotation or fallow periods. For north side of di block, farm management better, with more trees and hedges. But for south side, steep slopes dey cultivated without conservation measures. About half of di block show evidence of soil erosion.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 29.</ref>Di Lower Yala Block wey dey Kisumu District and Siaya District get low to medium gradient terrain with some big hills. Most of di people na Luo, but for some areas na mainly Luhya. About 43% of di land dem dey use for crops, and 55% for grazing livestock. Livestock include cows, bulls, chickens, goats and sheep. Trees no plenty, and soil erosion dey spread everywhere == Reference == h1dwckmq2kdi8kyx2f8cx9t9oo703cn 101607 101606 2026-06-10T13:59:34Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101607 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. Di Middle Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Vihiga_District|Vihiga District]] and [[:en:Kakamega_District|Kakamega District]] get mountainous highlands with plenty small streams, and clusters of wetlands. Remnants of forest dey preserved across di block for cultural use, and logging dey happen for Kaimosi forest wey dey southeast of di block. Most of di farms don overcrop, no dey follow traditional rotation or fallow periods. For north side of di block, farm management better, with more trees and hedges. But for south side, steep slopes dey cultivated without conservation measures. About half of di block show evidence of soil erosion.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 29.</ref> Di Lower Yala Block wey dey Kisumu District and Siaya District get low to medium gradient terrain with some big hills. Most of di people na Luo, but for some areas na mainly Luhya. About 43% of di land dem dey use for crops, and 55% for grazing livestock. Livestock include cows, bulls, chickens, goats and sheep. Trees no plenty, and soil erosion dey spread everywhere. == Reference == tecko38l4f1wnik9pvtwhiwb9ziwrbq 101608 101607 2026-06-10T14:00:18Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101608 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. Di Middle Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Vihiga_District|Vihiga District]] and [[:en:Kakamega_District|Kakamega District]] get mountainous highlands with plenty small streams, and clusters of wetlands. Remnants of forest dey preserved across di block for cultural use, and logging dey happen for Kaimosi forest wey dey southeast of di block. Most of di farms don overcrop, no dey follow traditional rotation or fallow periods. For north side of di block, farm management better, with more trees and hedges. But for south side, steep slopes dey cultivated without conservation measures. About half of di block show evidence of soil erosion.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 29.</ref> Di Lower Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Kisumu_District|Kisumu District]] and Siaya District get low to medium gradient terrain with some big hills. Most of di people na Luo, but for some areas na mainly Luhya. About 43% of di land dem dey use for crops, and 55% for grazing livestock. Livestock include cows, bulls, chickens, goats and sheep. Trees no plenty, and soil erosion dey spread everywhere. == Reference == 26x08pa74vyn6sca9aefale5f9mvt9y 101609 101608 2026-06-10T14:00:55Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101609 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. Di Middle Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Vihiga_District|Vihiga District]] and [[:en:Kakamega_District|Kakamega District]] get mountainous highlands with plenty small streams, and clusters of wetlands. Remnants of forest dey preserved across di block for cultural use, and logging dey happen for Kaimosi forest wey dey southeast of di block. Most of di farms don overcrop, no dey follow traditional rotation or fallow periods. For north side of di block, farm management better, with more trees and hedges. But for south side, steep slopes dey cultivated without conservation measures. About half of di block show evidence of soil erosion.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 29.</ref> Di Lower Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Kisumu_District|Kisumu District]] and [[:en:Siaya_District|Siaya District]] get low to medium gradient terrain with some big hills. Most of di people na Luo, but for some areas na mainly Luhya. About 43% of di land dem dey use for crops, and 55% for grazing livestock. Livestock include cows, bulls, chickens, goats and sheep. Trees no plenty, and soil erosion dey spread everywhere. == Reference == h6fvqpd74nnhhryn6axnfsl7gcyn1si 101610 101609 2026-06-10T14:01:35Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101610 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. Di Middle Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Vihiga_District|Vihiga District]] and [[:en:Kakamega_District|Kakamega District]] get mountainous highlands with plenty small streams, and clusters of wetlands. Remnants of forest dey preserved across di block for cultural use, and logging dey happen for Kaimosi forest wey dey southeast of di block. Most of di farms don overcrop, no dey follow traditional rotation or fallow periods. For north side of di block, farm management better, with more trees and hedges. But for south side, steep slopes dey cultivated without conservation measures. About half of di block show evidence of soil erosion.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 29.</ref> Di Lower Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Kisumu_District|Kisumu District]] and [[:en:Siaya_District|Siaya District]] get low to medium gradient terrain with some big hills. Most of di people na [[:en:Luo_people|Luo]], but for some areas na mainly Luhya. About 43% of di land dem dey use for crops, and 55% for grazing livestock. Livestock include cows, bulls, chickens, goats and sheep. Trees no plenty, and soil erosion dey spread everywhere. == Reference == qe3wph01jvgbzi7p6nxvc284k0w9qea 101612 101610 2026-06-10T14:03:10Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101612 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. Di Middle Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Vihiga_District|Vihiga District]] and [[:en:Kakamega_District|Kakamega District]] get mountainous highlands with plenty small streams, and clusters of wetlands. Remnants of forest dey preserved across di block for cultural use, and logging dey happen for Kaimosi forest wey dey southeast of di block. Most of di farms don overcrop, no dey follow traditional rotation or fallow periods. For north side of di block, farm management better, with more trees and hedges. But for south side, steep slopes dey cultivated without conservation measures. About half of di block show evidence of soil erosion.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 29.</ref> Di Lower Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Kisumu_District|Kisumu District]] and [[:en:Siaya_District|Siaya District]] get low to medium gradient terrain with some big hills. Most of di people na [[:en:Luo_people|Luo]], but for some areas na mainly [[:en:Luhya_people|Luhya]]. About 43% of di land dem dey use for crops, and 55% for grazing livestock. Livestock include cows, bulls, chickens, goats and sheep. Trees no plenty, and soil erosion dey spread everywhere. == Reference == e0kjeydxkj5ycy7s5jfn8wmrca89htb 101616 101612 2026-06-10T14:04:13Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101616 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. Di Middle Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Vihiga_District|Vihiga District]] and [[:en:Kakamega_District|Kakamega District]] get mountainous highlands with plenty small streams, and clusters of wetlands. Remnants of forest dey preserved across di block for cultural use, and logging dey happen for Kaimosi forest wey dey southeast of di block. Most of di farms don overcrop, no dey follow traditional rotation or fallow periods. For north side of di block, farm management better, with more trees and hedges. But for south side, steep slopes dey cultivated without conservation measures. About half of di block show evidence of soil erosion.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 29.</ref> Di Lower Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Kisumu_District|Kisumu District]] and [[:en:Siaya_District|Siaya District]] get low to medium gradient terrain with some big hills. Most of di people na [[:en:Luo_people|Luo]], but for some areas na mainly [[:en:Luhya_people|Luhya]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9</ref> About 43% of di land dem dey use for crops, and 55% for grazing livestock. Livestock include cows, bulls, chickens, goats and sheep. Trees no plenty, and soil erosion dey spread everywhere. == Reference == 515pfuplst01lawocipw890s12lmmyj 101617 101616 2026-06-10T14:06:11Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101617 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. Di Middle Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Vihiga_District|Vihiga District]] and [[:en:Kakamega_District|Kakamega District]] get mountainous highlands with plenty small streams, and clusters of wetlands. Remnants of forest dey preserved across di block for cultural use, and logging dey happen for Kaimosi forest wey dey southeast of di block. Most of di farms don overcrop, no dey follow traditional rotation or fallow periods. For north side of di block, farm management better, with more trees and hedges. But for south side, steep slopes dey cultivated without conservation measures. About half of di block show evidence of soil erosion.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 29.</ref> Di Lower Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Kisumu_District|Kisumu District]] and [[:en:Siaya_District|Siaya District]] get low to medium gradient terrain with some big hills. Most of di people na [[:en:Luo_people|Luo]], but for some areas na mainly [[:en:Luhya_people|Luhya]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9</ref> About 43% of di land dem dey use for crops, and 55% for grazing livestock. Livestock include cows, bulls, chickens, goats and sheep. Trees no plenty, and soil erosion dey spread everywhere.As of 2016, dem don complete feasibility study for development of Nandi Forest dam to support irrigation, water supply and power generation. Di power plant suppose get two 25 MW Pelton turbines and e go supply 185 GWh every year. For April 2020, dem announce say Tembo Power from Mauritius, together with Metier and WK Construction from South Africa, don sign agreement to develop run-of-the-river hydroelectricity plant for Yala River. Di Kaptis Hydroelectric Power Station suppose get 15 MW capacity and e go start work by 2022. Di project cost na $30 million. Di electricity go enter di grid wey Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC) dey operate. Di power plant location suppose dey near Kakamega town. == Reference == j31yzmj7sbmo9cei4uee3rva3lr1wnt 101618 101617 2026-06-10T14:08:42Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101618 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. Di Middle Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Vihiga_District|Vihiga District]] and [[:en:Kakamega_District|Kakamega District]] get mountainous highlands with plenty small streams, and clusters of wetlands. Remnants of forest dey preserved across di block for cultural use, and logging dey happen for Kaimosi forest wey dey southeast of di block. Most of di farms don overcrop, no dey follow traditional rotation or fallow periods. For north side of di block, farm management better, with more trees and hedges. But for south side, steep slopes dey cultivated without conservation measures. About half of di block show evidence of soil erosion.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 29.</ref> Di Lower Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Kisumu_District|Kisumu District]] and [[:en:Siaya_District|Siaya District]] get low to medium gradient terrain with some big hills. Most of di people na [[:en:Luo_people|Luo]], but for some areas na mainly [[:en:Luhya_people|Luhya]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9</ref> About 43% of di land dem dey use for crops, and 55% for grazing livestock. Livestock include cows, bulls, chickens, goats and sheep. Trees no plenty, and soil erosion dey spread everywhere. == Hydroelectric Projects == As of 2016, dem don complete feasibility study for development of Nandi Forest dam to support irrigation, water supply and power generation. Di power plant suppose get two 25 MW Pelton turbines and e go supply 185 GWh every year. For April 2020, dem announce say Tembo Power from Mauritius, together with Metier and WK Construction from South Africa, don sign agreement to develop run-of-the-river hydroelectricity plant for Yala River. Di Kaptis Hydroelectric Power Station suppose get 15 MW capacity and e go start work by 2022. Di project cost na $30 million. Di electricity go enter di grid wey Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC) dey operate. Di power plant location suppose dey near Kakamega town. == Reference == j0pnrr435cnmpq29ohmlphj6yy06w0y 101619 101618 2026-06-10T14:10:17Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101619 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. Di Middle Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Vihiga_District|Vihiga District]] and [[:en:Kakamega_District|Kakamega District]] get mountainous highlands with plenty small streams, and clusters of wetlands. Remnants of forest dey preserved across di block for cultural use, and logging dey happen for Kaimosi forest wey dey southeast of di block. Most of di farms don overcrop, no dey follow traditional rotation or fallow periods. For north side of di block, farm management better, with more trees and hedges. But for south side, steep slopes dey cultivated without conservation measures. About half of di block show evidence of soil erosion.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 29.</ref> Di Lower Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Kisumu_District|Kisumu District]] and [[:en:Siaya_District|Siaya District]] get low to medium gradient terrain with some big hills. Most of di people na [[:en:Luo_people|Luo]], but for some areas na mainly [[:en:Luhya_people|Luhya]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9</ref> About 43% of di land dem dey use for crops, and 55% for grazing livestock. Livestock include cows, bulls, chickens, goats and sheep. Trees no plenty, and soil erosion dey spread everywhere. == Hydroelectric Projects == As of 2016, dem don complete feasibility study for development of Nandi Forest dam to support irrigation, water supply and power generation. Di power plant suppose get two 25 MW Pelton turbines and e go supply 185 GWh every year. For April 2020, dem announce say Tembo Power from Mauritius, together with Metier and WK Construction from South Africa, don sign agreement to develop [[:en:Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity|run-of-the-river hydroelectricity]] plant for Yala River. Di Kaptis Hydroelectric Power Station suppose get 15 MW capacity and e go start work by 2022. Di project cost na $30 million. Di electricity go enter di grid wey Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC) dey operate. Di power plant location suppose dey near Kakamega town. == Reference == 7bfcovnt00o52q1c7eog191za39xt7l 101620 101619 2026-06-10T14:11:10Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101620 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. Di Middle Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Vihiga_District|Vihiga District]] and [[:en:Kakamega_District|Kakamega District]] get mountainous highlands with plenty small streams, and clusters of wetlands. Remnants of forest dey preserved across di block for cultural use, and logging dey happen for Kaimosi forest wey dey southeast of di block. Most of di farms don overcrop, no dey follow traditional rotation or fallow periods. For north side of di block, farm management better, with more trees and hedges. But for south side, steep slopes dey cultivated without conservation measures. About half of di block show evidence of soil erosion.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 29.</ref> Di Lower Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Kisumu_District|Kisumu District]] and [[:en:Siaya_District|Siaya District]] get low to medium gradient terrain with some big hills. Most of di people na [[:en:Luo_people|Luo]], but for some areas na mainly [[:en:Luhya_people|Luhya]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9</ref> About 43% of di land dem dey use for crops, and 55% for grazing livestock. Livestock include cows, bulls, chickens, goats and sheep. Trees no plenty, and soil erosion dey spread everywhere. == Hydroelectric Projects == As of 2016, dem don complete feasibility study for development of Nandi Forest dam to support irrigation, water supply and power generation. Di power plant suppose get two 25 MW Pelton turbines and e go supply 185 GWh every year. For April 2020, dem announce say Tembo Power from Mauritius, together with Metier and WK Construction from South Africa, don sign agreement to develop [[:en:Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity|run-of-the-river hydroelectricity]] plant for Yala River. Di [[:en:Kaptis_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kaptis Hydroelectric Power Station]] suppose get 15 MW capacity and e go start work by 2022. Di project cost na $30 million. Di electricity go enter di grid wey Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC) dey operate. Di power plant location suppose dey near Kakamega town. == Reference == h82mhyyzpr4us7yn6xiqmx1qxw3wr75 101621 101620 2026-06-10T14:11:51Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101621 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. Di Middle Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Vihiga_District|Vihiga District]] and [[:en:Kakamega_District|Kakamega District]] get mountainous highlands with plenty small streams, and clusters of wetlands. Remnants of forest dey preserved across di block for cultural use, and logging dey happen for Kaimosi forest wey dey southeast of di block. Most of di farms don overcrop, no dey follow traditional rotation or fallow periods. For north side of di block, farm management better, with more trees and hedges. But for south side, steep slopes dey cultivated without conservation measures. About half of di block show evidence of soil erosion.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 29.</ref> Di Lower Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Kisumu_District|Kisumu District]] and [[:en:Siaya_District|Siaya District]] get low to medium gradient terrain with some big hills. Most of di people na [[:en:Luo_people|Luo]], but for some areas na mainly [[:en:Luhya_people|Luhya]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9</ref> About 43% of di land dem dey use for crops, and 55% for grazing livestock. Livestock include cows, bulls, chickens, goats and sheep. Trees no plenty, and soil erosion dey spread everywhere. == Hydroelectric Projects == As of 2016, dem don complete feasibility study for development of Nandi Forest dam to support irrigation, water supply and power generation. Di power plant suppose get two 25 MW Pelton turbines and e go supply 185 GWh every year. For April 2020, dem announce say Tembo Power from Mauritius, together with Metier and WK Construction from South Africa, don sign agreement to develop [[:en:Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity|run-of-the-river hydroelectricity]] plant for Yala River. Di [[:en:Kaptis_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kaptis Hydroelectric Power Station]] suppose get 15 MW capacity and e go start work by 2022. Di project cost na $30 million. Di electricity go enter di grid wey Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC) dey operate. Di power plant location suppose dey near [[:en:Kakamega|Kakamega]] town. == Reference == 6yea71k0tvikoaznpxde4mxjpfamq3z 101622 101621 2026-06-10T14:13:21Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101622 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. Di Middle Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Vihiga_District|Vihiga District]] and [[:en:Kakamega_District|Kakamega District]] get mountainous highlands with plenty small streams, and clusters of wetlands. Remnants of forest dey preserved across di block for cultural use, and logging dey happen for Kaimosi forest wey dey southeast of di block. Most of di farms don overcrop, no dey follow traditional rotation or fallow periods. For north side of di block, farm management better, with more trees and hedges. But for south side, steep slopes dey cultivated without conservation measures. About half of di block show evidence of soil erosion.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 29.</ref> Di Lower Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Kisumu_District|Kisumu District]] and [[:en:Siaya_District|Siaya District]] get low to medium gradient terrain with some big hills. Most of di people na [[:en:Luo_people|Luo]], but for some areas na mainly [[:en:Luhya_people|Luhya]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9</ref> About 43% of di land dem dey use for crops, and 55% for grazing livestock. Livestock include cows, bulls, chickens, goats and sheep. Trees no plenty, and soil erosion dey spread everywhere. == Hydroelectric Projects == As of 2016, dem don complete feasibility study for development of Nandi Forest dam to support irrigation, water supply and power generation. Di power plant suppose get two 25 MW Pelton turbines and e go supply 185 GWh every year. For April 2020, dem announce say Tembo Power from Mauritius, together with Metier and WK Construction from South Africa, don sign agreement to develop [[:en:Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity|run-of-the-river hydroelectricity]] plant for Yala River. Di [[:en:Kaptis_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kaptis Hydroelectric Power Station]] suppose get 15 MW capacity and e go start work by 2022. Di project cost na $30 million. Di electricity go enter di grid wey [[:en:Kenya_Power_and_Lighting_Company|Kenya Power and Lighting Company]] (KPLC) dey operate. Di power plant location suppose dey near [[:en:Kakamega|Kakamega]] town. == Reference == af1t3k5f081joyn7kx6ajsw0u97k858 101624 101622 2026-06-10T14:18:03Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 101624 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. Di Middle Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Vihiga_District|Vihiga District]] and [[:en:Kakamega_District|Kakamega District]] get mountainous highlands with plenty small streams, and clusters of wetlands. Remnants of forest dey preserved across di block for cultural use, and logging dey happen for Kaimosi forest wey dey southeast of di block. Most of di farms don overcrop, no dey follow traditional rotation or fallow periods. For north side of di block, farm management better, with more trees and hedges. But for south side, steep slopes dey cultivated without conservation measures. About half of di block show evidence of soil erosion.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 29.</ref> Di Lower Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Kisumu_District|Kisumu District]] and [[:en:Siaya_District|Siaya District]] get low to medium gradient terrain with some big hills. Most of di people na [[:en:Luo_people|Luo]], but for some areas na mainly [[:en:Luhya_people|Luhya]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9</ref> About 43% of di land dem dey use for crops, and 55% for grazing livestock. Livestock include cows, bulls, chickens, goats and sheep. Trees no plenty, and soil erosion dey spread everywhere. == Hydroelectric Projects == As of 2016, dem don complete feasibility study for development of Nandi Forest dam to support irrigation, water supply and power generation. Di power plant suppose get two 25 MW Pelton turbines and e go supply 185 GWh every year. For April 2020, dem announce say Tembo Power from Mauritius, together with Metier and WK Construction from South Africa, don sign agreement to develop [[:en:Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity|run-of-the-river hydroelectricity]] plant for Yala River. Di [[:en:Kaptis_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kaptis Hydroelectric Power Station]] suppose get 15 MW capacity and e go start work by 2022. Di project cost na $30 million. Di electricity go enter di grid wey [[:en:Kenya_Power_and_Lighting_Company|Kenya Power and Lighting Company]] (KPLC) dey operate. Di power plant location suppose dey near [[:en:Kakamega|Kakamega]] town.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFCreamer2020|Creamer 2020]]</ref> == Reference == kw9y63xvsf1dtp376jzbor68fr6ia57 14 27443 101613 2026-06-10T14:03:42Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101613 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27444 101614 2026-06-10T14:03:54Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101614 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27445 101615 2026-06-10T14:04:06Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101615 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27446 101629 2026-06-10T15:58:28Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101629 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27447 101630 2026-06-10T15:58:41Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101630 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27448 101631 2026-06-10T15:58:53Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101631 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27450 101644 2026-06-10T19:23:09Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101644 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27451 101645 2026-06-10T19:23:36Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101645 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27452 101646 2026-06-10T19:23:47Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101646 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27453 101647 2026-06-10T19:24:47Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101647 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27454 101648 2026-06-10T19:24:57Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101648 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27455 101649 2026-06-10T19:25:14Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101649 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27456 101650 2026-06-10T19:48:45Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101650 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27457 101651 2026-06-10T19:49:02Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101651 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27458 101658 2026-06-10T21:24:11Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101658 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27459 101659 2026-06-10T21:24:55Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101659 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27460 101660 2026-06-10T21:26:02Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101660 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27461 101661 2026-06-10T21:26:25Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101661 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27462 101662 2026-06-10T21:26:40Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101662 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27463 101666 2026-06-10T22:19:32Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 101666 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 27464 101748 2026-06-11T07:48:14Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start one article 101748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Accumulation of rainwater for reuse}} {{use dmy dates|date=November 2025}} [[File:RWH-image.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Configuration of domestic rainwater harvesting system in Uganda. Rain wey dey fall for roof of di building dey pass through gutter go enter storage tank.<ref name="Staddon-2018">{{cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=Chad |last2=Rogers |first2=Josh |last3=Warriner |first3=Calum |last4=Ward |first4=Sarah |last5=Powell |first5=Wayne |date=2018-11-17 |title=Why doesn't every family practice rainwater harvesting? Factors that affect the decision to adopt rainwater harvesting as a household water security strategy in central Uganda |journal=[[Water International]] |language=en |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=1114–1135 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2018.1535417 |s2cid=158857347 |issn=0250-8060 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018WatIn..43.1114S}}</ref>]] '''Rainwater harvesting''' ('''RWH''') na di process wey people dey collect rain water store am instead make e just dey flow go waste for ground. Dem dey collect di water from roof or any surface wey resemble roof, then dem dey channel am go tank, cistern, deep pit (like well, shaft, or borehole), aquifer, or reservoir wey fit allow am slowly enter ground to recharge groundwater. Rainwater harvesting no be same like stormwater harvesting because stormwater one dey collect runoff from different open surfaces, while RWH mostly dey focus on roof water for storage and reuse.<ref name="NSW Managing Urban Stormwater">{{cite report |title=Managing Urban Stormwater: Harvesting and reuse |date=2006-04-01 |publisher=[[New South Wales Department of Environment and Conservation]] |location=Sydney, Australia |isbn=1-74137-875-3 |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Water/Water-quality/managing-urban-stormwater-harvesting-reuse-060137.pdf |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716180541/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Water/Water-quality/managing-urban-stormwater-harvesting-reuse-060137.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-16}}</ref>{{rp|10}} Wetin dem dey use am do include watering garden, feeding livestock,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ntotank.com/blog/rainwater-harvesting-for-livestock |title=Rainwater Harvesting for Livestock |website=ntotank.com |access-date=2018-11-21 |archive-date=2018-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121120251/https://www.ntotank.com/blog/rainwater-harvesting-for-livestock/ |url-status=live}}</ref> irrigation, domestic use (if proper treatment dey), and even heating for house. Di water wey dem collect fit also go for long-term storage or ground recharge.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kinkade-Levario|first=Heather |title=Design for Water: Rainwater Harvesting, Stormwater Catchment, and Alternate Water Reuse |publisher=[[Douglas & McIntyre|New Society Publishers]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-86571-580-6 |location=[[Gabriola Island]], BC |page=27 |language=en}}</ref> Rainwater harvesting na one of di oldest and simplest ways wey people dey take manage water for themselves. E don dey used for South Asia and many other places for thousands of years.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bagel|first1=Ravi |last2=Stepan|first2=Lea |last3=Hill|first3=Joseph K. W. |title=Water, knowledge and the environment in Asia: epistemologies, practices and locales |date=2017 |location=London |isbn=978-1-315-54316-1}}</ref> Ancient civilizations like Roman Empire get big water collection systems like aqueducts and roof channels, wey influence modern gutter systems wey people still dey use today.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=The History of Rainwater Harvesting: From Roman Aqueducts to Modern Gutters |url=https://rockstarraingutters.com/the-history-of-rainwater-harvesting-from-roman-aqueducts-to-modern-gutters |access-date=2025-05-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem fit design am for different levels—house, neighbourhood, or whole community—and e fit serve schools, hospitals, and other public places too.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply |title=Rural Water Supply Network Self-supply site |last=Rural Water Supply Network |website=rural-water-supply.net |access-date=2017-03-19 |archive-date=2019-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114211852/http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply |url-status=live}}</ref> == Uses == [[File:03242012Taller sostenibilidad lore037.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Rainwater capture and storage system, Mexico City campus,<!-- C. Puente 222, Coapa, Arboledas del Sur, Tlalpan, 14380 Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico --> Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education]] [[File:Cistern in the Mission District, San Francisco, California.jpg|thumb|Cistern, Mission District, San Francisco, California]] [[File:Gibraltar East Side Water Catchments in 1992.jpg|thumb|Rainwater capture, Gibraltar East Side, 1992]] [[File:Panarea01.jpg|thumb|Home, with rain collection jars on roof, Panarea, Aeolian Islands, north of Sicily, Italy<ref>[[:it:Architettura eoliana]]</ref>]] [[File:UDDT with rainwater harvesting (3441547910).jpg|thumb|upright|Rainwater harvesting and hand washing system for a toilet in Kenya.]] [[File:Rainwater harvesting in Burkina Faso (2957138439).jpg|thumb|Rainwater harvesting in Burkina Faso]] [[File:Rainwater Harvesting and Plastic Pond 2.JPG|thumb|Plastic Pond for Rainwater Harvesting, Nepal, 2013<ref>[[:commons:Category:Rainwater harvesting in Nepal]]</ref>]] [[File:Rainwater harvesting systems in Kiribati (10715703914).jpg|thumb|Rainwater harvesting system, Kiribati ]] === Domestic use === Rooftop rainwater harvesting dey help provide drinking water, water for house use, livestock, small farming irrigation, and even help replenish groundwater level.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rain Water Harvesting in Flats |url=https://www.uttarayangroup.com/blogs/rain-water-harvesting-in-flats-guide-for-new-flats-in-guwahati-residents |website=Uttarayangroup}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morales Rojas |first1=Eli |last2=Díaz Ortiz |first2=Edwin Adolfo |last3=Medina Tafur |first3=Cesar Augusto |last4=García |first4=Ligia |last5=Oliva |first5=Manuel |last6=Rojas Briceño |first6=Nilton B. |title=A Rainwater Harvesting and Treatment System for Domestic Use and Human Consumption in Native Communities in Amazonas (NW Peru): Technical and Economic Validation |journal=Scientifica |date=2021 |volume=2021 |issue=1 |article-number=4136379 |doi=10.1155/2021/4136379 |doi-access=free |pmid=34712503 |pmc=8548140 |language=en |issn=2090-908X}}</ref> For Kenya, dem don successfully dey harvest rainwater for toilet use, washing clothes, and irrigation. Since 2016 Water Act start, Kenya don put focus on how dem go regulate agriculture and water use better.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Understanding the Kenya 2016 Water Act|url=https://www.2030wrg.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Understanding-the-Kenyan-Water-Act-2016.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=July 26, 2021|website=2030wrg|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726195032/https://www.2030wrg.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Understanding-the-Kenyan-Water-Act-2016.pdf}}</ref> Also for Australia, people dey use rainwater for cooking and drinking.<ref name="Amos 174–190">{{Cite journal|last1=Amos|first1=Caleb Christian|last2=Rahman|first2=Ataur|last3=Karim|first3=Fazlul|last4=Gathenya|first4=John Mwangi|date=November 2018|title=A scoping review of roof harvested rainwater usage in urban agriculture: Australia and Kenya in focus|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=202|pages=174–190|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.108|bibcode=2018JCPro.202..174A |s2cid=158718294|issn=0959-6526}}</ref> Research show say RWH fit really help small farming and even help recharge groundwater for places like India.<ref name="Amos 174–190"/> === Agriculture === For urban farming, rainwater harvesting dey help reduce flooding and runoff problem. When people combine green roof with rainwater system, e fit reduce building temperature by over 1.3°C. This kind system fit help cities meet United Nations Sustainable Development Goals especially for clean cities, health, food security and water security (Sustainable Development Goal 6). But dem still need improve how dem dey design am so water go dey used more efficiently, especially for city areas. Studies for Caribbean show say when farmers collect rainwater and store am, e dey reduce risk of losing crops because of drought or heavy rain. E also help reduce soil erosion and flooding. Small farmers, especially those wey dey farm for hill side, dey benefit pass because dem fit control runoff better.<ref name="Fletcher-Paul-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Fletcher-Paul|first=Dr. Lystra|title=Feasibility Study of Rainwater Harvesting for Agriculture in the Caribbean Subregion|url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-bq747e.pdf|journal=FAO|access-date=2018-04-25|archive-date=2018-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425184846/http://www.fao.org/3/a-bq747e.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Many dry countries dey use rainwater harvesting because e cheap and reliable. To support farming, people dey build soil ridges wey go trap water so e no go flow away. Even when rain no plenty, this method still dey help crops grow.<ref name="PracticalAction-2019">{{Cite web|title=Rainwater harvesting|url=http://practicalaction.org/rainwater-harvesting-8|access-date=2016-03-03|archive-date=2019-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508110251/https://practicalaction.org/rainwater-harvesting-8}}</ref> === Industry === Frankfurt Airport get one of di biggest rainwater harvesting system for Germany. E dey save about 1 million cubic meter water every year. Di system cost about 1.5 million DM (US$63,000) for 1993. E dey collect water from roof area of 26,800 square meters. Dem store am for basement tanks and use am for toilet flushing, plant watering, and cooling air conditioning system.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rainwater harvesting in Germany|url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/international/germany.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2018-04-24|website=www.rainwaterharvesting.org|archive-date=2019-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219135902/http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/international/germany.htm}}</ref> Rainwater harvesting also dey London Olympic Park (Velodrome). Dem install am to improve sustainability of di facility. E reduce potable water demand by about 73%. But later dem realize say blackwater recycling system still more efficient pass rainwater harvesting for cost and sustainability.<ref name="ODA-2011">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Learning legacy: Lessons learned from the London 2012 Games construction project|url=http://learninglegacy.independent.gov.uk/documents/pdfs/sustainability/154-rainwater-harvesting-sust.pdf|website=Olympic Delivery Authority|access-date=2018-04-24|archive-date=2015-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208062004/http://learninglegacy.independent.gov.uk/documents/pdfs/sustainability/154-rainwater-harvesting-sust.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> == Technologies == Traditionally, people dey manage stormwater with detention basins, and dem dey use am for one purpose only. But with optimized real-time control, dis same infrastructure fit double as rainwater harvesting system without spoiling the original detention capacity.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.high-profile.com/rainwater-harvesting-controls-in-cloud-by-steve-roy-marcus-quigley-and-chuck-raymond/ |title=Rainwater Harvesting - Controls in the Cloud |work=M. C. |access-date=11 January 2015 |date=2013-10-03 |archive-date=2019-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805142833/https://www.high-profile.com/rainwater-harvesting-controls-in-cloud-by-steve-roy-marcus-quigley-and-chuck-raymond/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dis thing don already dey used for EPA headquarters wey dem dey remove stored water before rainstorm events, so e reduce wet weather flow while still make water dey available for reuse later. E dey improve water quality wey dem release and e also reduce how much water dey go out during combined sewer overflow events.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://money.cnn.com/gallery/technology/2014/11/11/innovative-city-tech/8.html |title=The Tech Behind Smart Cities - Eliminating Water Pollution |last=O'Brien |first=Sara Ashley |work=CNN Money |access-date=13 November 2014 |date=2014-11-11 |archive-date=2014-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114145530/http://money.cnn.com/gallery/technology/2014/11/11/innovative-city-tech/8.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www1.villanova.edu/content/dam/villanova/engineering/vcase/sym-presentations/3a3_Making%20Green_Andrea%20Braga.pdf |title=Making Green Work, and Work Harder |last=Braga |first=Andrea |publisher=Geosyntec |page=5 |access-date=30 November 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195602/http://www1.villanova.edu/content/dam/villanova/engineering/vcase/sym-presentations/3a3_Making%20Green_Andrea%20Braga.pdf }}</ref> Generally, check dams dey build across streams to help make surface water fit percolate go inside subsoil layers. The water percolation inside the water-impounded area of check dams fit even increase plenty if dem loosen the subsoil with ANFO explosives like the way dem dey use am for open cast mining. So, dem fit recharge local aquifer quick-quick using surface water wey dey available, especially for dry season. === System setup === Rainwater harvesting systems fit range from simple ones wey anybody fit install with small skill, to advanced automated systems wey need professional setup. Basic rainwater harvesting system be more like plumbing work than technical engineering work, because all the building terrace outlets dey connect with pipe go underground tank wey dey store water. Common components include pre-filters (like vortex filter), gutters and drains, storage tanks, and if the system dey pressurized, dem fit add pumps and treatment units like UV light, chlorination devices and post-filtration systems. Systems dey designed so that dem fit meet water demand throughout dry season, meaning the tank must be big enough to support daily usage. The rain catchment area like roof must also be big enough to collect enough water. For simple systems, dem dey use rooftop collection, surface runoff collection, and sometimes water wey don already soak ground or collect inside reservoirs before dem pump am go storage tanks (cisterns). === Rainwater harvesting by solar power panels === Clean water resources near cities dey become scarce and expensive. Apart from solar and wind energy, rainwater be one major renewable resource for land. Many places around the world dey cover large areas with Photovoltaics solar PV panels every year. These solar panels fit also collect rainwater wey fall on top them, and after simple Water purification filtration and disinfection, dem fit produce drinking-quality water wey no get bacteria or suspended particles, because rainwater dey low for salinity.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.windpowerengineering.com/environmental/wind-solar-powered-offgridbox-useful-hurricane-passes/ |title=Rain fed solar-powered water purification systems. |access-date=21 October 2017 |archive-date=21 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021111651/http://www.windpowerengineering.com/environmental/wind-solar-powered-offgridbox-useful-hurricane-passes/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2017/12/04/inverted-umbrella-brings-clean-water-clean-power-india/ |title=Inverted Umbrella Brings Clean Water & Clean Power To India |access-date=5 December 2017 |date=2017-12-04 |archive-date=2018-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709123311/https://cleantechnica.com/2017/12/04/inverted-umbrella-brings-clean-water-clean-power-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="inh">{{cite web |url=https://inhabitat.com/new-rooftop-solar-hydropanels-harvest-drinking-water-and-energy-at-the-same-time/ |title=New rooftop solar hydro panels harvest drinking water and energy at the same time |date=29 November 2017 |access-date=2017-11-30 |archive-date=2019-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810113041/https://inhabitat.com/new-rooftop-solar-hydropanels-harvest-drinking-water-and-energy-at-the-same-time/ |url-status=live }}</ref> If dem use rainwater well, like turning am into bottled water, solar PV plants fit even make extra money for places wey get heavy rain or cloudy weather. Recently, people find say using rainwater for existing wells fit also increase groundwater level for India. === Other innovations === Groasis Waterboxx be example of small-scale technology wey dey help plant trees for dry areas. E dey collect rainwater and dew. The Global Rainwater Management Program be water conservation project wey UNCCD and Global Water Partnership suggest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Rainwater Management Program (GRMP) |url=https://droughtclp.unccd.int/blog/global-rainwater-management-program-grmp |access-date=2026-05-12 |website=droughtclp.unccd.int |language=en}}</ref> == Advantages == Rainwater harvesting dey give people independent water supply especially when there be water restriction. For developed countries, dem dey use am to support main water supply. E dey help during drought, reduce flooding for low areas, and e also reduce pressure on wells so groundwater level fit stay stable. E increase water availability during dry season by helping recharge boreholes and wells. Surface water dey available for different uses so dependency on underground water go reduce. E dey improve groundwater quality by reducing salinity. E no dey cause pollution and e dey environmentally friendly. E dey cheap and easy to maintain. E also help to provide clean drinking water because rainwater no get much salts. For Integrated urban water management urban water system, e dey help both water supply and wastewater systems by reducing demand for treated water, reducing stormwater for sewer systems,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Behzadian |first1=k |last2=Kapelan |first2=Z |date=2015 |title=Advantages of integrated and sustainability based assessment for metabolism-based strategic planning of urban water systems |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=527-528 |pages=220–231 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.097 |pmid= 25965035|hdl=10871/17351 |url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/10871/17351/1/Behzadian%20and%20Kapelan%202015b.pdf |bibcode=2015ScTEn.527..220B |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and also reduce pollution wey dey enter freshwater bodies through runoff. Many research don focus on life cycle assessment methods and costing to understand environmental impact and money saving wey rainwater harvesting systems fit bring.<ref name="inh" /> === Independent water supply === Rainwater harvesting dey give independent water supply during water shortage situations. For places wey clean water cost or hard to get, rainwater fit be very important source. For developed countries, people dey use am mostly as extra source instead of main source, but e still fit reduce household water bill and usage. Rainwater fit safe to drink if proper treatment dey done before consumption. Boiling water dey kill germs. People also dey use first flush diverter to remove dirty first rain water so contamination no go affect storage.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Rainwater Collection | website=Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/private/rainwater-collection.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406004255/https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/private/rainwater-collection.html |archive-date=2020-04-06 }}</ref> === Supplemental in drought === When drought happen, rainwater wey people don collect before fit be used. If rain no dey regular or e dey unpredictable, rainwater harvesting system dey very important to catch any rain wey fall. Many arid countries dey use am as cheap and reliable water source. To support farming for dry areas, people dey build soil ridges to trap rainwater so e no go flow away. Even when rainfall small, water still fit enough for crops to grow. Water fit collect from roofs and store inside big tanks for future use. Rainwater harvesting also dey reduce pressure on wells, so groundwater levels fit stay for longer time instead of being overused. === Life-cycle assessment === Life-cycle assessment be method wey people dey use to check environmental impact of system from beginning to end of its life. Devkota et al,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Devkota |first1=J. |last2=Schlachter |first2=H. |last3=Anand |first3=C. |last4=Phillips |first4=R. |last5=Apul |first5=Defne |date=November 2013 |title=Development and application of EEAST: A lifecycle-based model for use of harvested rainwater and composting toilets in buildings |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |volume=130 |pages=397–404 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.09.015|pmid=24141064 |bibcode=2013JEnvM.130..397D }}</ref><ref name="Devkota 20152">{{Cite journal |last1=Devkota |first1=Jay |last2=Schlachter |first2=Hannah |last3=Apul |first3=Defne |date=May 2015 |title=Life cycle based evaluation of harvested rainwater use in toilets and for irrigation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=95 |pages=311–321 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.021|bibcode=2015JCPro..95..311D }}</ref> dem develop such method for rainwater harvesting and dem find say building design and building function dey very important for environmental performance. To manage demand and supply properly, researchers introduce metric called demand to supply ratio (D/S). E help to identify best building design and usage balance for environmental performance of rainwater harvesting especially for toilet flushing. Because rainwater no only reduce potable water use, e also reduce stormwater wey dey enter combined sewer systems (wey otherwise go need treatment), environmental benefit dey higher when buildings dey connected to combined sewer system compared to separate system.<ref name="Devkota 20152" /> === Cost-effectiveness === Even though standard rainwater harvesting systems fit give water solution for poor areas, cost of setup fit still high depending on technology used. Government and NGOs fit help communities by giving materials and training to build and maintain these systems.<ref name="Cain-2014">{{Cite journal|last=Cain|first=Nicholas L.|date=2014|title=A Different Path: The Global Water Crisis and Rainwater Harvesting|journal=Consilience|issue=12|pages=147–157|jstor=26476158|issn=1948-3074}}</ref> Some studies show say rainwater harvesting dey very useful and cost-effective for solving water shortage and other needs.<ref name="Cain-2014" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=Chad |last2=Rogers |first2=Josh |last3=Warriner |first3=Calum |last4=Ward |first4=Sarah |last5=Powell |first5=Wayne |title=Why doesn't every family practice rainwater harvesting? Factors that affect the decision to adopt rainwater harvesting as a household water security strategy in central Uganda |journal=Water International |date=17 November 2018 |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=1114–1135 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2018.1535417|s2cid=158857347 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018WatIn..43.1114S }}</ref> Building big centralized water systems like dams fit damage ecosystem, cost society plenty money, and no dey always work well especially for poor countries. But rainwater harvesting systems fit give local people sustainable water source and also help reduce flood and runoff problems.<ref name="Cain-2014" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Furumai|first=Hiroaki|title=Recent application of rainwater storage and harvesting in Japan|year=2008}}</ref> Systems wey local people fit install and maintain dey more sustainable and get higher chance of long-term success.<ref name="Cain-2014" /> Using in-situ technologies fit reduce cost of rainwater harvesting. These methods dey good for rural areas because dem no need plenty materials. Dem fit help improve agriculture output. Above-ground tanks fit store water for home use, but sometimes dem too expensive for poor people.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lunduka|first=Rodney|date=2011|title=ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING AND SMALL-SCALE WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316284488|access-date=2020-11-25|website=ResearchGate}}</ref> == Limitations == Rainwater harvesting dey widely used especially for places wey get drought. Researchers don develop different methods to choose best locations for collecting rainwater. Some models use parameters like slope, runoff potential, land cover, stream order, soil quality, and hydrology to find best sites for dams and harvesting systems.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ibrahim|first1=Gaylan Rasul Faqe|last2=Rasul|first2=Azad|last3=Ali Hamid|first3=Arieann|last4=Ali|first4=Zana Fattah|last5=Dewana|first5=Amanj Ahmad|date=April 2019|title=Suitable Site Selection for Rainwater Harvesting and Storage Case Study Using Dohuk Governorate|journal=Water|language=en|volume=11|issue=4|page=864|doi=10.3390/w11040864|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019Water..11..864I }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=2017-10-16 }}.</ref> Rainwater wey dem collect sometimes small when rainfall below normal, especially for dry urban areas like Middle East. RWH dey useful for developing areas because e dey help for irrigation and home use, but dem must filter the water well before e fit safe for drinking.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lange|first1=J.|last2=Husary|first2=S.|last3=Gunkel|first3=A.|last4=Bastian|first4=D.|last5=Grodek|first5=T.|date=2012-03-06|title=Potentials and limits of urban rainwater harvesting in the Middle East|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/16/715/2012/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|language=en|volume=16|issue=3|pages=715–724|doi=10.5194/hess-16-715-2012|bibcode=2012HESS...16..715L|issn=1607-7938|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-11-28|archive-date=2022-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710023556/https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/16/715/2012/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Quality of water === Rainwater sometimes need proper checking before use, depending on how safe e be. For Gansu province, dem dey use solar water disinfection method by boiling harvested rainwater inside solar cooker before drinking.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90781/6248934.html |last=Chen |first=Xuefei |title=Rainwater harvesting benefits farmers in Gansu |work=People's Daily Online |date=27 August 2007 |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-date=20 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020003759/http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90781/6248934.html |url-status=live }}</ref> These simple appropriate technology methods dey give cheap way to make stored rainwater safe for drinking. Even though rainwater itself clean pass many sources like rivers or groundwater,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hatch |first1=Jacob |title=The Many Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting |url=https://hydrationanywhere.com/the-many-benefits-of-rain-water-harvesting/ |website=Hydration Anywhere |access-date=3 August 2018 |archive-date=13 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213021007/https://hydrationanywhere.com/the-many-benefits-of-rain-water-harvesting/ }}</ref> the way wey dem collect and store am fit still make am dirty. Roof-collected rainwater fit contain animal droppings, dust, pollution particles, pesticides, and different chemical elements from air and sea like Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4 and gases like CO2, NOx, SOx. Pesticides sometimes high for rainwater especially after dry season.<ref name="Pearce-1999">{{Cite magazine|last1=Pearce|first1=Fred|last2=Mackenzie|first2=Debora|date=3 April 1999|title=It's raining pesticides|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16221803-100-its-raining-pesticides/|magazine=New Scientist|issue=2180|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102528/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16221803-100-its-raining-pesticides/|url-status=live}}</ref> To reduce contamination, people dey divert first rain (first flush) before storage. Better systems dey also use floating outlet, multiple tanks, and prefiltration to improve water quality. One idea wey research don show be say rainwater harvesting fit combine with solar energy to clean water for rural households.<ref name="Patange-2020">{{Cite web |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/06/0872.pdf |title=Low cost drinking water technology – rainwater harvesting with solar purification. Current Science, Vol. 118, No.6, 25 March 2020 |access-date=27 March 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119182928/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/06/0872.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Ideally, water supply system suppose match water quality with how people go use am. But for many developed countries, high-quality drinking water dey used for everything, even for toilet flushing and cleaning, which dey waste resources. Using treated rainwater for non-drinking uses like irrigation, toilet flushing, and laundry fit make water management more sustainable. Rainwater cisterns fit also become breeding place for mosquitoes wey fit carry disease. So people must make sure say mosquitoes no fit enter tank. Some systems dey add fish wey dey eat larvae or use chemical treatment to control am. == Country examples == === Canada === {{Excerpt|Rainwater harvesting in Canada|paragraphs=1,2}} === India === {{excerpt|Water supply and sanitation in India#Rainwater harvesting|paragraphs=1|file=0}}While rainwater harvesting in an urban context don gain attention recently, evidence show say [[Water supply and sanitation in India#Rainwater harvesting|rainwater harvesting in rural India]] don exist since ancient times. === United Kingdom === {{Excerpt|Rainwater harvesting in the United Kingdom|paragraphs=1,2}} === United States === {{Excerpt|Water supply and sanitation in the United States#Rainwater harvesting|paragraphs=1,2}} === Other countries === [[File: Rainwater harvesting tank (5981896147).jpg|thumb|Rainwater harvesting tank in [[Rwanda]].]] Uganda: Rainwater harvesting don dey used for Uganda to improve household and community water security for long time. But maintenance still be big challenge, and many systems don fail because people no maintain am well. Research also show say awareness and access to resources for RWH differ across society.<ref name="Staddon-2018" /> Thailand get the highest percentage of rural people wey dey depend on rainwater harvesting (about 40%).<ref name="JMP 2016">{{Cite web|last=JMP|date=2016|title=Joint Monitoring Programme Thailand Data|url=https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/Thailand.xls/|access-date=2017-03-13}}{{Dead link|date=March 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Government push am strongly for 1980s, and later private sector help distribute millions of tanks to households, many still dey use today.<ref name="saladin20162">{{Cite web|last=Saladin|first=Matthias|date=2016|title=Rainwater Harvesting in Thailand - learning from the World Champions|url=https://rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/759|access-date=2017-03-13|archive-date=2019-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129200110/http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/759|url-status=live}}</ref> This be one of the biggest self-supply water systems worldwide. Bermuda law say every new building must include rainwater harvesting system enough for residents.<ref>{{cite news|author=Harry Low|date=December 23, 2016|title=Why houses in Bermuda have white stepped roofs|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-38222271|access-date=2016-12-23|archive-date=2016-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223024443/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-38222271|url-status=live}}</ref> New Zealand get plenty rainfall for west and south, so rainwater harvesting be normal practice for rural areas. Dem dey use roof water go storage tanks and local councils dey support am.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 April 2016|title=Rainwater tanks|url=http://www.gw.govt.nz/rainwater-tanks//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414164122/http://www.gw.govt.nz/rainwater-tanks//|archive-date=14 April 2016|access-date=21 March 2017|publisher=Greater Wellington Regional Council}}</ref> Sri Lanka don use rainwater harvesting for agriculture and home drinking water in rural areas. Law wey support am pass through Urban Development Authority amendment act 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliament Of The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka|url=http://www.lankarainwater.org/rwhsl/act_36_2007_e.pdf|access-date=2011-12-09|archive-date=2013-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104180251/http://www.lankarainwater.org/rwhsl/act_36_2007_e.pdf}}</ref> Lanka Rainwater Harvesting Forum dey lead the initiative.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lanka Rain Water Harvesting Forum (LRWHF)|url=http://www.lankarainwater.org/|access-date=2011-12-09|archive-date=2015-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203171925/http://www.lankarainwater.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> Tank cascade system be old irrigation system for the country. Bolivia don start rainwater harvesting projects for rural and suburban schools to help water shortage and farming. For Cochabamba, NGOs and communities dey use rooftop systems to support school gardens wey dey produce food for students.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Archidiacono |first1=Stefano |first2=Kemerink-Seyoum |last2=Jeltsje Sanne |first3=Leonardelli |first3=Irene |first4=Dominguez Guzman |first4=Carolina |first5=Chitata |first5=Tavengwa |last6= Zwarteveen |first6=Margreet |date=2024-09-01 |title=Engineering as Tinkering Care: A Rainwater Harvesting Infrastructure in Cochabamba, Bolivia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19378629.2024.2304176 |journal=Engineering Studies |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=206–225 |doi=10.1080/19378629.2024.2304176 |issn=1937-8629|url-access=subscription |hdl=11245.1/15c42a7c-dc62-41c1-bcc8-00ab5c97b957 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == History == {{See also|History of water supply and sanitation}} The construction and use of cisterns to store rainwater fit start from Neolithic Age, when waterproof lime plaster cisterns dem dey build inside house floors for village areas of the Levant, big region for Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea for west, Arabian Desert for south, and Mesopotamia for east. By late 4000 BC{{clarify|date=June 2023}}, cisterns don become important part of early water management systems for dry-land farming.<ref name="Mays et al. 2013">{{cite journal|last1=Mays|first1=Larry|last2=Antoniou|first2=George|last3=Angelakis|first3=Andreas|date=2013|title=History of water cisterns: Legacies and lessons|journal=Water|volume=5|issue=4|pages=1916–1940|doi=10.3390/w5041916|name-list-style=amp|doi-access=free|bibcode=2013Water...5.1916M |hdl=2286/R.I.43114|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Many old cisterns don dey discovered for Jerusalem area and around present-day Israel/Palestine. For one site wey people believe say be biblical Ai (Khirbet et-Tell), dem discover big cistern wey date back around 2500 BC with capacity of nearly {{Convert|1,700|m3|cuft|abbr=on}}. Dem carve am from solid rock, line am with stones, and seal am with clay so e no go leak.<ref name="Mays et al. 2013" /> Crete island for Greece also get history of rainwater storage during Minoan civilization (2,600 BC–1,100 BC). Dem find four big cisterns for Myrtos-Pyrgos, Archanes, and Zakroeach. The one for Myrtos-Pyrgos fit hold more than {{Convert|80|m3|cuft|abbr=on}} and e date back to around 1700 BC.<ref name="Mays et al. 2013" /> Around 300 BC, farming communities for Balochistan (now Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran) and Kutch India dey use rainwater harvesting for farming and other uses.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rain water Harvesting|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/rainwater.htm|access-date=23 January 2012|publisher=Tamil Nadu State Government, India|archive-date=12 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812001933/http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/rainwater.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Chola dynasty also dey use rainwater harvesting.<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 July 2010|title=Believes in past, lives in future|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=India|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/07/17/stories/2010071754460800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009054927/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/07/17/stories/2010071754460800.htm|archive-date=9 October 2012}}</ref> Rainwater from Brihadeeswarar temple for Thanjavur dem collect am inside Shivaganga tank.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 August 2003|title=Rare Chola inscription found near Big Temple|location=India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/08/04/stories/2003080402510500.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=22 November 2003}}</ref> Later Chola period see Vīrānam tank build (1011–1037 AD) for Cuddalore district in Tamil Nadu, wey fit store {{Convert|1,465,000,000|cuft|m3|abbr=on}} water. Rainwater harvesting also dey common for Roman Empire.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kamash|first1=Zena|title=Archaeologies of Water in the Roman Near East|date=2010|publisher=Gorgias Press}}</ref> Even though Roman aqueducts well known, cisterns still dey widely used. For Pompeii, people dey store water for rooftop before aqueduct come in 1st century BC.<ref name="ArchServe-2016">{{Cite web|title=Water Supply Systems: Cisterns, Reservoirs, Aqueducts {{!}} Roman Building Technology and Architecture, University of California Santa Barbara|url=https://archserve.id.ucsb.edu/courses/arthistory/152k/water.html|access-date=2018-04-13|website=ArchServe|archive-date=2016-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718072245/http://archserve.id.ucsb.edu/courses/arthistory/152k/water.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Byzantine Empire continue am, example be Basilica Cistern for Istanbul. Venice people also depend on rainwater harvesting for many years because lagoon water salty and no fit drink. Dem build special wells wey collect rainwater through stone floors and sand filtration. Later dem start import water from mainland rivers, but wells still important especially during war. == Urban implementation == For urban areas, rainwater harvesting systems dey built inside building design to reduce runoff and support water supply. Cities like Melbourne, Singapore and Hyderabad dey encourage people to install rainwater systems for houses and commercial buildings.<ref>[https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/rainwater-harvesting-guidelines.pdf] {{Dead link | date=June 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=PUB Water from Local Catchment | url=https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps/localcatchmentwater | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506104130/https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps/localcatchmentwater | access-date=2025-05-24 | archive-date=2017-05-06}}</ref> == See also == {{Portal|Ecology}} {{div col}} Air well (condenser) Atmospheric water generator Blue roof Catchwater Desalination Detention basin Dew pond Hydropower Peak water Rain power Rainwater harvesting in the Sahel Retention basin Sponge city Tank cascade system Water conservation {{div col end}} == External links == {{Sister project links | wikt=no | n=no | q=no | s=no |v=no}} {{Wikiversity}} == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rainwater harvesting| ]] [[Category:Water supply]] [[Category:Water conservation]] [[Category:Irrigation]] [[Category:Appropriate technology]] [[Category:Hydrology and urban planning]] [[Category:Sustainable gardening]] [[Category:DIY culture]] fwr8ce3swsgucz4v49nsxdaspfrpre7 101752 101748 2026-06-11T07:51:13Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 /* History */ Corrected the format 101752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Accumulation of rainwater for reuse}} {{use dmy dates|date=November 2025}} [[File:RWH-image.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Configuration of domestic rainwater harvesting system in Uganda. Rain wey dey fall for roof of di building dey pass through gutter go enter storage tank.<ref name="Staddon-2018">{{cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=Chad |last2=Rogers |first2=Josh |last3=Warriner |first3=Calum |last4=Ward |first4=Sarah |last5=Powell |first5=Wayne |date=2018-11-17 |title=Why doesn't every family practice rainwater harvesting? Factors that affect the decision to adopt rainwater harvesting as a household water security strategy in central Uganda |journal=[[Water International]] |language=en |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=1114–1135 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2018.1535417 |s2cid=158857347 |issn=0250-8060 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018WatIn..43.1114S}}</ref>]] '''Rainwater harvesting''' ('''RWH''') na di process wey people dey collect rain water store am instead make e just dey flow go waste for ground. Dem dey collect di water from roof or any surface wey resemble roof, then dem dey channel am go tank, cistern, deep pit (like well, shaft, or borehole), aquifer, or reservoir wey fit allow am slowly enter ground to recharge groundwater. Rainwater harvesting no be same like stormwater harvesting because stormwater one dey collect runoff from different open surfaces, while RWH mostly dey focus on roof water for storage and reuse.<ref name="NSW Managing Urban Stormwater">{{cite report |title=Managing Urban Stormwater: Harvesting and reuse |date=2006-04-01 |publisher=[[New South Wales Department of Environment and Conservation]] |location=Sydney, Australia |isbn=1-74137-875-3 |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Water/Water-quality/managing-urban-stormwater-harvesting-reuse-060137.pdf |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716180541/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Water/Water-quality/managing-urban-stormwater-harvesting-reuse-060137.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-16}}</ref>{{rp|10}} Wetin dem dey use am do include watering garden, feeding livestock,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ntotank.com/blog/rainwater-harvesting-for-livestock |title=Rainwater Harvesting for Livestock |website=ntotank.com |access-date=2018-11-21 |archive-date=2018-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121120251/https://www.ntotank.com/blog/rainwater-harvesting-for-livestock/ |url-status=live}}</ref> irrigation, domestic use (if proper treatment dey), and even heating for house. Di water wey dem collect fit also go for long-term storage or ground recharge.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kinkade-Levario|first=Heather |title=Design for Water: Rainwater Harvesting, Stormwater Catchment, and Alternate Water Reuse |publisher=[[Douglas & McIntyre|New Society Publishers]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-86571-580-6 |location=[[Gabriola Island]], BC |page=27 |language=en}}</ref> Rainwater harvesting na one of di oldest and simplest ways wey people dey take manage water for themselves. E don dey used for South Asia and many other places for thousands of years.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bagel|first1=Ravi |last2=Stepan|first2=Lea |last3=Hill|first3=Joseph K. W. |title=Water, knowledge and the environment in Asia: epistemologies, practices and locales |date=2017 |location=London |isbn=978-1-315-54316-1}}</ref> Ancient civilizations like Roman Empire get big water collection systems like aqueducts and roof channels, wey influence modern gutter systems wey people still dey use today.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=The History of Rainwater Harvesting: From Roman Aqueducts to Modern Gutters |url=https://rockstarraingutters.com/the-history-of-rainwater-harvesting-from-roman-aqueducts-to-modern-gutters |access-date=2025-05-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem fit design am for different levels—house, neighbourhood, or whole community—and e fit serve schools, hospitals, and other public places too.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply |title=Rural Water Supply Network Self-supply site |last=Rural Water Supply Network |website=rural-water-supply.net |access-date=2017-03-19 |archive-date=2019-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114211852/http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply |url-status=live}}</ref> == Uses == [[File:03242012Taller sostenibilidad lore037.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Rainwater capture and storage system, Mexico City campus,<!-- C. Puente 222, Coapa, Arboledas del Sur, Tlalpan, 14380 Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico --> Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education]] [[File:Cistern in the Mission District, San Francisco, California.jpg|thumb|Cistern, Mission District, San Francisco, California]] [[File:Gibraltar East Side Water Catchments in 1992.jpg|thumb|Rainwater capture, Gibraltar East Side, 1992]] [[File:Panarea01.jpg|thumb|Home, with rain collection jars on roof, Panarea, Aeolian Islands, north of Sicily, Italy<ref>[[:it:Architettura eoliana]]</ref>]] [[File:UDDT with rainwater harvesting (3441547910).jpg|thumb|upright|Rainwater harvesting and hand washing system for a toilet in Kenya.]] [[File:Rainwater harvesting in Burkina Faso (2957138439).jpg|thumb|Rainwater harvesting in Burkina Faso]] [[File:Rainwater Harvesting and Plastic Pond 2.JPG|thumb|Plastic Pond for Rainwater Harvesting, Nepal, 2013<ref>[[:commons:Category:Rainwater harvesting in Nepal]]</ref>]] [[File:Rainwater harvesting systems in Kiribati (10715703914).jpg|thumb|Rainwater harvesting system, Kiribati ]] === Domestic use === Rooftop rainwater harvesting dey help provide drinking water, water for house use, livestock, small farming irrigation, and even help replenish groundwater level.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rain Water Harvesting in Flats |url=https://www.uttarayangroup.com/blogs/rain-water-harvesting-in-flats-guide-for-new-flats-in-guwahati-residents |website=Uttarayangroup}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morales Rojas |first1=Eli |last2=Díaz Ortiz |first2=Edwin Adolfo |last3=Medina Tafur |first3=Cesar Augusto |last4=García |first4=Ligia |last5=Oliva |first5=Manuel |last6=Rojas Briceño |first6=Nilton B. |title=A Rainwater Harvesting and Treatment System for Domestic Use and Human Consumption in Native Communities in Amazonas (NW Peru): Technical and Economic Validation |journal=Scientifica |date=2021 |volume=2021 |issue=1 |article-number=4136379 |doi=10.1155/2021/4136379 |doi-access=free |pmid=34712503 |pmc=8548140 |language=en |issn=2090-908X}}</ref> For Kenya, dem don successfully dey harvest rainwater for toilet use, washing clothes, and irrigation. Since 2016 Water Act start, Kenya don put focus on how dem go regulate agriculture and water use better.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Understanding the Kenya 2016 Water Act|url=https://www.2030wrg.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Understanding-the-Kenyan-Water-Act-2016.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=July 26, 2021|website=2030wrg|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726195032/https://www.2030wrg.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Understanding-the-Kenyan-Water-Act-2016.pdf}}</ref> Also for Australia, people dey use rainwater for cooking and drinking.<ref name="Amos 174–190">{{Cite journal|last1=Amos|first1=Caleb Christian|last2=Rahman|first2=Ataur|last3=Karim|first3=Fazlul|last4=Gathenya|first4=John Mwangi|date=November 2018|title=A scoping review of roof harvested rainwater usage in urban agriculture: Australia and Kenya in focus|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=202|pages=174–190|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.108|bibcode=2018JCPro.202..174A |s2cid=158718294|issn=0959-6526}}</ref> Research show say RWH fit really help small farming and even help recharge groundwater for places like India.<ref name="Amos 174–190"/> === Agriculture === For urban farming, rainwater harvesting dey help reduce flooding and runoff problem. When people combine green roof with rainwater system, e fit reduce building temperature by over 1.3°C. This kind system fit help cities meet United Nations Sustainable Development Goals especially for clean cities, health, food security and water security (Sustainable Development Goal 6). But dem still need improve how dem dey design am so water go dey used more efficiently, especially for city areas. Studies for Caribbean show say when farmers collect rainwater and store am, e dey reduce risk of losing crops because of drought or heavy rain. E also help reduce soil erosion and flooding. Small farmers, especially those wey dey farm for hill side, dey benefit pass because dem fit control runoff better.<ref name="Fletcher-Paul-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Fletcher-Paul|first=Dr. Lystra|title=Feasibility Study of Rainwater Harvesting for Agriculture in the Caribbean Subregion|url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-bq747e.pdf|journal=FAO|access-date=2018-04-25|archive-date=2018-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425184846/http://www.fao.org/3/a-bq747e.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Many dry countries dey use rainwater harvesting because e cheap and reliable. To support farming, people dey build soil ridges wey go trap water so e no go flow away. Even when rain no plenty, this method still dey help crops grow.<ref name="PracticalAction-2019">{{Cite web|title=Rainwater harvesting|url=http://practicalaction.org/rainwater-harvesting-8|access-date=2016-03-03|archive-date=2019-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508110251/https://practicalaction.org/rainwater-harvesting-8}}</ref> === Industry === Frankfurt Airport get one of di biggest rainwater harvesting system for Germany. E dey save about 1 million cubic meter water every year. Di system cost about 1.5 million DM (US$63,000) for 1993. E dey collect water from roof area of 26,800 square meters. Dem store am for basement tanks and use am for toilet flushing, plant watering, and cooling air conditioning system.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rainwater harvesting in Germany|url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/international/germany.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2018-04-24|website=www.rainwaterharvesting.org|archive-date=2019-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219135902/http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/international/germany.htm}}</ref> Rainwater harvesting also dey London Olympic Park (Velodrome). Dem install am to improve sustainability of di facility. E reduce potable water demand by about 73%. But later dem realize say blackwater recycling system still more efficient pass rainwater harvesting for cost and sustainability.<ref name="ODA-2011">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Learning legacy: Lessons learned from the London 2012 Games construction project|url=http://learninglegacy.independent.gov.uk/documents/pdfs/sustainability/154-rainwater-harvesting-sust.pdf|website=Olympic Delivery Authority|access-date=2018-04-24|archive-date=2015-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208062004/http://learninglegacy.independent.gov.uk/documents/pdfs/sustainability/154-rainwater-harvesting-sust.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> == Technologies == Traditionally, people dey manage stormwater with detention basins, and dem dey use am for one purpose only. But with optimized real-time control, dis same infrastructure fit double as rainwater harvesting system without spoiling the original detention capacity.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.high-profile.com/rainwater-harvesting-controls-in-cloud-by-steve-roy-marcus-quigley-and-chuck-raymond/ |title=Rainwater Harvesting - Controls in the Cloud |work=M. C. |access-date=11 January 2015 |date=2013-10-03 |archive-date=2019-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805142833/https://www.high-profile.com/rainwater-harvesting-controls-in-cloud-by-steve-roy-marcus-quigley-and-chuck-raymond/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dis thing don already dey used for EPA headquarters wey dem dey remove stored water before rainstorm events, so e reduce wet weather flow while still make water dey available for reuse later. E dey improve water quality wey dem release and e also reduce how much water dey go out during combined sewer overflow events.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://money.cnn.com/gallery/technology/2014/11/11/innovative-city-tech/8.html |title=The Tech Behind Smart Cities - Eliminating Water Pollution |last=O'Brien |first=Sara Ashley |work=CNN Money |access-date=13 November 2014 |date=2014-11-11 |archive-date=2014-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114145530/http://money.cnn.com/gallery/technology/2014/11/11/innovative-city-tech/8.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www1.villanova.edu/content/dam/villanova/engineering/vcase/sym-presentations/3a3_Making%20Green_Andrea%20Braga.pdf |title=Making Green Work, and Work Harder |last=Braga |first=Andrea |publisher=Geosyntec |page=5 |access-date=30 November 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195602/http://www1.villanova.edu/content/dam/villanova/engineering/vcase/sym-presentations/3a3_Making%20Green_Andrea%20Braga.pdf }}</ref> Generally, check dams dey build across streams to help make surface water fit percolate go inside subsoil layers. The water percolation inside the water-impounded area of check dams fit even increase plenty if dem loosen the subsoil with ANFO explosives like the way dem dey use am for open cast mining. So, dem fit recharge local aquifer quick-quick using surface water wey dey available, especially for dry season. === System setup === Rainwater harvesting systems fit range from simple ones wey anybody fit install with small skill, to advanced automated systems wey need professional setup. Basic rainwater harvesting system be more like plumbing work than technical engineering work, because all the building terrace outlets dey connect with pipe go underground tank wey dey store water. Common components include pre-filters (like vortex filter), gutters and drains, storage tanks, and if the system dey pressurized, dem fit add pumps and treatment units like UV light, chlorination devices and post-filtration systems. Systems dey designed so that dem fit meet water demand throughout dry season, meaning the tank must be big enough to support daily usage. The rain catchment area like roof must also be big enough to collect enough water. For simple systems, dem dey use rooftop collection, surface runoff collection, and sometimes water wey don already soak ground or collect inside reservoirs before dem pump am go storage tanks (cisterns). === Rainwater harvesting by solar power panels === Clean water resources near cities dey become scarce and expensive. Apart from solar and wind energy, rainwater be one major renewable resource for land. Many places around the world dey cover large areas with Photovoltaics solar PV panels every year. These solar panels fit also collect rainwater wey fall on top them, and after simple Water purification filtration and disinfection, dem fit produce drinking-quality water wey no get bacteria or suspended particles, because rainwater dey low for salinity.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.windpowerengineering.com/environmental/wind-solar-powered-offgridbox-useful-hurricane-passes/ |title=Rain fed solar-powered water purification systems. |access-date=21 October 2017 |archive-date=21 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021111651/http://www.windpowerengineering.com/environmental/wind-solar-powered-offgridbox-useful-hurricane-passes/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2017/12/04/inverted-umbrella-brings-clean-water-clean-power-india/ |title=Inverted Umbrella Brings Clean Water & Clean Power To India |access-date=5 December 2017 |date=2017-12-04 |archive-date=2018-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709123311/https://cleantechnica.com/2017/12/04/inverted-umbrella-brings-clean-water-clean-power-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="inh">{{cite web |url=https://inhabitat.com/new-rooftop-solar-hydropanels-harvest-drinking-water-and-energy-at-the-same-time/ |title=New rooftop solar hydro panels harvest drinking water and energy at the same time |date=29 November 2017 |access-date=2017-11-30 |archive-date=2019-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810113041/https://inhabitat.com/new-rooftop-solar-hydropanels-harvest-drinking-water-and-energy-at-the-same-time/ |url-status=live }}</ref> If dem use rainwater well, like turning am into bottled water, solar PV plants fit even make extra money for places wey get heavy rain or cloudy weather. Recently, people find say using rainwater for existing wells fit also increase groundwater level for India. === Other innovations === Groasis Waterboxx be example of small-scale technology wey dey help plant trees for dry areas. E dey collect rainwater and dew. The Global Rainwater Management Program be water conservation project wey UNCCD and Global Water Partnership suggest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Rainwater Management Program (GRMP) |url=https://droughtclp.unccd.int/blog/global-rainwater-management-program-grmp |access-date=2026-05-12 |website=droughtclp.unccd.int |language=en}}</ref> == Advantages == Rainwater harvesting dey give people independent water supply especially when there be water restriction. For developed countries, dem dey use am to support main water supply. E dey help during drought, reduce flooding for low areas, and e also reduce pressure on wells so groundwater level fit stay stable. E increase water availability during dry season by helping recharge boreholes and wells. Surface water dey available for different uses so dependency on underground water go reduce. E dey improve groundwater quality by reducing salinity. E no dey cause pollution and e dey environmentally friendly. E dey cheap and easy to maintain. E also help to provide clean drinking water because rainwater no get much salts. For Integrated urban water management urban water system, e dey help both water supply and wastewater systems by reducing demand for treated water, reducing stormwater for sewer systems,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Behzadian |first1=k |last2=Kapelan |first2=Z |date=2015 |title=Advantages of integrated and sustainability based assessment for metabolism-based strategic planning of urban water systems |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=527-528 |pages=220–231 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.097 |pmid= 25965035|hdl=10871/17351 |url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/10871/17351/1/Behzadian%20and%20Kapelan%202015b.pdf |bibcode=2015ScTEn.527..220B |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and also reduce pollution wey dey enter freshwater bodies through runoff. Many research don focus on life cycle assessment methods and costing to understand environmental impact and money saving wey rainwater harvesting systems fit bring.<ref name="inh" /> === Independent water supply === Rainwater harvesting dey give independent water supply during water shortage situations. For places wey clean water cost or hard to get, rainwater fit be very important source. For developed countries, people dey use am mostly as extra source instead of main source, but e still fit reduce household water bill and usage. Rainwater fit safe to drink if proper treatment dey done before consumption. Boiling water dey kill germs. People also dey use first flush diverter to remove dirty first rain water so contamination no go affect storage.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Rainwater Collection | website=Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/private/rainwater-collection.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406004255/https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/private/rainwater-collection.html |archive-date=2020-04-06 }}</ref> === Supplemental in drought === When drought happen, rainwater wey people don collect before fit be used. If rain no dey regular or e dey unpredictable, rainwater harvesting system dey very important to catch any rain wey fall. Many arid countries dey use am as cheap and reliable water source. To support farming for dry areas, people dey build soil ridges to trap rainwater so e no go flow away. Even when rainfall small, water still fit enough for crops to grow. Water fit collect from roofs and store inside big tanks for future use. Rainwater harvesting also dey reduce pressure on wells, so groundwater levels fit stay for longer time instead of being overused. === Life-cycle assessment === Life-cycle assessment be method wey people dey use to check environmental impact of system from beginning to end of its life. Devkota et al,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Devkota |first1=J. |last2=Schlachter |first2=H. |last3=Anand |first3=C. |last4=Phillips |first4=R. |last5=Apul |first5=Defne |date=November 2013 |title=Development and application of EEAST: A lifecycle-based model for use of harvested rainwater and composting toilets in buildings |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |volume=130 |pages=397–404 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.09.015|pmid=24141064 |bibcode=2013JEnvM.130..397D }}</ref><ref name="Devkota 20152">{{Cite journal |last1=Devkota |first1=Jay |last2=Schlachter |first2=Hannah |last3=Apul |first3=Defne |date=May 2015 |title=Life cycle based evaluation of harvested rainwater use in toilets and for irrigation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=95 |pages=311–321 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.021|bibcode=2015JCPro..95..311D }}</ref> dem develop such method for rainwater harvesting and dem find say building design and building function dey very important for environmental performance. To manage demand and supply properly, researchers introduce metric called demand to supply ratio (D/S). E help to identify best building design and usage balance for environmental performance of rainwater harvesting especially for toilet flushing. Because rainwater no only reduce potable water use, e also reduce stormwater wey dey enter combined sewer systems (wey otherwise go need treatment), environmental benefit dey higher when buildings dey connected to combined sewer system compared to separate system.<ref name="Devkota 20152" /> === Cost-effectiveness === Even though standard rainwater harvesting systems fit give water solution for poor areas, cost of setup fit still high depending on technology used. Government and NGOs fit help communities by giving materials and training to build and maintain these systems.<ref name="Cain-2014">{{Cite journal|last=Cain|first=Nicholas L.|date=2014|title=A Different Path: The Global Water Crisis and Rainwater Harvesting|journal=Consilience|issue=12|pages=147–157|jstor=26476158|issn=1948-3074}}</ref> Some studies show say rainwater harvesting dey very useful and cost-effective for solving water shortage and other needs.<ref name="Cain-2014" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=Chad |last2=Rogers |first2=Josh |last3=Warriner |first3=Calum |last4=Ward |first4=Sarah |last5=Powell |first5=Wayne |title=Why doesn't every family practice rainwater harvesting? Factors that affect the decision to adopt rainwater harvesting as a household water security strategy in central Uganda |journal=Water International |date=17 November 2018 |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=1114–1135 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2018.1535417|s2cid=158857347 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018WatIn..43.1114S }}</ref> Building big centralized water systems like dams fit damage ecosystem, cost society plenty money, and no dey always work well especially for poor countries. But rainwater harvesting systems fit give local people sustainable water source and also help reduce flood and runoff problems.<ref name="Cain-2014" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Furumai|first=Hiroaki|title=Recent application of rainwater storage and harvesting in Japan|year=2008}}</ref> Systems wey local people fit install and maintain dey more sustainable and get higher chance of long-term success.<ref name="Cain-2014" /> Using in-situ technologies fit reduce cost of rainwater harvesting. These methods dey good for rural areas because dem no need plenty materials. Dem fit help improve agriculture output. Above-ground tanks fit store water for home use, but sometimes dem too expensive for poor people.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lunduka|first=Rodney|date=2011|title=ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING AND SMALL-SCALE WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316284488|access-date=2020-11-25|website=ResearchGate}}</ref> == Limitations == Rainwater harvesting dey widely used especially for places wey get drought. Researchers don develop different methods to choose best locations for collecting rainwater. Some models use parameters like slope, runoff potential, land cover, stream order, soil quality, and hydrology to find best sites for dams and harvesting systems.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ibrahim|first1=Gaylan Rasul Faqe|last2=Rasul|first2=Azad|last3=Ali Hamid|first3=Arieann|last4=Ali|first4=Zana Fattah|last5=Dewana|first5=Amanj Ahmad|date=April 2019|title=Suitable Site Selection for Rainwater Harvesting and Storage Case Study Using Dohuk Governorate|journal=Water|language=en|volume=11|issue=4|page=864|doi=10.3390/w11040864|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019Water..11..864I }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=2017-10-16 }}.</ref> Rainwater wey dem collect sometimes small when rainfall below normal, especially for dry urban areas like Middle East. RWH dey useful for developing areas because e dey help for irrigation and home use, but dem must filter the water well before e fit safe for drinking.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lange|first1=J.|last2=Husary|first2=S.|last3=Gunkel|first3=A.|last4=Bastian|first4=D.|last5=Grodek|first5=T.|date=2012-03-06|title=Potentials and limits of urban rainwater harvesting in the Middle East|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/16/715/2012/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|language=en|volume=16|issue=3|pages=715–724|doi=10.5194/hess-16-715-2012|bibcode=2012HESS...16..715L|issn=1607-7938|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-11-28|archive-date=2022-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710023556/https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/16/715/2012/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Quality of water === Rainwater sometimes need proper checking before use, depending on how safe e be. For Gansu province, dem dey use solar water disinfection method by boiling harvested rainwater inside solar cooker before drinking.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90781/6248934.html |last=Chen |first=Xuefei |title=Rainwater harvesting benefits farmers in Gansu |work=People's Daily Online |date=27 August 2007 |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-date=20 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020003759/http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90781/6248934.html |url-status=live }}</ref> These simple appropriate technology methods dey give cheap way to make stored rainwater safe for drinking. Even though rainwater itself clean pass many sources like rivers or groundwater,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hatch |first1=Jacob |title=The Many Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting |url=https://hydrationanywhere.com/the-many-benefits-of-rain-water-harvesting/ |website=Hydration Anywhere |access-date=3 August 2018 |archive-date=13 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213021007/https://hydrationanywhere.com/the-many-benefits-of-rain-water-harvesting/ }}</ref> the way wey dem collect and store am fit still make am dirty. Roof-collected rainwater fit contain animal droppings, dust, pollution particles, pesticides, and different chemical elements from air and sea like Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4 and gases like CO2, NOx, SOx. Pesticides sometimes high for rainwater especially after dry season.<ref name="Pearce-1999">{{Cite magazine|last1=Pearce|first1=Fred|last2=Mackenzie|first2=Debora|date=3 April 1999|title=It's raining pesticides|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16221803-100-its-raining-pesticides/|magazine=New Scientist|issue=2180|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102528/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16221803-100-its-raining-pesticides/|url-status=live}}</ref> To reduce contamination, people dey divert first rain (first flush) before storage. Better systems dey also use floating outlet, multiple tanks, and prefiltration to improve water quality. One idea wey research don show be say rainwater harvesting fit combine with solar energy to clean water for rural households.<ref name="Patange-2020">{{Cite web |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/06/0872.pdf |title=Low cost drinking water technology – rainwater harvesting with solar purification. Current Science, Vol. 118, No.6, 25 March 2020 |access-date=27 March 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119182928/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/06/0872.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Ideally, water supply system suppose match water quality with how people go use am. But for many developed countries, high-quality drinking water dey used for everything, even for toilet flushing and cleaning, which dey waste resources. Using treated rainwater for non-drinking uses like irrigation, toilet flushing, and laundry fit make water management more sustainable. Rainwater cisterns fit also become breeding place for mosquitoes wey fit carry disease. So people must make sure say mosquitoes no fit enter tank. Some systems dey add fish wey dey eat larvae or use chemical treatment to control am. == Country examples == === Canada === {{Excerpt|Rainwater harvesting in Canada|paragraphs=1,2}} === India === {{excerpt|Water supply and sanitation in India#Rainwater harvesting|paragraphs=1|file=0}}While rainwater harvesting in an urban context don gain attention recently, evidence show say [[Water supply and sanitation in India#Rainwater harvesting|rainwater harvesting in rural India]] don exist since ancient times. === United Kingdom === {{Excerpt|Rainwater harvesting in the United Kingdom|paragraphs=1,2}} === United States === {{Excerpt|Water supply and sanitation in the United States#Rainwater harvesting|paragraphs=1,2}} === Other countries === [[File: Rainwater harvesting tank (5981896147).jpg|thumb|Rainwater harvesting tank in [[Rwanda]].]] Uganda: Rainwater harvesting don dey used for Uganda to improve household and community water security for long time. But maintenance still be big challenge, and many systems don fail because people no maintain am well. Research also show say awareness and access to resources for RWH differ across society.<ref name="Staddon-2018" /> Thailand get the highest percentage of rural people wey dey depend on rainwater harvesting (about 40%).<ref name="JMP 2016">{{Cite web|last=JMP|date=2016|title=Joint Monitoring Programme Thailand Data|url=https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/Thailand.xls/|access-date=2017-03-13}}{{Dead link|date=March 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Government push am strongly for 1980s, and later private sector help distribute millions of tanks to households, many still dey use today.<ref name="saladin20162">{{Cite web|last=Saladin|first=Matthias|date=2016|title=Rainwater Harvesting in Thailand - learning from the World Champions|url=https://rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/759|access-date=2017-03-13|archive-date=2019-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129200110/http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/759|url-status=live}}</ref> This be one of the biggest self-supply water systems worldwide. Bermuda law say every new building must include rainwater harvesting system enough for residents.<ref>{{cite news|author=Harry Low|date=December 23, 2016|title=Why houses in Bermuda have white stepped roofs|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-38222271|access-date=2016-12-23|archive-date=2016-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223024443/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-38222271|url-status=live}}</ref> New Zealand get plenty rainfall for west and south, so rainwater harvesting be normal practice for rural areas. Dem dey use roof water go storage tanks and local councils dey support am.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 April 2016|title=Rainwater tanks|url=http://www.gw.govt.nz/rainwater-tanks//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414164122/http://www.gw.govt.nz/rainwater-tanks//|archive-date=14 April 2016|access-date=21 March 2017|publisher=Greater Wellington Regional Council}}</ref> Sri Lanka don use rainwater harvesting for agriculture and home drinking water in rural areas. Law wey support am pass through Urban Development Authority amendment act 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliament Of The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka|url=http://www.lankarainwater.org/rwhsl/act_36_2007_e.pdf|access-date=2011-12-09|archive-date=2013-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104180251/http://www.lankarainwater.org/rwhsl/act_36_2007_e.pdf}}</ref> Lanka Rainwater Harvesting Forum dey lead the initiative.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lanka Rain Water Harvesting Forum (LRWHF)|url=http://www.lankarainwater.org/|access-date=2011-12-09|archive-date=2015-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203171925/http://www.lankarainwater.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> Tank cascade system be old irrigation system for the country. Bolivia don start rainwater harvesting projects for rural and suburban schools to help water shortage and farming. For Cochabamba, NGOs and communities dey use rooftop systems to support school gardens wey dey produce food for students.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Archidiacono |first1=Stefano |first2=Kemerink-Seyoum |last2=Jeltsje Sanne |first3=Leonardelli |first3=Irene |first4=Dominguez Guzman |first4=Carolina |first5=Chitata |first5=Tavengwa |last6= Zwarteveen |first6=Margreet |date=2024-09-01 |title=Engineering as Tinkering Care: A Rainwater Harvesting Infrastructure in Cochabamba, Bolivia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19378629.2024.2304176 |journal=Engineering Studies |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=206–225 |doi=10.1080/19378629.2024.2304176 |issn=1937-8629|url-access=subscription |hdl=11245.1/15c42a7c-dc62-41c1-bcc8-00ab5c97b957 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == History == {{See also|History of water supply and sanitation}}The construction and use of cisterns to store rainwater fit start from Neolithic Age, when waterproof lime plaster cisterns dem dey build inside house floors for village areas of the Levant, big region for Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea for west, Arabian Desert for south, and Mesopotamia for east. By late 4000 BC{{clarify|date=June 2023}}, cisterns don become important part of early water management systems for dry-land farming.<ref name="Mays et al. 2013">{{cite journal|last1=Mays|first1=Larry|last2=Antoniou|first2=George|last3=Angelakis|first3=Andreas|date=2013|title=History of water cisterns: Legacies and lessons|journal=Water|volume=5|issue=4|pages=1916–1940|doi=10.3390/w5041916|name-list-style=amp|doi-access=free|bibcode=2013Water...5.1916M |hdl=2286/R.I.43114|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Many old cisterns don dey discovered for Jerusalem area and around present-day Israel/Palestine. For one site wey people believe say be biblical Ai (Khirbet et-Tell), dem discover big cistern wey date back around 2500 BC with capacity of nearly {{Convert|1,700|m3|cuft|abbr=on}}. Dem carve am from solid rock, line am with stones, and seal am with clay so e no go leak.<ref name="Mays et al. 2013" /> Crete island for Greece also get history of rainwater storage during Minoan civilization (2,600 BC–1,100 BC). Dem find four big cisterns for Myrtos-Pyrgos, Archanes, and Zakroeach. The one for Myrtos-Pyrgos fit hold more than {{Convert|80|m3|cuft|abbr=on}} and e date back to around 1700 BC.<ref name="Mays et al. 2013" /> Around 300 BC, farming communities for Balochistan (now Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran) and Kutch India dey use rainwater harvesting for farming and other uses.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rain water Harvesting|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/rainwater.htm|access-date=23 January 2012|publisher=Tamil Nadu State Government, India|archive-date=12 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812001933/http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/rainwater.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Chola dynasty also dey use rainwater harvesting.<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 July 2010|title=Believes in past, lives in future|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=India|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/07/17/stories/2010071754460800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009054927/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/07/17/stories/2010071754460800.htm|archive-date=9 October 2012}}</ref> Rainwater from Brihadeeswarar temple for Thanjavur dem collect am inside Shivaganga tank.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 August 2003|title=Rare Chola inscription found near Big Temple|location=India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/08/04/stories/2003080402510500.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=22 November 2003}}</ref> Later Chola period see Vīrānam tank build (1011–1037 AD) for Cuddalore district in Tamil Nadu, wey fit store {{Convert|1,465,000,000|cuft|m3|abbr=on}} water. Rainwater harvesting also dey common for Roman Empire.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kamash|first1=Zena|title=Archaeologies of Water in the Roman Near East|date=2010|publisher=Gorgias Press}}</ref> Even though Roman aqueducts well known, cisterns still dey widely used. For Pompeii, people dey store water for rooftop before aqueduct come in 1st century BC.<ref name="ArchServe-2016">{{Cite web|title=Water Supply Systems: Cisterns, Reservoirs, Aqueducts {{!}} Roman Building Technology and Architecture, University of California Santa Barbara|url=https://archserve.id.ucsb.edu/courses/arthistory/152k/water.html|access-date=2018-04-13|website=ArchServe|archive-date=2016-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718072245/http://archserve.id.ucsb.edu/courses/arthistory/152k/water.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Byzantine Empire continue am, example be Basilica Cistern for Istanbul. Venice people also depend on rainwater harvesting for many years because lagoon water salty and no fit drink. Dem build special wells wey collect rainwater through stone floors and sand filtration. Later dem start import water from mainland rivers, but wells still important especially during war. == Urban implementation == For urban areas, rainwater harvesting systems dey built inside building design to reduce runoff and support water supply. Cities like Melbourne, Singapore and Hyderabad dey encourage people to install rainwater systems for houses and commercial buildings.<ref>[https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/rainwater-harvesting-guidelines.pdf] {{Dead link | date=June 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=PUB Water from Local Catchment | url=https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps/localcatchmentwater | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506104130/https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps/localcatchmentwater | access-date=2025-05-24 | archive-date=2017-05-06}}</ref> == See also == {{Portal|Ecology}} {{div col}} Air well (condenser) Atmospheric water generator Blue roof Catchwater Desalination Detention basin Dew pond Hydropower Peak water Rain power Rainwater harvesting in the Sahel Retention basin Sponge city Tank cascade system Water conservation {{div col end}} == External links == {{Sister project links | wikt=no | n=no | q=no | s=no |v=no}} {{Wikiversity}} == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rainwater harvesting| ]] [[Category:Water supply]] [[Category:Water conservation]] [[Category:Irrigation]] [[Category:Appropriate technology]] [[Category:Hydrology and urban planning]] [[Category:Sustainable gardening]] [[Category:DIY culture]] ajxc16zmj9y158xauz4ifimhks18gx7 0 27465 101760 2026-06-11T09:09:40Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start one article 101760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Removal of salts from water}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}} [[File:Reverse osmosis desalination plant.JPG|thumb|312x312px|A reverse osmosis desalination plant in Barcelona, Spain]] '''Desalination''' na the artificial process wey dem dey use turn salt water (mostly [[sea water]]) into [[fresh water]]. More generally, desalination mean say dem dey remove salts and minerals from one substance.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/desalination "Desalination"] (definition), ''The American Heritage Science Dictionary'', via dictionary.com. Retrieved August 19, 2007.</ref> E fit be say dem go desalinate saltwater, especially sea water, make dem produce water for human drinking or irrigation, while e go also produce [[brine]] as by-product.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|last3=Loizidou|first3=Maria|date=November 25, 2019|title=Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies – A review|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|volume=693|article-number=133545|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351|issn=1879-1026|pmid=31374511|bibcode=2019ScTEn.69333545P|s2cid=199387639}}</ref> Interest for desalination mostly dey focus on how to provide fresh water wey go cheap for human use. Together with recycled [[wastewater]], e be one of the few [[water resources]] wey no depend on rain.<ref name="Fischetti2007">{{Cite journal |last=Fischetti |first=Mark |date=September 2007 |title=Fresh from the Sea |journal=Scientific American|volume=297 |pmid=17784633 |issue=3 |pages=118–119|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0907-118 |bibcode=2007SciAm.297c.118F}}</ref> As pressure for freshwater dey increase globally, desalination don turn key part of strategies for global water security. According to 2019 review for ''Science of the Total Environment'', about 95 million cubic meters per day of desalinated water dey produced worldwide, and demand dey expected to grow well well make e fit cover global water shortage gap. Because of the energy wey e dey consume, desalinating sea water normally cost pass fresh water from [[surface water]] or [[groundwater]], [[Reclaimed water|water recycling]] and [[water conservation]]. But sometimes, these alternatives no dey available and depletion of water reserves don turn serious problem worldwide.<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.01.002 |title=Performance of microbial desalination cell for salt removal and energy generation using different catholyte solutions |journal=Desalination |volume=432 |page=1 |year=2019 |last1=Ebrahimi |first1=Atieh |last2=Najafpour |first2=Ghasem D |last3=Yousefi Kebria |first3=Daryoush }}</ref><ref name="Transcript">{{cite web |title=Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom |website=Science History Institute|date=March 19, 2019 |access-date=August 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Elsaid |first1=Khaled |last2=Kamil |first2=Mohammed |last3=Sayed |first3=Enas Taha |last4=Abdelkareem |first4=Mohammad Ali |last5=Wilberforce |first5=Tabbi |last6=Olabi |first6=A. |title=Environmental impact of desalination technologies: A review |journal=[[Science of the Total Environment]] |date=2020 |volume=748 |article-number=141528 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528|pmid=32818886 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.74841528E }}</ref> Desalination processes dey use either thermal methods (like [[distillation]]) or membrane-based methods (example be [[reverse osmosis]]).<ref name="Cohen 2021 p. ">{{cite book | last=Cohen | first=Yoram | title=Materials and Energy | chapter=Advances in Water Desalination Technologies | publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC | year=2021 | volume=17 | isbn=978-981-12-2697-7 | issn=2335-6596 | doi=10.1142/12009 | page=| s2cid=224974880 }}</ref><ref name="IWA2022">{{Cite book |url=https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/850/Reducing-the-Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-of-Water-and |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris}}</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2020, global desalination capacity reach about 97 million m³/day from over 16,800 plants wey dey operate, while contracted projects push total potential capacity go over 114 million m³/day worldwide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eke |first1=Joyner |last2=Yusuf |first2=Ahmed |last3=Giwa |first3=Adewale |last4=Sodiq |first4=Ahmed |date=December 1, 2020 |title=The global status of desalination: An assessment of current desalination technologies, plants and capacity |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916420313114 |journal=Desalination |volume=495 |article-number=114633 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114633 |bibcode=2020Desal.49514633E |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> For 2018, global energy use for desalination be around 3 kWh/m³ (2018), and e don improve sharply from 20–30 kWh/m³ for 1970.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Even with that, desalination still use about 25% of the energy wey water sector dey consume for 2016.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Big companies inside desalination industry include Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens AG, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries Inc., and Xylem.<ref>{{Cite press release |publisher=Research and Markets |date=March 7, 2025 |title=Desalination Market Forecast Report and Competitive Analysis 2025–2033 Featuring Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries, Xylem |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/03/07/3038838/28124/en/Desalination-Market-Forecast-Report-and-Competitive-Analysis-2025-2033-Featuring-Acciona-Dow-Evoqua-Water-Technologies-Siemens-DuPont-Doosan-Enerbility-Toray-Industries-Xylem.html |access-date=December 8, 2025 |via=GlobeNewswire News Room |language=en-us}}</ref> {{toclimit|3}} ==History== {{See also|Distillation#History|Distilled water#History}} ===Ancient times=== Early ideas about desalination fit trace back to [[Aristotle]], wey observe for ''[[Meteorology (Aristotle)|Meteorology]]'' say when seawater evaporate, the vapor wey come out go condense as fresh water instead of salt water. This one show early understanding of evaporation and condensation. He also explain say wax vessel fit still give potable water after e soak inside seawater, like primitive filtration.<ref>Aristotle with E.W. Webster, trans., ''Meteorologica'', in: Ross, W. D., ed., ''The Works of Aristotle'', vol. 3, (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1931), Book III, [https://archive.org/stream/workstranslatedi03arisuoft#page/n71/mode/2up §358: 16–18 and §359: 1–5.]</ref> References to seawater desalination also appear for ancient China. Texts from [[Period of the Warring States]] and the [[Han dynasty|Eastern Han dynasty]] describe how bamboo mats wey dem use steam rice for long time develop thin outer layer wey dem believe say fit absorb salt.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Huachao |last2=Xu |first2=Haoyuan |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Investigation and Research on the Status Quo of Informatization Development at Home and Abroad |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=692 |issue=2 |article-number=022040 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/692/2/022040 |bibcode=2021E&ES..692b2040Z |issn=1755-1307 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Generally, experiments on desalination dey appear throughout Antiquity and [[Middle Ages]], even though dem no dey large scale.<ref>See: *Joseph Needham, Ho Ping-Yu, Lu Gwei-Djen, Nathan Sivin, ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1980), [https://books.google.com/books?id=xrNDwP0pS8sC&pg=PA60 p. 60.] *[[Alexander of Aphrodisias]] (fl. 200 A.D.) wrote, in his commentary on Aristotle's ''Meteorology'', that if a lid is placed on a boiling pot of seawater, fresh water will condense on the lid. *In his ''Hexaemeron'', Homily IV, § 7, [[Basil of Caesarea|St. Basil of Caesarea]] (c. 329–379 AD) mentioned that sailors produced fresh water via distillation. Saint Basil with Sister Agnes Clare Way, trans., ''Saint Basil Exegetic Homilies'' (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1963), p. 65. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AWxwDmFvDiwC&pg=PA65 From p. 65:] "Moreover, it is possible to see the water of the sea boiled by sailors, who, catching the vapors in sponges, relieve their thirst fairly well in times of need."</ref> But real large-scale desalination no become possible until modern time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sample |url=http://www.desware.net/Sample-Chapters/D01/01-003.pdf |website=www.desware.net}}</ref> ===Middle Ages and Renaissance (5th–17th century)=== During Middle Ages, desalination remain small and mostly depend on [[distillation]], where dem heat seawater make vapor, then condense am back into fresh water. These methods mostly serve emergency or maritime use.<ref name="Birkett1984">{{Cite journal |last=Birkett |first=James D. |date=January 1, 1984 |title=A brief illustrated history of desalination: From the bible to 1940 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=50 |pages=17–52 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85014-6 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...17B |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> Renaissance time bring improvement through people like [[Leonardo da Vinci]], wey suggest say dem fit make distilled water more efficient by improving still design for cookstove.<ref>J. R. Partington, History of Chemistry, Vol. 2–3, Macmillan, London, 1962.</ref> For Central Europe too, distillation continue develop, even though e no always focus only on desalination.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Some historical reports from 16th century talk say 1560, for island near Tunisia coast, Spanish soldiers wey dem surround reportedly build still to produce fresh water, but exact design no clear.<ref name="Birkett1984" /><ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966">{{Cite journal |last1=Nebbia |first1=G. |last2=Menozzi |first2=G.N. |date=1966 |title=Aspetti storici della dissalazione |journal=Acqua Ind. |volume=41–42 |pages=3–20}}</ref> ===Pre-industrial and early modern period (16th–18th century)=== Before [[Industrial Revolution]], desalination mainly happen for ship, where dem need fresh water for long journey. Ship distillation help top up stored water when e finish.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Interest for desalination increase for 17th century. People like [[Francis Bacon]] and [[Walter Raleigh]] talk about water purification, while Sir [[Richard Hawkins]] report say him crew dey get fresh water by distilling seawater on ship.<ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=M.N. |date=1981 |title=Quest for Pure Water |journal=Am. Water Works Assoc. 2nd Ed. |volume=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> This interest lead to first patents for desalination machines. Patents come for 1675 and 1683 to [[William Walcot]] and Robert Fitzgerald and others, but dem no really scale am well.<ref>W. Walcot, Purifying Water, Britain No. 184, 1675</ref><ref>R. Fitzgerald et al, Purifying Salt Water, Britain No. 226, 1683.</ref><ref name="Birkett1984" /> Progress remain slow, and from mid-17th century reach 18th century, no major change happen for basic distillation.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> When frigate ''[[Protector (1779 frigate)|Protector]]'' sell to Denmark for 1780s and dem rename am ''Hussaren'', dem study its distillation system well well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enkel Søgning |url=http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 |website=www.orlogsbasen.dk |access-date=February 12, 2020 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729204853/http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 }}</ref> For United States, [[Thomas Jefferson]] later compile earlier heat-based desalination methods and share guidance for ship use.<ref>{{cite web |author=Thomas Jefferson |date=November 21, 1791 |title=Report on Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0296}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/desalination-sea-water |website=Thomas Jefferson's Monticello}}</ref> ===Industrial era (19th century)=== Desalination begin change sharply for 19th century as steam engine and thermodynamics develop. Demand for clean water for steam boilers and colonial expansion into dry areas push the technology forward.<ref name="Birkett1984" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyle |first=Oliver |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=dtgTngEACAAJ}} |title=The Efficient Use of Steam: Written for the Fuel Efficiency Committee of the Ministry of Fuel and Power |date=1956 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fraser-Macdonald |first=A. |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=yJxBAAAAIAAJ}} |title=Our Ocean Railways: Or, The Rise, Progress, and Development of Ocean Steam Navigation |date=1893 |publisher=Chapman and Hall, Limited |language=en}}</ref> More efficient thermal systems like [[multiple-effect evaporator]]s come, where heat dey reuse across stages.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> For 1852, [[Alphonse René le Mire de Normandy]] patent vertical-tube seawater distillation system wey become popular for ships because e simple and easy to build.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> By late 19th century, land-based desalination plants begin appear more.<ref name="Birkett2010">{{Cite book |last=Birkett |first=James D. |title=History, Development and Management of Water Resources |date=May 15, 2010 |publisher=EOLSS Publishers |isbn=978-1-84826-419-9 |volume=I |page=381 |language=en |chapter=History of Desalination Before Large-Scale Use |chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=8bfODAAAQBAJ|page=381}}}}</ref> For 1860s, U.S. Army install Normandy evaporators for [[Key West]] and [[Dry Tortugas]].<ref name="Birkett1984" /><ref name="Birkett2010" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Birkett |first=J. D. |title=The 1861 de Normandy desalting unit at Key West |journal=International Desalination & Water Reuse Quarterly |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=53–57}}</ref> For 1880s, another plant come up for [[Suakin]] to give British troops fresh water using six-effect distillation.<ref name="Birkett1984" /><ref name="Birkett2010" /> {{Short description|Removal of salts from water}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}} [[File:Reverse osmosis desalination plant.JPG|thumb|312x312px|A reverse osmosis desalination plant in Barcelona, Spain]] '''Desalination''' na the artificial process wey dem take turn salt water (normally [[sea water]]) into [[fresh water]]. In simple terms, desalination na the removal of salts and minerals from substance.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/desalination "Desalination"] (definition), ''The American Heritage Science Dictionary'', via dictionary.com. Retrieved August 19, 2007.</ref> E fit be say dem dey desalinate saltwater, especially sea water, so dem fit produce water for human drinking or irrigation, while dem dey produce [[brine]] as by-product.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|last3=Loizidou|first3=Maria|date=November 25, 2019|title=Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies – A review|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|volume=693|article-number=133545|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351|issn=1879-1026|pmid=31374511|bibcode=2019ScTEn.69333545P|s2cid=199387639}}</ref> People interest for desalination dey mostly focus on how dem go take provide fresh water for human use in cost-effective way. Alongside recycled [[wastewater]], e be one of the few [[water resources]] wey no depend on rainfall.<ref name="Fischetti2007">{{Cite journal |last=Fischetti |first=Mark |date=September 2007 |title=Fresh from the Sea |journal=Scientific American|volume=297 |pmid=17784633 |issue=3 |pages=118–119|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0907-118 |bibcode=2007SciAm.297c.118F}}</ref> As pressure on fresh water supply dey increase globally, desalination don become important part of water security strategies worldwide. According to 2019 review for ''Science of the Total Environment'', about 95 million cubic meters per day of desalinated water dey produced globally, and demand still dey rise to help balance global water shortage. Because of energy wey e dey consume, desalinating seawater dey cost more than fresh water from [[surface water]] or [[groundwater]], [[Reclaimed water|water recycling]] and [[water conservation]]. But these alternatives no always dey available, and many places dey face serious depletion of water resources.<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.01.002 |title=Performance of microbial desalination cell for salt removal and energy generation using different catholyte solutions |journal=Desalination |volume=432 |page=1 |year=2019 |last1=Ebrahimi |first1=Atieh |last2=Najafpour |first2=Ghasem D |last3=Yousefi Kebria |first3=Daryoush }}</ref><ref name="Transcript">{{cite web |title=Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom |website=Science History Institute|date=March 19, 2019 |access-date=August 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Elsaid |first1=Khaled |last2=Kamil |first2=Mohammed |last3=Sayed |first3=Enas Taha |last4=Abdelkareem |first4=Mohammad Ali |last5=Wilberforce |first5=Tabbi |last6=Olabi |first6=A. |title=Environmental impact of desalination technologies: A review |journal=[[Science of the Total Environment]] |date=2020 |volume=748 |article-number=141528 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528|pmid=32818886 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.74841528E }}</ref> Desalination methods dey use either thermal processes (like [[distillation]]) or membrane-based processes (like [[reverse osmosis]]).<ref name="Cohen 2021 p. ">{{cite book | last=Cohen | first=Yoram | title=Materials and Energy | chapter=Advances in Water Desalination Technologies | publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC | year=2021 | volume=17 | isbn=978-981-12-2697-7 | issn=2335-6596 | doi=10.1142/12009 | page=| s2cid=224974880 }}</ref><ref name="IWA2022">{{Cite book |url=https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/850/Reducing-the-Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-of-Water-and |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris}}</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2020, global desalination capacity stand around 97 million m³ per day from over 16,800 plants wey dey operate, while projects wey dey come fit push total capacity pass 114 million m³ per day worldwide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eke |first1=Joyner |last2=Yusuf |first2=Ahmed |last3=Giwa |first3=Adewale |last4=Sodiq |first4=Ahmed |date=December 1, 2020 |title=The global status of desalination: An assessment of current desalination technologies, plants and capacity |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916420313114 |journal=Desalination |volume=495 |article-number=114633 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114633 |bibcode=2020Desal.49514633E |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 2018, global energy use for desalination be about 3 kWh/m³, and this don improve plenty from 20–30 kWh/m³ wey dem dey use around 1970.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Even though e improve, desalination still dey use about 25% of energy wey water sector consume as of 2016.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Key companies wey dey inside desalination industry include Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens AG, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries Inc., and Xylem.<ref>{{Cite press release |publisher=Research and Markets |date=March 7, 2025 |title=Desalination Market Forecast Report and Competitive Analysis 2025–2033 Featuring Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries, Xylem |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/03/07/3038838/28124/en/Desalination-Market-Forecast-Report-and-Competitive-Analysis-2025-2033-Featuring-Acciona-Dow-Evoqua-Water-Technologies-Siemens-DuPont-Doosan-Enerbility-Toray-Industries-Xylem.html |access-date=December 8, 2025 |via=GlobeNewswire News Room |language=en-us}}</ref> {{toclimit|3}} ==History== ===Ancient times=== Early ideas about desalination fit trace back go Aristotle, wey observe for ''Meteorology'' say when seawater evaporate, the vapor wey form dey turn fresh water instead of salty water. This show early understanding of evaporation and condensation.<ref>Aristotle with E.W. Webster, trans., ''Meteorologica'', in: Ross, W. D., ed., ''The Works of Aristotle'', vol. 3, (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1931), Book III, [https://archive.org/stream/workstranslatedi03arisuoft#page/n71/mode/2up §358: 16–18 and §359: 1–5.]</ref> Also, ancient China get records wey mention seawater treatment ideas during Period of the Warring States and Eastern Han dynasty, where bamboo mats for rice steaming dey believed to absorb salt layer after long use.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Huachao |last2=Xu |first2=Haoyuan |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Investigation and Research on the Status Quo of Informatization Development at Home and Abroad |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=692 |issue=2 |article-number=022040 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/692/2/022040 |bibcode=2021E&ES..692b2040Z |issn=1755-1307 |doi-access=free }}</ref> For Antiquity and Middle Ages, people dey experiment small-small with desalination methods, but dem no dey large scale.<ref>See: *Joseph Needham, Ho Ping-Yu, Lu Gwei-Djen, Nathan Sivin, ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1980), [https://books.google.com/books?id=xrNDwP0pS8sC&pg=PA60 p. 60.] *[[Alexander of Aphrodisias]] (fl. 200 A.D.) wrote, in his commentary on Aristotle's ''Meteorology'', that if a lid is placed on a boiling pot of seawater, fresh water will condense on the lid. *In his ''Hexaemeron'', Homily IV, § 7, [[Basil of Caesarea|St. Basil of Caesarea]] (c. 329–379 AD) mentioned that sailors produced fresh water via distillation. Saint Basil with Sister Agnes Clare Way, trans., ''Saint Basil Exegetic Homilies'' (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1963), p. 65. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AWxwDmFvDiwC&pg=PA65 From p. 65:] "Moreover, it is possible to see the water of the sea boiled by sailors, who, catching the vapors in sponges, relieve their thirst fairly well in times of need."</ref> But real large-scale desalination no start until modern era.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sample |url=http://www.desware.net/Sample-Chapters/D01/01-003.pdf |website=www.desware.net}}</ref> ===Middle Ages and Renaissance (5th–17th century)=== For Middle Ages, desalination still small scale and mostly depend on distillation, where dem dey heat seawater make steam, then cool am make fresh water form. These methods mainly dey use for ships and emergency cases.<ref name="Birkett1984">{{Cite journal |last=Birkett |first=James D. |date=January 1, 1984 |title=A brief illustrated history of desalination: From the bible to 1940 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=50 |pages=17–52 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85014-6 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...17B |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> During Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci even suggest better distillation design for cookstove use.<ref>J. R. Partington, History of Chemistry, Vol. 2–3, Macmillan, London, 1962.</ref> By 16th century, some emergency desalination systems reportedly dey used during siege situations, like example for Tunisia coast in 1560.<ref name="Birkett1984" /><ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966">{{Cite journal |last1=Nebbia |first1=G. |last2=Menozzi |first2=G.N. |date=1966 |title=Aspetti storici della dissalazione |journal=Acqua Ind. |volume=41–42 |pages=3–20}}</ref> ===Pre-industrial and early modern period (16th–18th century)=== Before Industrial Revolution, desalination mostly dey happen on ships, where sailors dey distill seawater when fresh water finish.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Interest for desalination increase for 17th century when people like Francis Bacon and Walter Raleigh discuss water purification ideas. Also Sir Richard Hawkins report say him crew dey use seawater distillation for fresh water.<ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966" /> First patents for desalination apparatus appear around 1675 and 1683, but technology no spread well because e hard to scale.<ref>W. Walcot, Purifying Water, Britain No. 184, 1675</ref><ref>R. Fitzgerald et al, Purifying Salt Water, Britain No. 226, 1683.</ref><ref name="Birkett1984" /> Progress remain slow until end of 18th century.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> ===Industrial era (19th century)=== In 19th century, steam engine and thermodynamics advance make desalination improve well-well. Demand for clean boiler water and colonial expansion into dry areas push development forward.<ref name="Birkett1984" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyle |first=Oliver |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=dtgTngEACAAJ}} |title=The Efficient Use of Steam: Written for the Fuel Efficiency Committee of the Ministry of Fuel and Power |date=1956 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fraser-Macdonald |first=A. |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=yJxBAAAAIAAJ}} |title=Our Ocean Railways: Or, The Rise, Progress, and Development of Ocean Steam Navigation |date=1893 |publisher=Chapman and Hall, Limited |language=en}}</ref> Better thermal systems like multiple-effect evaporators help reuse heat across stages.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> By 1852, Alphonse René le Mire de Normandy develop vertical-tube distillation unit wey become popular for ships.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> By late 19th century, land-based desalination plants start appear. U.S. Army even install systems for Key West and Dry Tortugas in 1860s.<ref name="Birkett1984" /><ref name="Birkett2010">{{Cite book |last=Birkett |first=James D. |title=History, Development and Management of Water Resources |date=May 15, 2010 |publisher=EOLSS Publishers |isbn=978-1-84826-419-9 |volume=I |page=381 |language=en |chapter=History of Desalination Before Large-Scale Use |chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=8bfODAAAQBAJ|page=381}}}}</ref> ===20th century=== After World War II, desalination technology grow fast. Methods like multi-stage flash distillation and other thermal systems become common for water-scarce regions. Freeze–thaw methods also develop as alternative approach based on crystallization.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mao |first1=Shudi |last2=Onggowarsito |first2=Casey |last3=Feng |first3=An |last4=Zhang |first4=Stella |last5=Fu |first5=Qiang |last6=Nghiem |first6=Long D. |date=2023 |title=A cryogel solar vapor generator with rapid water replenishment and high intermediate water content for seawater desalination |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry A |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=858–867 |doi=10.1039/d2ta08317e |issn=2050-7488}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zambrano |first1=A. |last2=Ruiz |first2=Y. |last3=Hernández |first3=E. |last4=Raventós |first4=M. |last5=Moreno |first5=F.L. |date=June 2018 |title=Freeze desalination by the integration of falling film and block freeze-concentration techniques |journal=Desalination |volume=436 |pages=56–62 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.02.015 |bibcode=2018Desal.436...56Z |hdl=2117/116164 |issn=0011-9164 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> In 1955, United States create Office of Saline Water to support research.<ref name="Transcript" /><ref name="Records">{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Records of the office of Saline Water |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/380.html}}</ref> One big breakthrough be reverse osmosis, where pressure dey force salt water pass membrane wey fit block salt. By late 1960s and 1970s, RO become strong alternative. Research from California universities, Dow Chemical and DuPont help develop am.<ref>{{cite web |author=David Talbot |date=November 23, 2015 |title=Bankrolling the 10 Breakthrough Technologies: Megascale Desalination |url=http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003210024/http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-date=October 3, 2016 |access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref> First industrial desalination plant for US open for Freeport, Texas in 1961.<ref name="Transcript" /> First commercial RO plant start for California in 1965.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fujiwara |first1=Masatoshi |last2=Aoshima |first2=Yaichi |title=Mechanisms for Long-Term Innovation Technology and Business Development of Reverse Osmosis Membranes |date=2022 |publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-4895-4 |page=59}}</ref> By 1975, first seawater RO plant start operate. ===21st century and modern developments=== Today, desalination plants don spread worldwide, especially for Middle East.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Angelakis |first1=Andreas N. |last2=Valipour |first2=Mohammad |last3=Choo |first3=Kwang-Ho |last4=Ahmed |first4=Abdelkader T. |last5=Baba |first5=Alper |last6=Kumar |first6=Rohitashw |last7=Toor |first7=Gurpal S. |last8=Wang |first8=Zhiwei |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future |journal=Water |volume=13 |issue=16 |page=2222 |doi=10.3390/w13162222 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.2222A |issn=2073-4441 |hdl=11147/11590 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Reverse osmosis now be the most common method because e dey efficient and scalable.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> Modern research dey focus on sustainability, renewable energy integration like solar and wind, plus advanced membranes like graphene, ceramic and nanocomposite types.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Obaidi |first1=Mudhar A. |last2=Alsadaie |first2=Salih |last3=Alsarayreh |first3=Alanood |last4=Sowgath |first4=Md. Tanvir |last5=Mujtaba |first5=Iqbal M. |date=April 11, 2024 |title=Integration of Renewable Energy Systems in Desalination |journal=Processes |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=770 |doi=10.3390/pr12040770 |doi-access=free |issn=2227-9717}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Graphene oxide-based membranes for water desalination and purification|first1=Saurabh Kr|last1=Tiwary|first2=Maninderjeet|last2=Singh|first3=Shubham Vasant|last3=Chavan|first4=Alamgir|last4=Karim|date=March 27, 2024|journal=npj 2D Materials and Applications|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–19|article-number=27 |doi=10.1038/s41699-024-00462-z|doi-access=free}}</ref> As of 2021, about 22,000 desalination plants dey operate worldwide.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> ==Applications== {{external media | width = 160px | float = upright | headerimage= | audio1 = [https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom "Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought"], Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239, March 19, 2019, [[Science History Institute]] }} [[File:Multiflash.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|A schematic of a [[multistage flash distillation|multistage flash desalinator]]<br />A – steam in&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B – seawater in&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C – potable water out<br />D – brine out (waste)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E – [[condensation|condensate]] out&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;F – heat exchange&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;G – condensation collection (desalinated water)<br />H – brine heater<br /> The [[pressure vessel]] acts as a [[countercurrent exchange|countercurrent heat exchanger]]. A [[vacuum pump]] lowers the pressure in the vessel to facilitate the evaporation of the heated seawater ([[brine]]) which enters the vessel from the right side (darker shades indicate lower temperature). The steam condenses on the pipes on top of the vessel in which the fresh sea water moves from the left to the right.]] There dey about 21,000 desalination plants worldwide. Biggest ones dey Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Israel. The biggest plant na Ras Al-Khair for Saudi Arabia, with capacity of 1,401,000 cubic meters per day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Largest water desalination plant|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/425709-largest-water-desalination-plant|access-date=August 21, 2020|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB}}</ref> Desalination still dey expensive compared to other water sources, so e only cover small percentage of global water use.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Do Thi |first1=Huyen Trang |last2=Pasztor |first2=Tibor |last3=Fozer |first3=Daniel |last4=Manenti |first4=Flavio |last5=Toth |first5=Andras Jozsef |date=January 2021 |title=Comparison of Desalination Technologies Using Renewable Energy Sources with Life Cycle, PESTLE, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analyses |journal=Water |language=en |volume=13 |issue=21 |page=3023 |doi=10.3390/w13213023 |issn=2073-4441|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13..3023D |hdl=11311/1197124 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> E dey mostly useful for places wey dry and near sea, plus ships and submarines. Big use dey for cities like Singapore, California, and Persian Gulf region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Theng |first=Charlotte Kng Yoong |date=September 16, 2022 |title=From NEWater to vertical farming: Key milestones in Singapore's 50-year journey towards sustainability {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/mse-from-newater-to-vertical-farming-key-milestones-singapore-50-year-journey-towards-sustainability |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Canon |first=Gabrielle |date=May 11, 2022 |title=California to decide fate of controversial desalination plant amid brutal drought |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/may/11/california-desalination-plant-water-drought |access-date=April 21, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2022 |title=Mini desalination plants could refresh the parched West |url=https://www.popsci.com/environment/desalination-drought-california/ |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Le Quesne |first1=W. J. F. |last2=Fernand |first2=L. |last3=Ali |first3=T. S. |last4=Andres |first4=O. |last5=Antonpoulou |first5=M. |last6=Burt |first6=J. A. |last7=Dougherty |first7=W. W. |last8=Edson |first8=P. J. |last9=El Kharraz |first9=J. |last10=Glavan |first10=J. |last11=Mamiit |first11=R. J. |date=December 1, 2021 |title=Is the development of desalination compatible with sustainable development of the Arabian Gulf? |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |language=en |volume=173 |issue=Pt A |article-number=112940 |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112940 |pmid=34537571 |bibcode=2021MarPB.17312940L |s2cid=237574682 |issn=0025-326X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Energy cost dey change depending on salinity, plant size and method. Even though cost dey reduce with technology, desalination still dey more expensive than normal water sources.<ref name="WarsingerBatch">{{cite journal |last1=Warsinger |first1=David M. |last2=Tow |first2=Emily W. |last3=Nayar |first3=Kishor G. |last4=Maswadeh |first4=Laith A. |last5=Lienhard V |first5=John H. |date=2016 |title=Energy efficiency of batch and semi-batch (CCRO) reverse osmosis desalination |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/105441/4/CCRO%20with%20tank%20journal%20paper%20v116%20Preprint.pdf |journal=Water Research |volume=106 |pages=272–282 |bibcode=2016WatRe.106..272W |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.029 |hdl=1721.1/105441 |pmid=27728821 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some researchers dey argue say desalination no go fit solve all water problem especially for inland or poor regions because transport cost fit even higher than desalination itself.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yuan |title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport |journal=Water Resources Research |date=March 2, 2005 |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=03003 |article-number=2004WR003749 |doi=10.1029/2004WR003749|bibcode=2005WRR....41.3003Z |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FF1E-C |s2cid=16289710 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> So sometimes e fit be cheaper to carry fresh water from far place than to desalinate am locally. ==Technologies== <noinclude>{{Desalination}}</noinclude> The main desalination methods na distillation and reverse osmosis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shammas |first=Nazih K. |title=Water and wastewater engineering: water supply and wastewater removal |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |others=Lawrence K. Wang |isbn=978-0-470-41192-6 |location=Hoboken, N.J. |oclc=639163996}}</ref> Other methods still dey exist, but all get advantage and disadvantage. Generally, dem divide am into membrane-based methods (like reverse osmosis) and thermal-based methods (like multi-stage flash distillation).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019" /> Traditional method na distillation, where dem dey boil seawater and collect the condensed fresh water while salt remain behind.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/unit/oea59e/ch21.htm|title=2.2 Desalination by distillation|website=www.oas.org}}</ref> Today, two main technologies dominate global desalination: multi-stage flash distillation and reverse osmosis. === Distillation === ====Solar distillation==== Solar distillation dey copy natural water cycle, wey sun dey heat sea water make evaporation happen.<ref name=Khawaji /> After evaporation, water vapor go condense for cold surface.<ref name=Khawaji /> There be two types of solar desalination. First one dey use photovoltaic cells turn solar energy into electricity wey dey power desalination. Second one dey convert solar energy into heat, and dem dey call am solar thermal powered desalination. ====Natural evaporation==== Water fit evaporate through different physical effects apart from solar irradiation. Dem include these effects inside multidisciplinary desalination method for IBTS Greenhouse. The IBTS be industrial desalination (power) plant for one side and greenhouse wey dey operate with natural water cycle (scaled down 1:10) for the other side. The different evaporation and condensation processes dey happen inside low-tech utilities, partly underground, plus the architectural shape of the building itself. This integrated biotectural system dey very suitable for large scale desert greening as e get km² footprint for water distillation and same area for landscape transformation for desert greening, meaning regeneration of natural fresh water cycles.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} ====Vacuum distillation==== For vacuum distillation, atmospheric pressure dey reduce, so the temperature wey dem need to evaporate water go drop. Liquids dey boil when vapor pressure match ambient pressure, and vapor pressure dey increase as temperature rise. So normally, liquids go boil at lower temperature when atmospheric pressure dey lower than normal. Because of this reduced pressure, low-temperature "waste" heat from electricity generation or industrial processes fit be used. ====Multi-stage flash distillation==== Dem dey evaporate water and separate am from sea water through multi-stage flash distillation, wey be series of flash evaporations.<ref name=Khawaji>{{cite journal|last1=Khawaji|first1=Akili D.|last2=Kutubkhanah|first2=Ibrahim K.|last3=Wie|first3=Jong-Mihn|title=Advances in seawater desalination technologies|journal=Desalination|volume=221|issue=1–3|pages=47–69|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067|date=March 2008|bibcode=2008Desal.221...47K }}</ref> Each next flash process dey use energy wey dey release from condensation of water vapor from previous step.<ref name=Khawaji /> ====Multiple-effect distillation==== Multiple-effect distillation (MED) dey work through series of steps wey dem dey call "effects".<ref name=Khawaji /> Incoming water dem dey spray am onto pipes wey dem then heat make steam form. The steam then dey use heat next batch of incoming sea water.<ref name=Khawaji /> To increase efficiency, the steam wey dey heat sea water fit come from nearby power plants.<ref name=Khawaji /> Even though this method be the most thermodynamically efficient among heat-powered methods,<ref name=WarsingerEntropy>{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Mistry|first2= Karan H.|last3=Nayar|first3=Kishor G.|last4=Chung|first4=Hyung Won|last5=Lienhard V|first5=John H.|title=Entropy Generation of Desalination Powered by Variable Temperature Waste Heat|journal=Entropy|volume=17|issue=12|pages=7530–7566|doi=10.3390/e17117530|date=2015|bibcode=2015Entrp..17.7530W|url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/100423/1/Entropy%20Generation%20of%20Desalination%20Powered%20by%20Variable%20Temperature%20Waste%20Heat%2c%20Warsinger.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> e still get some limits like maximum temperature and maximum number of effects.<ref name="Al-Shammiri">{{cite journal|title=Multi-effect distillation plants: state of the art|last2=Safar|first2=M.|date=November 1999|journal=Desalination|volume=126|issue=1–3|pages=45–59|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00154-X|last1=Al-Shammiri|first1=M.|bibcode=1999Desal.126...45A }}</ref> ====Vapor-compression distillation==== Vapor-compression evaporation dey use mechanical compressor or jet stream compress vapor wey dey above liquid.<ref name="WarsingerEntropy" /> The compressed vapor then dey give heat wey dey needed to evaporate the rest of the sea water.<ref name="Khawaji" /> Since this system only need power, e dey more cost effective if dem keep am small scale.<ref name="Khawaji" /> ==== Membrane distillation ==== Membrane distillation dey use temperature difference across membrane make vapor from brine solution evaporate and pure water go condense for cold side.<ref name="WarsingerFramework">{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Tow|first2=Emily W.|last3=Swaminathan|first3=Jaichander|last4=Lienhard V|first4=John H.|date=2017|title=Theoretical framework for predicting inorganic fouling in membrane distillation and experimental validation with calcium sulfate|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/107916/1/Theoretical%20framework%20for%20predicting%20inorganic%20fouling%20in%20membrane%20distillation%20and%20experimental%20validation%20with%20calcium%20sulfate-%20warsinger%20preprint.pdf|journal=Journal of Membrane Science|volume=528|pages=381–390|doi=10.1016/j.memsci.2017.01.031|bibcode=2017JMeSc.528..381W |doi-access=free}}</ref> The membrane design fit affect efficiency and durability well well. One study show say membrane wey dem create through co-axial electrospinning of PVDF-HFP and silica aerogel fit filter 99.99% salt after 30 days continuous use.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Irving|first=Michael|date=July 6, 2021|title=Mixed up membrane desalinates water with 99.99 percent efficiency|url=https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/|url-status=live|access-date=July 7, 2021|website=New Atlas|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706034413/https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/ |archive-date=July 6, 2021 }}</ref> === Osmosis === ====Reverse osmosis==== [[File:PlantaSchemaNotional.png|thumb|upright=1.5|A schematic representation of a typical desalination plant using reverse osmosis. Hybrid desalination plants using #Freeze–thaw liquid nitrogen freeze thaw in conjunction with reverse osmosis have been found to improve efficiency.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Najim |first1=Abdul |title=A review of advances in freeze desalination and future prospects |journal=npj Clean Water |publisher=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41545-022-00158-1 |date=April 19, 2022|volume=5 |issue=1 |article-number=15 |s2cid=248231737 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022npjCW...5...15N }}</ref> ]] [[File:Diagram-of-Tampa-Bay-Seawater-Desalination-Plant-Process-25.png|thumb|upright=1.5|A reverse osmosis plant in Tampa Bay, Florida]] The main process for desalination in terms of installed capacity and yearly growth be reverse osmosis (RO).<ref>{{cite journal|title=State-of-the-art of reverse osmosis desalination|year=2007|last1=Fritzmann|first1=C|last2=Lowenberg|first2=J|last3=Wintgens|first3=T|last4=Melin|first4=T|journal=Desalination|volume=216|issue=1–3|pages=1–76|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.009|bibcode=2007Desal.216....1F }}</ref> RO membrane system dey use semi-permeable membranes and applied pressure (for feed side of membrane) to allow water pass while e dey reject salts. Reverse osmosis plant membrane systems normally dey use less energy than thermal desalination processes.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy /> Reverse osmosis dey use thin-film composite membrane, wey get ultra-thin aromatic polyamide layer. This polyamide film dey give membrane transport ability, while other parts of the membrane dey provide mechanical support. The polyamide layer be dense polymer with high surface area, which help water pass well.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.1804708115|pmid=30104388|title=Electron tomography reveals details of the internal microstructure of desalination membranes|year=2018|last1=Culp|first1=T.E.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=115|issue=35|pages=8694–8699|pmc=6126755|bibcode=2018PNAS..115.8694C|doi-access=free}}</ref> One 2021 study show say water permeability dey controlled mainly by nanoscale mass distribution inside polyamide layer.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Culp|first1=Tyler E.|last2=Khara|first2=Biswajit|last3=Brickey|first3=Kaitlyn P.|last4=Geitner|first4=Michael|last5=Zimudzi|first5=Tawanda J.|last6=Wilbur|first6=Jeffrey D.|last7=Jons|first7=Steven D.|last8=Roy|first8=Abhishek|last9=Paul|first9=Mou|last10=Ganapathysubramanian|first10=Baskar|last11=Zydney|first11=Andrew L.|date=January 1, 2021|title=Nanoscale control of internal inhomogeneity enhances water transport in desalination membranes|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb8518|journal=Science|language=en|volume=371|issue=6524|pages=72–75|doi=10.1126/science.abb8518|issn=0036-8075|pmid=33384374|bibcode=2021Sci...371...72C|s2cid=229935140|url-access=subscription}}</ref> RO process need maintenance. Different things fit affect efficiency: ionic contamination (calcium, magnesium etc.), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), bacteria, viruses, colloids, fouling, scaling, and even membrane damage in serious cases. To reduce damage, dem dey add pretreatment stages. Anti-scaling chemicals include acids and polymers like polyacrylamide, polymaleic acid, phosphonates and polyphosphates.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> For fouling prevention, dem dey use biocides (oxidants wey kill bacteria and viruses) like chlorine, ozone, sodium or calcium hypochlorite. From time to time, depending on seawater condition or monitoring signals, membranes need cleaning wey dem dey call shock flushing. Dem dey flush with chemical solution and system must go offline. This process fit affect environment because contaminated water fit go ocean without treatment, and e fit damage marine ecosystems.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Off-grid solar-powered desalination units dey use solar energy fill buffer tank for hill with seawater.<ref>{{cite web |title=Access to sustainable water by unlimited resources {{!}} Climate innovation window |url=https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources |website=climateinnovationwindow.eu |access-date=February 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804105115/https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources }}</ref> Reverse osmosis process then dey receive pressurized seawater through gravity for night time, make water production continue without fossil fuel, grid electricity or batteries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solving fresh water scarcity, using only the sea, sun, earth & wind |url=http://www.glispa.org/glispa-bright-spots/27-emerging-bright-spots/206-elemental |website=www.glispa.org|date=March 7, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From Plentiful Seawater to Precious Drinking Water |url=https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ |website=SIDS Global Business Network |date=March 20, 2018 |access-date=January 31, 2019 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022065212/https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HH Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum honours 10 winners from 8 countries at Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Global Water Award |url=http://www.suqia.ae/en/media-center/news/112-2017-04-27 |website=Suqia |language=en-gb}}</ref> Nano-tubes dem also dey use for same function (Reverse Osmosis). Deep sea reverse osmosis (DSRO) dey place equipment for seabed to use natural ocean pressure force water through RO membranes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chant |first=Tim De |date=December 10, 2024 |title=Exclusive: A new wave of desalination startups argues that deeper is better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/10/a-new-wave-of-desalination-startups-argues-that-deeper-is-better/ |access-date=May 14, 2025 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> One 2021 study suggest say DSRO fit improve energy efficiency reach 50% compared to normal RO.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fasano |first1=Matteo |last2=Morciano |first2=Matteo |last3=Bergamasco |first3=Luca |last4=Chiavazzo |first4=Eliodoro |last5=Zampato |first5=Massimo |last6=Carminati |first6=Stefano |last7=Asinari |first7=Pietro |date=December 15, 2021 |title=Deep-sea reverse osmosis desalination for energy efficient low salinity enhanced oil recovery |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261921010242 |journal=Applied Energy |volume=304 |article-number=117661 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117661 |bibcode=2021ApEn..30417661F |issn=0306-2619|hdl=11696/75400 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The idea of DSRO no be new, but recent technology from deep sea oil and gas industry don make am more possible, and e dey attract startup investments.<ref name=":0" /> The reverse osmosis desalination plant for Tampa Bay currently dey produce about 25 millions gallons of drinkable water every day for the region, showing how effective RO systems fit be when dem dey run well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination |url=https://www.tampabaywater.org/tampa-bay-seawater-desalination/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Tampa Bay Water |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Forward osmosis ==== Forward osmosis dey use semi-permeable membrane to separate water from dissolved solutes. The driving force for this separation be osmotic pressure gradient, like high concentration "draw" solution.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019" /> === Freeze–thaw === Freeze–thaw desalination (or freezing desalination) dey use freezing remove fresh water from salt water. Dem dey spray salt water for freezing condition onto pad where ice dey build up. When weather warm, melted water wey don desalinate naturally dey collected. This method depend on long period of natural cold conditions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usbr.gov/research/dwpr/reportpdfs/report071.pdf |title=Demonstration of the Natural Freeze-Thaw Process for the Desalination of Water From The Devils Lake Chain to Provide Water for the City of Devils Lake |first1=John E. |last1=Boysen |first2=Bradley G. |last2=Stevens |date=August 2002}}</ref> Different freeze–thaw method wey no depend on weather, wey Alexander Zarchin invent, dey freeze seawater inside vacuum. Inside vacuum condition, ice wey don desalinate dey melt and dem collect am, while salt dey separate. ===Electrodialysis=== Electrodialysis dey use electric force move salt ions through charged membrane pairs, wey dey trap salt for alternating channels.<ref>{{cite journal|author1-link=Bart Van der Bruggen |last1=Van der Bruggen|first1=Bart|last2=Vandecasteele|first2=Carlo|title=Distillation vs. membrane filtration: overview of process evolutions in seawater desalination|journal=Desalination|volume=143|issue=3|pages=207–218|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00259-X|date=June 2002|bibcode=2002Desal.143..207V }}</ref> Different versions dey exist like conventional electrodialysis and electrodialysis reversal.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019" /> Electrodialysis fit remove salt and carbonic acid from seawater at the same time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Mourad |first2=Aya A. -H. I. |last3=Al-Marzouqi |first3=Ali H. |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Simultaneous treatment of reject brine and capture of carbon dioxide: A comprehensive review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916419316042 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=483 |article-number=114386 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114386 |bibcode=2020Desal.48314386M |s2cid=216273247 |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Early estimates show say cost of carbon removal fit be covered partly or fully by selling desalinated water wey dem produce as byproduct.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Al-Marzouqi |first2=Ali H. |last3=Ghasem |first3=Nayef |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |last5=Van der Bruggen |first5=Bart |date=February 2023 |title=Electrodialysis process for carbon dioxide capture coupled with salinity reduction: A statistical and quantitative investigation |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0011916422007184 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=548 |article-number=116263 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2022.116263|bibcode=2023Desal.54816263M |s2cid=254341024 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Microbial desalination === {{Main|Microbial desalination cell}} Microbial desalination cells be biological electrochemical systems wey dey use electro-active bacteria take power desalination of water in situ, using the natural anode and cathode gradient of the electro-active bacteria, and so e dey create internal supercapacitor.<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019" /> Dem still dey test microbial desalination cells, e never fully reach big commercial scale yet. The first demonstration site open for Denia, Spain, dem call am MIDES-project. The project show say when dem use microbial desalination cells, energy consumption fit reduce to very low levels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First microbial-powered desalination demo site opens in Spain {{!}} Dutch Water Sector |url=https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/first-microbial-powered-desalination-demo-site-opens-in-spain |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=www.dutchwatersector.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reddy |first1=Santhosh |last2=Dey |first2=Kaushik |last3=Dsilva Winfred Rufuss |first3=D. |last4=Arulvel |first4=S. |last5=Akinaga |first5=Takeshi |date=October 1, 2024 |title=Forward osmosis desalination: A critical review focussing on recent advancements in draw solution recovery techniques for enhanced efficiency and regeneration |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343724020992 |journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering |volume=12 |issue=5 |article-number=113968 |doi=10.1016/j.jece.2024.113968 |issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Wave-powered desalination === Wave-powered desalination systems dey convert movement of ocean waves direct into hydraulic power wey dey drive reverse osmosis.<ref name="Hicks Mitcheson Pleass Salevan 1989 pp. 81–94">{{cite journal | last1=Hicks | first1=Douglas C. | last2=Mitcheson | first2=George R. | last3=Pleass | first3=Charles M. | last4=Salevan | first4=James F. | title=Delbouy: Ocean wave-powered seawater reverse osmosis desalination systems | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=73 | year=1989 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/0011-9164(89)87006-7 | pages=81–94| bibcode=1989Desal..73...81H }}</ref> The aim be to improve efficiency and reduce cost by avoid electricity conversion, reduce excess pressure above osmotic pressure, and improve hydraulic and wave system design.<ref name="Brodersen Bywater Lanter Schennum 2022 p=115393">{{cite journal | last1=Brodersen | first1=Katie M. | last2=Bywater | first2=Emily A. | last3=Lanter | first3=Alec M. | last4=Schennum | first4=Hayden H. | last5=Furia | first5=Kumansh N. | last6=Sheth | first6=Maulee K. | last7=Kiefer | first7=Nathaniel S. | last8=Cafferty | first8=Brittany K. | last9=Rao | first9=Akshay K. | last10=Garcia | first10=Jose M. | last11=Warsinger | first11=David M. | title=Direct-drive ocean wave-powered batch reverse osmosis | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=523 | year=2022 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2021.115393 | article-number=115393| arxiv=2107.07137 | bibcode=2022Desal.52315393B | s2cid=235898906 }}</ref> One approach be to use submerged buoys for desalination, like wave power system wey companies like CETO and Oneka dey develop.<ref>{{cite web|date=February 2015|title=Perth Wave Energy Project|url=http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201220304/http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-date=February 1, 2016|access-date=January 26, 2016|website=[[Australian Renewable Energy Agency]]|publisher=[[Government of Australia|Commonwealth of Australia]]|quote=This project is the world's first commercial-scale wave energy array that is connected to the grid and has the ability to produce desalinated water.}}</ref><ref name="v390">{{cite web | title=Oneka's Floating Desalination Buoys Set to Revolutionise Water Access | website=H2O Global News | date=December 5, 2023 | url=https://h2oglobalnews.com/onekas-floating-desalination-buoys-set-to-revolutionise-water-access/ | access-date=January 19, 2025}}</ref> CETO systems start operation for Garden Island, Western Australia for 2013,<ref>[http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-28/issue-6/regional-spotlight-asia-pacific/wave-powered-desalination-riding-high-in-australia.html Wave-powered Desalination Riding High in Australia] – WaterWorld</ref> and later for Perth in 2015,<ref>{{cite web|title=World's first wave-powered desalination plant now operational in Perth|url=https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/portal/news/worlds-first-wave-powered-desalination-plant-now-operational-perth|website=www.engineersaustralia.org.au}}</ref> while Oneka systems dey operate for Chile, Florida, California, and Caribbean.<ref name="v390"/> === Wind-powered desalination === Wind energy also fit combine with desalination. Like wave energy, direct mechanical-to-hydraulic conversion fit reduce energy loss when powering reverse osmosis systems.<ref name="f476">{{cite journal | last1=Esquivel-Puentes | first1=Helber Antonio | last2=Vacca | first2=Andrea | last3=Chamorro | first3=Leonardo P. | last4=Garcia-Bravo | first4=Jose | last5=Warsinger | first5=David M. | last6=Castillo | first6=Luciano | title=Simultaneous electricity generation and low-energy-intensive water desalination using a hydraulic wind turbine | journal=Desalination | volume=601 | date=2025 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2025.118526 | article-number=118526 | bibcode=2025Desal.60118526E }}</ref> Wind energy also fit connect to thermal desalination systems.<ref name="n968">{{cite journal | last1=Abdelkareem | first1=Mohammad Ali | last2=Al Radi | first2=Muaz | last3=Mahmoud | first3=Montaser | last4=Sayed | first4=Enas Taha | last5=Salameh | first5=Tareq | last6=Alqadi | first6=Rashid | last7=Kais | first7=El-Cheikh Amer | last8=Olabi | first8=A.G. | title=Recent progress in wind energy-powered desalination | journal=Thermal Science and Engineering Progress | volume=47 | date=2024 | doi=10.1016/j.tsep.2023.102286 | article-number=102286| bibcode=2024TSEP...4702286A }}</ref> === Desalination by thermophoresis === For April 2024,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=XU |first1=Shuqi |last2=Hutchinson |first2=Alice |last3=Taheri |first3=Mahdiar |last4=Corry |first4=Ben |last5=Torres |first5=Juan |date=April 8, 2024 |title=Thermodiffusive desalination |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=2996 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.2996X |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-47313-5 |pmc=10999432 |pmid=38584165}}</ref> researchers publish experimental results for desalination through thermophoresis. Dem dey call am thermodiffusive desalination. For this method, saline water dey pass through channel wey get temperature gradient across am, perpendicular to flow direction. Because of thermophoresis, particles dey move under this temperature gradient. After separation, researchers split water into fractions and achieve NaCl concentration drop of 3.3% after three passes, with recovery rate of 12.5%. For 2025, dem further demonstrate same process using Burgers cascade,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Shuqi |last2=Torres |first2=Juan F. |date=May 2025 |title=All-liquid thermal desalination and brine concentration via multichannel thermodiffusion |journal=Nature Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=617–631 |doi=10.1038/s44221-025-00428-5 |bibcode=2025NatWa...3..617X |issn=2731-6084|doi-access=free }}</ref> wey previously show improvement in gas separation via thermodiffusion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kyoda |first1=Takeshi |last2=Saiki |first2=Takumi |last3=Matsumoto |first3=Sohei |last4=Watanabe |first4=Shinya |last5=Ono |first5=Naoki |date=2022 |title=Performance improvement of a micro-structured gas separator utilizing the Soret effect |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jtst/17/1/17_21-00271/_article |journal=Journal of Thermal Science and Technology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–00271 |doi=10.1299/jtst.21-00271|bibcode=2022JJTST..17...21K |doi-access=free }}</ref> This improved setup, with same footprint as earlier system, show better concentration drop and recovery rate. Researchers also note say the method dey more efficient for treating hypersaline brine, and e get potential for zero-liquid discharge and resource recovery from brine. == Design aspects == === Energy consumption === Energy wey desalination dey use depend on how salty di water be. [[Brackish water]] desalination dey need less energy pass [[seawater]] desalination.<ref name="Panagopoulos2020">{{Cite journal|last=Panagopoulos|first=Argyris|date=December 1, 2020|title=A comparative study on minimum and actual energy consumption for the treatment of desalination brine|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220318405|journal=Energy|language=en|volume=212|article-number=118733|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2020.118733|bibcode=2020Ene...21218733P |s2cid=224872161|issn=0360-5442|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Energy intensity of seawater desalination don improve well well: as at 2018 e be around 3 kWh/m³, meaning say e reduce like 10 times from 20–30 kWh/m³ wey dey 1970.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} This one dey close to energy wey other water supply systems wey dey carry water far distance dey use,<ref>Wilkinson, Robert C. (March 2007) [http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf "Analysis of the Energy Intensity of Water Supplies for West Basin Municipal Water District"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220210850/http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf |date=December 20, 2012 }}, Table on p. 4</ref> but e still high pass local fresh [[water supply|water supplies]] wey dey use like 0.2 kWh/m³ or even less.<ref>[http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf "U.S. Electricity Consumption for Water Supply & Treatment"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617040130/http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf |date=June 17, 2013 }}, pp. 1–4 Table 1-1, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Water & Sustainability (Volume 4), 2000</ref> Minimum energy wey seawater desalination fit reach be around 1 kWh/m³,<ref name="Panagopoulos2020" /><ref>Elimelech, Menachem (2012) [http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf "Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223110451/http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf |date=February 23, 2014 }}, p. 12 ff</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/es801330u| pmid = 19068794| title = Energy Issues in Desalination Processes| journal = Environmental Science & Technology| volume = 42| issue = 22| pages = 8193–201| year = 2008| last1 = Semiat | first1 = R. |bibcode = 2008EnST...42.8193S }}</ref> excluding prefiltering and intake/outfall pumping. Under 2 kWh/m³<ref>[http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf "Optimizing Lower Energy Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618132743/http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf |date=June 18, 2015 }}, p. 6 figure 1.2, Stephen Dundorf at the IDA World Congress November 2009</ref> don already achieve with [[reverse osmosis]] membrane technology, so e mean say room for further energy reduction small, because RO energy for 1970s be around 16 kWh/m³.<ref name="Panagopoulos2020" /> If United States for example start use desalination supply all domestic water, energy use go increase around 10%, roughly like energy wey domestic refrigerators dey use.<ref>[http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf "Membrane Desalination Power Usage Put In Perspective" ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424044855/http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf |date=April 24, 2014 }}, American Membrane Technology Association (AMTA) April 2009</ref> But domestic water use na small part of total water demand.<ref>[https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wateruse-total.html] Total Water Use in the United States</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable wiki table" |+ Energy consumption of seawater desalination methods (kWh/m³)<ref>[http://www.desware.net/Energy-Requirements-Desalination-Processes.aspx "Energy Requirements of Desalination Processes"], ''Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources'' (DESWARE). Retrieved June 24, 2013</ref> |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Desalination Method ⇨ ! rowspan="2" | [[Multi-stage flash distillation|Multi-stage<br />Flash<br />"MSF"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Multiple-effect distillation|Multi-Effect<br />Distillation<br />"MED"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Vapor-compression desalination|Mechanical Vapor<br />Compression<br />"MVC"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Reverse osmosis|Reverse<br />Osmosis<br />"RO"]] |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Energy ⇩ |- | Electrical energy || 4–6 || 1.5–2.5 || 7–12 || 3–5.5 |- | Thermal energy || 50–110 || 60–110 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Electrical equivalent of thermal energy || 9.5–19.5 || 5–8.5 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Total equivalent electrical energy || 13.5–25.5 || 6.5–11 || 7–12 || 3–5.5 |} Note: "Electrical equivalent" mean energy wey heat fit produce if e convert to electricity using turbine system. These calculations no include energy for building or maintenance of equipment. Because desalination dey cost energy and money, and e fit affect environment, people dey see am as last option after [[water conservation]]. But this one dey change as cost dey go down. === Cogeneration === [[Cogeneration]] na when one system dey produce heat and electricity together. This heat fit support desalination inside integrated plant wey power plant dey supply energy. Sometimes, plant fit focus on water production only or even feed extra electricity go grid. Most current systems dey use [[fossil fuels]] or [[nuclear power]], especially for Middle East and North Africa where water scarce but oil plenty. Dual-purpose plants dey help reduce total energy use, so desalination become more practical.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2005.03.095| title = Overview of hybrid desalination systems – current status and future prospects| journal = Desalination| volume = 186| issue = 1–3| page = 207| year = 2005| last1 = Hamed | first1 = O. A. | bibcode = 2005Desal.186..207H| citeseerx = 10.1.1.514.4201}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.053| title = The role of nuclear desalination in meeting the potable water needs in water scarce areas in the next decades| journal = Desalination| volume = 166| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Misra | first1 = B. M. | last2 = Kupitz | first2 = J.| bibcode = 2004Desal.166....1M}}</ref> [[File:Shevchenko BN350 desalinati.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|The [[BN-350 reactor|Shevchenko BN-350]], a former nuclear-heated desalination unit in Kazakhstan]] Today trend for dual-purpose plants na hybrid system, where water from reverse osmosis dey mix with water from thermal distillation. So dem dey combine two or more desalination methods with power production. Example dey Saudi Arabia like [[Jeddah]] and [[Yanbu]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0011-9164(04)00151-1| title = Hybrid systems in seawater desalination – practical design aspects, present status and development perspectives| journal = Desalination| volume = 164| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Ludwig | first1 = H. | issue = 1| bibcode = 2004Desal.164....1L}}</ref> Normal US military supercarrier fit use nuclear power produce about {{convert|1500000|L|abbr=on}} of water per day through desalination.<ref>Tom Harris (August 29, 2002) [http://science.howstuffworks.com/aircraft-carrier2.htm How Aircraft Carriers Work]. Howstuffworks.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> === Alternatives to desalination === Better water conservation and efficiency still be the cheapest solution for places wey fit improve how dem dey use water.<ref>[[Peter Gleick|Gleick, Peter H.]], Dana Haasz, Christine Henges-Jeck, Veena Srinivasan, Gary Wolff, Katherine Kao Cushing, and Amardip Mann. (November 2003.) [http://www.pacinst.org/reports/urban_usage/waste_not_want_not_full_report.pdf "Waste not, want not: The potential for urban water conservation in California."] (Website). ''[[Pacific Institute]]''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Wastewater reuse also get many benefits pass desalinating salty water,<ref>Cooley, Heather, [[Peter Gleick|Peter H. Gleick]], and Gary Wolff. (June 2006.) ''[[Pacific Institute]]''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> although e still dey use desalination membranes sometimes.<ref name="50years">{{cite journal | last=Warsinger | first=David | title=Desalination Innovations Needed to Ensure Clean Water for the Next 50 Years | journal=The Bridge | publisher=National Academy of Engineering | volume=50 (S) | year=2020 }}</ref> Rainwater harvesting and storm water capture also help reduce pressure on groundwater.<ref>[[Peter Gleick|Gleick, Peter H.]], Heather Cooley, David Groves (September 2005). [http://pacinst.org/reports/california_water_2030/ca_water_2030.pdf "California water 2030: An efficient future."]. ''[[Pacific Institute]]''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Another alternative wey people propose for US Southwest na import bulk water from water-rich regions using tanker ships or pipelines. But this idea no popular politically, especially for Canada, where trade restriction follow NAFTA water export debate.<ref>[http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml Sun Belt Inc. Legal Documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218135610/http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml |date=February 18, 2010 }}. Sunbeltwater.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> California water agencies recommend say urban water suppliers should reduce indoor water use per person to {{convert|55|USgal|L|abbr=off}} per day by 2023, then 47 gallons by 2025, and 42 gallons from 2030 onward.<ref>State Agencies Recommend Indoor Residential Water Use Standard to Legislature, California Department of Water Resources, November 30, 2021, [https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Original], [https://web.archive.org/web/20211202140532/https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Archive]</ref><ref>[https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/water-and-drought/article239028703.html Myth about huge California fines for shower and laundry usage won't die. Here's what's true], The Sacramento Bee, January 8, 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/marin-county-california-water-restrictions-drought/ Some in California have to limit their daily water usage to 55 gallons. Here's what that means for everyday activities], CBS News, December 8, 2021</ref> == Costs == Many things dey affect desalination cost: plant size, technology type, location, water source, labour, energy price, financing, and waste brine disposal. Sea water desalination normally cost pass fresh river or groundwater, reuse water, and conservation methods, but sometimes no alternative dey. In 2013, cost range be US$0.45 to US$1.00 per m³. Energy alone fit take more than half of total cost, so if energy price change, total cost go also change.<ref name="Zhang 2012">{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269694158 |last=Zhang|first=S.X.|author2=V. Babovic |title=A real options approach to the design and architecture of water supply systems using innovative water technologies under uncertainty|journal=Journal of Hydroinformatics|volume=14|pages=13–29|date=2012|issue=1 |doi=10.2166/hydro.2011.078|bibcode=2012JHyin..14...13Z |doi-access=free}}</ref> In developing countries, untreated fresh water fit cost reach US$5 per cubic metre.<ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/2008/08/development-somalia-finding-water-in-mogadishu/ "Finding Water in Mogadishu"]''IPS news item 2008''</ref> Since 1975, desalination technology don improve well well, so cost of making 1 cubic meter of freshwater from seawater drop from about $1.10 (year 2000) to around $0.50 today. Energy efficiency improvement na major reason for this reduction.<ref name="x074">{{cite web | last=Sisson | first=Patrick | title=Water, hold the salt | website=Sherwood News | date=November 11, 2024 | url=https://sherwood.news/world/desalination-billion-dollar-industry/ | access-date=November 16, 2024}}</ref> But desalination still fit put pressure on electricity grids, especially for countries wey no get enough energy. Example be Cyprus, where desalination take about 5% of national electricity use.<ref name="x074" /> Global desalination market worth about $20 billion in 2023, and e fit double by 2032. Capacity also grow from 27 million m³/day in 2003 to 99 million m³/day in 2023.<ref name="x074" /> class="wikitable" |+Cost Comparison of Desalination Methods !Method !Cost (US$/liter) |- |Passive solar (30.42% energy efficient)<ref name="Tiwari2006">{{Cite conference|last1=Tiwari|first1=Anil Kr.|last2=Tiwari|first2=G. N.|date=January 1, 2006|title=Evaluating the Performance of Single Slope Passive Solar Still for Different Slope of Cover and Water Depths by Thermal Modeling: In Moderate Climatic Condition|conference=ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference |pages=545–553|publisher=ASMEDC|doi=10.1115/isec2006-99057|isbn=0-7918-4745-4}}</ref> !0.034 |- |Passive solar (improved single-slope, India)<ref name="Tiwari2006" /> !0.024 |- |Passive solar (improved double slope, India)<ref name="Tiwari2006" /> !0.007 |- |Multi Stage Flash (MSF)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solarmagazine.com/no-batteries-needed-low-cost-solar-desalination-system-green-namibia-desert-coast/|title=No Batteries Needed: Can Low-Cost Solar Desalination System "Green" Namibia's Desert Coast?|last=Andrew Burger|date=June 20, 2019|website=Solar Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !< 0.001 |- |Reverse Osmosis (Concentrated solar power)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-05/s-htw051618.php|title=How the world could have 100 percent solar desalination|website=EurekAlert!|language=en|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !0.0008 |- |Reverse Osmosis (Photovoltaic power)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alsheghri|first1=Ammar|last2=Sharief|first2=Saad Asadullah|last3=Rabbani|first3=Shahid|last4=Aitzhan|first4=Nurzhan Z.|date=August 1, 2015|title=Design and Cost Analysis of a Solar Photovoltaic Powered Reverse Osmosis Plant for Masdar Institute|journal=Energy Procedia|series=Clean, Efficient and Affordable Energy for a Sustainable Future: The 7th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2015)|language=en|volume=75|pages=319–324|doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.365|issn=1876-6102|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015EnPro..75..319A }}</ref> !0.000825 |} Desalinated Water Cost<br />US$/person/day - US - Europe - Africa - UN recommended minimum } Desalination still dey control pressure, temperature and brine level well well to make process efficient. Nuclear-powered desalination also fit work for large scale systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html |title=Nuclear Desalination |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]] |date=January 2010 |access-date=February 1, 2010 |archive-date=December 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219212254/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html }}</ref><ref>[[Maude Barlow|Barlow, Maude]], and Tony Clarke, [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow "Who Owns Water?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429154115/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow |date=April 29, 2010 }} ''The Nation'', 2002-09-02, via thenation.com. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> In 2014, desalination plants for Israel (Hadera, Palmahim, Ashkelon, Sorek) dey produce water for less than US$0.40 per m³.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140125031623/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.570374 Over and drought: Why the end of Israel's water shortage is a secret], Haaretz, January 24, 2014</ref> Singapore also dey around US$0.49 per m³ as at 2006.<ref>[http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 "Black & Veatch-Designed Desalination Plant Wins Global Water Distinction,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324144203/http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 |date=March 24, 2010 }} (Press release). Black & Veatch Ltd., via edie.net, May 4, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> In 2025, China open plant for Rizhao wey cost about RMB 2 (US$0.28 per m³) using waste heat.<ref>{{cite web |title=China launches cheapest desalination plant |url=https://chinaeconomicreview.com/china-launches-cheapest-desalination-plant/ |publisher=China Economic Review |access-date=January 13, 2026 |language=en |date=December 8, 2025}}</ref> == Environmental concerns == === Intake === For United States, EPA dey regulate cooling water intake structures. These intakes fit affect environment because dem dey pull fish, eggs, and small marine life enter system. Some organisms fit die or get injury from heat, chemicals, or physical stress. Big organisms fit also die if dem jam screens for intake point.<ref>[https://www.epa.gov/cooling-water-intakes Water: Cooling Water Intakes (316b)]. water.epa.gov.</ref> Alternative like beach wells dey reduce impact, but dem dey cost more and use more energy.<ref>Cooley, Heather; [[Peter Gleick|Gleick, Peter H.]] and Wolff, Gary (2006) [http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2015/01/desalination-grain-of-salt.pdf ''Desalination, With a Grain of Salt. A California Perspective''], Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. {{ISBN|1-893790-13-4}}</ref> In Australia, plants like Kwinana, Gold Coast, and Sydney Kurnell dey take water slowly (about {{convert|0.1|m/s|abbr=on}}) so fish fit escape. Kwinana plant alone fit produce about {{convert|140000|m3|abbr=on}} clean water per day.<ref name="npr">Sullivan, Michael (June 18, 2007) [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11134967 "Australia Turns to Desalination Amid Water Shortage"]. NPR.</ref> In 2025, Corpus Christi for Texas cancel big desalination project because of environmental and cost concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas Standard for Sept. 4, 2025: Corpus Christi cancels controversial desalination project |url=https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/today-on-texas-standard-september-4-2025/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Texas Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> === Outflow === {{More citations needed section|date=January 2012}} Desalination dey produce plenty brine, sometimes hot pass normal sea water, plus chemicals from pretreatment and cleaning, including anti-fouling and anti-scaling agents.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=October 1, 2020|title=Minimal Liquid Discharge (MLD) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) strategies for wastewater management and resource recovery – Analysis, challenges and prospects|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343720307673|journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering|language=en|volume=8|issue=5|article-number=104418|doi=10.1016/j.jece.2020.104418|s2cid=225309628|issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Greenberg, Joel (March 20, 2014) [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html "Israel no longer worried about its water supply, thanks to desalination plants"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324202006/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html |date=March 24, 2014 }}, ''[[The McClatchy Company|McClatchy DC]]''</ref> To reduce ocean impact, dem fit dilute brine with cooling water from power plants or wastewater plants. Some systems dey release brine through diffuser pipes wey dey spread am small small into ocean. Zero liquid discharge systems also dey try treat brine before disposal.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020" /><ref>Szeptycki, L., E. Hartge, N. Ajami, A. Erickson, W. N. Heady, L. LaFeir, B. Meister, L. Verdone, and J.R. Koseff (2016). Marine and Coastal Impacts on Ocean Desalination in California. Dialogue report compiled by Water in the West, Center for Ocean Solutions, Monterey Bay Aquarium and The Nature Conservancy, Monterey, CA. https://www.scienceforconservation.org/assets/downloads/Desal_Whitepaper_2016.pdf</ref> Recent global study show say brine from desalination don pass even freshwater wey plants dey produce, around 142 million m³/day. This one dey raise concern about ocean salinity increase and ecosystem damage.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/quenching-humanitys-freshwater-thirst-creates-a-salty-threat |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Our World|title=Quenching Humanity's Freshwater Thirst Creates a Salty Threat|date=2019-02-07|last=Jones|first=Edward|first2=Manzoor|last2=Qadir|first3=Vladimir|last3=Smakhtin|publisher=United Nations University}}</ref> New studies also talk about microplastics and chemical residue wey desalination process fit introduce. Even though impact smaller than brine issue, e still show say monitoring and better pretreatment important.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental Effects of Desalination {{!}} Pacific Environment Data Portal |url=https://pacific-data.sprep.org/dataset/environmental-effects-desalination |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=pacific-data.sprep.org}}</ref> Some systems even dey mobile (like ship-based plants) so brine no go concentrate for one place only.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theexplorer.no/solutions/waterfountain-innovative-floating-desalination-system/|title=Innovative floating desalination system|website=www.theexplorer.no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://waterfountain.no/|title=Oisann Engineering|website=Oisann Engineering}}</ref> Brine normally heavy pass seawater, so e dey sink go ocean floor and fit affect ecosystem there. Sometimes people think say dilution solve am, but seasonal ocean layering fit hide real impact. Brine fit travel kilometers far and still affect marine life. Proper design and environmental control fit reduce this risk.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yolanda Fernández-Torquemada |title=Dispersion of brine discharge from seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |date=March 16, 2009 |volume=5 |issue=1–3 |pages=137–145 |doi=10.5004/dwt.2009.576 |bibcode=2009DWatT...5..137F |hdl=10045/11309 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=December 1, 2020|title=Environmental impacts of desalination and brine treatment – Challenges and mitigation measures|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X20308912|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|language=en|volume=161|issue=Pt B|article-number=111773|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111773|pmid=33128985|bibcode=2020MarPB.16111773P |s2cid=226224643|issn=0025-326X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Energy use === Di energy wey dem need for desalination for Middle East, wey water shortage dey very serious, dem expect say e go double by 2030. Right now, dis process dey mainly use fossil fuels, wey be over 95% of di energy source. For 2023, desalination use almost half of di residential sector energy for di region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2024 |title=Energy is vital to a well-functioning water sector – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/energy-is-vital-to-a-well-functioning-water-sector |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Most of di drinking water wey people dey use for Israel, Saudi Arabia, Oman and Kuwait dey come from desalination.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shankar |first1=Priyanka |title=How targeting of desalination plants could disrupt water supply in the Gulf |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/8/how-targeting-of-desalination-plants-could-disrupt-water-supply-in-the-gulf |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why the Middle East’s Desalination Plants Are Critical |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-war-news-updates-2026/card/why-the-middle-east-s-desalination-plants-are-critical-iPiXNsAQBDn54K38qbVi |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=8 March 2026}}</ref> ===Other issues=== Because of how di process be, dem dey need land wey be around 25 acres near shoreline to build di plants.<ref name="Einav">{{cite journal|last1=Einav|first1=Rachel|last2=Harussi|first2=Kobi|last3=Perry|first3=Dan|date=February 2003|title=The footprint of the desalination processes on the environment|journal=Desalination|volume=152|issue=1–3|pages=141–154|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01057-3|bibcode=2003Desal.152..141E }}</ref> If dem build plant inside land (not near sea), dem go lay pipes go underground make water intake and discharge fit work well.<ref name="Einav" /> But once dem lay di pipes, e fit dey leak enter ground and spoil underground water (aquifers).<ref name="Einav" /> Apart from environmental risk, some desalination plants dey also produce noise wey fit be very loud.<ref name="Einav" /> ==Health aspects== === Iodine deficiency === Desalination dey remove iodine from water and fit increase risk of iodine deficiency sickness. Some Israeli researchers talk say e fit get link between seawater desalination and iodine shortage,<ref>[http://www.agri.huji.ac.il/newsletter/july2014.html "מידעון הפקולטה"]. ''מידעון הפקולטה לחקלאות מזון וסביבה עש רוברט ה סמית''. agri.huji.ac.il. July 2014</ref> dem find say people wey dey drink water wey low iodine dey show deficiency signs<ref>Yaniv Ovadia. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263220648_Estimated_iodine_intake_and_status_in_euthyroid_adults_exposed_to_iodine-poor_water "Estimated iodine intake and status in adults exposed to iodine-poor water"]. ''ResearchGate''.</ref> especially as more seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) water dey enter supply.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.iccidd.org/newsletter/idd_aug13_israel_1.pdf|title=Seawater desalination and iodine deficiency: is there a link?|journal=IDD Newsletter|date=August 2013 |vauthors=Ovadia YS, Troen AM, Gefel D }}</ref> Dem later find possible iodine deficiency disorder for population wey dey depend on desalinated seawater.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Can desalinated seawater contribute to iodine-deficiency disorders? An observation and hypothesis |journal=Public Health Nutrition |first1=Yaniv S|last1=Ovadia |first2=Dov|last2=Gefel |first3=Dorit|last3=Aharoni |first4=Svetlana|last4=Turkot |first5=Shlomo|last5=Fytlovich |first6=Aron M|last6=Troen |date=October 2016 |volume=19 |issue=15 |pages=2808–2817 |doi=10.1017/S1368980016000951 |pmid=27149907|pmc=10271113 |doi-access=free }}</ref> For 2017, Israeli researchers still suggest say heavy use of desalinated water fit relate to iodine deficiency for national level.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2017/03/27/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/researchers-find-israeli-children-at-risk-from-iron-deficiency-likely-due-to-desalinated-water|title=Millions of Israeli children said at risk of stunted development, possibly from desalinated water|website=jta.org|access-date=October 22, 2017|date=March 27, 2017}}</ref> Dem find say 62% of school children and 85% of pregnant women for Israel dey below WHO iodine level.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.huji.ac.il/en/article/34005|title=High burden of Iodine deficiency found in Israel's first national survey – האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים – The Hebrew University of Jerusalem|website=new.huji.ac.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> Dem also talk say reliance on desalinated water, no universal salt iodization program, and increase in thyroid medicine use fit be reasons.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ovadia |first1=Yaniv S. |last2=Arbelle |first2=Jonathan E. |last3=Gefel |first3=Dov |last4=Brik |first4=Hadassah |last5=Wolf |first5=Tamar |last6=Nadler |first6=Varda |last7=Hunziker |first7=Sandra |last8=Zimmermann |first8=Michael B. |last9=Troen |first9=Aron M. |date=August 2017 |title=First Israeli National Iodine Survey Demonstrates Iodine Deficiency Among School-Aged Children and Pregnant Women |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |journal=Thyroid |language=en |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=1083–1091 |doi=10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |pmid=28657479 |issn=1050-7256|url-access=subscription }}</ref> For di same year, about 50% of total fresh water supply and 80% of domestic and industrial water for Israel come from desalination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.water.gov.il/Hebrew/WaterResources/Desalination/Pages/default.aspx|title=Israeli Water Authority|website=water.gov.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> ==Experimental techniques== Other desalination methods include: ===Waste heat=== Thermally-driven desalination technologies dem dey suggest say fit use low-temperature waste heat sources well, because di heat no dey useful for normal industrial process heat but fit work well for desalination.<ref name="WarsingerEntropy" /> Diesel generators for remote areas dey also produce electricity, but about 40–50% of energy come out as waste heat through exhaust.<ref name="WarsingerEntropy" /> If dem connect membrane distillation system to diesel exhaust, dem fit reuse di heat for desalination. Dis one even cool di diesel generator and improve efficiency, so e fit increase electricity output too. Dis kind system fit work almost without extra energy demand. One example plant start work for Maldives by Dutch company Aquaver for March 2014.<ref>[http://www.eip-water.eu/desalination-plant-powered-waste-heat-opens-maldives/ "Desalination plant powered by waste heat opens in Maldives"] ''European Innovation Partnerships (EIP) news''. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply/ "Island finally gets its own water supply"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318193613/http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply |date=March 18, 2014 }}, ''Global Water Intelligence'', February 24, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref> ===Low-temperature thermal=== Dis method come from ocean thermal energy conversion research. E dey use low pressure to make water boil even for normal ambient temperature. System dey use pump create low pressure environment where water fit boil with temperature difference of {{convert|8|-|10|C-change}}. Cold seawater from deep ocean (up to {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}}) dey use to condense steam, and di result na clean fresh water. Di system also fit use waste warm water from power plants.<ref name="isope1">{{cite web|last=Sistla|first=Phanikumar V.S.|title=Low Temperature Thermal DesalinbationPLants|url=http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|work=Proceedings of the Eighth (2009) ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium, Chennai, India, September 20–24, 2009|publisher=International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers|access-date=June 22, 2010|display-authors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004094556/http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2011}}</ref> Test dem do am for US and Japan. Japan Saga University test spray-flash system.<ref>Haruo Uehara and Tsutomu Nakaoka [http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html Development and Prospective of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Spray Flash Evaporator Desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322075415/http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html |date=March 22, 2012 }}. ioes.saga-u.ac.jp</ref> For Hawaii, National Energy Laboratory test plant wey produce water and power using temperature difference of {{Convert|20|C-change}}. India NIOT start LTTD work for 2004, and first plant open for Kavaratti, Lakshadweep for 2005 with capacity {{convert|100000|L|abbr=on}}/day.<ref name="irc">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=N.B. |date=November 24, 2018 |title=Indian Scientists Develop World's First Low Temperature Thermal Desalination Plant |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/indian-scientists-develop-worlds-first-low-temperature-thermal-desalination-plant/articleshow/129082227.html |access-date=January 1, 2019 |website=Indiatimes |language=en}}</ref> For 2007, dem build floating plant for Chennai wey fit produce {{convert|1000000|L|abbr=on}}/day.<ref name="isope1" /> ===Thermoionic process=== For October 2009, Saltworks Technologies announce system wey use solar or heat to move ionic current remove sodium and chlorine ions.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/sciencetechnology/displayStory.cfm?story_id=14743791 Current thinking], ''The Economist'', October 29, 2009</ref> ===Evaporation and condensation for crops=== Seawater greenhouse dey use natural evaporation and condensation inside greenhouse powered by solar energy to grow crops for dry coastal land. === Ion concentration polarisation === For 2022, MIT researchers develop portable filterless desalination system using ion concentration polarisation and electrodialysis. E fit remove salt and suspended solids.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Yoon |first1=Junghyo |last2=Kwon |first2=Hyukjin J. |last3=Kang |first3=SungKu |last4=Brack |first4=Eric |last5=Han |first5=Jongyoon |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Portable Seawater Desalination System for Generating Drinkable Water in Remote Locations |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=6733–6743 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |pmid=35420021 |bibcode=2022EnST...56.6733Y |s2cid=248155686 |issn=0013-936X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Di device small like suitcase (42 × 33.5 × 19 cm) and weight 9.25 kg.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022" /> E dey work automatically and fit run with solar panel. But e only produce 0.33 liters per minute and fit get fouling issues.<ref name="MIT2022">{{Cite web |title=From seawater to drinking water, with the push of a button |url=https://news.mit.edu/2022/portable-desalination-drinking-water-0428 |access-date=August 3, 2022 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=April 28, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ===Other approaches=== Adsorption-based desalination dey use materials like silica gel to absorb moisture.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Study of Silica Gel Adsorption Desalination System|url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/82463/8/02whole.pdf|work=Jun Wei WU|access-date=November 3, 2016}}</ref> ==== Forward osmosis ==== One company Modern Water PLC use forward osmosis and run some plants already.<ref>{{cite journal|title=FO plant completes 1-year of operation|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222200124/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-date=December 22, 2024|access-date=May 28, 2011|journal=Water Desalination Report|date=November 15, 2010|pages=2–3}}</ref> ==== Hydrogel based desalination ==== [[File:TOC new.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Scheme of the desalination machine: the desalination box of volume <math>V_{box}</math> contains a gel of volume <math>V_{gel}</math> which is separated by a sieve from the outer solution volume <math>V_{out} = V_{box} - V_{gel}</math>. The box is connected to two big tanks with high and low salinity by two taps which can be opened and closed as desired. The chain of buckets expresses the fresh water consumption followed by refilling the low-salinity reservoir by salt water.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018">{{cite journal|title=Thermodynamic model for a reversible desalination cycle using weak polyelectrolyte hydrogels|journal=Desalination|volume=442|page=32|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.05.002 |ref=Rud2018|year=2018|last1=Rud|first1=Oleg|last2=Borisov|first2=Oleg|last3=Košovan|first3=Peter|bibcode=2018Desal.442...32R |s2cid=103725391}}</ref>]] Method dey work by putting hydrogel inside salt water. Gel go absorb water but leave salt behind. Dem fit squeeze water come out through filter. When system dey closed or open, e change salt concentration and behave like thermodynamic cycle like Carnot cycle.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018" /> Because no membrane dey involved, e fit compete with reverse osmosis and no dey easily affected by water quality changes.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018" /> ==== Small-scale solar ==== US, France and UAE dey develop solar desalination systems.<ref>[http://cleantechnica.com/2015/01/25/uae-france-announce-partnership-jointly-fund-renewable-energy-projects/ UAE & France Announce Partnership To Jointly Fund Renewable Energy Projects], Clean Technica, January 25, 2015</ref> AquaDania system fit produce 40–60 liters per day using solar collector.<ref>[http://www.barrymansfield.com/pdf/Tapping%20A%20Market%20CNBC%20European%20Business.pdf Tapping the Market], CNBC European Business, October 1, 2008</ref> For California, WaterFX dey develop solar method to treat salty groundwater and runoff water for reuse.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Peters|first1=Adele|title=Can This Solar Desalination Startup Solve California Water Woes?|url=http://www.fastcoexist.com/3026234/can-this-solar-desalination-startup-solve-california-water-woes|work=Fast Company|access-date=February 24, 2015|date=February 10, 2014}}</ref> === Energy-based desalination === Renewable energy integration for desalination dey important to reduce fossil fuel dependence. Some plants dey use solar, wind, geothermal and wave energy especially for remote areas.<ref>Ghaffour, N., Bundschuh, J., Mahmoudi, H., & Goosen, M. F. (2015). Renewable energy-driven desalination technologies: A comprehensive review on challenges and potential applications. ''Desalination, 356'', 94–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.024</ref> ==== Solar-powered desalination ==== Solar desalination fit be thermal or PV-based. Thermal one use heat for distillation systems like MED, MSF or membrane distillation. PV one use electricity from sunlight to run reverse osmosis systems. Some modern systems dey use storage materials and nanofluids to improve efficiency.<ref>Al-Karaghouli, A., & Kazmerski, L. L. (2013). Energy consumption and water production cost of conventional and renewable-energy-powered desalination processes. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24'', 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.057</ref> ==== Systems powered by wind and hybrid ==== Wind energy fit power desalination plants directly or through electricity generation. Wind-solar hybrid systems dey tested to balance weather changes. For Spain, integrated wind-PV system reduce cost by about 40% compared to grid system.<ref>Davies, P. A. (2010). A solar-assisted heat pump sea water desalination system. ''Desalination, 250''(1), 402–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.073</ref> ==== Application of geothermal and waste heat treatment ==== Geothermal heat and industrial waste heat fit power desalination systems for better efficiency. Iceland and Turkey dey use geothermal for MED systems. Waste heat from engines and factories fit also support membrane distillation systems.<ref>Bouguecha, S. A., & Dhahbi, M. (2003). Solar-assisted membrane distillation desalination system. ''Desalination, 156''(1–3), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00333-8</ref> ==== Technological innovations ==== New materials like nanostructured membranes dey improve efficiency and reduce energy demand. Capacitive deionization and photothermal systems dey also develop to use sunlight directly for desalination.<ref>Shatat, M., Riffat, S. B., & Powell, R. (2013). Potential of solar desalination in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28'', 246–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.07.042</ref> ==== Economic and environmental implications ==== Even though renewable desalination systems cost more to build, dem dey reduce long-term environmental damage. Some commercial plants for Middle East, Australia and US dey already use renewable energy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2023 |title=Veolia inaugurates the largest solar power plant on a desalination plant in the Middle East |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/our-media/news/veolia-inaugurates-largest-solar-power-plant-desalination-plant-middle-east |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=Veolia |language=en}}</ref> Studies show say dem fit reduce carbon emissions up to 80%. Cost of water from some solar systems dey drop below $1 per cubic meter.<ref>Kalogirou, S. A. (2005). Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources. ''Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 31''(3), 242–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2005.03.001</ref> ==== Applications in social and regional contexts ==== For remote and disaster areas, renewable desalination dey very useful. Portable solar units dey help give clean water from seawater or brackish water with low maintenance. Some projects dey already run for India and California.<ref>Ali, M. T., Fath, H. E. S., & Armstrong, P. R. (2011). A comprehensive techno-economical review of indirect solar desalination. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15''(8), 4187–4199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.06.006</ref><ref>World Bank. (2020). Renewable Energy Desalination: An Emerging Solution to Close the Water Gap in the Middle East and North Africa. World Bank Report. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/12219</ref> ==== Future outlook ==== Desalination get big future potential as countries dey look sustainable water solutions. New technologies like AI optimization, energy storage and graphene membranes go improve efficiency more. Experts expect say by 2035, about 20% of desalination capacity go come from renewable energy.<ref>Elimelech, M., & Phillip, W. A. (2011). The future of seawater desalination: Energy, technology, and the environment. ''Science, 333''(6043), 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200488</ref> ==== Passarell ==== Passarell process dey use low atmospheric pressure instead of heat to distill water. Vapor dey compressed and condensed using compressor system. Compression increase efficiency and recycle energy inside system.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> Heat from compressed vapor dey reused to vaporize incoming water, making system more efficient.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> ==== Geothermal ==== Geothermal energy fit power desalination well. For many places, geothermal desalination dey cheaper and better than using scarce groundwater or surface water.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} ==== Nanotechnology ==== Nanotube membranes fit allow more water pass through and reduce energy needed for reverse osmosis systems.<ref name="LLNL">{{cite press release |title = Nanotube membranes offer possibility of cheaper desalination |publisher = [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] Public Affairs |date = May 18, 2006 |url = http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |access-date = September 7, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061001091253/http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |archive-date = October 1, 2006 }}</ref> Some nano-composite membranes fit remove contaminants down to very small level and tolerate high salt concentration.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8222346/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US8222346 – Block copolymers and method for making same |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wnek|first=Gary|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6383391/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US6383391 – Water-and ion-conducting membranes and uses thereof |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dais-analytic-corporation-announces-product-sale-to-asia-functional-waste-water-treatment-pilot-and-key-infrastructure-appointments-210236821.html |title= Dais Analytic Corporation Announces Product Sale to Asia, Functional Waste Water Treatment Pilot, and Key Infrastructure Appointments |agency=PR Newswire |date=June 5, 2013 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Biomimesis ==== Biomimetic membranes dey try copy how nature dey filter water.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sandia.gov/water/desal/research-dev/membrane-tech.html |title=Sandia National Labs: Desalination and Water Purification: Research and Development |publisher=sandia.gov |year=2007 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Electrochemical ==== For 2008, Siemens Water Technologies introduce system wey use electric field reduce energy needed for desalination.<ref>[http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html Team wins $4m grant for breakthrough technology in seawater desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414025925/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html |date=April 14, 2009 }}, The Straits Times, June 23, 2008</ref> By 2012, dem already dey test am for Singapore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mining.com/new-desalination-process-uses-50-less-energy-78254/|title=New desalination process uses 50% less energy {{!}} MINING.com|date=September 6, 2012|website=MINING.com|language=en-US|access-date=June 11, 2016}}</ref> ==== Electrokinetic shocks ==== Dis method use shock waves to remove salt without membrane. Ions react and form calcium carbonate wey drop out, leaving clean water.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf |title=Desalination and hydrogen, chlorine, and sodium hydroxide production via electrophoretic ion exchange and precipitation |volume=14 |issue=32 |pages=11534–45 |first1=Viktor |last1=Shkolnikov |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |date=April 5, 2012 |access-date=July 9, 2013 |doi=10.1039/c2cp42121f |pmid=22806549 |last2=Bahga |first2=Supreet S. |last3=Santiago |first3=Juan G. |bibcode=2012PCCP...1411534S |archive-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208155008/http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf }}</ref> ==== Temperature swing solvent extraction ==== TSSE dey use solvent wey change behavior with temperature to remove salt. E fit remove up to 98.4% salt from brine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/scientists-discover-game-changing-way-to-remove-salt-from-water/|title=Scientists discover a game-changing way to remove salt from water|first=Claire|last=Reilly|website=CNET}}</ref> ==== Wave energy ==== Wave energy fit power small offshore desalination systems wey fit produce 30–50 m³/day without external power.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blain |first=Loz |date=November 21, 2022 |title=Wave-powered buoys vastly reduce the ecological cost of desalination |url=https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/oneka-wave-power-desalination/ |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref> == Use around the world == Saudi Arabia dey produce about 7.9 million cubic meters of desalinated water every day, which be about 22% of global production (2021 estimate).<ref>{{Cite web |last=n.a. |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Saudi Arabia announces new water projects worth $667 million |url=https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/smart-water-magazine/saudi-arabia-announces-new-water-projects-worth-667-million |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=Smart Water Magazine |language=en}}</ref> {{main|Desalination by country}} Perth start reverse osmosis desalination plant for 2006.<ref>[http://www.water-technology.net/projects/perth/ Perth Seawater Desalination Plant, Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO), Kwinana]. Water Technology. Retrieved March 20, 2011.</ref> Sydney plant dey operate, and Wonthaggi plant dey build for Victoria. Wind farm dey support Sydney plant energy use.<ref>...</ref> Carlsbad plant for California dey supply water for about 100,000 homes.<ref>...</ref> Israel, Singapore, China, India, Pakistan and Australia all dey use desalination small-small for water supply.<ref>...</ref> As of 2008, over 13,000 desalination plants dey worldwide producing more than 12 billion gallons per day.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120053698876396483?mod=googlenews_wsj Water, Water, Everywhere...], The Wall. St Journal, January 17, 2008.</ref> Jebel Ali complex for UAE na one of the biggest desalination hubs for world, producing 2.2 million cubic meters per day.<ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=DEWA's Jebel Ali Power Plant and Water Desalination Complex enters Guinness World Records |url=https://mediaoffice.ae/en/news/2022/October/16-10/DEWAs-Jebel-Ali-Power-Plant |location= |publisher=Media Office, Government of Dubai |agency= |date=October 16, 2022 |access-date=December 15, 2022}}</ref> ==In nature== Water cycle itself dey naturally desalinate water through evaporation over oceans. Sea ice also dey form with low salt content. Some seabirds get special gland wey dem dey use remove salt from seawater, then dem dey sneeze am out.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Proctor|first1=Noble S.|last2=Lynch|first2=Patrick J.|title=Manual of Ornithology|isbn=978-0-300-07619-6|year=1993|publisher=Yale University Press}}</ref> Mangroves, willow trees and reeds also fit absorb salt and help clean water in natural or artificial wetlands. ==Society and culture== Even though desalination get environmental and cost issues, public support for am dey high in many areas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Yazan |last2=Ismail |first2=Roqaya A. |last3=Ogungbenro |first3=Adetola |last4=Pankratz |first4=Tom |last5=Banat |first5=Fawzi |last6=Arafat |first6=Hassan A. |title=The sociopolitical factors impacting the adoption and proliferation of desalination: A critical review |journal=Desalination |date=January 15, 2021 |volume=498 |article-number=114798 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114798|bibcode=2021Desal.49814798I |s2cid=228881693 }}</ref> For Southern California, about 71.9% people support building desalination plants.<ref name="Heck" /> Places wey water scarcity high dey show more support, while places wey water still plenty dey show less interest.<ref name="Heck" /> ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=18em}} Metal–organic framework Atmospheric water generator Dewvaporation Flexible barge Peak water Pumpable ice technology Soil desalination model Soil salinity Soil salinity and groundwater model {{div col end}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== International Desalination and Reuse Association European Desalination Society Working principles in desalination systems Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources <references /> mv6mdc6qkw7br7by9w5z0yi15zol4cs